Lab 01 - Introduction to computers

Correct steps to Start the computer

1) First, plug in power cable of the UPS to the wall power plug base

2) Turn on wall power switch

3) Press your UPS's power button

4) Switch on the System Unit

5) Press your monitor's power button

Correct steps to Shut down the computer

1) Close all software programs that you have opened in preparation to turn off a computer

2) Click the 'Windows' button at the bottom left-hand corner of your screen.

3) Click on the power option icon

4) Select Shut Down from the dropdown list

Click on the required option

Shut down –

 Shuts down the computer and installs windows

updates.
Restart
 Shuts down the computer and starts your computer
again.
Sleep
 Temporarily halts any running programs and turns off
your computer's display.
Hibernate
 Turns off the computer and saves data to a
hibernation file.
5) Switch off the monitor once the screen becomes dark

6) Switch off the UPS and wall switch

What is a computer?

It is an electronic device which is made to fulfill our day to day needs.

Features of a Computer

 Accuracy

o Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy but errors may occur due to data
inconsistency or inaccuracy.

 Speed and Efficiency

o A computer can perform a large number of tasks or calculations with the same speed and
accuracy. It doesn’t exhaust or lacks concentration. Its memory is placed superior to that
of the humans.

 Versatility

o Versatility refers to the capacity of a computer to perform different kinds of works at same
with accuracy and efficiency.

 Consistency

o It means that computer produces consistent output when the same input is given.

 Reliability

o A computer is reliable as it provides consistent result for similar set of data

 Intelligence

o It can only act according to the given instructions and it cannot take decisions on its own
like a human.

Components of a computer

Software & hardware

Hardware

• All the things you can touch in a computer are called “hardware”. (Tangible)

• Eg – monitor, system unit, printer, speaker, mouse, CPU, motherboard, RAM, keyboard

Software

• All the things that cannot be touched are called “Software”. (Intangible)

• Eg- Programmes with data and instructions

Input devices

An input device is a hardware  that sends or inputs data to a computer, allowing you to interact with and
control it. The commonly used input devices on a computer are the keyboard and mouse.

 Keyboard

 Mouse

 Joy Stick

 Light pen

 Track Ball

 Scanner

 Graphic Tablet

 Microphone

 Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)

 Optical Character Reader(OCR)

 Bar Code Reader

 Optical Mark Reader(OMR)

Output devices

An output device is a computer hardware that receives data from a computer and then translates that data
into another form. That form may be audio, visual, textual, or hard copy such as a printed document.
  Monitor
 Printer
 Headphones
 Computer Speakers
 Projector
 GPS
 Sound Card
 Video Card
 Braille Reader
 Speech-Generating Device

Storage devices

• Main Memory

A computer with a higher main memory capacity stores more data and instructions. The capacity
of the main memory is measured in units of bits. (MB or GB). Main memory consists of RAM
(Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory). When a device has enough RAM
space, several programs run simultaneously without any slowdown. 

 Random Access Memory (RAM)

The data and programs that the CPU needs during execution of a program are stored. It is a
volatile memory since the data loses when the power is turned off. RAM is classified into two
types- SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) and DRAM (Dynamic Random Access
Memory).

 Read Only Memory (ROM)

Stores information essential to operate the system, like BIOS. It is not volatile and retains its
data. This is used in embedded systems or where the programming needs no change. ROM is
further classified into 4 types- ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.

• Secondary Memory

Hard disk provides permanent storage space for storing data and to install software. Hard drives
can be external or internal. A hard drive determines the size of digital files in terms of megabytes
(MB), gigabytes (GB), and terabytes (TB).
  Hard Disk Drive
Data is stored through magnetizing and demagnetizing the magnetic coating. The magnetic
reader arm reads data from and write data to the disks. A
modern HDD has terabytes (TB) capacity.

