Civil Engineering

(CE)

Syllabus

1. Building Material and Construction

2. Concrete Technology

3. Mechanics of Structures

4. Civil Engineering Drawing

5. Hydraulics

6. Surveying

7. Estimating and Costing

8. Irrigation Engineering

9. Transportation Engineering

10. Geotechnical Engineering

11. Design of RCC Structure

12. Contracts and Accounts

13. Design of Steel Structure

14. Environmental Engineering

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1. Building Material and Construction :

1.1. Building components and materials

1.1.1. Building components and types of structure :
Building components & their function, Substructure – foundation, plinth, Superstructure
– walls, sill, lintel, doors & windows, floor, roof, parapet, beams, columns; Types of
structures – load bearing structures, framed structures, composite structures.
1.1.2. Masonry materials :
Building stones- classification of rocks (physical, chemical), requirement of good
building stone, dressing of stones, quarrying of stones, artificial or cast stones
Bricks – conventional bricks, standard bricks, composition of clay brick, strength of
bricks,
proportions of burnt clay bricks, testing of bricks, special bricks (fire clay brick,
refractory brick,hollow blocks, fly ash bricks).
Lime – some basic definitions (calcinations, hydraulicity, quicklime, slakedlime,
slaking), classification of lime (fat lime, hydrauliclime, poor or lean lime),impurities in
limestone.
Mortars – classifications, lime mortar, cement mortar, composite mortar, special
mortars, functions ofmortar, proportions, properties of mortar and tests for mortar.
Timber & Timber based material - Use of timber, characteristics of good timber, period
of curing timbers, defects in timber, commonly used timber in engineering works and
their specific uses, plywood, laminated board, block board, particle board, veneer, sun
mica, artificial timber, rubber wood.
Miscellaneous materials – Glass(plain and frosted), plastic, fibers, aluminum, steel,
galvanized iron, Expanded metal, asphalt bitumenetc, micro silica, pvc, cpvc, ppf,
waterproofing and termite proofing materials, admixtures in concrete,bonding agents,
epoxy resins, polishing materials etc.

1.2. Construction of substructure

1.2.1. Job layout :
Site clearance, preparing job layout, layout for load bearing structure and framed
structure by centerline, precautions while marking layout on ground.
1.2.2. Earthwork :
Excavation for foundation, Shoring and strutting, earthwork for embankment, material
for plinthfilling, tools and plants used for earthwork.
1.2.3. Foundation :
Types of foundation – open foundations, shallow foundation, stepped foundation,
isolated andcombined column footing, raft foundation, deep foundation and pile
foundation; different types of foundation uses in specific locations, Pumping method of
dewatering, cofferdams, bearing capacity of foundation soil, under reamed pile
foundation.

1.3. Construction of superstructure

1.3.1. Stone masonry :
Terms used in stone masonry – facing, backing, hearting, through stone, Corner
stone, un coursed rubble masonry, coursed rubble masonry, point to be observed in
construction ofstone masonry, mortars for stone masonry, tools and plants used for
stone masonry, col-groutmasonry.
1.3.2. Brick masonry :

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 Common terms used in brick masonry, requirements of good brickwork, bonds in
brick masonry (English, flemish, stretcher and header bonds, junction of wall – main
wall to main wall and main wall to partition wall only), brick laying, line level and plumb
of brickwork, striking and raking of Joints, lead and lift, precautions in brick masonry,
tools and plants used in brick masonry, pointing, comparison between brick and stone
masonry. reinforced brick work, Hollow concrete block Masonry, composite masonry,
Cavity wall- purpose and construction.
1.3.3. Doors and windows :
Doors -components and construction of panelled doors, battened doors, flush doors,
collapsible doors, rolling shutters, revolving doors, glazed doors, sizes of door, PVC
door
Windows - component and construction of fully panelled, partly panelled and glazed,
glazed wooden,steel, aluminum windows, sliding windows, louvered window,
ventilators, cement grills, protective treatment for doors and windows, fixtures and
fastenings for doors and window, sill, lintel and weather shed - functions, types and
construction.
1.3.4. Vertical communication :
Means of vertical communication – stair case, elevator, ramp,requirement of good
staircase, types of staircase, their uses at specific location, fabricated stair.
1.3.5. Scaffolding, shoring and formwork :
Purpose, types of scaffolding, process of erection and dismantling;purpose and types
of shoring, underpinning, safety precautions.
Formwork – materials used, characteristics of good formwork, rules for removal of
formwork,Common construction equipment’s.

1.4. Building finishes

1.4.1. Floors and roofs :
floor finishes - shahabad, kota, marble, granite, kadappa, ceramic tiles,
vitrified, mosaic tiles, chequered tiles, glazed tiles, pavement blocks, concrete floors,
tremix floor, skirting and dado, terrazzo flooring, IPS flooring; Process of laying -
process of laying and construction,finishing and polishing of floors.
1.4.2. Roofing materials :
ac sheets, G.I sheets, plastic sheets, fibre sheets, mangalore tiles and other roofs
tilesetc. Steel trusses. Timber trusses, R.c.c. slab.
1.4.3. Water Proofing Treatment :
Introduction, material required for water proofing and its specification, Water proofing
of water closet and bath room, procedure & Cross section, Terrace and basement
water proofing, Precautions to be taken while water proofing.
1.4.4. Termite Proofing :
Introduction, general principles of termite proofing, Methods of termite proofing,
Material used intermite proofing treatment.
1.4.5. Damp Proofing :
Sources of dampness & its effects, Material used for damp proofing, Methods of damp
– proofing.Damp proofing treatment, in building such as basement, floors, walls.

1.5. Wall finishes

1.5.1. Plastering :
necessity of plastering, single coat plaster double coat plaster, neeru finishing and

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 pop, special plasters stucco plaster, Plaster board and wall claddings. Precaution to be
taken while,Plastering. Defects in plaster.
1.5.2. Pointing :
necessity, types and procedure of pointing.
1.5.3. Painting :
necessity, surface preparation, method of application, selecting suitable painting
material, white wash and colour wash, varnishes.

1.6. Building maintenance

1.6.1. Cracks :
causes and types of cracks, identification and repair of cracks, guniting and grouting,
use
of epoxy and crack fills, remedial measures
1.6.2. Settlement :
causes and remedial measures; Plinth protection – necessity and materials used.
1.6.3. Demolition :
Necessity, method of demolition-hand demolition, machine demolition, Controlled
blasting demolition, precautions during demolition.
1.6.4. Rebaring techniques :
Necessity and equipment for rebaring techniques

2. Concrete Technology:

2.1. Cement
2.1.1. Chemical composition, hydration of cement, heat of hydration, cement compounds.

2.2. Types, Properties and Testing of cement

2.2.1. Physical properties, primarily characterized of cement( hydraulic and non-hydraulic),
specifications as per relevant IS codes & field application of the following types of
cement:
(i) Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), (ii) Rapid Hardening Portland cement(RHPC), (iii)
Low Heat Cement, (iv) Portland Pozzolana Cement(PPC), (v) Blast furnace slag
cement, (vi) Sulphate resisting cement,(vii) White cement, (viii) Quick setting Cement,
(ix) Hydrophobic Cement (x) colored cement (xi) waterproof portland cement (xii) air
entraining cement (xiii) high alumina cement (xiv) expansive cement (xv) oil-well
cement.
2.2.2. Testing of cement: (i) Fineness test(ii) Standard Consistency test (iii)Setting Time
test(initial & final setting times) (iv) Compressive Strength test (v) Soundness test.
Different grades of OPC 33, 43 , 53 & their specifications of physical properties as per
relevant I. S. codes. Adulteration of cement (field test), storing of cement at site, effect
of storage of cement on properties of cement / concrete.
2.2.3. Field testing of cement

2.3. Properties of Aggregates and Testing

2.3.1. Properties of fine aggregates:

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 Classification, Concept of size, shape, surface texture, strength, specific gravity, bulk
density, water absorption, surface moisture, soundness, bulking impurities, alkali-
aggregate reaction, source.
2.3.2. Determination of fineness modulus & grading zone of sand by sieve analysis,
determination of silt content in sand & their specification as per IS 383(simple problems
on fineness modulus)
2.3.3. Bulking of sand, phenomenon of bulking, its effect on concrete mix proportion.
2.3.4. Properties of coarse aggregates :
Classification, Concept of size, shape, surface texture, water absorption, soundness,
specific gravity & bulk density
2.3.5. Determination of fineness modulus of coarse aggregate by sieve analysis, grading of
Coarse Aggregates and its effect on concrete mix proportion.
2.3.6. Determination of crushing value, impact value & abrasion value of coarse aggregate,
flakiness index & elongation index of coarse aggregate and their specification.

2.4. Water
2.4.1. Qualities of water and its use as per IS: 456-2000.

2.5. Admixtures and Construction Chemicals

2.5.1. General, Types of admixtures and its effect on properties of concrete.

2.6. Properties of Concrete

2.6.1. Introduction to concrete: Definition of concrete, necessity of supervision for concreting
operation, different grades of concrete (ordinary concrete, standard concrete & high
strength concrete as per provisions of IS:456- 2000), minimum grade of concrete for
different exposure conditions, minimum grade of concrete for R.C.C., water retaining
structure & in sea water construction, durability of concrete,different types of concrete(
normal strength concrete, plain or ordinary concrete, reinforced concrete)
2.6.2. Water cement ratio
Definition of w/c ratio, Duff Abraham w/c law, significance of w/c ratio
2.6.3. Properties of fresh concrete
Definition of workability, factors affecting workability of concrete. Determination of
workability of concrete by slump cone test, compaction factor test, vee bee
consistometer & flow table tests, k-slump test, Kelly ball test, Range values of
workability requirement for different types of concrete works, cohesiveness,
segregation, harshness, bleeding.
2.6.4. Properties of hardened concrete
Definition of compressive strength, durability, impermeability, elastic properties of
concrete, modulus of elasticity of concrete. Creep, factors affecting creep, shrinkage,
factors affecting shrinkage.

2.7. Concrete Mix Design

2.7.1. Definition, Objectives of mix design, list of different methods of mix design, study of mix
design procedure by I.S. method as per IS: 10262-2009,approx. ratio of different grade
of concrete.

