Exemplar Problems–Physics

Chapter Ten

MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF
FLUIDS

MCQ I
10.1 A tall cylinder is filled with viscous oil. A round pebble is dropped
from the top with zero initial velocity. From the plot shown in
Fig. 10.1, indicate the one that represents the velocity (v) of the
pebble as a function of time (t).

v v v v

t t t t

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig. 10.1

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10.2 Which of the following diagrams (Fig. 10.2) does not represent a
streamline flow?

Fig. 10.2

10.3 Along a streamline

(a) the velocity of a fluid particle remains constant.
(b) the velocity of all fluid particles crossing a given position is
constant.
(c) the velocity of all fluid particles at a given instant is constant.
(d) the speed of a fluid particle remains constant.
10.4 An ideal fluid flows through a pipe of circular cross-section made
of two sections with diameters 2.5 cm and 3.75 cm. The ratio of
the velocities in the two pipes is
(a) 9:4
(b) 3:2
(c) 3: 2
(d) 2: 3

10.5 The angle of contact at the interface of water-glass is 0°,

Ethylalcohol-glass is 0°, Mercury-glass is 140° and Methyliodide-
glass is 30°. A glass capillary is put in a trough containing one of
these four liquids. It is observed that the meniscus is convex. The
liquid in the trough is
(a) water
(b) ethylalcohol
(c) mercury
(d) methyliodide.

MCQ II
10.6 For a surface molecule
(a) the net force on it is zero.
(b) there is a net downward force.

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(c) the potential energy is less than that of a molecule inside.

(d) the potential energy is more than that of a molecule inside.
10.7 Pressure is a scalar quantity because
(a) it is the ratio of force to area and both force and area are vectors.
(b) it is the ratio of the magnitude of the force to area.
(c) it is the ratio of the component of the force normal to the area.
(d) it does not depend on the size of the area chosen.
10.8 A wooden block with a coin placed on its top, floats in water as
shown in Fig.10.3.
The distance l and h are shown in the figure. After some time the
coin falls into the water. Then
(a) l decreases.
(b) h decreases.
(c) l increases.
(d) h increase.
Fig. 10.3
10.9 With increase in temperature, the viscosity of
(a) gases decreases.
(b) liquids increases.
(c) gases increases.
(d) liquids decreases.
10.10 Streamline flow is more likely for liquids with
(a) high density.
(b) high viscosity.
(c) low density.
(d) low viscosity.

VSA
10.11 Is viscosity a vector?

10.12 Is surface tension a vector?

10.13 Iceberg floats in water with part of it submerged. What is the fraction
of the volume of iceberg submerged if the density of ice is ρi =
0.917 g cm–3?

10.14 A vessel filled with water is kept on a weighing pan and the
scale adjusted to zero. A block of mass M and density ρ is
suspended by a massless spring of spring constant k. This block
is submerged inside into the water in the vessel. What is the
reading of the scale?

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10.15 A cubical block of density ρ is floating on the surface of water.

Out of its height L, fraction x is submerged in water. The vessel is
in an elevator accelerating upward with acceleration a . What is
the fraction immersed?

SA
10.16 The sap in trees, which consists mainly of water in summer, rises
in a system of capillaries of radius r = 2.5×10–5 m. The surface
tension of sap is T = 7.28×10–2 Nm–1 and the angle of contact is 0°.
Does surface tension alone account for the supply of water to the
top of all trees?

10.17 The free surface of oil in a tanker, at rest, is horizontal. If the tanker
starts accelerating the free surface will be titled by an angle θ. If
the acceleration is a m s–2, what will be the slope of the free surface?.

10.18 Two mercury droplets of radii 0.1 cm. and 0.2 cm. collapse into
one single drop. What amount of energy is released? The surface
tension of mercury T= 435.5 × 10–3 N m–1.

10.19 If a drop of liquid breaks into smaller droplets, it results in lowering

of temperature of the droplets. Let a drop of radius R, break into N
small droplets each of radius r. Estimate the drop in temperature.

10.20 The sufrace tension and vapour pressure of water at 20°C is

7.28×10–2 Nm–1 and 2.33×103 Pa, respectively. What is the radius
of the smallest spherical water droplet which can form without
evaporating at 20°C?

