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to. t r.

q,3

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF

TRTORGANOPHOSPHTNEGOLD (I)

THIOLATES

by

PETER D. COOKSON B.Sc. (Hons)

Thesis submitted for the degree of


Master of Science
in
The Deparrnent of Chemistry
of the
University of Adelaide

June, 1993

Áworded tqq+
Additional References for Chapter 1.

B.M. Sutton, Gold Bull.,19, 15 (1986).


R.V. Parish and S.M. Cottrill, GoId 8u11.,20,3 (1987).
'Walz, | (1982).
A.J. Lewis and D.T. Prog. Med. Chem.,19,

R. Koch, Deut. Med. Wochenschr.,16,756 (1890).

C. Bruck and A. Glück, Muenchen. Med. Wochenschr.,60,57 (1913).

F. Junker, Muenchen. Med. Wochenschr.,60, 1376 (1913).

K. Landé, Muenchen. Med. Wochenschr.,74,ll32 (1927).

I. Haiduc and C. Silvestnr, Coord. Chem. Rev.,99,253 (1990).

B.M. Sutton, E. McGusty, D.T. Walz and M.J. DiMartino, J. Med. Chem.,15, 1095 (1972).

G.G. Graham, J.R. Bales, M.C. Grooweld and P.J. Sadler, J. Inorg. Biochem.,25, 163 (1985).

G.G. Graham, T.M. Haavisto, H.M. Jones and G.D. Champion, Biochem. Pharmacol.,33, 1257

(1e84).

T. Stelmaszynska and J.M. Zgliczynski,inCyanide inBiology, Academic Press, pg37I (1981).

D.R. Haynes and M.W. rWhitehouse, in New Developments in Antirheumatic Therapy, K.D.
Rainsford and G.P. Velo @ds.),Inflammation and Drug Therapy Series, Vol. [II, pg2o7 (1989).

Amended version of Table 4.4.2.

Complex ¡12 g9 ¡18 Phenyl Protons Ha H6

6-MPH 8.a5(s) 13.62(br,s) 8.26(s)

[dppm(Au(6-MP))z] 8.36(s) 13.12(br,s) 8.17(s) 7.95 - 7.37(br,m) 4.64(m)

[dppe(AuClXAu(6-MP)] 8.36(s) 13.25(br,s) 8.09(s) 7.87 - 7.47(br,m) 3.02(m)

[dppe(Au(6-MP))z] 8.37(s) 13.13(br,s) 8.2a(s) 7.89 - 7.49(br,m) 3.0a(m)

[dppp (AuClXAu(6-MP))] 8.40(s) 13.22(br,s) 8.20(s) 7.74 - 7.50(br,m) 3.07(m) 1.73(m)

[dppp(Au(6-MP))z] 8.38(s) 13.18(br,s) 8.19(s) 7.83 - 7.42(br,m) 3.16(m) 1.89(m)

Note: Coupling constants, in parentheses, are in units of Hertz: a: 3J¡1-¡¡, b: 3Jp-g and c: Zlp-¡g'.
ll

DECLARATION

This work contains no material which has been accepted for the awa¡d of any other degree or

diploma in any university or other institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief,

contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due

reference has been made in the text.

I give consent to this copy of my thesis, when deposited in the University Library, being

available for photocopying and loan.

SIGNED DATE: T5 ø
lll

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would firstly like to thank all the members of Dr. Tiekink's group for their help and
companionship throughout my degree: George Siasios, for his assistance in academic and

practical matters, for his friendship and involvement in so many things; John Faamau, Veronica

Hall, Andrea Collins and Jason Valentine for their friendship and help; and who can forget

Randell Taylor, for adding a certain spice to life to an otherwise conservative working
environment.

In addition to those above, I would also like to extend my special appreciation to all the friends

I have made over the past few years: Ramesh Dhillon, Sarah Rankin, Sonya and Reina

Whitbread, Neil Donoghue, Mark'Chuck'Dallerup, Steven Andrew and Andrew Bevan, for

accepting me into their lives.