 CD Drive

CD or Compact Disk use optical rays, to read and write

data. Three types of CDs: CD-ROM, CD-R (Compact Disk –
Recordable), CD-RW (Compact Disk – Rewritable) 

 DVD Drive

DVD stands for Digital Video Display. DVD can store 15 times the data held by CDs. They are
usually used to store high quality multimedia files that need more storage capacity. DVDs come
in 3 types as read only, rewritable and recordable.

 Pen Drive

Pen drive is a portable device that uses solid state memory. It mainly includes USB drive, key
drive or flash memory.

 Blue Ray Disk

Blue Ray Disk store high definition (HD) video and other multimedia filed and BDs can store up
to 128 GB data.
 Central Processing Unit

 A processor, or "microprocessor," is a tiny chip that located in computers and many other

electronic devices. It receives input and provide the appropriate output and handles the basic
system instructions, like processing mouse and keyboard input and running applications. CPU is
the brain of the computer.

• CPU is comprised of Control Unit and Arithmetic and Logic Unit. The control unit uses electrical
signals to guide the entire computer system to carry out, or execute, stored program instructions.
The control unit must work parallel with both the arithmetic/logic unit and memory. The
arithmetic/logic unit can perform basic arithmetic operations,: addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division and also performs logical operations. A logical operation is usually a
comparison.

• The speed of the processor is measured from the number of instructions executed during a second.
Most desktop computers contain a CPU developed by either Intel or AMD, both of which use
the x86 processor architecture. Mobile devices, use Intel and AMD CPUs, but can also use
specific mobile processors developed by companies like ARM or Apple. Processors that include
two cores are called dual-core processors, while those with four cores are called quad-
core processors. Some high-end workstations contain multiple CPUs with multiple cores, allowing
a single machine to have eight, twelve, or even more processing cores.
 Lab 02 - Introduction to computer software and file types

What is software?
A software is a set of programs designed to execute certain tasks by using a computer. A user can
perform different tasks by using different software according to his need.
E.g. – MS word, PowerPoint, computer games, media players, video editing software, photos
editing software, MS paint

Software Types

Feature System Software. Application Software.

Definition System Software is software which Application Software is designed as

acts as the interface between per user request and runs on the
1
application software and system. platform provided by the system
software.

Developmen Generally, developed in low level High level language is used in

t Language language which is more compatible specific purpose software.
2
with the system hardware in order to
interact with.

Usage Is used for operating computer Used to perform specific tasks by

3
hardware. the user.

Installation System software are installed when Application software are installed
4 operating system is installed to the as per user’s requirements.
comouter.

User Specific to system hardware so less User can interacts with it as user
5 interaction or no user interaction available in interface is available in this case.
case of system software.

Dependency System software can run Cannot run independently. without

6 independently. It provides platform the presence of system software.
for running application software.

Examples Operating systems such as, MS MS word, Excel, Power point

Windows, Linux, Ubuntu, Mac os
Web browsers such as opera,
compiler, assembler, debugger, driver google chrome
7
Graphic Software (adobe
photoshop, illustrator, InDesign,
Premiere Pro, After Effects,
Lightroom, Dreamweaver
 File Management
A file can contain any data, instructions and commands. We save data in files and we keep the
files within the folders to manage them methodically. The Operating System is responsible in
managing the files and folders. The data we save is given a file name for the need of identification.
File names consist of two items , namely file name and file extension.

Document.docx

It is used to identify the file

File name File Extension

It is used to find the application
software to which the file
belongs
Text files and documents.

 .doc and .docx - Microsoft Word file  .tex - A LaTeX document file

 .odt - OpenOffice Writer document file  .txt - Plain text file
 .pdf - PDF file  .wpd - WordPerfect document
 .rtf - Rich Text Format

Image file extensions.

 .ai - Adobe Illustrator file  .ico - Icon file

 .bmp - Bitmap image  .jpeg or .jpg - JPEG image
 .gif - GIF image  .png - PNG imag

Files related to presentation programs.

