MA 105 : Calculus

D1 - T5, Tutorial 03

Aryaman Maithani

IIT Bombay

14th August, 2019

Aryaman Maithani MA 105 : Calculus D1 - T5, Tutorial 03

Summary

Sheet 2: Problems 6 to 10
Sheet 3: Problems 2, 3, 5 to 7

Aryaman Maithani MA 105 : Calculus D1 - T5, Tutorial 03

Sheet 2

6. Given: |f (x + h) − f (x)| ≤ C |h|α for all x, x + h ∈ (a, b).

Assuming h 6= 0, we can write:
 
 f (x + h) − f (x) 
  ≤ C |h|α−1
 h 
f (x + h) − f (x)
=⇒ −C |h|α−1 ≤ ≤ C |h|α−1
h
As α > 1, we have it that lim C |h|α−1 = 0. Thus, by Sandwich Theorem, we have it
h→0
f (x + h) − f (x)
that the limit lim exists and is equal to 0. Thus, the function is
h→0 h
differentiable, by definition.

By the definition of f 0 (x), we also have it that f 0 (x) = 0.

Aryaman Maithani MA 105 : Calculus D1 - T5, Tutorial 03

Sheet 2
7.
f (c + h) − f (c − h) f (c + h) − f (c) + f (c) − f (c − h)
lim = lim+
h→0+ 2h h→0 2h
f (c + h) − f (c)
Now, it is given that f is differentiable at c. This means that lim+
h→0 h
exists. Moreover, it is equal to f 0 (c).
f (c) − f (c − h)
Similarly, the limit lim+ exists and equals f 0 (c). Now that we know
h→0 h
the existence of these limits, we can split the sum above.

f (c + h) − f (c) + f (c) − f (c − h)
lim+
h→0 2h
 
1 f (c + h) − f (c) f (c) − f (c − h)
= lim + lim+
2 h→0+ h h→0 h
1
= (f 0 (c) + f 0 (c)) = f 0 (c). 
2
Aryaman Maithani MA 105 : Calculus D1 - T5, Tutorial 03
Sheet 2

(Converse.)
The converse need not be true. That is,
f (c + h) − f (c − h)
lim+
h→0 2h
may exist but f could still be non-differentiable at c.
Show this explicitly using f (x) := |x| as an example.

Aryaman Maithani MA 105 : Calculus D1 - T5, Tutorial 03

Sheet 2

8. Given: f (x + y ) = f (x)f (y ) for all x, y ∈ R. (1)

Let x = y = 0. This gives us that f (0) = (f (0))2 .
Thus, f (0) = 0 or f (0) = 1.

Case 1. f (0) = 0.
Substitute y = 0 in (1). Thus, f (x) = f (0)f (x) = 0.
Therefore, f is identically 0 which means it’s differentiable everywhere with derivative
0.
Verify that f 0 (c) = f 0 (0)f (c) does hold for all x ∈ R. (We did not need to use the fact
that f is differentiable at 0, it followed from definition.)

Case 2. f (0) = 1.
As f is differentiable at 0, we know that:
f (0 + h) − f (0) f (h) − 1
lim = f 0 (0) =⇒ lim = f 0 (0). (2)
h→0 h h→0 h
Aryaman Maithani MA 105 : Calculus D1 - T5, Tutorial 03
Sheet 2

Now, let us show that f is differentiable everywhere.

Let c ∈ R. We must show that the following limit exists:
f (c + h) − f (c)
lim
h→0 h
Using (1), we can write the above expression as:
f (c)f (h) − f (c) f (c)(f (h) − 1) f (h) − 1
lim = lim = f (c) · lim .
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
By (2), we know that the above limit exists. Thus, we have it that f is differentiable at
c for every c ∈ R. Moreover, f 0 (c) = f 0 (0)f (c).

(Optional) We have gotten that the derivative of f is a scalar multiple of f . Use this
to conclude.

Aryaman Maithani MA 105 : Calculus D1 - T5, Tutorial 03

Sheet 2
9. (i) Let f (x) := cos x for x ∈ (0, π). Then f is one-one and continuous. Consider
c ∈ (0, π). Now f 0 (c) = − sin c 6= 0.
Further, f ((0, π)) = (−1, 1). If d ∈ (−1, 1) and f (c) = cos c = d, then
1 1 1 1
(f −1 )0 (d) = =− = −√ = −√ .
f 0 (c)sin c 2
1 − cos c 1 − d2
 π π
(ii) Let f (x) := cosec x for x ∈ − , \ {0}. Then f is one-one and continuous.
 π π 2 2
Consider c ∈ − , \ {0}. Now f 0 (c) = − cosec c cot c = − cosec2 c cos c 6= 0.
 π 2π  2 
Further, f − , \ {0} = (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞). If |d| > 1 and f (c) = cosec c = d,
2 2
then
1 1 1 1
(f −1 )0 (d) = =− =− =− √ .
f 0 (c) cosec2 c cos c
q
cosec2 c 1 − 1 |d| d 2 − 1
cosec2 c

Aryaman Maithani MA 105 : Calculus D1 - T5, Tutorial 03

Sheet 2
2x − 1
10. Define g (x) := for x ∈ R \ {1}.
x +1
Given, y = (f ◦ g )(x). As g is differentiable in its domain and so is f , we know that
f ◦ g is differentiable wherever defined and its derivative is given by:
dy
= (f ◦ g )0 (x) = f 0 (g (x))g 0 (x) = sin (g (x))2 g 0 (x).