Thank you to Peter Schultz, Gary Owens and all those other people who assisted in the

compilation of this thesis, and to Dr. M.W. Whitehouse for the anti-arthritic testing of the

complexes.

My family, be they gone or still with us, deserves to be commended for putting up with me

for all these years, and for giving me full support in this degree through thick and thin and

throughout all my doubts.

Thanks also to other personnel, whose services have been invaluable: Phil Clements for help

with the NMR studies; Tom Blumenthal and George Siasios for FAB mass spectra; and all the
general staff for those little problems that arose.

Finally, to Dr. E.R.T. Tiekink, whose encouragement, advice, companionship and guidance

is just a sample of the many things he has been there for, and without whose help I simply

would not have hnished.


1V

ABSTRACT

The aim of this work was to synthesize a range of novel triorganophosphinegold(I)


6-mercaptopurinate complexes and to evaluate their potential anti-arthritic activity. The resultant

complexes are based on the P-Au-S moiety, structurally related to the widely available

pharmaceutical Auranofin, where the phosphorus atom is part of a triethylphosphine ligand and

the sulphur atom derived from a tetraacetylated thioglucose anion.

Via alteration of the identity of the triorganophosphine group, a variety of complexes were

synthesized from triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride precursors, falling into three main types:

1) triorganophosphinegold(I) 6-mercaptopurinate complexes with the general formula

[R3PAu(6-MP)], where R3P = Et3P, Cycl3P, PhMe2P, Ph3P, (o-Tol)3P, (lz-Tol)3P or


(p-Tol)¡P; 2) [p-1,n-bis(diphenylphosphino)alkane]gold(I) ctrloride gold(I) 6-mercaptopurinate

complexes with the general formula [(PhzP(CHz)nPPhzXAuClXAu(6-MP))] where n= 2 or 3:


and 3) [¡r-1,n-bis(diphenylphosphino)alkane]bis(gold(I) 6-mercaptopurinate) complexes with

the general formula [(PhzP(CH2)¡PPh2)(Au(6-MP))2] where n = l, 2 or 3. These complexes


and the triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride precursors were characteized using multinuclear

magnetic resonance, infrared and Fast Atom Bombardment mass specftoscopic techniques.

Unambiguous structure determinations of a selection of the complexes were achieved by single

crystal X-ray crystallographic methods. Unit cell dimensions were: [PhMezPAuCl],


orthorhombic space group PZpQt, a = 12.639(4), b= 16.931(6), c= 9.458(3) Å,

V= 2024(1) Å3 and,Z = 4; [PhgPAu(6-MP)].CzHsOH, triclinic space group P1,


a = 11.066(3), b = 13.552(3), c = 8.705(2) Ã, o=9I.51(2), þ = 113.06(2), y = 89-69(2)",

V = 1200.8(5) Å3 and,Z =2; and [(o-Tol)¡PAu(6-MP)].C2H5OH, monoclinic space group


PLln, a = 10.067(2),b = 10.518(2), c =25.416(4) Ã, P =98.42(2)",V =2662.1(9) Å3 and
Z = 4. The structures were refined to final R values of 0.035, 0.034 and 0.040, respectively,

for reflections satisfying the 1> 3.0o(1) critenon: 1608, 3978 anci 4183, respectiveiy. The

results for [PhMe2PAuCll were utilized, in part, for a cone-angle to bond length correlation
v

study on triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride complexes. The structures of [Ph3PAu(6-MP)]

and [(o-Tol)3PAu(6-MP)] revealed a near linear P-Au-S chromophore, with angles of


173.7I(6) and I77.03(8)", respectively.A crystal structure analysis of a closely related
triorganophosphinegold(I) thiotate complex, [Cycl3PAu(6p2-TU)], revealed a similar P-Au-S

chromophore with an angle of fi7.6(l)'. Unit cell dimensions were: monoclinic space group

P2lc,a=9.539(2),b = 16.452(4), c = 16.880Q) Ã, þ=95.37(2)",V =2637.4(8¡ Ã3 andZ

= 4. The final refinement value was R = 0.043, for 3695 reflections with 1> 3.0o(/). The
results for the three thiolate complexes were utilized in a correlation study of cone-angles to

intramolecular parameters for triorganophosphinegold(I) thiolate complexes in general.