2.8. Quality Control of Concrete

2.8.1. Selection of ingredients of concrete, Batching, Volume & weigh batching,
volumebatching for nominal mixes & weigh batching for design mix concrete, Different

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 Types of Mixers( tilting & non-tilting type). Different types of vibrators - needle vibrator,
surface vibrator, table vibrator, form vibrator, principle & application of each type of
vibrator.
2.8.2. Transportation, placing, compaction & finishing of concrete:
Modes of transportation of concrete , precautions to be taken during transportation and
placing of concrete in formwork compaction of concrete, methods of compaction, care
to be taken during compaction, purpose of finishing, types of finishing & methods of
application ( surface treatment, expose aggregate finish, applied finish, coloured
finish), requirement of good finish.
2.8.3. Curing of concrete:
Definition of curing, necessity of curing, different methods of curing and their
application ( spraying water, membrane curing, steam curing, curing by infra red
radiations, curing by wet gunny bags, ponding methods).
2.8.4. Testing of concrete
Significance of testing, determination of compressive strength of concrete cubes at
different ages, interpretation & co-relation of test results
2.8.5. Non- destructive testing of concrete
Importance of NDT, methods of NDT - rebound hammer test, ultrasonic pulse velocity
test, surface hardness test, penetration and pullout techniques, dynamic or vibration
test, combined method, radioactive and nuclear method, magnetic and electrical
method, acoustic emission technique, working principle of rebound hammer and
factors affecting the rebound index, specification for deciding thequality of concrete by
ultrasonic pulse velocity as per I.S. 13311 (part 1 & 2). Determination of rebound index
& compressive strength of concrete by rebound hammer test as per I.S. 13311,
determination of quality of concrete by ultrasonic pulse velocity test
2.8.6. Waterproofing of concrete & joints in concrete construction:
Importance & need of waterproofing, methods of waterproofing & materials used for
waterproofing, types of joints, joining old & new concrete, methods of joining, materials
used for filling joints.
2.8.7. Repair materials and rehabilitation of concrete structures.

2.9. Concreting under special circumstances

2.9.1. Extreme weather concreting
Effect of cold weather on concrete, effect of hot weather on concrete, precautions to
be taken while concreting in hot & cold weather condition.
2.9.2. Under water concreting

2.10. Special Concrete

2.10.1. Properties, Advantages & Limitations of the following types of Special concrete:-
i)Ready mix Concrete ii)fibre reinforced Concrete(steel, glass, plastic, carbon,
asbestor, iii)Prestressed Concrete iv)Precast Concrete v)Light weight concrete
vii)High performance Concrete viii)High strength concrete ix)Polymer concretex) high
density concrete xi)air entrained concrete or aerated concrete or gas concrete or
foam concrete xii) polymer concrete(polymer concrete, polymer cement concrete,
polymer impregnated concrete) xiii) self consolidated concrete xiv)shotcrete concrete
xv)pervious concrete xvi)vacuum concrete xvii)pumped concrete xviii)stamped
concrete xix)limecrete xx)asphalt concrete xxi)roller compacted concrete xxii)rapid
strength concrete xxiii)glass concrete xxiv)no fine concrete xxv)mass concrete
xxvi)plum concrete xxvii)ferro cement.

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3. Mechanics of Structures:

3.1 Centroid and Centre of gravity

3.1.1 Definition of Centroid, moment of an area about an axis, Centroid of basic geometrical
figures such as square, rectangle, triangle, circle, semicircle, quadrant of a circle,
Centroid of composite figure.
3.1.2 Definition of centre of gravity, centre of gravity of simple solids such as cylinder,
sphere, hemisphere, cone, cube and rectangular block. Centre of gravity of composite
solids.

3.2 Moment of Inertia

3.2.1 Definition of area and mass moment of inertia, Parallel and perpendicular axes
theorem, Moment of inertia about centroidal axis of solid sections – Square,
rectangular, circular, semicircular, Triangular section, Hollow sections – square,
rectangular and circular cross section only.
3.2.2 Moment of Inertia of angle section, channel, Tee, I section about centroidal axis and
any other axis parallel to centroidal axis. Polar moment of inertia of circular solid and
hollow section.

3.3 Mechanical Properties of Materials, Simple stresses & Strain

3.3.1 Definition of Elasticity, plasticity, ductility, malleability, hardness, fatigue, creep,
brittleness. Types of loads, Types of stress – normal stress (tensile stress
&compressive stress) & shear stress, Strain – longitudinal & lateral strain, Poisson
ratio, Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, Stress- strain curves for ductile material (MS)
and brittle material (CI)- discussion on salient points on the stress – strain diagram,
working stress, Factor of safety.
3.3.2 Direct shear stress, Single shear, double shear, shear strain, modulus of rigidity.
3.3.3 Thermal stress & strain of uniform section, Thin cylindrical shell subjected to internal
pressure - hoop stress –longitudinal stress.

3.4 Elastic Constants & Principal Stresses

3.4.1 Volumetric strain due to uni-axial force and change in volume
3.4.2 Biaxial and tri-axial stresses and volumetric strain & change in volume
3.4.3 Definition of bulk modulus, volumetric strain.
3.4.4 Relation between modulus of elasticity, modulus of rigidity and bulk modulus.
3.4.5 Definition of principal planes & principal stresses
3.4.6 Principal planes & stress due to bi-axial stress system & due to state of simple shear.
(Analytical method and by Mohr’s circle diagram)

3.5 Shear Force and Bending Moment

3.5.1 Definition of Shear force & bending moment, sign convention, Relation between shear
force &bending moment, Shear force and bending moment diagrams for simply
supported beam, overhanging beam and cantilever subjected to point loads &uniformly
distributed load, location of point of contraflexure.
3.5.2. Shear force and bending moment diagrams for simply supported beams,
overhanging beams and cantilever subjected to couples and uniformly varying load
point of contra flexure.

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3.6 Stresses in Beams
3.6.1 Bending Stresses in Beams :
Concept of pure bending, theory of simple bending, assumptions in theory of bending,
neutral axis, neutral plane bending stresses and their nature, bending stress
distribution diagram, moment of resistance.
3.6.2 Application of theory of bending to symmetrical and unsymmetrical sections.
(rectangular, circular, T-section and I-section)
3.6.3 Shear stresses in beams: Shear stress equation, meaning of terms in equation, shear
stress distribution for rectangular, hollow rectangular, circular and hollow circular
sections, T-section and I-section[Stresses In Beams]
3.6.4 Relation between max. shear stress and average shear stress.
3.6.5 Introduction to concept of torsion, its formula and signification of notation used, some
practical application.

3.7 Analysis of Trusses

3.7.1 Definition frames, classification of frames, perfect, imperfect, redundant and deficient
frame, relation between members and joints, assumption in analysis Method of joint,
method of section and graphical method to find nature of forces,difference between
staticallydeterminate and statically indeterminate frames.

3.8 Strain Energy

3.8.1 Types of loading – gradual, suddenly applied load & Impact load
3.8.2 Definition of strain energy, modulus of resilience and proof resilience.
3.8.3 Comparison of stresses due to gradual load, sudden load and impact load.

3.9 Direct and Bending Stresses

3.9.1 Concept of direct and eccentric loads, eccentricity about one principal axis, nature
of stresses, maximum and minimum stresses, resultant stress distribution diagram.
3.9.2 Condition for no tension or zero stress at extreme fiber, limit of eccentricity,
core of section for rectangular and circular cross sections.
3.9.3 Columns, pillars and chimneys of uniform section subject to lateral wind
pressure, coefficient of wind resistance, stress distribution at bases.
3.9.4 Gravity structures – Dams & Retaining Walls (Rectangular & Trapezoidal sections),
conditions of stability, Different types of failure of a Dam.

3.10 Slope and Deflection

3.10.1 Concept of slope and deflection, stiffness of beam
3.10.2 Relation between slope, deflection and radius of curvature, differential equation,
double integration method to find slope and deflection of simply supported and
cantilever beam
3.10.3 Application of ‘Moment area theorem’ for determining the slope and deflection at a
particular point of a simply supported and cantilever beam for point loading, UDL and
moment.

3.11 Beams with one or both end fixed

3.11.1 Concept of fixity, effect of fixity, advantages and disadvantages of fixed beam.
3.11.2 Principle of superposition and its application in finding fixed end moments for beam
subjected to UDL over entire span, point load and moment at any point, drawing SF
and BM diagram

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 3.12 Continuous Beams
3.12.1 Definition, effect of continuity practical example, nature of moments induced due to
continuity, concept of deflected shape
3.12.2 Clapeyron’s theorem of three moment (no derivation)- its application maximum up to
two spans (one end may be fixed and with one overhanging span) and one unknown
support moment only, Support at same level, spans having same moment of
inertia subjected to concentrated loads and uniformly distributed loads over entire span
3.12.3 Introduction to moment distribution methods, sign convention, Carry over factor,
stiffness factor, distribution factor - its application maximum up to two spans (one
end may be fixed and with one overhanging span) and one unknown support
moment only, Support at same level, spans having same moment of inertia
subjected to concentrated loads and uniformly distributed loads over entire span
3.12.4 Drawing SF and BM diagrams for continuous beams.
3.12.5 Application of moment distribution method to single storey single bay symmetrical
portal frames, SF and BM diagrams

3.13 Columns
3.13.1 Definitions of column & strut – Buckling of column, Concept of equivalent length as per
different end conditions, Critical load/buckling load, safe load, Euler’s & Rankine’s
formulae for critical/buckling load for columns.
3.13.2 Application of Rankin’s and Euler theory, designing solid circular or hollow
circular sections

4. Civil Engineering Drawing:

4.1. Basic concept

4.1.1. Isometric view, development of surface, planning of building, building by laws.

5. Hydraulics :

5.1. Properties of Fluid

5.1.1. Definition of fluid, Difference in behavior of fluid with respect to solids. Introduction to
fluid mechanics and hydraulics, Historical background of development of the subject
Fluid mechanics and hydraulics, Branches of hydraulics- Hydrostatics and
hydrodynamics, Importance of Hydraulics with respect to Irrigation and Environmental
engineering.
5.1.2. Physical properties of fluid Mass density, Weight density, Specific volume, Specific
gravity, Surface tension and capillarity, capillary rise, Compressibility, Viscosity,
Newton’s law of viscosity – Dynamic and kinematics viscosity., classification of
different types of fluid with respect to its viscosity, concept of adhesion and cohesion
and related physical phenomenon, Ideal and Real liquids

5.2. Hydrostatic Pressure

5.2.1. Free liquid surface, Definition of pressure and its SI unit, Hydrostatic pressure at point,
Pascal’s law Variation of pressure in horizontal and vertical direction in static liquid,

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 Pressure diagram, concept of pressure prism and its use in determination of force
developed on the immersed surface or surface in contact with the liquid
5.2.2. Concept of pressure head and its unit, concept of gauge pressure, atmospheric
pressure and absolute pressure, Conversion of pressure head of one liquid in to other,
devices for pressure measurements in pipes – Piezometer, U-tube manometer,
Bourdon’s pressure gauge, their principle of working and limitations, Measurement of
pressure difference using differential manometer – U-tube differential manometer and
inverted U-tube differential manometer. Numerical Problems.
5.2.3. Total hydrostatic pressure and center of pressure, Determination of total pressure &
center of pressure on vertical & inclined faces of dams, sluice gates, sides and bottom
of water tanks, determination of total hydrostatics pressure & center of pressure on
sides and bottom of tank containing two liquids, determination of net hydrostatic
pressure and center of pressure on vertical surface in contact with liquid on either side.
Numerical Problems.