LA
10.21 (a) Pressure decreases as one ascends the atmosphere. If the
density of air is ρ, what is the change in pressure dp over a
differential height dh?
(b) Considering the pressure p to be proportional to the density,
find the pressure p at a height h if the pressure on the surface
of the earth is p0.
(c) If p0 = 1.03×105 N m–2, ρ0 = 1.29 kg m–3 and g = 9.8 m s–2, at
what height will the pressure drop to (1/10) the value at the
surface of the earth?
(d) This model of the atmosphere works for relatively small distances.
Identify the underlying assumption that limits the model.
10.22 Surface tension is exhibited by liquids due to force of attraction
between molecules of the liquid. The surface tension decreases

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with increase in temperature and vanishes at boiling point. Given

that the latent heat of vaporisation for water Lv = 540 k cal kg–1,
the mechanical equivalent of heat J = 4.2 J cal–1, density of water
ρ w = 103 kg l–1, Avagadro’s No NA = 6.0 × 1026 k mole –1 and the
molecular weight of water MA = 18 kg for 1 k mole.
(a) estimate the energy required for one molecule of water to
evaporate.
(b) show that the inter–molecular distance for water is
1/3
M 1 
d= A ×  and find its value.
 N A ρw 
(c) 1 g of water in the vapor state at 1 atm occupies 1601cm3.
Estimate the intermolecular distance at boiling point, in the
vapour state.
(d) During vaporisation a molecule overcomes a force F, assumed
constant, to go from an inter-molecular distance d to d ′ .
Estimate the value of F.
(e) Calculate F/d, which is a measure of the surface tension.
10.23 A hot air balloon is a sphere of radius 8 m. The air inside is at a
temperature of 60°C. How large a mass can the balloon lift when
the outside temperature is 20°C? (Assume air is an ideal gas,
R = 8.314 J mole–1K-1, 1 atm. = 1.013×105 Pa; the membrane
tension is 5 N m–1.)

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Chapter Nine

MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF
SOLIDS

MCQ I
9.1 Modulus of rigidity of ideal liquids is
(a) infinity.
(b) zero.
(c) unity.
(d) some finite small non-zero constant value.
9.2 The maximum load a wire can withstand without breaking, when
its length is reduced to half of its original length, will
(a) be double.
(b) be half.
(c) be four times.
(d) remain same.
9.3 The temperature of a wire is doubled. The Young’s modulus of
elasticity
(a) will also double.
(b) will become four times.

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( c ) will remain same.

(d) will decrease.
9.4 A spring is stretched by applying a load to its free end. The strain
produced in the spring is
(a) volumetric.
(b) shear.
(c) longitudinal and shear.
(d) longitudinal.
9.5 A rigid bar of mass M is supported symmetrically by three wires
each of length l . Those at each end are of copper and the middle
one is of iron. The ratio of their diameters, if each is to have the
same tension, is equal to

(a) Ycopper/Yiron

Yiron
(b)
Ycopper

2
Y iron
(c) 2
Y copper

(d) Yiron .
Ycopper

9.6 A mild steel wire of length 2L and cross-sectional area A is

stretched, well within elastic limit, horizontally between two pillars
(Fig. 9.1). A mass m is suspended from the mid point of the wire.
Strain in the wire is
2L
x

Fig. 9.1

x2
(a)
2 L2
x
(b)
L

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x2
(c)
L

(d) x2 .
2L

9.7 A rectangular frame is to be suspended symmetrically by two

strings of equal length on two supports (Fig. 9.2). It can be done
in one of the following three ways;

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 9.2

The tension in the strings will be

(a) the same in all cases.
(b) least in (a).
(c) least in (b).
(d) least in (c).

9.8 Consider two cylindrical rods of identical dimensions, one of rubber

and the other of steel. Both the rods are fixed rigidly at one end to
the roof. A mass M is attached to each of the free ends at the centre
of the rods.

(a) Both the rods will elongate but there shall be no perceptible
change in shape.
(b) The steel rod will elongate and change shape but the rubber
rod will only elongate.
(c) The steel rod will elongate without any perceptible change in
shape, but the rubber rod will elongate and the shape of the
bottom edge will change to an ellipse.
(d) The steel rod will elongate, without any perceptible change in
shape, but the rubber rod will elongate with the shape of the
bottom edge tapered to a tip at the centre.