 .key - Keynote presentation  ppt - PowerPoint presentation

 .odp - OpenOffice Impress presentation  .pptx - PowerPoint Open XML
file. presentation

Spreadsheet files to a computer.

 .ods - OpenOffice Calc spreadsheet file

 .xls - Microsoft Excel file
 .xlsx - Microsoft Excel Open XML
 .xlsm - Microsoft Excel file with macros
spreadsheet file
Video file extensions.

 .avi - AVI file  .mkv - Matroska Multimedia Container

 .flv - Adobe Flash file  .mp4 - MPEG4 video file
 .m4v - Apple MP4 video file  .wmv - Windows Media Video file

Compressed file extensions.

 .7z - 7-Zip compressed file  .pkg - Package file

 .arj - ARJ compressed file  .rar - RAR file
 .deb - Debian software package file

Audio file extensions.

 .cda - CD audio track file  .wav - WAV file

 .mp3 - MP3 audio file  .wma - WMA audio file
 .mpa - MPEG-2 audio file  .wpl - Windows Media Player playlist
 Lab 03 - Internet basics and email etiquette

What is email?
Email or "electronic mail," is a most widely used features of the Internet. It allows you to send and
receive messages to and from anyone with an email address, anywhere in the world.

How to send an email?

1. Select Compose from the left window pane.

2. Add recipients and a subject.
3. Type your message.
4. Click on attachment if you want to share a file.
5. Select Send.

How to reply to an email?

1. Click on the email which you have to respond.

2. Click “Reply” or “Reply all”.
3. Type the reply or you can select the suggested replies for quick responses.
4. Select send
Email etiquettes

 Maintain a professional tone which requires to use a clear, appropriate language rather than
abbreviations and colloquialisms.
 Employ a clear subject line as it informs the recipient of the email's body. Make email subject
lines clear and straightforward.
 Use punctuation to make reading an email much easier and clearer. Use commas, question
marks, apostrophes, periods and quotation marks to create complete sentences and separate
ideas.
 Practice correct grammar as the style of writing represents the you or the company. It is
necessary to take the time to review your writing for accuracy before sending your email. You
can use online proof reading software like Grammarly.
 Keep the content precise and specific.
 Conclude with a signature with the name and professional business signature. Usually, a
signature block includes your name, title, email address and direct contact number.
Eg : Sincerely,
John Muller
Direct Sales
[email protected]
555-555-5555 ext. 123
 Check the recipient's name and make sure you spell it accurately. Double-check the spelling
and the honorifics, like Doctor or Professor or Captain.
 Include acceptable fonts. Generally, it is advised to, use a standard font such as Times New
Roman or Ariel and font size between 11 and 14.
 Note any attachments if you've attached so that your recipient sees them. Eg: I've attached the
social media audits for October below. Please note that they're large files, so you may want to
download them.
 Proofread your message
 Lab 04 - Effective use of Google drive and one drive

Google Drive is a cloud-based storage space that allows to save files and access them anywhere from any
smartphone, tablet, or computer via online. You can use Google Drive on your computer or mobile phone
to securely upload the files and edit them online. Some other key features of google drive are,

 Google provides 15 GB of free storage space across Gmail, Google Drive and Google Photos
 Can share files and you can invite others to view, edit, or download files and documents
 Can accessing files from anywhere
 Drive files are protected by an  AES128 or AES256 encryption which is the same security
protocol used on other Google services.

Uploading and creating files

1. Sign into your Google account

2. Access Google Drive in your browser through
drive.google.com.
3. Drag the relevant file from your desktop, and drop it into the
browser window. 
or
click on the "New" button and select either "File upload" or
"Folder upload." 

Share Files and Folders

1. Right-click to see the context menu, then click "Share." 

2. Add collaborators using their email address

3. Give them the access to edit, comment on, or view the file
Use Backup & Sync

1. Install the relevant application to your device.

2. On your computer, go to Google Drive
3. Drag files or folders to that drive folder. Once they are uploaded to Drive and you will see them on
drive.google.com.