5.3. Fundamentals of Fluid Flow

5.3.1. Concept of flow, Gravity flow and pressure flow. Types of flow – steady and Unsteady,
uniform and non-uniform and their combination with practical example, Laminar and
turbulent. Various combinations of flow with practical examples, Reynolds number and
its application, one, two and three dimensional flow, description of flow pattern - stream
line, pathline, stream tube, streak line
5.3.2. Basic principles of fluid flow – principle of conservation of mass, principles of
conservation of energy and conservation of momentum, concept of control volume,
discharge and its units, Continuity equation for fluid flow, Datum head, pressure head,
velocity head and total head, Bernoulli’s theorem (no deduction, statement only), Loss
of head and modified Bernoulli’s theorem, limitation of bernouli's theorem, Impulse
momentum theorem, Numerical Problems based on the above principles.
5.3.3. Concept of flow net and its properties, stream line and equipotential line and their
salient features and practical use of flow net

5.4. Flow of Liquid through Pipes

5.4.1. Loss of head due to friction, Darcy-Weisbach Equation, Friction factor, relative
roughness. Moody’s diagram and its use.Common range of friction factor for different
types of pipe material.
5.4.2. Minor loss of head in pipe flow- loss of head due to sudden contraction, sudden
expansion, gradual contraction & expansion (no deduction), at entrance and exit of
pipe, in various pipe fittings, pipes in series and parallel equivalent pipe – Dupuit’s
equation, numerical problems
5.4.3. Hydraulic gradient line and Energy gradient line, Siphon, Water hammer in pipes –
cause effects and remedial measures, Use of Nomograms for design of water
distribution system, Numerical

5.5. Flow through Open Channel

5.5.1. Types of channels- artificial & natural, purposes of artificial channel, Different shapes
of artificial channels, Geometrical properties of channel section – wetted area, wetted
perimeter, hydraulics radius, Prismatic channel sections, steady- uniform flow through
prismatic channel section.

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 5.5.2. Chezy’s equation and Manning’s equation for calculation of discharge through an open
channel, common range of values of Chezy’s constants and Manning’s constant of
different types of channel surfaces, Most economical channel section, conditions for
most economical channel sections – for rectangular and trapezoidal section.
5.5.3. Concept of specific energy, Froud’s number and its significance. Alternate depth,
expression for critical depth, critical velocity and minimum specific energy, Critical, sub-
critical and supercritical flow in channel, physical phenomenon, numerical problems,
hydraulic jump its occurrence in field, uses of hydraulic jump, equation for sequent
depth, simple numerical problems.

5.6. Flow Measuring Devices

5.6.1. Velocity measuring devices for open channels, Floats-surface, subsurface and float rod
Pitot tube – principle, expression for velocity, Current meter-cup type & propeller type
(simple numerical problems)
5.6.2. Discharge measuring devices for channels Notches -Types of notches, expression for
discharge. Francis formula, end contraction and velocity of approach Weirs - Broad
crested weir, ogee spillway and expression for discharge. Flumes - Venturi flume,
standing, wave flume, expression for discharge. Velocity area method for
measurement of discharge through open channels. Discharge measuring devices for
pipes. (simple numerical problems)
5.6.3. Venturimeter – Component parts, principle of working, Study and use of venturi meter,
Flow through orifice Orifice- Definition and use, Types of orifice - based on various
criteria. Coefficient of contraction, coefficient of velocity and coefficient of discharge,
Relationship between them. Discharge through small sharp-edged circular orifice and
large orifice (discharging free condition), Determination of hydraulic coefficient of
orifice, Orificemeter – component parts, working principles, study and use of
orificemeter, Numerical.

5.7. Hydraulic Machines

5.7.1. Pumps - Definition and types, Suction head, delivery head, static head and manometric
head,Centrifugal pump - component parts and their functions, principle of working,
priming, Reciprocatingpump - component parts and working. Submersible pump and
Jet pump, Selection and choice ofpump, Computation of power required for pumps.
Turbines - Definition and types.

6. Surveying:

Surveying -
6.1. Types of Survey
6.1.1. Definition, objects of surveying, principles of surveying, uses of survey, classification of
surveying - primary – plain, geodetic, secondary – based on instruments, method,
object, nature of field.

6.2. Measurement of Horizontal Distance

6.2.1. Introduction
6.2.2. Methods of measuring horizontal distance – pacing, odometer reading, tacheometry,
electronic distance measurement, chaining and taping.

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 6.2.3. Principles of chain surveying and accessories for chaining and taping - chain, tape,
ranging rod, arrows, pegs, cross staff, optical square, ranging rod, plumb bob, object
rod
6.2.4. Measurement by chain – on level ground and on sloping ground, reduction to
measurement in slope, ranging – direct and indirect ranging
6.2.5. Systematic errors in linear measurement by chain or tape – incorrect length, tape or
chain not horizontal, fluctuation in temperature, incorrect tension or pull, sag and
incorrect alignments and chain or tape not straight, necessary corrections, numerical
problems
6.2.6. Chain and tape survey of a field - survey lines, check lines, tie lines, base line. taking
offsets – perpendicular and oblique offset, long and short offset, degree of offset, error
in offset, limiting length of offset, points to be considered in selecting station
6.2.7. Setting out right angles – a. by instruments (cross staff, optical square, their working
methodology and specific use in field) b. by chain or tape
6.2.8. Obstacles in chaining – obstacles to ranging but not chaining, obstacles to chaining but
not ranging, obstacles to both chaining and ranging, numerical problems
6.2.9. chain & cross staff survey for finding area of a field (numerical problems)
6.2.10. Field work for chain survey, booking the field work, conventional signs related to
survey, degree of accuracy of chaining

6.3. Compass Survey

6.3.1. Brief introduction to different types of horizontal angles and directions, Principle of
compass survey, bearing of lines – meridian – true, magnetic, and arbitrary bearing,
fore bearing, back bearing, whole circle bearing, quadrantal bearing system and
reduced bearing, conversion of bearings, finding included angles from bearings,
declinations, dip of the magnetic needle. (Numerical problems)
6.3.2. Prismatic compass, and trough compass – component, construction and use.
6.3.3. Local attraction, causes, precautions to be taken to avoid local attraction and
correction of bearings affected due to local attraction, calculation of included angles.
6.3.4. Traversing – open traverse, closed traverse, check on open and closed traverse,
Graphical adjustment for closing error.
6.3.5. Numerical problems on calculation of bearings, angles and local attraction.
6.3.6. Error in compass surveying – instrumental error, personal error and natural error,
permissible value of error

6.4. Levelling
6.4.1. Definitions – level surface, level line, horizontal line, vertical line, datum surface, mean
sea level, reduced level, bench mark and its types.
6.4.2. Study and use Engineers' level – a. dumpy level – components, construction b. tilting
level and c. automatic level or self levelling level
6.4.3. Terms used in levelling - line of sight, line of collimation, bubble tube axis, leveling
staff – telescopic and folding type, foresight, back sight, intermediate sight, change
point, height of collimation, fundamental axes and their relationship, recording in level
book, temporary adjustments of dumpy level, procedure for permanent adjustment
6.4.4. Method of reduction of levels – height of instrument method and rise and fall method-
relative merit and demerits, arithmetical checks, numerical problems, computation of
missing readings.
6.4.5. Classifications of leveling - simple, differential, profile, cross sectional, fly and check
leveling (numerical problems)

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 6.4.6. Sources of errors in levelling – instrumental error, personal error and natural error,
precautions and reducing errors and eliminating mistakes in levelling, error adjustment,
permissible error in levelling, difficulties faced in levelling.

6.5. Contouring
6.5.1. Definitions – contour, contour interval, horizontal equivalent.
6.5.2. Characteristics of contours (e.g. pond, cliff, overhanging cliff, etc) method of locating
contours – indirect method of contouring (interpolation of contours), direct contouring
methods, establishing grade contours.
6.5.3. Uses of contour maps, interpretation of typical contour sheets.

6.6. Area Measurements

6.6.1. Introduction
6.6.2. Methods of measuring areas
6.6.2.1. Area of a tract with irregular boundaries – graphical method, mid ordinate rule,
average ordinaterule, trapezoidal rule, Simpson's rule (only formula and their
applications) – numerical problems
6.6.2.2. Use of planimeter for measurement of area

6.7. Plane Table Surveying

6.7.1. Introduction – principle of plane table surveying
6.7.2. Equipment and accessories in plane table surveying, their use
6.7.3. Working with plane table – fixing, levelling, centering, orientation – by trough compass
and by back sighting
6.7.4. Different methods of plane tabling work: a. radiation, b. intersection, c. traversing and
d. resection – three point problem
6.7.5. Advantage and disadvantage of plane table survey, errors in plane table survey –
instrumental, in plotting and due to manipulation and sighting.

Advanced Surveying -
6.8. Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)
6.8.1. Introduction
6.8.2. Basic concept
6.8.3. Classification of electromagnetic radiation
6.8.4. Basic principles of electronic distance measurement, computing the distance from
phase difference
6.8.5. Basic description of different types of instruments, TOTAL STATION instruments,
6.8.6. Effect of atmospheric condition on wave velocity, instrumental error in EDM
6.8.7. Education of slope measurement in EDM

6.9. Theodolite Survey

6.9.1. Components of Transit Theodolite and Their functions. Technical terms used.
Temporary adjustments of Transit Theodolite Swinging the telescope, Transiting,
Changing the face.
6.9.2. Measurement of Horizontal angle, method of Repetition, errors eliminated by method
of repetition
6.9.3. Measurement of Deflection angle.
6.9.4. Measurement of Vertical angle.
6.9.5. Measurement of magnetic bearing of a line by Theodolite .

