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    Chapter 4

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    Shiraz Najat
    This document discusses how to use derivatives to analyze functions and graphs. It covers finding maximum and minimum values, the Mean Value Theorem, Rolle's Theorem, and how the first and second derivatives can determine properties like increasing/decreasing behavior, concavity, local extrema, and inflection points.

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    Chapter 4

    Uploaded by

    Shiraz Najat
    7 views2 pages
    This document discusses how to use derivatives to analyze functions and graphs. It covers finding maximum and minimum values, the Mean Value Theorem, Rolle's Theorem, and how the first and second derivatives can determine properties like increasing/decreasing behavior, concavity, local extrema, and inflection points.

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    This document discusses how to use derivatives to analyze functions and graphs. It covers finding maximum and minimum values, the Mean Value Theorem, Rolle's Theorem, and how the first and second derivatives can determine properties like increasing/decreasing behavior, concavity, local extrema, and inflection points.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views2 pages

    Chapter 4

    Uploaded by

    Shiraz Najat
    This document discusses how to use derivatives to analyze functions and graphs. It covers finding maximum and minimum values, the Mean Value Theorem, Rolle's Theorem, and how the first and second derivatives can determine properties like increasing/decreasing behavior, concavity, local extrema, and inflection points.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    CH 4: Applications of Differentiation

    4.1 Maximum and Minimum value

    1. the local extrema of a functions are the local minimums and local maximums

    2. a function f (x) has an absolute maximum at x = c if f (c) ≥ f (x) for all values x ∈ Domain(f )

    3. a function f (x) has an absolute minimum at x = c if f (c) ≤ f (x) for all values x ∈ Domain(f )

    4. a function f (x) has a local maximum at x = c if f (c) ≥ f (x) for all values x in some open
    interval around c

    5. a function f (x) has a local minimum at x = c if f (c) ≤ f (x) for all values x in some open
    interval around c (open interval around c means that the immediate values to the left and to the
    right of c are in that open interval)

    6. Extreme Value Theorem:

    f is continuous on [a, b], then f has an absolute max at c and and absolute min at d, where
    c, d ∈ [a, b]

    7. Fermat’s Theorem: If f 0 exists at a local/global maximum or minimum, then f 0 = 0 at that


    point.

    8. a critical number of a function f is a number c in the domain of f such that either f 0 (c) = 0 or
    f 0 (c) does not exist (particularly, local extrema are critical numbers)

    9. Closed interval method: if f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then the absolute min/max
    occur at the critical points or at the end points a or b

    4.2 The Mean Value Theorem

    1. Rolle’s Theorem (helps find a root of the derivative on a given interval): If

    (a) f is continuous on [a, b],


    (b) f is differentiable on (a, b), and
    (c) f (a) = f (b)

    then ∃c ∈ (a, b) such that f 0 (c) = 0

    2. Mean Value Theorem (shows the existence of a point c where the slope of the tangent line to the
    function matches the slope of the secant line joining the end points of the interval): If

    (a) f is continuous on [a, b], and


    (b) f is differentiable on (a, b),
    f (b)−f (a)
    then there is a number c ∈ (a, b) such that f 0 (c) = b−a

    3. f is the constant function on (a, b) ⇐⇒ f 0 (x) = 0 for all values x ∈ (a, b)

    4. if f (x)0 = g(x)0 then f (x)0 − g(x)0 = 0 and so f (x) − g(x) = constant, say f (x) = g(x) + c

    1
    4.3 How derivatives affect the shape of a graph

    In this section we will learn how to use the limits at infinity and the derivatives to sketch the graph of
    a function

    1. The first derivative helps find local extrema and it tells if the function is increasing or decreasing.

    2. INCREASING/DECREASING TEST:

    • if f 0 > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval


    • if f 0 < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on that interval

    3. FRIST DERIVATIVE TEST:

    • if f 0 changes form positive to negative, then f has a local maximum on that interval
    • if f 0 changes form negative to positive , then f has a local minimum on that interval
    • if f 0 does not change sign on an interval, then f has no local extrema on that interval

    4. The second derivative gives the concavity of the function

    5. CONCAVITY TEST:

    • if f 00 > 0 on an interval, then f is concave up on that interval


    • if f 00 < 0 on an interval, then f is concave down on that interval

    6. an inflection point is a point where f changes concavities.

    7. SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST:

    • if f 0 (c) = 0 and f 00 (c) > 0, then f has a local minimum at c


    • if f 0 (c) = 0 and f 00 (c) < 0, then f has a local maximum at c
    • if f 0 (c) = 0 and f 00 (c) = 0, then the test is inconclusive at c
    • if f 00 changes sign, then f has an inflection point

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