CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

There are many types of pesticides sprayer that are available in India. But mostly used
sprayer is backpack type sprayer which is used by farmers because it is cheaper, easy to
use and main thing about it is less costly. With the help of this machine farmer spray
pesticides in their farm, but it requires lot of time and thus high operational cost. Also,
the farmer which is spraying pesticides is affected by it as it is harmful to human health
and human also affect by the labor pain due to weight of equipment. This project idea
suggests machines which will save time and operational cost. Also saves human from
affecting adversely. The invention of a sprayer brings revolution in the agriculture or
horticulture sector, this enables farmers to obtain the maximum agricultural output. They
are used for garden spraying, weed and pest control, liquid Fertilizing, and plant leaf
polishing. Major advantages of using sprayers are such as easy to operate, maintain and
handle, it facilitates spread of chemicals.

1.1 Problem Summery

For the backpack type pesticide sprayer, user needs to carry the heavy tank at the back
and oscillate the lever that required more efforts. As we know, this is the most type of
pesticide pump sprayer that user use in farming. User need to hold the nozzle when
spraying out the pesticide. The second type of spray pump used is fuel operated spray
pump, which is heavier than hand operated backpack pump. This type of pump is
running on petrol engine. We know that petrol is one of the costly fuel. Also the pump
produces more vibrations which is hazardous to users back muscles, these pump makes
unwanted noise.

1.2 Project Scope

Now days the spraying of crop is done by operator taking pump on back, but we were
developing this conventional spraying for reducing efforts and time by using slider crank
mechanism and motion transmission by chain and sprocket arrangement principles.
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 R.D. Dhete has worked on “Agricultural fertilizer & pesticides

sprayers”. In his work he emphasizes on different method of spraying devices
Day by day the population of India is increasing and to fulfil the need of food
modernization of agricultural sectors are important. Due to chemical fertilizers the
fertility of soil is decreasing. Hence farmers are attracted towards organic farming. By
mechanization in spraying devices fertilizers and pesticides are distributed equally on
the farm and reduce the quantity of waste, which results in prevention of losses and
wastage of input applied to farm. It will reduce the cost of production. It will reduce the
cost of production. Mechanization gives higher productivity in minimum input. Farmers
are using same traditional methods for spraying fertilizers and pesticides. Equipment is
also the same for ages. In India there is a large development in industrial sectors
compared to agricultural sectors. Conventionally the spraying is done by labours
carrying backpack sprayer and fertilizers are sprayed manually. The efforts required are
more and beneficial by farmers having small farming land.

2.2 According to literature published on flow control of agricultural

spraying machine by Massey university New Zealand on different
spraying mechanism are studied
New Zealand relies heavily on its agricultural industry. A large portion of this industry
is pastoral farming, where livestock are raised to graze on pasture. This includes beef,
sheep and dairy farming. An important aspect of this style of farming is maintaining
pasture quality. In order to increase growth fertilizers are often applied to the pastures.
This increase yields in both meat and milk production.

However, the increased application of fertilizer is linked with diminishing water quality.
While the effects of nitrogen leaching and the best ways to manage fertilizer use are still
being investigated, it is clear that control over the application will become more and
more important. The Tow and Fert is a range of fertilizer machines designed and built in
New Zealand by Metal form Dannevirke.
The Tow and Fert range is capable of spraying a wide range of fertilizers including both
soluble and non-soluble fertilizers. The Tow and Fert is unique in its ability to spray
fertilizer slurries consisting of mixture ratios of up to three-parts fine particle fertilizer
to one-part water. This is achieved by the use of a recirculating system. Currently there
is next to no control on the flow rate of the machines and the application rate is
determined by the speed the operator maintains. The purpose of this thesis is to design
and build a flow control system for the Tow and Fert product range and investigate the
effect of the changing flow rate on the spray characteristics.

The ability to spray such a wide range of fluids with drastically different properties
presents many challenges. Many flow meters were considered and a low-cost ultrasonic
sensor (TUF2000M) was installed and investigated. After limited success of the
ultrasonic sensor, a simple turbine flowmeter was installed. A flow controller was
developed and tuned. Based off a PID control loop, the controller was able to maintain
flowrate well between 10 L/min and 25 L/min depending on the installed nozzle.