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 6.9.6. Prolonging a Straight line.
6.9.7. Sources of errors in Theodolite Surveying.
6.9.8. Permanent adjustment of transit Theodolite ( only relationship of different axes of
theodolite.).
6.9.9. Traversing with Theodolite – Method of included angles, locating details, checks in
closed traverse, Calculation of bearings from angles.
6.9.10. Traverse Computation - Latitude, Departure, Consecutive Co-ordinates, error of
Closure, Distribution of a angular error, balancing the traverse by Bodwitch rule and
Transit Rule, Gale’s traverse table (simple problems on above topic.)
6.9.11. Area of a closed traverse – meridian distance method, double meridian distance
method, double parallel distance method, departure and total latitude method,
independent coordinate methodology (simple numerical problems)s

6.10. Tacheometric Survey

6.10.1. Principle of Tacheometry. Instruments in tacheometry
6.10.2. Essential requirements of Tacheorneter.
6.10.3. Different types of tacheometric measurement – a. stadia system (fixed hair method and
movable hair method) b. tangential system c. subtense bar system
6.10.4. Determination of tacheometric constants- additive constant and multiplying constant,
simple numerical problems on above topics.
6.10.5. Distance and elevation formula : Fixed hair method: Use of Theodolite as a
Tacheometer I. Inclined sight and staff vertical for both angle of elevation and angle of
depression ii. Inclined sight with staff normal to the line of sight (for both angle of
elevation and angle of depression) (No derivation). [numerical problem based on
above conditions]

6.11. Curves
6.11.1. Types of curves used in road and railway alignments, Notations of simple circular
curve, Designation of curve by radius and degree of curves.
6.11.2. Method of Setting out curve by offset from Long chord method and Rankine’s method
of deflection angles. Simple Numerical problems on above topics.
6.11.3. setting out a compound curve, reverse curve and a transition curve (spiral), a summit
curve and a valley curve

6.12. Volume Measurement

6.12.1. Introduction, different method of volume computation – cross section method, unit area
or borrow pit method and contour method
6.12.2. Cross section method – level section, two level section, side hill two level section, three
level section and multilevel section; formula for volume computation -volume average
end areas, trapezoidal rule, prismoidal rule (simple numerical problems)
6.12.3. Volume through transitions – in highway/railway construction, volume from spot level 9
for foundation of underground reservoir, volume from contour plan
6.12.4. salient features of Mass Haul diagram and its applications

6.13. Aerial Survey and Remote sensing & GIS

6.13.1. Aerial Survey Introductions, definition, Aerial photograph
6.13.2. Remote Sensing – Introduction, Electro-Magnetic Energy , Remote sensing system-
Passive system, Active system, Applications – mineral, land use / Land cover, Natural
Hazards and Environmental engineering system.

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 6.14. Construction Surveying
6.14.1. Introduction, requirements of setting out, horizontal and vertical control
6.14.2. Setting out a pipe line
6.14.3. Setting out of building and structure
6.14.4. Staking out a highway

7. Estimating and Costing:

7.1. Overview of Estimating and Costing

7.1.1. Meaning of the terms estimating, costing. Purpose of estimating and costing, factors
affecting estimate
7.1.2. Types of estimate - Approximate and Detailed. Approximate estimate Types- Plinth
area rate method, Cubic Content method, Service Unit method, Typical bay method,
Approximate Quantitymethod , Problems on Plinth area rate method& application of
Service unit method for selection ofservice unit for different types of civil Engineering
Structures, Approximation for W.S. Sanitary &Electrification, Knowledge of empirical
method of approximate material estimation as per CBRIformulae and its application
7.1.3. Types of detailed estimate: Detailed estimate for new work, Revised estimate,
Supplementaryestimate, Revised & Supplementary estimate, Maintenance & Repair
estimate, complete estimate;phase of the detailed estimate – quantity survey and
abstract estimate, Uses of detailed estimate
7.1.4. Explanation of relevant technical terms: Contingencies, work-charge establishment,
overhead, tools and plants, schedule of rates and quantities, specification,
administrative approval, technicalsanction, plinth area, carpet area, floor area,
horizontal and vertical circulation area, floor area ratio
7.1.5. Degree of accuracy, mode of measurement as per BIS 1200

7.2. Building Estimate

7.2.1. Centre line method and long & short wall method
7.2.2. Items of work –earth work in excavation for foundation, brick flat soling(under
foundation and floor subgrade, foundation concrete, brick in substructure, earth work in
filling, DPC, plinth filling by silver sand, brickwork in superstructure, formwork, RCC
excluding reinforcement, reinforcement (by percentage of component of structure, lime
terracing or other similar roof treatment, finishing items – plastering, painting (on
plastered surface wall, RCC surface, doors windows, grill etc), floor – (IPS, terrazzo,
tiles, stone), rain water pipe,
7.2.3. Preparation of bar bending schedule – lintel and chajja, column, slab ( one way and
two way), beam and their estimate
7.2.4. Estimate of door and window – panelled door, one third glazed and two-third panelled
timber window, fully glazed steel window provided with a grill (inclusive of all fittings
and fixtures)
7.2.5. estimate of a tube-well
7.2.6. estimate of a septic tank with soakpit
7.2.7. Estimate for surface drain with plinth protection around the building and under ground
reservoir
7.2.8. Estimation of symmetrical/unsymmetrical boundary wall with a provision of gate.

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 7.3. Estimate of other Structure
7.3.1. Estimate of a single span slab culvert/pipe culvert
7.3.2. Estimate of a man-hole
7.3.3. Estimate of simple fink type roof truss

7.4. Rate Analysis

7.4.1. Meaning of term Rate analysis and its purposes –Factors affecting rate analysis,lead,
lift, task work, materials and labour component, Market Rate and labour rate.
7.4.2. Transportation of Materials, load factor for differentmaterials. Standard lead, extra lead,
Transportation Charges, Labour - Categories of labours, labour rates, overheads,
contractor’s profit, water charges, taking out quantities ofmaterials for different items of
works ( earthwork, brickwork, flooring, roofing, plastering and pointing, whitewash,
colour wash, distemper, synthetic enamel, plastic paints, emulsion paint, cement
concrete, reinforcement, formwork, grill for window
7.4.3. Preparing rate analysis of different items of work - ( earthwork, brickwork, flooring,
roofing, plastering and pointing, whitewash, colour wash, distemper, synthetic enamel,
plastic paints, emulsion paint, cement concrete, reinforcement, formwork, grill for
window)

8. Irrigation Engineering:

8.1. Introduction
8.1.1. Definition – Irrigation and irrigation engineering, advantages of irrigation, ill effects of
over irrigation, types of irrigation project – purpose wise and administrative wise,
Methods of irrigation.

8.2. Hydrology
8.2.1. Definition of rainfall , rain gauge and rain gauge station, types of rain gauges (names
only), average annual rain fall and its calculation, definition of run- off, factors affecting
run off, calculation of run off by run of coefficient, Inglis’ formula, Stranges and Binnie’s
tables and curves. Maximum flood discharge and methods of calculation, Yeild and
Dependable yield and methods calculation.

8.3. Water Requirement Of Crops

8.3.1. Cropping seasons and crops in West Bengal. Definition – Crop period, base period,
Duty, Delta, factors affecting Duty, relation between Duty, Delta and base period,
Definition – CCA , GCA, IA, intensity of irrigation, time factor, capacity factor. Problems
on water requirement and capacity of canal .Modified Penman method .Assessment of
irrigation water.

8.4. Investigation And Reservoir Planning

8.4.1. Survey for irrigation project, Data collected from irrigation project. Silting of reservoir,
Factors affecting silting , Methods to control levels and respective storage in reservoir.

8.5. Dams And Spillways

8.5.1. Types of dams – Earthen dams and Gravity dams ( masonry and concrete)
,Comparison of earthen and gravity dams with respect to foundation, seepage,

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 construction and maintenance of Earthen Dams –Components and their function,
typical cross section seepage through embankment and foundation seepage control,
though embankment and foundation, methods of constructions, types of failure of
earthen dams and remedial measures.
Gravity Dams- Theoretical and practical profile, typical cross section, drainage gallery,
joint in gravitydam, high dam and low dam
Spillways-Definition, function, location and components. Emergency and services,
ogee spillway and bar type spillway, discharge over spillway. Spillway with and without
gates.

8.6. Bandhara, Percolation Tanks And Lift Irrigation

8.6.1. Advantages and disadvantages of bandhara irrigation layout and component parts,
solid and open bandhara, Layout of lift irrigation scheme, Irrigation department
standard design and specification.

8.7. Diversion Head Works

8.7.1. Weirs – components parts, function and types, layout of diversion head works with its
components and their function, canal head regular, silt excluders and slit ejectors.
Barrages – components and their function, Difference between weir and barrage,
Irrigation department standard design and specifications.
8.7.2. RIVER TRAINING WORKS-Objectives, different types, guide bank, spurs, groynes,
pitching, revetment, rip-rap.

8.8. Canals
8.8.1. CANALS – classification of canals according to alignment and position in the
canalnetwork. Design of most economical canal section, Canal lining – Definition,
purpose, types of canal lining advantages of canal lining properties of good canal lining
material.
Cross Drainage works- different C.D. Works and their practical applications, canal falls,
escapes, cross regulators and canal outlets.

8.9. Watershed Management

8.9.1. Introduction- Definition of watershed, definition of watershed management, need for
watershed management. Soil conservation, need of Soil conservation, Water
Harvesting-Definition, need of rainwater harvesting, techniques of rainwater harvesting.

8.10. Water logging and Land Drainage

8.10.1. Introduction – ill effects of water logging, causes of water logging, factors responsible
for water logging. Anti-water-logging measures – preventive measure – names of the
different measures with short description; curative measures – names of the different
measures with short description. Definition and necessity of land reclamation,
characteristics of affecting fertility of soils, Purposes of land reclamation processes;
methods of land reclamation – name the methods with brief description. Land drainage
– methods of drainage with brief description mentioning location, construction and cost.