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MCQ II
9.9 The stress-strain graphs for two materials are shown in Fig.9.3
(assume same scale).

Fig. 9.3

(a) Material (ii) is more elastic than material (i) and hence material
(ii) is more brittle.
(b) Material (i) and (ii) have the same elasticity and the same
brittleness.
(c) Material (ii) is elastic over a larger region of strain as compared to (i).
(d) Material (ii) is more brittle than material (i).
9.10 A wire is suspended from the ceiling and stretched under the action
of a weight F suspended from its other end. The force exerted by
the ceiling on it is equal and opposite to the weight.

(a) Tensile stress at any cross section A of the wire is F/A.

(b) Tensile stress at any cross section is zero.
(c) Tensile stress at any cross section A of the wire is 2F/A.
(d) Tension at any cross section A of the wire is F.
9.11 A rod of length l and negligible mass is suspended at its two ends
by two wires of steel (wire A) and aluminium (wire B) of equal
lengths (Fig. 9.4). The cross-sectional areas of wires A and B are
1.0 mm2 and 2.0 mm2, respectively.
(Y Al = 70 × 109 Nm −2 and Ysteel = 200 × 109 Nm –2 )

A B
steel Al

m
Fig. 9.4

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(a) Mass m should be suspended close to wire A to have equal

stresses in both the wires.
(b) Mass m should be suspended close to B to have equal stresses
in both the wires.
(c) Mass m should be suspended at the middle of the wires to
have equal stresses in both the wires.
(d) Mass m should be suspended close to wire A to have equal
strain in both wires.
9.12 For an ideal liquid
(a) the bulk modulus is infinite.
(b) the bulk modulus is zero.
(c) the shear modulus is infinite.
(d) the shear modulus is zero.
9.13 A copper and a steel wire of the same diameter are connected end
to end. A deforming force F is applied to this composite wire which
causes a total elongation of 1cm. The two wires will have
(a) the same stress.
(b) different stress.
(c) the same strain.
(d) different strain.

VSA
9.14 The Young’s modulus for steel is much more than that for rubber.
For the same longitudinal strain, which one will have greater
tensile stress?

9.15 Is stress a vector quantity ?

9.16 Identical springs of steel and copper are equally stretched. On

which, more work will have to be done?

9.17 What is the Young’s modulus for a perfect rigid body ?

9.18 What is the Bulk modulus for a perfect rigid body?

SA

9.19 A wire of length L and radius r is clamped rigidly at one end. When
the other end of the wire is pulled by a force f, its length increases
by l. Another wire of the same material of length 2L and radius 2r,
is pulled by a force 2f. Find the increase in length of this wire.

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9.20 A steel rod (Y = 2.0 × 1011 Nm–2; and α = 10–50 C–1) of length 1 m
and area of cross-section 1 cm2 is heated from 0°C to 200°C, without
being allowed to extend or bend. What is the tension produced in
the rod?

9.21 To what depth must a rubber ball be taken in deep sea so that its
volume is decreased by 0.1%. (The bulk modulus of rubber is
9.8×108 N m–2; and the density of sea water is 103 kg m–3.)

9.22 A truck is pulling a car out of a ditch by means of a steel cable

that is 9.1 m long and has a radius of 5 mm. When the car just
begins to move, the tension in the cable is 800 N. How much has
the cable stretched? (Young’s modulus for steel is 2 × 1011 Nm–2.)

9.23 Two identical solid balls, one of ivory and the other of wet-clay,
are dropped from the same height on the floor. Which one will rise
to a greater height after striking the floor and why?

LA
9.24 Consider a long steel bar under a tensile stress due to forces F
acting at the edges along the length of the bar (Fig. 9.5). Consider
a plane making an angle θ with the length. What are the tensile
and shearing stresses on this plane?
a


F F

a'

Fig. 9.5

(a) For what angle is the tensile stress a maximum?

(b) For what angle is the shearing stress a maximum?