2.3 Sandeep H. Poratkar, Dhanraj R. Raut carried out their work in

“Development of Multi nozzle Pesticides Sprayer Pump”

India is a land of agriculture which comprises of small, marginal, medium and rich
farmers. Small scale farmers are very interested in manually lever operated knapsack
sprayer because of its versatility, cost and design. But this sprayer has certain limitations
like it cannot maintain required pressure; it leads to problem of back pain. However, this
equipment can also lead to misapplication of chemicals and ineffective control of target
pest which leads to loss of pesticides due to dribbling or drift during application. This
phenomenon not only adds to cost of production but also cause environmental pollution
and imbalance in natural echo system. This paper suggests a model of manually
operated multi nozzle pesticides sprayer pump which will perform spraying at
maximum rate in minimum time. Constant flow valves can be applied at nozzle to have
uniform nozzle pressure.

2.4 Diwanale Swapnil has worked on “Agricultural Reciprocating

Multi Sprayer”
In agricultural sector generally farmer uses traditional way that is spray carried on
backpack and spraying crop. This becomes time consuming, costly and human fatigue is
major concern, these problems can be overcome by using agricultural reciprocating
multi sprayer. It facilitates uniform spread of the chemicals, capable of throwing
chemicals at the desired level, precision made nozzle tip for adjustable stream and
capable of throwing foggy spray depending on requirement.

In our project we use slider crank mechanism to convert rotary motion into
reciprocating motion to operate the pump, thus the pesticide is spread through the
nozzle. This work gives continuously flow of pesticide at required pressure and height.
A special arrangement is implemented in this project to adjust the pressure as high or
low. We also use a weed cuter in our model for removing unwanted plants. By using
agricultural sprayer, spraying time and weeding time, human efforts reduces and results
in cost reduction.
 CHAPTER 3
THEORY BACKGROUND

3.1 Reciprocating Pump

These types of pump operate by using a reciprocating piston. The liquid enters a
pumping chamber via an inlet valve and is pushed out via an outlet valve by the action
of the piston or diaphragm. Reciprocating pumps are generally very efficient and are
suitable for very high heads at low, flows. This type of pump is self priming as it can
draw liquid from a level below the suction flange even if the suction pipe is not
evacuated. The pump delivers reliable discharge flows and is often used for metering
duties delivering accurate quantities of fluid.

3.2 Nozzle
The nozzle is a critical part of any sprayer. Nozzles perform three functions: - Regulate
flow. - Atomize the mixture into droplets. - Disperse the spray in a desirable pattern.
The hydraulic spray nozzle used in the application of pesticides has several functions.
One of its main purposes is to convert the spray solution into droplets for efficient target
coverage. The target may be foliage, bark, stumps, soil or insects. In association with
other variables, e.g. height above target, travelling speed, operating pressure, the nozzle
also has a role in spray pattern delivery, volume rate delivered and sprays quality
produced. Nozzles are made from several types of materials. The most common are
brass, plastic, nylon, stainless steel, hardened stainless steel, and ceramic. Brass nozzles
are the least expensive but are soft and wear rapidly. Nylon nozzles resist corrosion, but
some chemicals cause thermoplastic to swell. Nozzles made from harder metals usually
cost more but will usually wear longer.

3.3 Storage tank

Most sprayers have a single tank that holds mixed pesticide ready to be applied. For
some larger truck mounted sprayers, there are separate tanks for product and clean
water, with a much smaller mixed (injection) tank of mixed product. Some tanks may
contain an agitation device, especially those designed to work with insoluble pesticide
formulations such as wet-able powders. Tanks are typically made of impermeable
plastic, or stainless steel. Tanks should be designed for easy filling and cleaning. It is a
requirement that filler caps be lockable. Further, all tanks are required to be fitted with a
device that maintains an air gap to prevent back flow from the tank into a water supply.
As an alternative, the fill hose can be equipped with an automatic back pressure shut-off
device. The tank is also required by regulation to have an easy-to-read accurate sight
gauge or other external means of determining the internal level.