The combined microanalytical, spectroscopic and crystallographic studies verified the

formation of all the thionucleobase complexes mentioned above and demonsrated that the gold

centre is linearly bound to both the phosphorus and sulphur atoms.

A number of the triorganophosphinegold(I) 6-mercaptopurinate complexes were tested for


thei¡ anti-arthritic activity in Dark Agouti rats with promising results.
vl

ABBREVIATIONS

,A Angström

br broad
.C degree Celsius

13C N/MK carbon-l3 nuclear magnetic resonance

Cycl cyclohexyl

d doublet

dd, dm, dt doublet of doublets, multiplets, triplets

dec. decomposition point

dppe p- 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane

dpp- ¡r -bi s (diphenylphosphino)methane

dppp ¡r - 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane

Et ethyl

FAB-MS Fast Atom Bombardment - mass spectroscopy

(r
Þ $am
ts NM?. proton nuclear magnetic resonance

Hz her:ø

IR, ir infrared spectroscopy


*JAg coupling constant benveen nuclei A and B over x bonds

m multiplet (nmr)

m medium (ir)

M molar (mol dm-3¡

[M]+ molecular ion

2mbaH 2-mercp atobenzoic acid

6m2-TUH 6-methyl-2-thiouracil

Me methyl

MFIz mega-hertz
vll
rnl millilitre

mmol millimole

m.p. melting point

6-MPH 6-mercaptopurine

lvI\M molecular weight

m/z mass to charge ratio

6p2-TUH 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil

NMR, nmr nuclear magnetic resonance (Fourier Transform)

N.O. not observed

Obs. obscured

¡tp ¡lMR phosphorus-3 1 nuclear magnetic resonance

Ph phenyl

Pho phenoxy

ppm parts per million

q quartet

S singlet (nmr)

s strong (ir)

sh shoulder

t tiplet
TMS tetramethylsilane

m-Tol ' rrcta-to\yl

o-Tol ortho-tolyl

p-Tol para-tolyl

2-TUH 2-thiouracil

VS very strong

w weak

VoY percentage yield

6(A-B) bending frequency of A-B bond


}\ wavelength

v(A-B) sretching frequency of A-B bond


vlll

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Declaration ll

Acknowledgements iü

Abstract iv

Abbreviations vi

Table of Contents viü

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 1

t.2 History of gold in medicine J

1.3 Modern applications of gold in medicine 4

1.4 Arthritis and treatnent with gold complexes 5

1.5 Recent advances in ttre treaunent of rheumatoid arthritis

by triorganophosphinegold(I) thiolates 1

1.6 The chemisry of gold and triorganophosphinegold(I) thiolates 9

t.7 Discussion of results 10

Chapter 2: Experimental T2

2.r Introduction t2

2.2 Preparation of the complexes T2

2.3 Instrumentation 16

2.4 Chemicals t9

2.5 CÞystallography : Instrumentation and methods t9


lx

Chapter 3: Characterization of Triorganophosphinegold(I) Chloride and


[p-1,n-bis(diphenylphosphino)alkane]bis(gold(I) chloride)
Complexes 22

3.1 Introduction 22

3.2 Spectral characterization of the triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride

complexes 23

3.2.1 Infrared spectroscopy 23

3.2.2 lH NtVtR specEoscopy 25

3.2.3 l3C {lH) NMRspecrroscopy 28

3.3 Crystal structure determination of the [PhMe2PAuCl] complex 30

3.4 Cone-anglecorrelation for triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride

complexes JJ

Chapter 4: Spectroscopic Characterization of the Triorganophosphine'