9.25 (a) A steel wire of mass µ per unit length with a circular cross
section has a radius of 0.1 cm. The wire is of length 10 m when
measured lying horizontal, and hangs from a hook on the wall.
A mass of 25 kg is hung from the free end of the wire. Assuming
the wire to be uniform and lateral strains << longitudinal
strains, find the extension in the length of the wire. The density
of steel is 7860 kg m–3 (Young’s modules Y=2×1011 Nm–2).
(b) If the yield strength of steel is 2.5×108 Nm–2, what is the maximum
weight that can be hung at the lower end of the wire?

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9.26 A steel rod of length 2l, cross sectional area A and mass M is set
rotating in a horizontal plane about an axis passing through the
centre. If Y is the Young’s modulus for steel, find the extension in
the length of the rod. (Assume the rod is uniform.)

9.27 An equilateral triangle ABC is formed by two Cu rods AB and BC

and one Al rod. It is heated in such a way that temperature of
each rod increases by ∆T. Find change in the angle ABC. [Coeff. of
linear expansion for Cu is α1 ,Coeff. of linear expansion for
Al is α 2 ]

9.28 In nature, the failure of structural members usually result from

large torque because of twisting or bending rather than due to
tensile or compressive strains. This process of structural
breakdown is called buckling and in cases of tall cylindrical
structures like trees, the torque is caused by its own weight bending
the structure. Thus the vertical through the centre of gravity does
not fall within the base. The elastic torque caused because of this
Y πr 4
bending about the central axis of the tree is given by . Y is
4R
the Young’s modulus, r is the radius of the trunk and R is the
radius of curvature of the bent surface along the height of the tree
containing the centre of gravity (the neutral surface). Estimate the
critical height of a tree for a given radius of the trunk.

9.29 A stone of mass m is tied to an elastic string of negligble mass and

spring constant k. The unstretched length of the string is L and
has negligible mass. The other end of the string is fixed to a nail at
a point P. Initially the stone is at the same level as the point P. The
stone is dropped vertically from point P.
(a) Find the distance y from the top when the mass comes to rest
for an instant, for the first time.
(b) What is the maximum velocity attained by the stone in this
drop?
(c) What shall be the nature of the motion after the stone has
reached its lowest point?

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Chapter Eight

GRAVITATION

MCQ I
8.1 The earth is an approximate sphere. If the interior contained matter
which is not of the same density everywhere, then on the surface
of the earth, the acceleration due to gravity
(a) will be directed towards the centre but not the same everywhere.
(b) will have the same value everywhere but not directed towards
the centre.
(c) will be same everywhere in magnitude directed towards the
centre.
(d) cannot be zero at any point.
8.2 As observed from earth, the sun appears to move in an
approximate circular orbit. For the motion of another planet like
mercury as observed from earth, this would
(a) be similarly true.
(b) not be true because the force between earth and mercury is
not inverse square law.

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 Exemplar Problems–Physics

(c) not be true because the major gravitational force on mercury

is due to sun.
(d) not be true because mercury is influenced by forces other than
gravitational forces.
8.3 Different points in earth are at slightly different distances from
the sun and hence experience different forces due to gravitation.
For a rigid body, we know that if various forces act at various
points in it, the resultant motion is as if a net force acts on
the c.m. (centre of mass) causing translation and a net torque
at the c.m. causing rotation around an axis through the c.m.
For the earth-sun system (approximating the earth as a
uniform density sphere)
(a) the torque is zero.
(b) the torque causes the earth to spin.
(c) the rigid body result is not applicable since the earth is not
even approximately a rigid body.
(d) the torque causes the earth to move around the sun.
8.4 Satellites orbiting the earth have finite life and sometimes debris
of satellites fall to the earth. This is because,
(a) the solar cells and batteries in satellites run out.
(b) the laws of gravitation predict a trajectory spiralling inwards.
(c) of viscous forces causing the speed of satellite and hence height
to gradually decrease.
(d) of collisions with other satellites.
8.5 Both earth and moon are subject to the gravitational force of the
sun. As observed from the sun, the orbit of the moon
(a) will be elliptical.
(b) will not be strictly elliptical because the total gravitational force
on it is not central.
(c) is not elliptical but will necessarily be a closed curve.
(d) deviates considerably from being elliptical due to influence of
planets other than earth.
8.6 In our solar system, the inter-planetary region has chunks of
matter (much smaller in size compared to planets) called asteroids.
They
(a) will not move around the sun since they have very small masses
compared to sun.
(b) will move in an irregular way because of their small masses
and will drift away into outer space.
(c) will move around the sun in closed orbits but not obey
Kepler’s laws.
(d) will move in orbits like planets and obey Kepler’s laws.