3.4 Control Valves

The importance of pressure control to the quality of chemical applications has been
largely underestimated and under-emphasized by Crop Protection Chemical Companies
and knapsack sprayer manufacturers. Some knapsack sprayers come equipped with
pressure gauges. However, useful gauges should not be considered a means of pressure
control. Some knapsack sprayer brands have an adjustable pressure relief valve.
Designed as a pressure limiter, they work by recycling liquid to the tank through a by-
pass once the pressure in the pump exceeds a particular setting. Pressure relief valves
provide limited pressure control, however pressure fluctuations at the nozzle still occur.
Furthermore, pressure relief valves are located on the inside of the tank, exposing the
applicator to contamination when attempting to adjust the setting. However, to be
utilized for the majority of Hand Operated Sprayer such a device needs to be accurate,
effective, and durable, have little chance for operator error, and be affordable, especially
for small-scale farmers with limited resources.

3.5 Wheel
A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axial bearing. The
wheel is one of the main components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six
simple machines. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved
easily facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing
labor in machines. Wheels are also used for other purposes, such as a ship's wheel,
steering wheel, potter's wheel and flywheel.
 Figure 1 Agricultural Sprayer

Above figure shows the assembly of the agricultural reciprocating multi sprayer. The
operator grabs the handle and pushes the cycle forward as cycle moves forward, the
wheel rotate. When the wheel rotates then the gear sprocket mounted on wheel is also
rotate at same speed. The chain drive transfers the motion of gear sprocket to pinion
sprocket. The pinion sprocket and crank is mounted on either side of same shaft, the
rotary motion of shaft is converted into the reciprocating motion with the help of crank
and connecting rod mechanism. The connecting rod is also connected with lever and then
the lever oscillates at fulcrum. The piston connected at fulcrum produce reciprocating
motion in cylinder and the required pressure is achieved. The pesticide from tank sucks
in cylinder and piston forced the pesticide to nozzle through the pipe; the numbers of
nozzles are connected to spray the pesticide. We can adjust the pressure, which is
required for spraying with the help of special arrangement is to change the length of
crank by providing slot on crank. By providing some adjustment at joint of connecting
rod and lever free rotation of crank or neutral position can be achieved. Using these
adjustments pumping is stop and the wheel rotate freely when you need not spray
pesticide. Height, position and angle of the nozzle can be adjustable.

Water is for most practical purposes incompressible. Consequently, if a close-fitting

piston is drawn through a pipe full of water .it will displace water along the pipe.
Similarly, raising a piston in a submerged pipe will draw water up behind it to fill the
vacuum which would otherwise occur this applies of course only up to a certain limit of
the height water can be pulled by a vacuum, as discussed earlier in Section In the first
case water is displaced by the piston, but in the second case, the piston serves to create a
vacuum and the water is actually displaced by atmospheric pressure pressing on its
external surface, as indicated in the figure. So, water car. be displaced either by
"pushing" or by "pulling", but it can also be "displaced" by a solid object being pushed
into water so that the level around it rises when there is nowhere else for the water to go,
as indicated in fig.

Figure 2 Multi Spray Nozzle wheel pump

 CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY

 Multi sprinkle system work on principle of reciprocating pump.

 The Square pipes are designed and welded according to frame structure, create a
frame to mount the tank.
 Once the frame welding are set, arrangements are made to mount the sprockets in a
two different axles in different frames.

Figure 3 Frame

 One sprocket is attached in the wheel, where the wheel is connected to the rod as a
support. The rod connects the front frame and the wheel with sprocket.
 There are two sprockets which is mounted on two different axles in which one
sprocket is directly attached to wheel axle.
 Figure 4

 Another sprocket is attached below the tank.