Save from Print view

1. Install the Save to Google Drive Extension

2. Open Chrome on your computer,.
3. Open the page or image or file you want to print.
4. On the top, click File and then Print.
5. Select Save to Drive.
6. Then print.

Convert documents into Google formats

You can change a setting to convert if you want to upload files like Microsoft Word documents,
files. You can use only your computer to change Google Drive settings.
1. Using a computer, go to drive.google.com/drive/settings.
2. "Convert Uploads," and check the relevant box.

Upload files using the same name

Google Drive can upload the file as a revision of the file already in Google Drive if you upload the file
with the same name.
1. On your computer, go to drive.google.com
2. Upload a file.
3. Click Keep as separate file.
Most commonly used google drive applications
Google Docs

Google Docs is a web-based word processor provided freely by Google as part of its complete office suite
to compete with Microsoft Office and work with other people.

Create a document
1. Open the Docs home screen at docs.google.com to create a document
2. In the top left you can see "Start a new document," or click Blank .
You can also create new documents via the URL docs.google.com/create.
Edit and format
1. In your computer, open the relevant document in Google Docs.
2. In order to select a word, double-click it or use the cursor to select the part of the text you want
to edit
3. Start to edit
4. At the top, click Undo or Re do to undo or redo an action.
 You can add and edit text, spacing, indent and more in a document.
• Format paragraphs alignement or font size, colour
• Add a title or a table of content as you wish.

Google Sheets
Google Sheets is free application provided along with Google Drive, Docs, and Slides to share files,
documents, and presentations online. It’s a web-based spreadsheet which can used anywhere and from
any device.

Create a new Spreadsheet

There are 3 methods in creating a new spreadsheet.

1. Click on the red "NEW" button on your Google Drive dashboard and select "Google Sheets"
2. Open the menu within the spreadsheet and select "File and then New Spreadsheet
3. Click "Blank" or select a template on the Google Sheets homepage
Edit and Format a spreadsheet

It includes many spreadsheet functions such as MS Excel where you are capable to add, edit and format
the text, numbers and formulas in a spreadsheet.

• Edit and format a spreadsheet

• Use formulas and functions in a spreadsheet

Google Slides

Similar to Microsoft’s PowerPoint, Google Slides is a cloud based, web-application to create and
save presentations without any software downloads. The advantage of using Google Slides is that
it is collaborative, lightweight and intuitive.

Create a presentation

1. Open Slides home screen in slides.google.com.

2. Under"Start a new presentation in the top left, click New. This will allow you to create
and open your presentation.

You can also use the URL https://slides.google.com/create to create new presentations.
Edit and format a presentation

• Insert and arrange text, shapes, and lines

• Add, delete & organize slides

• Add animations to a slide

Google Forms

Google Forms is now a full-featured forms tool that comes free with your Google account. You can add
standard question types, drag-and-drop questions in the order you like, customize the form with simple
photo or color themes, and gather responses in Forms or save them to a Google Sheets spreadsheet.
Set up a new form or quiz
1. Go to forms.google.com.
2. Click Blank
3. A new form will open.
or in order to create a form directly from Google Drive:
1. Go to drive.google.com on your computer
2. Click New Google Forms in the top left of the window pane.

Add, format or edit text, images, or videos in a form.

• Edit your form
• Create a quiz with Google Forms
• Choose where to save form responses
Send the created form to people and collect their responses.
One Drive
OneDrive is an Internet-based storage platform with a significant chunk of space offered for free by
Microsoft to anyone with a Microsoft account. Simply, similar to a hard drive in the cloud, which you can
share, with a few extra benefits thrown in. OneDrive usually offers 5 GB of storage space free of charge,
with 100 GB, 1 TB, and 6 TB storage options available either separately or with Office 365 subscriptions.