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8.7 Choose the wrong option.

(a) Inertial mass is a measure of difficulty of accelerating a body
by an external force whereas the gravitational mass is relevant
in determining the gravitational force on it by an external mass.
(b) That the gravitational mass and inertial mass are equal is an
experimental result.
(c) That the acceleration due to gravity on earth is the same for all
bodies is due to the equality of gravitational mass and inertial mass.
(d) Gravitational mass of a particle like proton can depend on the
presence of neighouring heavy objects but the inertial mass
cannot.
8.8 Particles of masses 2M, m and M are respectively at points A, B
and C with AB = ½ (BC). m is much-much smaller than M and at
time t = 0, they are all at rest (Fig. 8.1).
At subsequent times before any collision takes place:

A B C
2M m M
Fig. 8.1

(a) m will remain at rest.

(b) m will move towards M.
(c) m will move towards 2M.
(d) m will have oscillatory motion.

MCQ II
8.9 Which of the following options are correct?
(a) Acceleration due to gravity decreases with increasing altitude.
(b) Acceleration due to gravity increases with increasing depth
(assume the earth to be a sphere of uniform density).
(c) Acceleration due to gravity increases with increasing latitude.
(d) Acceleration due to gravity is independent of the mass of the
earth.
8.10 If the law of gravitation, instead of being inverse-square law,
becomes an inverse-cube law-
(a) planets will not have elliptic orbits.
(b) circular orbits of planets is not possible.
(c) projectile motion of a stone thrown by hand on the surface of
the earth will be approximately parabolic.
(d) there will be no gravitational force inside a spherical shell of
uniform density.

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8.11 If the mass of sun were ten times smaller and gravitational constant
G were ten times larger in magnitudes-
(a) walking on ground would became more difficult.
(b) the acceleration due to gravity on earth will not change.
(c) raindrops will fall much faster.
(d) airplanes will have to travel much faster.
8.12 If the sun and the planets carried huge amounts of opposite charges,
(a) all three of Kepler’s laws would still be valid.
(b) only the third law will be valid.
(c) the second law will not change.
(d) the first law will still be valid.
8.13 There have been suggestions that the value of the gravitational
constant G becomes smaller when considered over very large
time period (in billions of years) in the future. If that happens,
for our earth,
(a) nothing will change.
(b) we will become hotter after billions of years.
(c) we will be going around but not strictly in closed orbits.
(d) after sufficiently long time we will leave the solar system.
8.14 Supposing Newton’s law of gravitation for gravitation forces
F1 and F2 between two masses m1 and m2 at positions r1 and r2 read
n
r12 m m 
F1  – F2 = – 3
GM 0 2  1 2 2  where M0 is a constant of dimension
r12  M0 
of mass, r12 = r1 – r2 and n is a number. In such a case,
(a) the acceleration due to gravity on earth will be different for
different objects.
(b) none of the three laws of Kepler will be valid.
(c) only the third law will become invalid.
(d) for n negative, an object lighter than water will sink in water.
8.15 Which of the following are true?
(a) A polar satellite goes around the earth’s pole in north-
south direction.
(b) A geostationary satellite goes around the earth in east-west
direction.
(c) A geostationary satellite goes around the earth in west-east
direction.
(d) A polar satellite goes around the earth in east-west direction.

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8.16 The centre of mass of an extended body on the surface of the earth
and its centre of gravity
(a) are always at the same point for any size of the body.
(b) are always at the same point only for spherical bodies.
(c) can never be at the same point.
(d) is close to each other for objects, say of sizes less than 100 m.
(e) both can change if the object is taken deep inside the earth.