 Tank piston rod will be attached to the second sprocket, that is where the tank is
mounted.
 Connecting rod is attached to another sprocket axle through disc.
 In this power is given to piston of reciprocating pump through rotation of wheel.
 These two sprockets are connected with a chain, the chain translates a rotating motion
from one sprocket to the another sprocket.
 Figure 5

 One end of the pipe is connected to the tank outlet, another end of the pipe is
connected to the multi nozzle rod.
 When piston reach at top dead center, it creates negative or low pressure inside the
cylinder due to pressure difference between reservoir and cylinder space, water moves
to fill the cylinder chamber space. In this process suction valve open and delivery
valve close.
 When piston reaches at bottom dead center, it creates high pressure inside the cylinder
chamber & due to the pressure difference between cylinder & delivery pipe. Water
moves through discharge pipe to sprinkle.
 In this process suction valve closed and delivery valve open. This process repeats
again and again to get desire output.
 Motion transmission by chain and sprockets arrangement.
 Slider cranks mechanism.
 Rotary motion converted into reciprocating motion.

Figure 6
 CHAPTER 5
DESIGN CALCULATIONS

Design of chain (Roller) for power transmission by Wheel 1

No. of teeth to the higher sprocket = 44
No. of teeth to the smaller sprocket = 22.
Velocity Ratio = 44/22= 2:1
Now on the basis of Transmission ratio we can assume the centre distance between two
sprockets is 1/2mm i.e.0.5mm.
Now, Pitch c = (30 to 50) P
P = 500/30 to 500/50
=10mm to 16.66mm
So, select the pitch = 12.7mm
from Data Book; type of chain = 08B For that,
Max roller diameter = 8.51mm transverse pitch = 13.92mm
Breaking load = 44.5X10^3 N
Now number of links =m = (2c/p) + (T2+T1)/2 + P(T2-T1) ^2/4pi^2C
=78.740 + 33 + 0.31171
= 112.05 or 113
Hence length of chain = mXp = 113 X 12.7 =1423.056mm
5.1 Centre Distance

C = P/4[m – (T1+T2)/2] + √[m-(T1+T2/2) ^2]

- 8[(T1-T2)/2π)^2 = 12.7/4[113 – (44+22)/2 + √ [113-(44+22/2) ^2]
–8(44-22/2π) ^2 = 3.175[ 80 + √ [80^2 – (2X22)^2/π^2]
= 3.175[80 + √[6400 – 98.178]
C = 505.82mm
Now calculate for pitch circle diameter of smaller sprocket
D1 = P cosec(180/T1) = 12.7 cosec (180/22)
= 89.238 or 90mm
For bigger sprocket
D2 = 12.7 cosec(180/T2) = 12.7 cosec(180/44)
= 178.02mm or 180mm
Now pitch line velocity of sprocket
V = (πD1N1)/60 (N1 - rpm of sprocket)
During assembly of the project
5.2 Dimension of Multi Nozzle Wheel Spray Pump
Centre distance between two shafts
C = 50cm C =500mm
No. of teeth to the higher sprocket = 44
No. of teeth to the smaller sprocket = 22
Velocity Ratio = 44/22
V= 2:1 Diameter of the disc = 26cm
Now distance between center of the shaft and hole of the disc = 21cm
Length of the stroke = 2 X 21 = 42cm
Outer diameter of the bearing = 24mm
Inner diameter with bearing at the disc = 8mm
Length of T section of horizontal part = 36cm
Length of vertical rod = 76mm
Length of lever from piston center to bearing end=50cm
Length of assembled frame over which wheel is mounted l = 85cm
.’. Width b = 16cm
Diameter of the wheel = 60cm
Diameter of the Hub = 25.12mm
Diameter of Axle = 10mm
Length of Axle = 18mm
 CHAPTER 6
MATERIAL SELECTION

Mild steel

Figure 7 Mild Steel Square pipe

Mild steel is especially desirable for construction due to its weldability and
machinability. Because of its high strength and malleability, it is quite soft. This
means that it can be easily machined compared to harder steels. It is also easy to weld,
both to itself and to other types of steel. It takes on a nice finish and is polishable.
However, it cannot be hardened through heat treatment processes, as higher carbon
steels can. 

Rubber

Figure 8 Tyre

Used to make a tyre for the product. Resilience, also known as rebound, is the ability
of rubber to return to its original size and shape following a temporary deforsation.
Rubber also not easily corroded when contact to water. Is this case, rubber is good
material to make the product tyre and host.

Polymer
 Used to make the product tank. Polymer is typically low densities, whereas their
mechanical characteristic is generally dissimilar to metallic and ceramic materials and
they are not as stiff nor as strong as these other material types.