Create account for One Drive

 Open OneDrive website.
 Click the Sign up for free button.
 Click on the Get a new email
address option.
 Create a new email address.
 Select @outlook.com option.
 Click  Next.
 Continue the on-screen directions to finish the process.

Upload Files to One Drive

1. Open File Explorer.
2. Click on OneDrive from the left pane.
3. Snap the OneDrive folder to left side
4. Open the folder which you need uploaded.
5. Snap the folder with the files to the right.
6. Drag and drop the files and folders you want to upload to the OneDrive Folder.
In modern work environment, it is necessary to be comfortable using a word processor. Most documents
generated are done so with a word processor whether it is Microsoft Word or some other product.

Home Tabs
The Home Tab generally displays the most frequently used commands. In Word and Excel these include
Copy, Cut, and Paste, Bold, Italic, Underscore etc. The commands are arranged in groups: Clipboard,
Font, Paragraph, Styles and Editing.

Insert Tabs

 Insert a Table

Tables provide a simple way to organize columns of information.

To create a table:
o Select the “Insert” tab
o Choose “Table”. The following screen pops up.
o Using the grid, you can select the number of rows and
columns in your table.
o Using “Insert Table…”, you can choose rows, columns, and
other parameters for the
o table.
o Choosing “Excel Spreadsheet” will imbed an Excel table into your
document.
o “Quick Tables” allows you to choose from pre-defined
special tables.
 Insert picture, shapes, smart art, charts

o Pictures - "Insert Picture" dialog box is displayed

o Online Pictures - The feature is added in 2013 to insert pictures via online.
o Clip Art – This allows to insert movies, sounds, photos, drawings, etc.
o Shapes – In the Drop-Down includes the commands for Recently Used Shapes, Lines, Basic
Shapes Rectangles, , Block Arrows, Callouts ,Flowchart, and Stars and Banners.
o SmartArt – This displays the "Choose a SmartArt Graphic" dialog box which allows you to
choose different types of smartart: list, hierarchy, relationship ,process, cycle, pyramid and
matrix.
o Chart – It displays the "Insert Chart" dialog bo where there is no more MS Graph and
datasheet. Chart data is now can be opened up in an Excel spreadsheet.

 Insert header and footer

o Header – In the Drop Down menu, it displays a gallery of the

customer made built-in headers. It also contains the commands to
edit Header, remove Header and save Selection to Header Gallery.

o Footer – In Drop-Down menu, you can see the gallery of built-in

footers and it also contains the commands edit Footer, remove Footer and save Selection to
Footer Gallery.

 Insert page number

o Page Number – In theDrop-Down, it contains the commands on where to put the page
number such as the top of Page, bottom of page, Page Margins, Current Position, Format Page
Numbers and Remove Page Numbers. The Format Page Numbers command displays the
familiar "Page Number Format" dialog box.

 Insert textboxes and word art

 Insert equations and symbols

Page Layout Tab

 Page Break

Most of the time, you will allow MS Word to automatically generate page
breaks. However, sometimes you will want to force a page break (create a
blank page, prior to a large diagram, etc.). Headers, footers, numbering,
and other page layouts are maintained through page breaks.
To insert a page break,

o Choose the “Insert” tab.

o Selecting “Page Break” inserts a new page into your document.

 Margins
1. From the Layout tab, click on the Margins 
2. From the drop-down menu will appear. Click
on the predefined margin size you like.
3. The margins of the document will be
modified.

 Orientation
 Size
 Columns
 Lab 06 - Introduction to MS Word (Part II)

How to apply style?

1. Place the cursor at the beginning of

the text that you want to apply
style
2. Click on Styles on the Home Tab
and to see more designs click on
“More”
3. Select the desired style
4. The text will change
To apply a style Set
1. From the Design Tab, choose the desired style set

To create a new Style

1. Click the arrow button in the right corner of
the style group
2. Select the new style
3. A dialog box will show up to enter
a name for the style, choose the desired text
formatting, then click OK.
 4. The new style will apply.