dx
2x − 1 2x + 2 − 3 3
Let us compute g 0 (x). g (x) = = =2− .
x +1 x +1 x +1
3
Using quotient rule, we get that g 0 (x) = .
(x + 1)2
 !
2x − 1 2

dy 3
∴ = sin
dx x +1 x +1

Aryaman Maithani MA 105 : Calculus D1 - T5, Tutorial 03

Sheet 3

2. Assume that the cubic (denote it by f (x)) has two roots, a and b. We may assume
that a < b. Then, we know the following:
(i) f is continuous on [a, b],
(ii) f is differentiable on (a, b), and
(iii) f (a) = f (b).
Thus, by Rolle’s Theorem, there exists c ∈ (a, b) such that f 0 (c) = 0.
However, f 0 (c) = 3c 2 + p cannot be 0 as 3c 2 is always non-negative and p is strictly
positive.
Note: We have shown that the cubic has at most 1 root. We haven’t actually shown
that f has a root. This can be shown using IVT. (How?)

Aryaman Maithani MA 105 : Calculus D1 - T5, Tutorial 03

Sheet 3

3. Part 1. We will first show the existence of such an x0 ∈ (a, b).

Proof. I := [a, b] is an interval and f is continuous. Thus, f has the intermediate
value property on I . Thus, the range J := f (I ) must be an interval. As f (a) and f (b)
are of different signs, 0 lies between them. As f (a), f (b) ∈ J and J is an interval, we
have it that 0 ∈ J = f (I ). Thus, 0 = f (x0 ) for some x0 ∈ I = (a, b). 

Part 2. Now we will show the uniqueness of x0 . Assume that there exists x1 ∈ (a, b)
such that f (x1 ) = 0. We may assume that x0 < x1 .
Now, we know the following:
(i) f is continuous on [x0 , x1 ],
(ii) f is differentiable on (x0 , x1 ), and
(iii) f (x0 ) = f (x1 ).
Thus, by Rolle’s Theorem, there exists x2 ∈ (x0 , x1 ) such that f 0 (x2 ) = 0. But this
contradicts the hypothesis that f 0 (x) 6= 0 for all x ∈ (a, b). 

Aryaman Maithani MA 105 : Calculus D1 - T5, Tutorial 03

Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem (MVT)

Theorem (MVT)
Let a < b and f : [a, b] → R be a function such that
(i) f is continuous on [a, b], and
(ii) f is differentiable on (a, b).
f (b) − f (a)
Then there exists c ∈ (a, b) such that f 0 (c) = .
b−a

Aryaman Maithani MA 105 : Calculus D1 - T5, Tutorial 03

Sheet 3

5. To prove that | sin a − sin b| ≤ |a − b| for all a, b ∈ R.

Case 1. a = b. Trivial.
Case 2. a 6= b. Without loss of generality, we can assume that a < b.
As f := sin is continuous and differentiable on R, there exists c ∈ (a, b) such that
f (b) − f (a)
f 0 (c) = . (By MVT)
b−a
Also, we know that |f 0 (c)| = | cos c| ≤ 1.
 
 f (b) − f (a) 
Thus, we have it that   ≤ 1.
b−a 
This is equivalent to what we wanted to prove. 

Aryaman Maithani MA 105 : Calculus D1 - T5, Tutorial 03

Sheet 3

a+b
6. Let c := . It is clear that a < c < b. Moreover, we have it that
2
2(c − a) = 2(b − c) = b − a.
f (c) − f (a)
By MVT, there exists c1 ∈ (a, c) such that f 0 (c1 ) = and there exists
c −a
f (b) − f (c)
c2 ∈ (c, b) such that f 0 (c2 ) = . As c1 and c2 belong to disjoint intervals, it
b−c
is clear that c1 6= c2 .

Observe that  
f (c) − f (a) f (b) − f (c) f (c) − f (a) + f (b) − f (c)
f 0 (c 0
1 ) + f (c2 ) = + =2 = 2. 
c −a b−c b−a

Aryaman Maithani MA 105 : Calculus D1 - T5, Tutorial 03

Sheet 3

7. Assume not. That is, f (0) 6= 0. Then, there are two possibilities.
Case 1. f (0) > 0.
The function f satisfies the hypothesis of MVT, thus there must exist c ∈ (−a, 0) such
f (0) − f (−a) f (0)
that f 0 (c) = = + 1.
0 − (−a) a
As f (0) > 0 and a > 0, we get that f 0 (c) > 1 which contradicts the hypothesis.

Case 2. f (0) < 0.

The function f satisfies the hypothesis of MVT, thus there must exist d ∈ (0, a) such
f (a) − f (0) f (0)
that f 0 (d) = =1− .
a−0 a
As f (0) < 0 and a > 0, we get that f 0 (d) > 1 which contradicts the hypothesis.

Aryaman Maithani MA 105 : Calculus D1 - T5, Tutorial 03

Sheet 3

(Optional) Note the following:

f (x) − f (−a) f (x) − x + x + a f (x) − x

= = +1
x − (−a) x +a x +a

and
f (a) − f (x) a − x + x − f (x) x − f (x)
= =1+
a−x a−x a−x
Choose x ∈ (−a, a) and use MVT appropriately to get contradictions for f (x) > x and
f (x) < x.

Aryaman Maithani MA 105 : Calculus D1 - T5, Tutorial 03