Figure 9 Spray Tank

Fabrication

In this project, a lot of fabrication work need to be applied to make sure the project
done well and satisfying. The main adhesive agent that have been used are welding,
which is MIG welding. Metal inert gas or known as MIG is widely used by fabrication
industries. The main reason why MIG is applied to the project is because it is an easy
welding process compared to others. Other than that, MIG also produce a good weld
surface and clean.

Figure 10 welding

Power transmission part

 Mechanically power transmission was applied to the Multi Nozzle Wheel Spray
Pump to ensure this project is free from any power source from battery or petrol.
When there is no use of dry cells and fuel, this project is also environmentally
friendly. Things that are combined to make the transmission part are bearings, a set of
sprockets and a shaft. So, when the Multi Nozzle Wheel Spray Pump is push forward
or backward, this transmission part will make the tank mechanically pump.
 Figure 11Connecting rod Figure 12 Sprocket

Nozzle

The nozzle efficiency can be defined as the ratio between the energy available at the nozzle
inlet. The main advantage of these over other types of misting nozzle is that they can force a
fog pattern with very low flow rates and pressures. Metals such as stainless steel and brass
exhibit high strength and stiffness, moderate hardness and a corrosion resistance dependent on
the chemical they interact with. Brass is resistant to most agrichemicals but, as copper is
corroded by ammonia, is not resilient to fertilizers and has comparatively poor wear
resistance to ceramics and polymers. The chromium and nickel alloying elements used in
stainless steel nozzles increase corrosion resistance, but wear resistance is still lower than
ceramics and polymers.

Figure 13 Nozzle

APPLICATIONS

o Its major use in agriculture to spray fertilizer.

o In city and urban area, it can use for spraying water on lawn.
o It may be exercise device at morning during utilize in lawn.
o Use from spray chemical Pesticide in plants in farm.
o It is use for spray painting in industry.
o It is use for spray water in garden on the plants.
o It is use for transfer water from one place to its nearer place.
o For the insecticides application to control insect pests on crops and in stores, houses,
kitchen, poultry farms, barns, etc.
o For the fungicides and bactericides application to control the plant diseases.
o For the herbicide’s application, to kill the weeds.
o For the harmony sprays application to increase the fruit set or to prevent the
premature dropping of fruits.
o For the application of plant nutrients as foliar spray.
o For applying the powdery formulation of poisonous chemicals on the crops and for
any other purposes.

Advantages
o It does not require any kind of non-renewable energy is mechanical, electrical and
pressure energy.
o It reduces the fatigue of operator during the operation.
o It increases the efficiency of operator.
o It can cover more area of land during spray.
o It can adjust the height of spray by using adjustable.
o Its cost is less than electrically and solar operated pump.
o It has is less air pollution.
 CONCULUSION

Multi Nozzle Wheel Spray a proven the time of spraying is faster and it more efficient
compare to the hand sprayer. The Sprayer will be more efficient when to do the work and to
produce better crops for sale. After than that, A&S PESTICIDE SPRAYER can comfortable
spraying action because Sprayer just need to pull and push based on their comfort level and
don’t need to bend their back.
 REFERENCES

1. A reference from R.D. Dhete research http://www.ijirst.org/articles/IJIRSTV1I11016.pdf

2. A reference from university New Zealand
https://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/11811/01_front.pdf?
sequence=1&isAllowed=y
3. A reference from http://www.fao.org/3/X2244E/X2244E00.htm
4. A reference from
https://rspsciencehub.com/article_58_2b9eabb96568451260bb5c5ba0004bea.pdf
5. A journal reference from file:///C:/Use
6. Maharashtra Progressive Agriculture – A new Horizon –Confederation of Indian Industry
7. Design, development and fabrication of agricultural pesticides sprayer with weeder",
International Journal of Applied Research and Studies (IJARS) 2013, ISSN 2278-
9480https://www.academia.edu/27884511/Design_development_and_fabrication_of_agricult
ural_pesticides_sprayer_with_weeder_pdf
8. Machinery’s hand book 28 ( by Erik Oberg, Franklin D. jones, Holbrook.)