To modify a style
1. In the Styles group in the Home tab, right-click the style you want to change and
select Modify from the drop-down menu.

2. A dialog box will appear. Make the desired formatting changes, such as font style, size, and color.
If you need, you can also change the name of the style. Click OK to save your changes.
3. The style will be modified.
 Lab 07 - Mail merge and referencing

What is mail merge?

Mail Merge is a key feature that incorporates data from both Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel and
permits you to create multiple documents at once, such as letters, saving you the time and effort of
retyping the same letter over and over.

1. First create a new document or open a previously saved word document.

2. Click the Start Mail Merge command
3. Select Step-by-Step Mail Merge Wizard.

The Mail Merge pane will show up and directs you through the six main steps to complete a merge. The
below example shows how to form a letter and merge it with the relevant list of recipient.

Step 1

Choose the relevant type of document you want to create from the Mail
Merge task pane . Then click Next:
Step 2:

Select Use the current document,

Click Next: Select recipients 

Move to Step 3 of the process.

Step 3:

You need an address list to automatically place each address into the document
from using an existing file, such as an Excel workbook. Otherwise, you
can type a new address list from within the Mail Merge Wizard.

Select Use an existing list

Click Browse to select the file.

Locate your file, then click Open.

Select the worksheet that contains the

list if the address list is in an Excel
workbook.

From the Mail Merge Recipients dialog

box, you are capable to either
check or uncheck each box to manage which recipients are included in the merge. All recipients should be
selected by default,.

When you're completed - O

In the next step,write the letter and move to the next step.

When you do not have an existing address list, you can type a new list button and click on Create, then
type your address list.

Choose one of the placeholder options.

Eg - Address block.

Depending on your selection, a dialog box may appear with various customization options. Select the
desired options, then click OK.
A placeholder will appear in your document (for example, «AddressBlock»).

Add any other placeholders you want. In our example, we'll add a Greeting line placeholder just above the
body of the letter.
When you're done, click Next: Preview your letters to move to Step 5.

For some letters, you'll only need to add an Address block and Greeting

line. But you can also add more placeholders (such as recipients' names or
addresses) in the body of the letter to personalize it even further.

Step 5:

Preview the letters to make sure the information from the recipient list
appears correctly in the letter. You can use the left and right scroll arrows
to view each version of the document.

If everything looks correct, click Next: Complete the merge to move to Step 6.

Step 6:

Click Print to print the letters.

A dialog box will appear. Decide if you want to print All of the letters, the current document (record), or
only a select group, then click OK. In our example, we'll print all of the letters.

The Print dialog box will appear. Adjust the print settings if needed,

then click OK. The letters will be printed.
 Lab 08 - Creating tables and using formulas in MS Excel

Creating a spreadsheet

1. You first need to type in descriptive labels for the rows and columns, as shown below. To type in a
label in one of the cells, you first need to select that cell using the mouse or arrow keys.

 Now adjust the column width. Select the columns you have typed by clicking with the left mouse
button on the column heading (“A”, “B”, “C”, etc.) of the first column and drag to the column you
are using.
 Release the left mouse button then either double-click on any column header border (the vertical
line between the column letters), or from the Home tab, in the Cell section, select Format ->
AutoFit Column Width.
 You could resize each column individually but this is often a preferable method.

