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CYCLE-1: Experiment 3 Steady-State Performance of 3-Phase Transformer

This document describes an experiment to verify the voltage and current transformation ratios of different 3-phase transformer configurations (star-star, star-delta, delta-star, delta-delta). Measurements of open circuit voltages and currents under load are taken. The theory section explains the voltage and current relationships for each configuration. Equipment used includes 3-phase transformers, voltmeters, ammeters, and loading devices. Connection diagrams are provided and procedures describe making measurements for the no-load and load tests.

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VIJAY KUMAR
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74 views5 pages

CYCLE-1: Experiment 3 Steady-State Performance of 3-Phase Transformer

This document describes an experiment to verify the voltage and current transformation ratios of different 3-phase transformer configurations (star-star, star-delta, delta-star, delta-delta). Measurements of open circuit voltages and currents under load are taken. The theory section explains the voltage and current relationships for each configuration. Equipment used includes 3-phase transformers, voltmeters, ammeters, and loading devices. Connection diagrams are provided and procedures describe making measurements for the no-load and load tests.

Uploaded by

VIJAY KUMAR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CYCLE-1: Experiment 3

Steady-state performance of 3-phase transformer


(a) By conducting different tests verify the voltage and current transformation ratios of
different 3-phase transformers (Star-Star; Star-Delta; Delta-Star; Delta-Delta).
(b) Voltage relationship verified on Open circuit and current relationship verified on certain
load.

Motivation
The importance of three-phase system in generation, transmission and distribution of
power is well known. To transform the three-phase electric power from one voltage to another,
three-phase transformers are required both at generating and distribution ends of a power
system. It is therefore essential to learn about the performance of three-phase transformers
connected in different possible manners.
In order to keep down the third harmonic voltages in Y-Y bank of transformers, tertiary
winding connected in Δ is provided. This provides a path for zero sequence current during
ground fault condition. Such a winding may also help to stabilize the neutral of the fundamental
frequency voltages and prevent third harmonic currents in the lines and ground. Hence, it is
interesting to study such multi-winding transformers. In some cases tertiary windings are
designed for voltages which may be useful to supply local circuits in a power station.

Theory
Delta-Delta Connection
The ratio of primary to secondary line voltages remain equal to the ratio of
transformation ‘a’. The main advantage of this connection lies in the fact that the system can
still operate on 58% of its rated capacity. Even in case of failure of one of the transformers. The
remaining two transformers work in open Δ or V. This connection is favored for voltages
below 50kV.

Delta-Star Connection
This gives a higher secondary voltage for transmission purposes than the connections
with Δ secondaries without increasing the strain on the insulation on the transformers. It is the
connection commonly used at the generating end of transmission lines. The Y neutral is
generally grounded.

Star-Star Connection

Electromechanics Laboratory Manual, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi Page 11


This permits grounding the neutral points of both primary and secondary three-phase
circuits. When the primary neutral is not connected to the source neutral, it is necessary to use
Δ connected tertiary windings in order to avoid imbalance in the system.
Star-Delta Connection
This connection is commonly used at the receiving end of high voltage transmission
lines.

Equipment and Components


(a) Three identical single-phase transformers of suitable ratings OR a single 3-phase
transformer
(b) Voltmeters, ammeters of suitable ratings.
(c) Three-phase loading devices.

Procedure, Connection Diagrams, Experimentation and Precautions


Fig.3.1 shows the connection diagram for Y-Y connected three-phase transformer.
(a) Carry out the polarity test for all three single-phase transformers. (Wattmeters are not
needed)
(b) Connect the primaries and secondaries as shown in Fig.3.1.
(c) In each case connect the primary to the appropriate three-phase supply (as per specified
ratings). Make measurements of open circuit primary and secondary voltages (both line and
phase voltage).
(d) In each case connect the loads across the secondary windings according to their ratings.
Measure the relevant currents.

(a)

Electromechanics Laboratory Manual, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi Page 12


(b)
Fig.3.1.Connection diagram for load test on a Y-Y connected transformer.

(a) Δ-Δ (b) Δ-Y

(c) Y-Y (d) Y-Δ


Fig.3.2. Transformer Connections

Electromechanics Laboratory Manual, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi Page 13


Observations:
Table.2.1 No load test

Type of Turns Ratio Primary Secondary


connection (Np/Ns)
Line Phase Line Phase Line Phase Current
voltage voltage current current voltage voltage

Table.2.2 Load test

Type of Turns Primary Secondary


connection Ratio Line Phase Line Phase Line Phase Line Phase
(Np/Ns) voltage voltage current current voltage voltage current current

Data Processing and Analysis


(a) Compare the results of observations with the theoretical values obtained from the
transformer ratings.
(b) Analyze the phase and line currents and phase and line voltages obtained (in primary and
secondary) for various cases.

Experimental Quiz
(a) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using single three-phase transformers instead
of three single-phase transformers in three-phase system.
(b) Can a tertiary winding of Y-Δ-Y transformer be loaded?
(c) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using tertiary winding?
(d) Mention the constructional features of three-phase transformers.
(e) What sort of cooling system is used in power transformers?
(f) How is a three-phase transformer specified?
(g) How is a three-phase four-wire connection better than three-phase three-wire connection
with Y-Y transformers?

Electromechanics Laboratory Manual, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi Page 14


(h) If a single phase load is applied between line and neutral of a bank of Y-Y connected single
phase transformers without neutral connection, explain why a smaller load current can be
obtained even if the impedance of load is reduced to zero.

Suggestions For Further Study


(a) Study the parallel operation of three-phase transformers and their load sharing.
(b) Study the phenomenon of magnetizing in-rush current in three-phase transformers.

References
(e) P.C.Sen Principles of Electrical machines and Power Electronics" John Wiley.
(f) M.G.Say “Alternating Current Machines”, Fourth Edition, Pitman (1983).
(g) S.A. Stigant, et al. The JP Transformer Book, Newnes-Butterworths, London (1973).
(h) Fitzgerald and Kingsley "Electric Machinery" McGraw Hill.

Electromechanics Laboratory Manual, Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Delhi Page 15

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