VSA
8.17 Molecules in air in the atmosphere are attracted by gravitational
force of the earth. Explain why all of them do not fall into the earth
just like an apple falling from a tree.
8.18 Give one example each of central force and non-central force.
8.19 Draw areal velocity versus time graph for mars.
8.20 What is the direction of areal velocity of the earth around the sun?
8.21 How is the gravitational force between two point masses affected
when they are dipped in water keeping the separation between
them the same?
8.22 Is it possibe for a body to have inertia but no weight?
8.23 We can shield a charge from electric fields by putting it inside a
hollow conductor. Can we shield a body from the gravitational
influence of nearby matter by putting it inside a hollow sphere or
by some other means?
8.24 An astronaut inside a small spaceship orbiting around the earth
cannot detect gravity. If the space station orbiting around the earth
has a large size, can he hope to detect gravity?
8.25 The gravitational force between a hollow spherical shell (of radius
R and uniform density) and a point mass is F. Show the nature of
F vs r graph where r is the distance of the point from the centre of
the hollow spherical shell of uniform density.
8.26 Out of aphelion and perihelion, where is the speed of the earth
more and why ?

8.27 What is the angle between the equatorial plane and the orbital
plane of
(a) Polar satellite?
(b) Geostationary satellite?

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SA
8.28 Mean solar day is the time interval between two successive noon
when sun passes through zenith point (meridian).
Sidereal day is the time interval between two successive transit of
a distant star through the zenith point (meridian).
By drawing appropriate diagram showing earth’s spin and orbital
motion, show that mean solar day is four minutes longer than the
sidereal day. In other words, distant stars would rise 4 minutes
early every successive day.
(Hint: you may assume circular orbit for the earth).

8.29 Two identical heavy spheres are separated by a distance 10 times

their radius. Will an object placed at the mid point of the line joining
their centres be in stable equilibrium or unstable equilibrium?
Give reason for your answer.

8.30 Show the nature of the following graph for a satellite orbiting the
earth.
(a) KE vs orbital radius R
(b) PE vs orbital radius R
(c) TE vs orbital radius R.
8.31 Shown are several curves (Fig. 8.2). Explain with reason, which
ones amongst them can be possible trajectories traced by a
projectile (neglect air friction).

Earth Earth
Earth

(a) (b) (c)

Earth
Earth
Earth

(d) (e) (f )

Fig. 8.2

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8.32 An object of mass m is raised from the surface of the earth to a

height equal to the radius of the earth, that is, taken from a distance
R to 2R from the centre of the earth. What is the gain in its potential
energy?

8.33 A mass m is placed at P a distance h along the normal through the

centre O of a thin circular ring of mass M and radius r (Fig. 8.3).

r
P
o h m

Fig. 8.3

If the mass is removed further away such that OP becomes 2h, by

what factor the force of gravitation will decrease, if
h=r?

LA
8.34 A star like the sun has several bodies moving around it at different
distances. Consider that all of them are moving in circular orbits.
Let r be the distance of the body from the centre of the star and let
its linear velocity be v, angular velocity ω, kinetic energy K,
gravitational potential energy U, total energy E and angular
momentum l. As the radius r of the orbit increases, determine
which of the above quantities increase and which ones decrease.

8.35 Six point masses of mass m each are at the vertices of a regular
hexagon of side l. Calculate the force on any of the masses.

8.36 A satellite is to be placed in equatorial geostationary orbit around

earth for communication.
(a) Calculate height of such a satellite.
(b) Find out the minimum number of satellites that are needed to
cover entire earth so that at least one satellites is visible from
any point on the equator.

[M = 6 × 1024 kg, R = 6400 km, T = 24h, G = 6.67 × 10–11 SI units]

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8.37 Earth’s orbit is an ellipse with eccentricity 0.0167. Thus,

earth’s distance from the sun and speed as it moves around
the sun varies from day to day. This means that the length
of the solar day is not constant through the year. Assume
that earth’s spin axis is normal to its orbital plane and find
out the length of the shortest and the longest day. A day
should be taken from noon to noon. Does this explain
variation of length of the day during the year?

8.38 A satellite is in an elliptic orbit around the earth with

aphelion of 6R and perihelion of 2 R where R= 6400 km is
the radius of the earth. Find eccentricity of the orbit. Find
the velocity of the satellite at apogee and perigee. What
should be done if this satellite has to be transferred to a
circular orbit of radius 6R ?

[G = 6.67 × 10–11 SI units and M = 6 × 1024 kg]

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20/04/2018