2. Type in numeric values next. You should do this as follows:

 For the month of September enter 1300, 240, 250, 60, 160, 100 as the dollar amounts for fees,
books, rent, utilities, transportation, and misc respectively.
 Now enter tuition/fees, books, rent, utilities, transportation and misc entries for the other
months the same as those for September. Use the copy-and-paste method that you learned in
Microsoft Word to replicate the numbers for these months without actually typing them all
 over again. The relevant cells can be selected for copy-and-paste by dragging the mouse over
them (the first cell does not become dark).
3. The total of the entries can be computed automatically. For this, you need to specify formulas.
o Let B6 be the cell that holds the total amount spent on fees. This is the sum of the amount
spent for fees during each of the four months, which are assumed to be in cells B2, B3,B4,
B5. Therefore, the formula to be entered in cell B6 is =(B2+B3+B4+B5) The fees total is
automatically computed and entered in cell B6.
o Copy and paste to copy the formula to column C.
o Let's practice an alternate way of entering formulas for computing sums. In cell D6, enter
the formula as =SUM(D2,D3,D4,D5)

4. Now try this :

 type =SUM ( in the cell E6
 press up arrow once
 you are now in E5
 press the shift key then use the up arrow to highlight the column to E2
 press enter
 Now copy and paste this formula to F6. Use Ctrl + C to copy, Ctrl + V to paste.
 Now click on F6 and drag the formula to G6.

5. We still need to enter formulas for computing the row sums.

o To get the total expenses for the month of September, enter the formula for cell H2 as
=SUM (B2:G2)
o This is a third way of specifying the sum from a range of consecutive cells.
o Copy the formula in cell H2 to cells H3 through H5 (using copy-and-paste).
6. Convert the labels and computed values to bold font. Your spreadsheet at this stage should look like the
one below.
7. Change the entries for December's transportation and misc expenses to 400 and 300 respectively.
8. In cell A8 enter your name. This makes easier to identify your spreadsheet. Save your spreadsheet
("Save" under "File" menu).
 Lab 09 - Creating charts using MS Excel

What is a chart?

A chart is recognized as a visual representation of data in columns and rows which is used to analyze
trends and patterns in data sets.

Types of Charts
 Open Excel
 Enter the data
 Select the data you need to represent in the relevant graph
 Click on INSERT tab from the ribbon tab
 Click on the Column chart from the drop down button
 Select the chart type you want

 When you select the relevant chart, the ribbon activates the following tab and apply the different
chart styles you wish , and other options presented in your chart.
 Lab 10 - Introduction to MS PowerPoint

PowerPoint is used to create presentations, i.e. slide shows. The slides created can contain text, charts,
graphics, and all combinations of the above. PowerPoint also allows inclusion of any text, graphics, or
charts created by any one of the other Microsoft Office products

Choose a theme

There are some built-in themes and templates.

1. In the File tab of the Ribbon, select New,

2. Choose a theme.
3. Click Create.

Slide

The first slide in a presentation usually gives the title of the presentation and the name of the person
presenting.

1. Choose the Title layout from the list of predefined layouts.

2. Click on the "New Slide" button under the “Home” tab to go to the next slide.
Slide Design

Now that there is something on the slide, let's find a nice slide design.

Choose the “Design” tab.

The available templates (slide designs) will appear, and you can choose the one that you like the best.

Special Effects

Now, since the presentation is finished, it's time to rehearse it. The option Slide Show in the “View” tab
gives you a view of the presentation. Here you can set timings of the slides, and some other options.

You can notice that the transitions between two slides are not interesting. To make them interesting, we
can add special effects.

1. Go to the first slide

2. Select the Slide Transition option from the Tools menu.
3. Select a special transition effect for each slide

After selecting a special effect, try viewing the slide show.

 Lab 11 - ER diagrams

What is ER diagram?

ER Diagram is an entity relationship model which means a graphical representation of entities and their
relationships to each other.  ER diagram assists to explain the logical structure in the databases and are
mainly based on three basic concepts in name entities, relationships and attributes. ER Diagrams include
different symbols that use rectangles to represent entities, ovals to define attributes and diamond shapes to
represent relationships.