8.11. Flood Control

8.11.1. Definition of flood, causes of flood, effects of flood.
Methods of flood control – flood control reservoirs, flood walls, channel improvement,
flood ways.

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9. Transportation Engineering:

9.1. Overview of Transportation Engineering

9.1.1. Role of transportation in the development of nation.
9.1.2. Modes of transportation system – roads, railway, airways, waterways, other mode of
transport, Importance of each mode, comparison and their relative merits and
demerits.
9.1.3. Necessity & importance of Cross drainage works for roads & railways.

9.2. Railway Engineering

9.2.1. Railway as a mode of land transport, Classification of Indian Railways, zones of Indian
Railway, classification of Indian railway lines, general features of Indian railway,
organization of Indian railway; Alignment- Factors governing rail alignment; Rail
Gauges – types, factors affecting selection of gauge,advantages of uniform gauge; Rail
track cross sections – standard cross section of BG & M.G; Single & double line in
cutting and embankment.
9.2.2. Permanent ways: Ideal requirement, component parts, conning of wheel, tilting of rail
and adzing of sleepers
Rails: function & its types. Requirement of ideal rail section, standard rail section,
weight, length andspecification of rail section, important test for determining servicibility
of rail section, wear in rail andmethods to reduce wear; defects in rail, failure in rail
Rail Joints – requirements, types; welded rails – purpose, advantage and success of
welding of rails,length of welded rails; Creep of rail – causes, measurement &
prevention of creep.
Sleepers: functions & Requirement, types – wooden, metal, concrete sleepers & their
suitability andrelative merits and demerits, sleeper density. (problem on sleeper
density)
Ballast: function & requirements of good ballast, different types with their properties,
relative merits& demerits., size and section of ballast, quantity and renewal of ballast,
terminology – packing, boxingand ballast crib
Rail fixtures & fastenings: fish plate, bearing plates, spikes, bolts, keys, anchors & anti
creepers.
9.2.3. Railway Track Geometrics: Gradient & its types, grade compensation on
curves(problems) Superelevation – governing formula, limits of Super elevation on
curves, cant deficiency, cant excess andnegative cant (along their permissible value),
realignment of curves by string line method
9.2.4. Branching of Tracks: Definition of point & crossing, a simple split switch turnout
consisting ofpoints and crossing lines. Sketch showing different components, their
functions & working. Line sketches of track junctions- symmetrical split, three throw
switch, crossovers, scissor cross over,diamond crossing, single and double slip,
gathering lines or ladder track, triangle Inspection of points and crossings
9.2.5. Station and Yards: Site selection for railway stations, Requirements of railway station,
Types ofstations (way side, crossing, junction & terminal), Station yards, types of
station yard, Passengeryards, Goods yard, Locomotive yard – its requirements, water
column, Marshalling yard – its types;level crossing
9.2.6. Track laying: Preparation of subgrade; collection of materials; setting up a material
depot andcarrying out initial operations such adzing of sleepers bending of rails,
assembling of crossing.Definition of base and rail head, transportation by material

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 trollies, rail carriers and material train;methods of track laying ( parallel, telescopic and
American method); organization of labour at railhead; ballasting the track
9.2.7. Track Maintenance: Necessity, types, routine maintenance of formation and side
slopes, rails,fixtures and drainage, special maintenance of defective rails and sleepers;
Tools required and their function, orgnisation, duties of permanent way inspector, gang
mate, key man
9.2.8. Track Drainage: need for proper track drainage, Sources of percolated water in
track,requirements of a good track drainage system, practical tips of good surface
drainage, track drainagesystem, subsurface drainage
9.2.9. Modern Method of track maintenance: Mechanised method of track maintenance, off-
tracktampers, on-track tampers, future of track machines in Indian railways, measured
shovel packing,directed track maintenance, classification of track renewal, criteria of
track renewal, through sleeper renewal, track relaying works, mecahnised relaying,
track renewal trains

9.3. Bridge Engineering

9.3.1. Site selection and investigation, Factors affecting selection of site of a bridge. Bridge
alignment, Collection of design data, Classification of bridges according to function,
material, span, size, alignment, position of HFL.
9.3.2. Component parts of bridge. Plan & sectional elevation of bridge showing component
parts of substructure & super structure. Different terminology such as effective span,
clear span, economical span, waterway, afflux, scour, HFL, freeboard, etc.
Foundation – function, types (well foundation & caisson [open type only], their details
of construction with sketches, laying of foundation on a. dry soil b. soil charged with
water and c. under water, coffer dam – their types and construction, depth of
foundation
Piers- definition, parts, function - requirements, types -solid (masonry and RCC), open
cylindrical and abutment piers, terminology – height of piers, water way, afflux and
clearance.
Abutment – function, types
Wing walls – functions and types.
Bearing – functions, types of bearing for RCC & steel bridges.
Approaches –in cutting and embankment.
Bridge flooring- open and solid floors
9.3.3. Permanent and Temporary Bridges-: Permanent Bridges - Sketches & description in
brief of culverts, causeways, masonry, arch, steel, movable steel bridges, RCC girder
bridge, prestressed girder bridge, cantilever, suspension bridge.
Temporary Bridges- timber, flying, floating bridges
9.3.4. Inspection & Maintenance Of Bridge: Inspection of bridges, Maintenance of bridges &
types – routine & special maintenance.

9.4. Tunnel Engineering

9.4.1. Definition, necessity, advantages, disadvantages
9.4.2. Classification of tunnels.
9.4.3. Shape and Size of tunnels
9.4.4. Tunnel Cross sections for highway and railways
9.4.5. Tunnel investigations and surveying –Tunnel surveying locatingcenter line on ground,
transferring center line inside the tunnel.
9.4.6. Shaft - its purpose & construction.

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 9.4.7. Methods of tunnelling in Soft rock-needle beam method, fore-poling method. line plate
method, shield method.
9.4.8. Methods of tunnelling in Hard rock-Full-face heading method,Heading and bench
method, drift method.
9.4.9. Precautions in construction of tunnels
9.4.10. Drilling equipments-drills and drills carrying equipments
9.4.11. Types of explosives used in tunnelling.
9.4.12. Tunnel lining and ventilation

9.5. Road Engineering

9.5.1. Importance of road in India. Characteristics of road transport, Scope of highway
Engineering
9.5.2. Classification of roads according to Nagpur plan (Location and function), and modified
classification of road by third road development plan(1981-2001) Traffic and tonnage,
9.5.3. Classification of urban roads.
9.5.4. Road patterns

9.6. Investigation for Road Project

9.6.1. Reconnaissance survey, Preliminary survey and Location survey for a road project.
9.6.2. Detailed survey for cross drainage- L-section and C/S sections.
9.6.3. Fixing the alignment of road, factors affecting alignment of road.
9.6.4. Drawings required for road project- Key map, Index map, Preliminary survey plan and
detailed location survey plan, L section and C/S sections cross drainage work, land
acquisition plan, drawing of road intersections
9.6.5. Survey for availability of construction material, location plan of quarries.
9.6.6. Project Report
9.6.7. Highway project – steps involved in a new project and in a realignment project

9.7. Geometric Design of Highways

9.7.1. Camber- definition, purpose, types, IRC – specifications.
9.7.2. Kerbs and channel, traffic separators or medians, road margin, carriage way, road
formation, right of way, guide island, refuge island, traffic lane.
9.7.3. Design speed- IRC – specifications
9.7.4. Gradient – definition, types, IRC specification.
9.7.5. Sight distances– definition, types, IRC specification.
9.7.6. Curves–Necessity, types– horizontal, vertical and transition curves.
9.7.7. Widening of roads on curves.
9.7.8. Super Elevation – definition, formula for calculating super elevation, minimum and
maximum values of super elevation, and methods of providing super elevation, design
of super elevation
9.7.9. Sketching of standard C/S of national highway in embankment and cutting.
9.7.10. Simple problems on geometric design of road.

9.8. Construction of Roads Pavements and materials

9.8.1. Types of road materials and Tests – soil, aggregates, bitumen, Cement Concrete. Test
on soil subgrade- C.B.R. test, Test on Aggregate – Los Angeles abrasion, impact, and
shape test. Tests onbitumen- Penetration, Ductility and Softening point test.
9.8.2. Pavement – objective of pavement, structure of pavement, function ofpavement
components, types of pavement.

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 9.8.3. Construction of earthen road – general terms used- borrows pits, spoil bank, lead and
lift, balancingof earthwork. Construction procedure.
9.8.4. Soil stabilized roads – necessity, methods of soil stabilization, steps involved in
constructingmechanically stabilized road
9.8.5. Water bound macadam roads – materials used, size and grading of aggregates and
screening,construction procedure including precautions in rolling.
9.8.6. Construction of bituminous roads - Terms used– bitumen, asphalt, emulsion, cutback,
tar, commongrades adopted for construction.Types of bituminous surface – prime coat,
tack coat, seal coat, Surface dressing – procedure ofconstruction, bituminous
penetration macadam, and Bitumen/Tar carpets – procedure ofconstruction.
9.8.7. Cement concrete pavements- Construction procedure and equipments, Construction
joints, jointfiller, joint sealer.

9.9. Traffic Engineering

9.9.1. Traffic volume study
9.9.2. Traffic control devices- road signs, marking, Signals, Traffic island.
9.9.3. Highway intersection – a. at grade intersections ( non channelized, channelized
intersection and traffic rotaries) and b. grade separated or fly over intersections and
interchange
9.9.4. Road accident. Building code IS:1904
9.10. Hill Roads
9.10.1. Parts and functions of hill road components, types of curves, Hill road formation.
9.10.2. Land slides- causes and prevention.
9.10.3. Structures- drainage structures.

9.11. Drainage of Roads

9.11.1. Surface drainage – side gutter, catch water drains, surface drainage.
9.11.2. Sub-surface drainage –Longitudinal drains and cross drains.

9.12. Maintenance and Repairs of Roads

9.12.1. Necessity of maintenance of roads
9.12.2. Classification of maintenance operation – ordinary, routine and periodic maintenance.
9.12.3. Maintenance of W.B.M., bituminous and cement concrete roads.