gotd(I) d-mercaptopurinate Complexes 38

4.1 Introduction 38

4.2 An overview of the 6-mercaptopurine ligand 38

4.3 Infra¡edspectroscopy 40

4.4 lH NMR spectoscopy 44

4.5 t3ç 1tg¡ NMR spectroscopy 4l


4.6 3tP 1t¡¡¡ NMR specrroscopy 49

4.7 Fast Atom Bombardment mass spectroscopy 50

Chapter 5: Crystallographic Investigations of the Complexes


[PhsPAu (6-MP)].C2H 5OH and [(o'Tot)¡PAu (6 -MP) ]. C zH 50 H 53

5.1 Introduction 53

5.2 Crystal structure of [Ph3PAu(GMP)].CzH5OH 53

5.3 Crystal structureof [(o-Tol)3PAu(6-MP)].CzHsOH 56

5.4 Comparison between the 6-mercaptopurine moiety in the free

ligand and in the complexes 58


X

Chapter 6: Crystallographic Investigations of Triorganophosphinegold(I)


Thiolates 63

6.1 Introduction 63

6.2 Crystal structure of the [Cycl3PAu(6p2-TU)] complex 63

6.3 Cone-angle correlation for triorganophosphinegold(I) thiolates 67

Chapter 7: Assessment of Anti-Arthritic Activity 70

Chapter 8: Conclusion 74

References

Appendix: Structure Factor Tables


CHAPTER 1

Introduction

I.l Introduction

Interest in gold(I) compounds has increased in recent years due to the growing importance of

certain gold(I) complexes in the treatment of a variety of common ailments. The most well

known use of gold compounds in medicine is in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, where

commercially available drugs are now utilized widely. The compound known as Myochrysine,

shown in Figure 1.1, is the lead compound for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Another

gold(I) thiolate compound, Auranofin, has been found to be effective in the treatment of both

rheumatoid arthritis and cancerous tumoursl,2, while other less well known compounds, such

as Solganal, Allochrysine and Sanocrisin (Figure 1.1), are also in curent use against

rheumatoid arthritis. Whereas Auranofin displays some anti-tumour activityl,2, the compound

Uis[¡(t,Z-Ais(diphenylphosphino)ethane]gotd(I) chloride has shown more promising results in

the treatment of cancer3. However, these are only a few examples of how gold plays a useful

role in medicine. In fact, gold has a long history of medicinal applications. This chapter will

discuss the history of gold compounds in medicine, and the use of modern day gold

compounds, especially the class of compounds known as phosphinegold(I) thiolates, in the

trearmenr of rheumatoid arthritis. The chemistry of gold and the triorganophosphinegold(I)

thiolate complexes will be introduced, and how the spectroscopic and crystallographic
characterizations of a selection of new triorganophosphinegold(I) thiolates is of interest to this

field will be discussed.


2

2-

Au-S
r-" u

-CH
I
CH"
l"
c00
OH
n n

Myochrysine Solganal

o 3-
lto
_ /s -o
S Au_S
/
\o
Sanocrisin

Au-S CIìz
- t-
-CH -CHz-SO¡-
OH
n

Alloctrrysine

o
S Au
- -P(C2H5)3
OAc
AcO

Auranofin

Figure l.L: Structures Of Some Biologically Active Gold(l) Thiolates


J

1.2 History of gold in medicine

The use of gold in medicine dates back to ancient times. As early as 2500 8.C., Chinese and

Arabic physicians were reported to have used gold preparations, whilst Pliny in the lst century

recorded that gold could be used successfully in the cures of such ailments as haemorrhoids,

warts and fistulas4,S. These early remedies were based on concoctions using metallic gold, and

usually associated with ceremonial incantations. Gold was considered a substance of the gods,

a holy metal that possessed magical properties: meso-American Indians saw gold as the'sweat

of the sun'; and the Egyptian pharaohs and priests considered it a giver of life, a connection

between this world and the next4,5. The rarity of gold and its consequent availability to only the

rich and the religious only promoted the superstitious aura sulrounding the metal. In reality, the

chemical inertness of metallic gold meant that it was probably quite inactive in the internal

biochemistry of those who used it. Hence any cures that might have resulted could in a large

part have been of a purely psychological nature.