Main components and symbols used

 Rectangles: Represents entity types

 Ellipses : Used to show the attribute
 Diamonds: Stands for the relationships
 Lines: Links the attributes, entitites and relationships
 Primary key: attributes are underlined
 Double Ellipses: Represent multi-valued attributes

Main Components

 Entities

Entity is a real world onject which can be physical or conceptual. It may be a person, thing or
place ( Student, Teacher, Subject)
 Attributes

They are properties that describe the entity

Eg – Student entity can use name, phone number, grade, address as attributes.

Types of attributes

o Atomic – attributes which are not divisable further

Eg – Grade
o Composite – Can be divided into more similar parts which represent more basic
attributes with independent meaning
Eg – Name  first name, last name
o Multi valued – Includes more than one value for an entity
o Single Valued – Includes a single value for an entity
o Derived – In some cases, two attributes are related to each other.
Eg – Age and Date of Birth
o Complex – Attributes that are both composite and multi valued

 Relationships

This means an association among two or more entities. A collection of similar entitites is called a
relationship set.
Cardinality of Relationships

Cardinality defines how many instances of an entity relate to one instant of another entity and vice versa.
There are three types of cardinlities for binary relationships.

1. One to one
2. One to many
3. Many to Many
1.
 Lab 12 - Introduction to computer networks

The main six elements present in a Computer Based Information System are,
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Database
4. Network
5. People
6. Procedure
What is a computer network?
A group of computers that utilize a common set of communication protocols through digital
interconnections to share the resources connected via network nodes.

Network Types

 Local Area Network (LAN)

A local area network connects computers within a specified limited area. For an example, a school, an
office or a residence.

 Personal Area Network (PAN)‍

A personal area network related to individual's workspace. The center of the network is the indiviual’s
device where other devices are connected to it. There can be wireless PANs. .

 Home Area Network (HAN)\

This is a nerwok within a home environment including personal computers, smartphones, printers, tablets
and TVs etc.

 Wide Area Network (WAN)

‍This covers a larger geographical area, usually with a radius of more than a kilometer.
  Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
‍This extends across a region or a metropolitan area. A MAN is a network of connected LANs in a city,
which might also connect to a WAN.

 Internetworks

By connecting different networks together a larger network can be built.

 Global Area Network (GAN)

‍A worldwide network that connects networks all over the world like the internet.

Types of Network Connections

 Star Topology

There is a central node which connects each computer in

the network. Each computer has an independent
connection to the center, and one connection breaking
will not affect the rest.

 Bus Topology

Here, one central cable connects the computers . The information has to be flowed through each
connected computer to reach the last cmputer. Although less cabling is required, if the central cable
breaks, the entire network collapses.

 ‍Ring Topology

By using a single cable connecting computers to each other in a

circular shape, this network can be built. . The data and signal has
to be sent several times toreach its destination.
Network Protocols

Network protocols are a set of languages that computer devices use to communicate and transfer data. The
protocols that computer networks support provides another way to define and group them. Networks can
have different protocol which support various applications. Protocols that are frequently used include
TCP/IP, which is most common on the internet and in home network.

Network Media

Three classes of media types:

1. Coaxial cable
2. Twisted pair
3. Fiber optic cable.

1. Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cable has a single conductor in the midst of the cable. It

is surrounded by an insulator known as the dielectric in which a
conductive shield is put around. It is like an extra conductor for
the circuit to protect the inner conductor from any interference.
Coaxial cables are generally used by Cable TV networks to
deliver high-speed service customer premises but now they are
out of use.

 Unshielded Twisted Pair

UTP Cables are widely used in network cabling. It has four twisted
pairs wires encased on a sheath.
 Shielded Twisted Pair

FTP or ScTP comes with a metal back to ground the

shield. The shielding minimizes noise and increases
the performance of the cable. These are sometimes
called foiled twisted pair. These types of cables are
are well compatible with normal UTP.

 Multi Mode Fiber Optic Cable

Fiber optic cable is also called as wave guide or light

guide because it is guided by the light waves along
the cable. Multi mode fiber is used for short cable
runs, approximately 2 km or less in general.