9.13. Introduction to Airport Engineering

9.13.1. Introduction & Role of civil engineer.
9.13.2. Terminology
9.13.3. Layout of airport & function of different units.
9.13.4. Airport Grading and Drainage

10. Geotechnical Engineering:

Soil Mechanics -
10.1. Overview Geotechnical Engineering
10.1.1. Definition of soil – with respect to Civil Engineers, formation of soil, general types of
soil
10.1.2. Importance of soil in Civil Engineering as construction material in Civil Engineering
Structures and as foundation bed for structures

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 10.1.3. Field application of geotechnical engineering in foundation design, pavement
design, design of earth retaining structures, design of embankments, underground
and buried structures, slope stability, settlement related problems (brief ideas only)
10.1.4. Historical development of 'Geotechnical Engineering'
10.1.5. Implication of the term ‘Geotechnical Engineering’

10.2. Structure, Physical & index Properties of Soil and its weight-volume relationship
10.2.1. Introduction to soil structure – a. soil particle structure – tetreahedral unit and
octahedral unit, Kaolinite mineral, halloysite mineral, montmorillonite, illiteb.soil mass
structure – single grained, flocculent and honey-combed structure
10.2.2. Clay particle-water relationship
10.2.3. Soil as a three phase system
10.2.4. Definition of Water/moisture content- determination of water content by oven drying
method as per IS code& rapid water/moisture content determination
10.2.5. Definition of Void ratio, density index, porosity, degree of saturation, air content,
10.2.6. Unit weight of soil mass – bulk unit weight, dry unit weight, unit weight of solids,
saturated unit weight, submerged unit weight
10.2.7. Determination of bulk unit weight and dry unit weight by core cutter method and sand
replacement method as per IS code
10.2.8. Specific gravity of soil solid - determination of specific gravity by pycnometer.
10.2.9. Deduction of different inter-relations among the physical properties of soil mass
10.2.10. Consistency of soil, stages of consistency, Atterberg's limits of consistency viz.
Liquid limit, plastic limit and shrinkage limit, plasticity index, liquidity index, flow index,
toughness index, activity number, shrinkage ratio, classification based on these index
properties
10.2.11. Determination of liquid limit, plastic limit and shrinkage limit as per I.S code.
10.2.12. Particle size distribution, mechanical sieve analysis as per IS code, particle size
distribution curve, effective diameter of soil, Uniformity coefficient and coefficient of
curvature, well graded and uniformly graded soils.
10.2.13. Classification of soils – its requirement, field identification of soil – dilatancy test,
shaking test, toughness test, sedimentation, IS classification of soil

10.3. Permeability of Soil & Seepage Analysis

10.3.1. Definition of permeability and its application
10.3.2. Darcy’s law of permeability, coefficient of permeability, typical valuesof coefficient of
permeability for different soil, average and seepage velocity of flow
10.3.3. Factors affecting permeability of soil
10.3.4. Determination of coefficient of permeability in laboratory by constant head and
falling head permeability tests (no deduction), simple problems related to determine
coefficient of permeability.
10.3.5. Seepage through earthen structures, seepage velocity, seepage pressure, phreatic
line, flow lines and equipotential lines, exit gradient, quick sand condition (no
deduction)
10.3.6. Flow net, characteristics of flow net, application of flow net (nonumerical
problems)

10.4. Compaction of Soil & Stabilization

10.4.1. Concept of compaction, purpose of compaction, field situations wherecompaction is
required.

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 10.4.2. Standard proctor test&Modified proctor test – test procedure as per IS code,
Compactioncurve, optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, Zero air
voids line.
10.4.3. Factors affecting compaction
10.4.4. Field methods of compaction – rolling, ramming, kneading& vibration and
Suitability of various compaction equipments.
10.4.5. California bearing ratio, CBR test, significance of CBR value
10.4.6. Concept of soil stabilization, necessity of soil stabilization
10.4.7. Different methods of soil stabilization – Mechanical soil stabilization, lime stabilization,
cement stabilization, bitumen stabilization & fly-ash stabilization

10.5. Compresssibility & Consolidation of soil

10.5.1. Principle of consolidation, spring-analogy method, Terzaghi’s one dimension
consdolidation theory, its assumption and field of application, standard one
dimensional consolidation test by consolidometer
10.5.2. Normally consolidated clay and over consolidated clay and over consolidation ratio
10.5.3. Typical e-log p, e-p curve, compression index, coefficient of compressibility, coefficient
of volume compressibility, coefficient of consolidation and their inter-relation (no
deduction, only mathematical expression), swelling index
10.5.4. Computation of ultimate settlement – simple numerical problems
10.5.5. Difference between consolidation and compaction

10.6. Shear Strength of Soil

10.6.1. Shear failure of soil, field situation of shear failure
10.6.2. Concept of shear strength of soil
10.6.3. Components of shearing resistance of soil – cohesion, internal friction
10.6.4. Mohr-coulomb failure theory, establishment of relation between major and minor
principal stresses and angle of failure plane, Strength envelope, strength equation –
for purely cohesive, cohesion less soils and for C-Φ soil
10.6.5. Laboratory determination of shear strength of soil – Direct shear test,
Unconfined compression test &laboratory vane shear test, plotting strength
envelope, determining shear strength parameters of soil
10.7. Earth Pressure
10.7.1. Estimation of vertical earth pressure – by approximate method, overburden pressure,
pressure bulb, isobar (simple numerical problems on approximate method)
10.7.2. Lateral earth pressure – Rankine’s theory of lateral earth pressure, assumptions and
mathematical expression (no deduction) for the following cases – vertical faces with
horizontal surface having cohesion less soil and cohesive soil with or with ground
water table and with or without surcharge loading (simple numerical problems)

10.8. Site Investigations and Sub Soil Exploration

10.8.1. Necessity of site investigation & sub-soil exploration.
10.8.2. Types of exploration – general, detailed.
10.8.3. Method of site exploration open excavation & boring
10.8.4. Criteria for deciding the location and number of test pits and bores
10.8.5. Disturbed & undisturbed soil samples for lab testing and field testing
10.8.6. Empirical correlation between soil properties and SPT values.
10.8.7. Format for soil report of a residential project

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Foundation Engineering –
10.9. Foundation
10.9.1. Types and design criteria

10.10. Bearing Capacity of soil

10.10.1. Concept of bearing capacity, ultimate bearing capacity, net ultimate bearing
capacity, factor of safety, safe bearing capacity and allowable bearing pressure
10.10.2. Terzaghi’s analysis and assumptions made and formula
10.10.3. Effect of water table on bearing capacity
10.10.4. Determination of bearing capacity for different foundation (isolated and strip
foundation only on homogeneous soil deposits) as per IS code method
10.10.5. Field methods for determination of bearing capacity – Plate load test and standard
penetration test. Test procedures as Per IS:1888& IS:2131
10.10.6. Typical values of bearing capacity from building code IS:1904
10.10.7. Basic concept of Soil-Structure interaction
10.10.8. Method of calculation of allowable bearing pressure and settlement criteria (no
numerical problems) and permissible values (uniform and differential) of settlement as
per relevant IS code

10.11. Settlement of Shallow Foundations

10.11.1. Introduction
10.11.2. Steps involved in settlement computation –immediate settlement and consolidation
settlement
10.11.3. Estimation of settlements for cohesionless soils
10.11.3.1. Schmertmann’s method
10.11.3.2. Semi- empirical method of settlement analysis – a. plate load test b. static cone
penetration test c. Settlement from SPT (numerical problems)
10.11.4. Estimation of settlement for cohesive soils
10.11.4.1. Thin clay layer sandwiched between thick sand layers – numerical problems
10.11.4.2. Clay layer resting on cohesionless soil or rock – numerical problems

10.12. Deep Foundations

Pile foundation -
10.12.1. Introduction, Pile Foundation: Definition & Suitability of pile foundations
10.12.2. Classification of Pile foundations –based on material used ( timber piles, concrete
piles, steelpiles); based on method of installation- (driven piles, driven cast in situ
piles, bored piles), classification based on load transfer mechanism from pile to soil
and functions(bearing piles, frictionpiles, sheet piles, fender piles, tension piles,
under-reamed piles etc.)
10.12.3. Estimation of Load Capacity of Piles (to resist axial force only): a. Static formula –
behaviour of piles in cohesive soil (driven piles and bored piles); piles in granularsol
and(driven piles and bored piles); estimation of frictional resistance in cohesive soil –
driven pilesand bored piles; frictional resistance in cohesionless soil - driven piles
and bored piles; estimation ofend bearing – in cohesive soil and in cohesionless soil;
Static Formula as per IS Code (numericalproblems on single pile)b. pile capacity
from in situ soil test (SPT)(numerical problems on single pile) c. Dynamic Formulae
–dynamics of pile driving, ENR formula, Hilley’s formula(numerical problems onsingle
pile)d. Estimation of Load capacity from Load Test on Piles

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 10.12.4. Group Action in Piles - Spacing of piles; Piles group in sand and gravel; Pile groups
in clay, group efficiency

Well foundations -
10.12.5. Introduction
10.12.6. Classification - Open caissons, Box caissons & Pneumatic cassion; Different shapes
of wells
10.12.7. Components of well foundation, physical characteristics – scour depth and grip
length
10.12.8. Forces acting on well foundation
10.12.9. Construction of well foundations - Sinking of wells - Tilting and shifting of wells -
Rectification oftilts and shifts

10.13. Ground Improvement techniques

10.13.1. Introduction- need for ground improvement and classification of ground improvement
techniques
10.13.2. Principles of ground imrprovement – for cohesive soil and cohesion less soil.
10.13.3. Ground treatment in cohesive soil – preloading, vertical drain, stone column,
vibroflotation
10.13.4. Ground treatment in cohesionless soil –drop hammer, dynamic consolidation,
vibrocompaction
10.13.5. other methods – a. Reinforced earth (Principle, Components, Advantages,
Applications) b.Geosynthetics(Types of Geosynthetics, Functions of Geosynthetics,
Applications of Geosynthetics) c.Ground water lowering d. Foundation grouting e.
Ground improvement by blasting f. In - situ groundtreatment for slopes g. Soil nailing

11. Design of RCC Structure:

11.1. Introduction
11.1.1. Aim of design, Concept of R.C.C., Necessity of steel as reinforcement and its position
in a Simply Supported and continuous member.
11.1.2. Design- Functional Design & Structural Design. Scope of a Structural Designer-
Structural Planning, Calculation of loads, Analysis, Design & Detailing, Advantages of
symmetrical planning over un-symmetrical planning Loads: Dead load, Imposed load,
Wind loads & other loads as per IS 875(Part-I to Part III) Earthquake forces. – IS 1893-
2002(Part -1), Seismic zones, Combination of loads.
11.1.3. Methods of design-working stress method, limit state method – Introduction of IS 456
and SP-16
11.1.4. Detailing- introduction of SP-34 & IS13920Necessity of IS 13920-1993

11.2. Working stress method

11.2.1. Introduction
11.2.2. R.C. Sections, their behaviour, Grades of concrete & steel, permissible stresses,
11.2.3. Assumptions in W.S.M..
11.2.4. Equivalent bending stress distribution diagram & Moment of Resistance for singly
reinforced rectangular section – balanced, under-reinforced & over-reinforced sections
– numerical problems

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11.3. Limit State Method
11.3.1. Definition, types of limit states, partial safety factors for materials strength,
characteristic strength ,characteristic load, design load. Loading on structure as per
I.S 875.
11.3.2. I.S. Specification regarding spacing of reinforcement inslab, cover to reinforcement in
slab, beam column &footing, minimum reinforcement in slab, beam & column, lapping,
anchoring effective span for beam, & slab.