In the Middle Ages, gold began to be utilized in a less superstitious manner. While metallic

gold was still being used to gild medicinal tablets, and royalty drank wine from gold coated

vessels as a tasteful way of consuming the metal, the 'science' of alchemy was coming to the

fore. In the 13th century, Geber reported the preparation of the substance aqua regía from a

combination of mineral acids, now known to be nitric and hydrochloric acids, having the ability

to dissolve golds. This was an important discovery, as actual compounds of gold could at last

be prepared. However, physicians of the Renaissance expressed little interest in doing so, since

the purity of metallic gold was still considered to be the most important factor in the curative

properties of the metals.

The first significant compound to be prepared after this time was the 'muriate of gold and

soda', Na[AuCl¿]5. The French physician Chrestien in 1811 described this compound as being

an effective treatrnent for syphilis and chronic alcoholism: it is still recognized today as having

legitimate effect against at least the former5. The advances in medical and scientihc knowledge
4
around this period ma¡k the beginning of modern medicine, and serious investigations into the

medicinal applications of gold compounds began.

1.3 Modern applicatíons of gold in medicine

The beginning of the role of gold in modern medicine began with the discovery early this

century of the effectiveness of aurothioglucose in treating rheumatic fevers. Tuberculosis and

rheumatoid arthritis were also found to be combatted to some extent by gotd compoundss.

Despite the promising results that emerged, concerns about the toxicity and side-effects of these

compounds, which were usually manifested as kidney and liver problems, to a large extent

discouraged further investigations in this context5. It was the almost accidental discovery of the

in vitro anti-cancer activity of the platinum based drug cisplatin6 (a square planar PI(II)
complex: cis-diaminodichloroplatinum), shown in Figure 1.3, that renewed interest in the

possible medicinal usefulness of platinum group metals, and hence research into gold based

drugs gained new momentum.

H¡N CI

ft
/\ CI
H¡N

Figure L.3: Cisplatin

Perhaps the most significant gold compound found to date is Auranofin, discovered in 1972,
which is useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis2. Recent unpublished results from

research conducted in the Department of Chemistry at Adelaide, concentrating on the effect of

triorganophosphinegold(I) thionucleobase complexes on rheumatoid a¡thritis, stems from the

success of Auranofin. The project embodied in this thesis is concerned with the characterization

of certain triorganophosphinegold(I) thiolate complexes which may also prove to be active

against this ailment.


5

L.4 Arthritis and treatment with gold complexes

The debilitating disease of rheumatoid arthritis is characterizd,by the chronic inflammation of

joint tissue about the skeletal connections in the body, and usually leads with time to the
disintegration of bone structure in these regions, crippling the sufferer. The biochemical cause

for the onset of the disease is still unclear, but the effects can be neutralized in part by the
suppression of the inflammatory action. One physical answer is to apply pressure to the region,

especially during periods of rest, when swelling of the synovial fluid due to inflammation is at

its greatest. The biochemical approach is by application of certain drugs, although the precise

biochemical reactions that make such drugs effective are not known.

The field known as chrysotherapy has hence developed, which is generally def,rned as the

treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with gold-based drugs4. Of these drugs, the gold compounds

depicted in Figure 1.1 have dominated the treatment of this disease. Two classes of compounds

are represented: the polymeric type, such as Solganal (gold sodium thiosulphate), Myochrysine

(sodium aurothiomalate), Allochrysine (gold sodium thiopropanol sulphonate) and Sanocrisin

(gold sodium thiosulphate), and the monomeric type, such as Auranofin (S-2,3,4,5-tetraacetyl-

1-p-D-thioglucose(triethylphosphine)gold(I)). The administration of these two classes of

compounds is determined by their solubilities in bodily fluids: the polymeric compounds are

hydrophilic and are thus injected intravenously, while the monomeric species Auranofin is

lipophilic, and can be administered orallyl. In tenns of ease and expense of application, the

orally administered Auranofin has been found to be the popular compound for routine use.