11.4. Analysis and Design of Singly Reinforced Section (LSM)

11.4.1. Limit State of collapse ( Flexure), Assumptions, stress- Strain relationship for concrete
and steel, neutral axis, Stress block diagram and Strain diagram for singly reinforced
section.
11.4.2. Concept of under- reinforced, over-reinforced and balanced section, neutral axis co-
efficient, limiting value of moment of resistance and limiting percentage of steel
required for balanced singly R.C. Section.
11.4.3. Simple numerical problems on determining design constants, moment of resistance
and area of steel.

11.5. Analysis and Design of Doubly Reinforced Section (LSM)

11.5.1. General features, necessity of providing doubly reinforced Section, reinforcement
limitations.
11.5.2. Analysis of doubly reinforced section, strain diagram, stress diagram, depth of neutral
axis, moment of resistance of the section.
11.5.3. Simple numerical problems on finding moment of resistance and design of beam
sections.

11.6. Shear, Bond and Development Length (LSM)

11.6.1. Nominal Shear stress in R.C. Section, design shear strength of concrete, Maximum
shear stress, Design of shear reinforcement, Minimum shear reinforcement, forms of
shear reinforcement.
11.6.2. Bond and types of bond, Bond Stress, check for bond stress, Development length in
tension and compression, anchorage value for hooks 90° bend and 45° bend
Standard Lapping of bars, check for development length.
11.6.3. Simple numerical problems on deciding whether shear reinforcement is required or
not, check for adequacy of the section in shear. Design of shear reinforcement;
Minimum shear reinforcement in beams; Determination of Development length
required for tension reinforcement of cantilevers beam and slab, check for
development length.

11.7. Analysis and Design of T-Beam (LSM)

11.7.1. General features, advantages, effective width of flange as per IS:456-2000 code
provisions.
11.7.2. Analysis of singly reinforced T-Beam, strain diagram &stressdiagram, depth of neutral
axis,moment of resistance of T-beamSection
11.7.3. Design of T-beam for moment and shear for Neutral axis withinor up to flange bottom.
11.7.4. Simple numerical problems on deciding effective flange width (Problems only on
finding moment ofresistance of T-beamsectionshallbe asked in written examination.)

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11.8. Design of lintel
11.8.1. Design of lintel for flexure under triangular load only for brick work above it and for it
self weight –typical problem solution.
11.8.2. Design of shear reinforcement for lintel – typical problem solution.

11.9. Design of Slab (LSM)

11.9.1. Design of simply supported one-way slabs for flexure check fordeflection control, and
shear.
11.9.2. Design of one-way cantilever slabs and cantilevers chajjas for flexure check for
deflection controland check for developmentlength and shear.
11.9.3. Design of two-way simply supported slabs for flexure with corner free to lift.
11.9.4. Design of dog-legged staircase.
11.9.5. Simple numerical problems on design of one-way simply supported slabs cantilever
slab & two-waysimply supported slab

11.10. Design of Axially Loaded Column and Footing (LSM)

11.10.1. Assumptions in limit state of collapse – compression
11.10.2. Definition and classification of columns, effective length ofcolumn. Specification for
minimum reinforcement; cover, maximum reinforcement, number of bars in
rectangular, squareand circularsections, diameter and spacing of lateral ties.
11.10.3. Analysis and design of axially loaded short, square, rectangularand circular columns
with lateralties only; check for shortcolumn and check for minimum eccentricity may
be applied.
11.10.4. Types of footing, Design of isolated square footing for flexure, and shear.
11.10.5. Simple numerical problems on the design of axially loaded shortcolumns and isolated
squarefooting.(Problems on design of footing shall be asked in writtenexamination for
moment and two wayshear only.)

11.11. Prestressed Concrete

11.11.1. Introduction to prestressed concrete.
11.11.2. Externally and internally prestressed member.
11.11.3. Advantages and disadvantages of prestressed concrete.
11.11.4. Methods of prestressing, pretensioning and posttensioning. Losses in prestressing.
11.11.5. Concept of prestressing – Stress concept, Load balancing concept

I.S. Codes:
1. IS 456:2000 - Plain and Reinforced concrete code of Practice.
2. SP16- Design Aids for reinforced concrete to IS 456.
3. I.S. 875 (Part 1-5) - 1987 code of practice of design loads for Buildings and structures.
Part 1 - Dead load
Part 2 - Imposed (live) load
Part 3 - Wind load
4. SP 24 - Explanatory Handbook on IS 456
5. IS 1343-1980 - Indian Standard code of (Reaffirmed 1990) Practice for Prestressed
concrete.
6. SP34 : 1987 - Handbook on concrete reinforcement and Detailing.
7. IS 13920-1993 DUCTILE detailing of R. C. Building subjected to Scrims forces.

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12. Contracts and Accounts :

12.1. Procedure of Execution of Work By P.W.D.

12.1.1. Organization of P.W.D., functions of their personnel.
12.1.2. P.W.D. procedure of initiating the work, administrative Approval, technical sanction,
budget provision.
12.1.3. Methods used in P.W.D. for carrying out works contract method and departmental
method, rate list method, piece work method, Day’s work method, department method
(NMR and casual muster roll.)

12.2. Contract
12.2.1. Definition of contract, objects of contract, requirements of valid ‘Contract’
12.2.2. Types of engineering contract - lump sum contract, item rate contract, percentage rate
contract,cost plus percentage, cost Plus fixed fee, cost plus variable percentage and
cost plus variable fee contract, labour contract, demolition contract, fee contract,
Target contract, negotiated contract .
12.2.3. Class of contractor, Registration of contractor.
12.2.4. BOT PROJECT.

12.3. Tender & Tender Documents

12.3.1. Definition of Tender, Necessity of Tender, Types-Local And Global.
12.3.2. Tender Notice, Points To Be Included While Drafting Tender Notice, Drafting Of
Tender Notice.
12.3.3. Meaning of Terms: Earnest Money, Security Deposit, Validity Period, Right To Reject
One or AllTenders, Corrigendum To Tender Notice And Its Necessity.
12.3.4. Tender Documents – List, Scheduled A, Schedule B, Schedule C.
12.3.5. Terms Related To Tender Documents – Contract Conditions, Time Limit, Time
Extension, Penalty,Defective Material And Workmanship, Termination of Contract,
Suspension Of Work, Subletting OfContract, Extra Items, Escalation, Arbitration, Price
Variation Clause, Defect Liability Period, Liquidated And Unliquidated Damages.
12.3.6. Filling the tender by contractor and points to be observed by him.
12.3.7. Procedure of submitting filled in tender document, procedure of opening tender ,
comparativestatement , scrutiny of tenders, award of contract, acceptance letter and
work order.
12.3.8. Unbalanced Tender, Ring Formation.

12.4. Accounts in P.W.D.

12.4.1. Various Account Forms and their Uses, Measurement-books, Nominal Muster Roll,
Imprest Cash, Indent, Invoice, Bills, Vouchers, Cash Book, Temporary Advance.

12.5. Payments to Contractors

12.5.1. Mode of payment to the contractor, interim payment and its necessity, advance
payment, securedadvance, on account payment, final payment, first and final
payment, retention money, reduced ratepayment, petty advance, mobilization
advance.

12.6. Specifications

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 12.6.1. Necessity and importance of specifications of an items, points to be observed in
framingspecifications of an item, types of specification –brief and detailed, standard
and manufacturers specification.
12.6.2. Preparing detailed specifications of items in civil engineering works. Standard
specification book
12.6.3. Legal Aspects Of Specification.

12.7. Valuations
12.7.1. Definition, necessity of valuation, Definitions – cost price, value, difference between
them,characteristics of value, factors affecting value.
12.7.2. Types of value: - book value, scrap value, salvage, Value, speculative value, distress
value, marketvalue, monopoly value, sentimental value, factors affecting value .
12.7.3. Depreciation, obsolescence, sinking fund; Methods of calculation of depreciation –
straight linemethod, Sinking fund method constant percentage method quantity survey
method.
12.7.4. Computation of capitalized value, gross income, outgoing, net Income, years
purchase. types of outgoing and their percentages.
12.7.5. Valuation of lands & buildings, factors affecting their valuation, Book value method,
replacementvalue method and comparison method.Use of valuation tables .deferred
value of land.
12.7.6. Fixation of rent as per PWD practice

12.8. Arbitration
12.8.1. Introduction
12.8.2. Procedure of Arbitration

13. Design of Steel Structure :

13.1. Introduction
13.1.1. Advantages and disadvantages of steel as construction material. Types of
sections,Grades of steel(IS2062) and strength characteristics; Use of steel
table(SP6-Part1); Types of loads on steel structure and its I. S. code specification.
Geometrical properties of gross and effective cross sections–Classification of Cross
Sections as per IS: 800-2007– Internal, external(outstands) and taperedelements of
sections– Maximum Effective Slenderness Ratio of members – Necessity of Bracings
andExpansion joints in Steel Structures .

13.2. Plastic Analysis

13.2.1. Plastic Analysis: Analysis of Steel Structures– Methods– Elastic, Plastic and
Advanced method ofanalysis based on IS: 800-2007– Idealized Stress vs Strain
curve– Problems. For Structural Steel–Requirements and Assumptions of Plastic
method of analysis– Formation of Plastic hinges in Flexural members– Plastic
Moment of Resistance and Plastic Modulus of Sections– Shape Factors ofrectangular
/ circular/ I / T-Sections– Collapse load.

13.3. Limit State Design

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 13.3.1. Basis for design– Classification of Limit States– Characteristic and Design Actions–
Ultimate andDesign Strengths- Partial Safety Factors for Loads and Materials–
Factors Governing the UltimateStrength: Stability, Fatigue and Plastic collapse–
Serviceability

13.4. Design of Tension Members by L.S.M

13.4.1. Tension Members-effective length and Effective Sectional Area of tension members -
Design Strengthof Tension members against yielding of gross section requirements:
Deflection limits, Vibration,Durability and Fire resistance, against rupture of critical
section and due to block shear. Problems ondetermination of design strength of given
members and designing tension members using rolled steelsections for given loads–
Design of bolted and welded connections for tension members –Problems.

13.5. Design of Compression Members by L.S.M

13.5.1. Compression Members- Effective Length and Effective Sectional Area of
Compression members –Design Stress and design strength– Buckling Class of cross
sections– Imperfection factor– Stressreduction factor– Thickness of elements
.Analysis and design of axially loaded column. Introduction to lacing and battening (No
numerical problem on Lacing and Battening)

13.6. Column Bases by L.S.M

13.6.1. Slab base and Gusseted base – Code Provisions (IS:800-2007) – Minimum thickness
and EffectiveArea of Base plate– Design of Slab base for axially loaded columns
using bolts /welds. Introduction to Gusseted base (no numerical problems on
gusseted Base).

13.7. Design Of Flexural Members For BM and SF by L.S.M

13.7.1. General- Effective span of Beams, Design strength of bending,(Flexure), Limiting
deflection ofbeams –Design of laterally supported Simple beams for Bending moment
and Shear force using single/ double rolled steel sections (symmetrical cross sections
only) – Problems.

13.8. Design Of Connections And Detailing

13.8.1. General- Types of connections– Bolted, Riveted and Welded connections– Rigid and
Flexibleconnections– Components of connections– Basic requirements of
connections- Clearance for holes–Minimum and Maximum spacing of fasteners–
Minimum edge/ end distances– Requirements ofTacking fasteners. Bolted
Connection– Types of bolts– Bearing type Bolts– Nominal and Design shearstrengths
of bolts– Reduction factors for Long joints, Large grip lengths, Thick packing plates–
Nominaland Design bearing strengths of bolts– Reduction factors for over sized and
slotted holes– Nominal andDesign tensile strengths (tension capacity) of bolts-Simple
problems. Welded Connection- Types ofwelds– Fillet welds– Minimum and maximum
sizes– Effective length of weld- Fillet welds on inclined faces–-Design strengths of
shop/site welds– Butt welds– Effective throat thickness and effective length of butt
weld- Simple problems.

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 13.9. Steel Roof Truss
13.9.1. Types of steel roof truss & its selection criteria. Calculation of panel point load for
Dead load; Live loadand wind load as per I.S. 875-1987 Analysis and Design of steel
roof truss. Design of Angle purlin as per I. S. Arrangement of members at supports.

14. Environmental Engineering :

14.1. Environmental Pollution and Control

14.1.1. Introduction- Environment, Ecosystem, Environmental Pollution and its Types and
sources, Causes of Pollution, Effects of Pollution - control of water pollution - soil
pollution sources of soil pollution - effects of soil pollution - control of soil pollution -
noise pollution - sources of noise pollution - effects of noise pollution -control of noise
pollution – air pollution - sources of air pollution - effects of air pollution on human
beings, plants, animals, materials - air pollution control equipment - control devices for
particulate contaminants
14.1.2. Environmental degradation - ozone layer depletion - green house effect - acid rain.
14.1.3. Existing laws related to Environmental Pollution.

14.2. Public Water Supply

14.2.1. Quantity of Water Demands of water - Domestic, Industrial, Commercial &
Institutional, Public use, Losses and wastes, Fire demand; Factors affecting rate of
Demand, Variations of water demands, Forecasting of population, Methods of
forecasting of population, Design period for water supply scheme. Estimation of
quantity of water supply required for a town or city.
14.2.2. Sources of Water Surface and Subsurface sources of water, Water conservation,
Ground water recharging – Necessity Importance and advantages.
14.2.3. Intake Structures and Conveyance of water-Definition and types, Factors governing
the location of an intake structure. Type of pipes used for conveyance of water, laying
of pipes and pipe joints.
14.2.4. Quality of Water Need for analysis of water, Characteristics of water- Physical,
Chemical and Biological. Meaning and importance of parameters – Total solids,
hardness, chlorides, dissolved Oxygen, pH, Fluoride, Nitrogen and its compounds,
Bacteriological tests, E coliindex, MPN. Water qualitystandards as per B.I.S. code.
14.2.5. Purification of Water Screening- Types of screens, Aeration- objects and methods of
aeration, Plain sedimentation, Sedimentation with coagulation, principles of
coagulation, types of coagulants,Jar Test, process of coagulation, types of
sedimentation tanks, Filtration-theory of filtration, classification of filters: slow sand
filter, rapid sand filter,pressure filter, domesticfilter, filter media, construction
andworking of slow sandfilter and rapid sand filter,Disinfection: Objective, methods of
disinfection, Chlorination-Application of chlorine, forms of chlorination,
typesofchlorination practices, residual chlorine and its importance, Flow diagram of
water treatment plants,
14.2.6. Miscellaneous water Treatments (Water softening, Defluoridation techniques), Low
cost water Treatments:Necessity and importance in rural areas, Preventionofpollution
of bores and bore wells.
14.2.7. Methods of distribution of water- Gravity, pumping and combined system Service
reservoirs – functions and types,Layouts of distribution of water- Dead end system,
grid iron system, circular system, radial system- their suitability, advantages and
disadvantages.

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14.3. Domestic Sewage
14.3.1. IntroductionImportance and necessity of sanitation, Necessity to treatdomestic
sewage, Recycling and Reuse of domestic waste Definitions- Sewage, sullage, types
of sewage
14.3.2. Building Sanitation and PlumbingDefinitions of the terms related to Building
Sanitation-Waterpipe, Rain water pipe, Soil pipe , Sullage pipe, Ventpipe, Building
Sanitary fittings- Water closet – Indian andEuropeantype, flushing cistern, wash basin,
sinks, Urinals,Traps- types, qualities of good trap, Systems of plumbing –one pipe,
twopipe, single stack, choice of system Principles regarding design of building
drainage, layout plan forbuilding sanitary fittings (drainage plan) , inspection
andjunction chambers, theirnecessity, location , size andshape. Maintenance of
sanitaryunits.
14.3.3. Systems of Sewerage Types of Sewers, Systems of Sewerage, Design of sewers, self
cleansing velocity and non scouring velocity, Laying, Testing and maintenance of
sewers.
14.3.4. Sewer Appurtenances Manholes and Drop Manhole-component
parts,location,spacing, construction details, Sewer Inlets , StreetInlets,Flushing Tanks
– manual and automatic
14.3.5. Analysis of SewageCharacteristics of sewage – major parameters.
14.3.6. Treatment of Sewage Objects of sewage treatment, General layout and flow diagram,
Screening, Grit removal, Skimming, Sedimentation of sewage, Sludge digestion,
Trickling filters, Activated sludge process, Disposal of sewage.
14.3.7. Miscellaneous treatments - Septic tank (including design as per IS code), Oxidation
pond, Oxidation ditch.

14.4. Industrial Waste

14.4.1. Industrial Waste Water Characteristics of Industrial wastewaterfrom sugar, Dairy,
Distillery, Textile, Paper and Pulp and Oil industry; and their suggestive treatments
(only brief idea)

14.5. Solid Wastes From the Society

14.5.1. Solid Waste Management Definitions – Refuse, Rubbish, Garbage, Ashes,
Constituents of solid wastes Sources of solidwastes, Collection of Solid Wastes.
Methods of collection of solid wastes Methods of treatment anddisposal of solid
waste.
14.5.2. Hazardous Wastes - Introduction, Types of hazardous wastes. Characteristics of
hazardous wastes. Treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes.
14.6. Environmental Sanitation
14.6.1. Rural SanitationNecessity and importance, Rural sanitation- Types ofPrivies –Aqua
privy and Bore Hole Latrine- construction and working, Composting (Nadep or
Vermiculture)
14.6.2. Emerging Trends ( only brief idea )Sant Gadge Baba Swachhatha Abhiyan Low cost
Latrines Jalswarajya Scheme

14.7. Environmental Impact Assessment

14.7.1. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) - methodology of EIA– organizing the job -
performing the assessment – preparationof environmental impact statement (EIS) -
review of EIS -environmental risk assessment – limitation of EIA.

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 14.8. Plumbing
14.8.1. Sanitary Plumbing, Layout, Details of water supplyarrangement for residential and
public building Rainwater and sewage collection systems.

15. Verbal Reasoning:

15.1. Series Completion
15.2. Analogy
15.3. Classification
15.4. Coding – Decoding
15.5. Blood Relations
15.6. Puzzle Test
15.7. Sequential Output Tracing
15.8. Direction Sense Test
15.9. Logical Venn Diagrams
15.10. Alphabet Test
15.11. Alpha - Numeric Sequence Puzzle
15.12. Number Ranking & Time Sequence Test
15.13. Mathematical Operations
15.14. Logical Sequence of Words
15.15. Arithmetical Reasoning
15.16. Inserting The Missing Characters
15.17. Data Sufficiency
15.18. Eligibility Test
15.19. Assertion and Reason
15.20. Situation Reaction Test
15.21. Verification of Truth of the Statement.

16. Non-Verbal Reasoning:

16.1. Series
16.2. Analogy
16.3. Classification
16.4. Analytical Reasoning
16.5. Mirror Images
16.6. Water Images
16.7. Spotting Out The Embedded Figures
16.8. Completion of Incomplete Pattern
16.9. Figure Matrix
16.10. Paper Folding
16.11. Paper Cutting
16.12. Grouping of Identical Figures
16.13. Cubes and Dice
16.14. DOT Situation
16.15. Construction of Squares and Triangles
16.16. Figure Formation and Analysis.

17. Current Affairs: All related to current affairs.

============ X ============

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