The difference in solubility and application method might suggest different modes of action for

the two classes of compounds. As has been mentioned above, the exact biochemical reactions

involved to combat the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis are not known. A few hypotheses

exist, however, as to how the compounds are delivered to the site of inflammation. The
polymeric complexes all feature Au-S bonds, and studies on the activity of Myochrysine have

revealed that this bond is cleaved in the blood stream in order to create another Au-S bond

between the gold and the thiol group of cysteine-34 of a plasma protein albuminl'7. The
6

resultant auroalbumin complex may then undergo ligand exchange to form a dimeric species,

which is then ingested by certain immunological macrophages to be transported to the site of

disease. Reactive leukocytes at the sites of inflammation have the ability to produce cyanide

from glycine, which reacts with gold(I) to form a [Au(CN)2]- species, thus concentrating gold

in this region. The [Au(CN)2]- anion can permeate many types of cell membrane, possibly then

interfering with DNA-based functions which lead to the production of inflammatory fluids.

A dose of Auranofin, however, consists of discrete molecules, and the interaction of


Auranofin with the albumin protein is likely to be different. Auranofin can be classed as a

triorganophosphinegold(I) thiolate: while clinical trials on gold(I) thiolates have proven to be

ineffective via oral administrationT, a phosphine group bound to the gold imparts lipid solubility

to the complexes, allowing this mode of administration. It is possible for either the phosphine

or thiolate group to be cleaved from Auranofin on reaction with albumin. However, the thiolate

group seems to be the more labile, and initial binding to the albumin appears to occur via loss of

thiolatel. The phosphine group can be substituted for another thiol molecule accompanied by

oxidation of the phosphine, and the gold centre then becomes doubly coordinated by sulphur

atoms, and is thus carried to the site of inflammation. The final fate of the gold is hence the

same for both polymeric and monomeric compounds, the main differences in activity being due

to the initial mode of transportation in the body. This is possibly related to the solubilities of the

moleculesS.

In finding other compounds that might be useful in this held, it is necessary to alter the
structure of the present compounds in order to obtain complexes of differing solubilities (if we

wish to work on the same hypothesis concerning their initial metabolism). The polymeric

molecules are restricted in their chemical composition by the ability to form a polymer.
Monomeric compounds, however, are neutral and discrete, and the structures of the phosphine

and thiolate moieties can potentially be altered to achieve a desired measure of solubility for an

orally ingested drug.


7
1.5 Recent advances in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by triorganophosphinegold(I)

thiolates

Previous work, published and unpublished, has been performed on other compounds

analogous to those appearing in this thesis. The utilization of thionucleobases as the thiolate

component is a choice that can be based on toxicity; the biological system contains many

examples of nucleobases, the most well known being those associated with the macromolecules

RNA and DNA. 2-thiouracil (2TUH), the thio analogue of uracil, bound to gold in the complex

2-thiouracilato(triphenylphosphine)gold(I), Figure 1.5.1, has been tested for anti-arthritic

activity in a model rat strain and found to be comparable with Auranofin9. Other pyrimidine-

and purine-based gold(I) phosphines have also been tested in a studylO which yielded an

interesting general result. The best phosphine found in terms of the activity of the resultant

gold(I) complex was triphenylphosphine; the triethylphosphine analogues, e.g. Figure 1.5.2,

were found to be ineffective and even toxic in some cases. This contrasts with Auranofin,

which is active and contains a Et3P group. Such an anomalous result goes against any

structure-activity correlation that might have been forthcoming from the study.

P-Au-S
NH
o
N

Fi gure 1.5. 1 : 2 - thi o ur aci lat o ( t rip he ny Ip ho sp hi ne ) g o Id( I )

The most effective thionucleobase of those tested was found to be 6-mercaptopurine, with the

complex 6-mercaptopurinato(triphenylphosphine)gold(I), [PhgPAu(6-MP)], shown in Figure


'l 5 ? heino evên rrìôre a¿-tir¡c qsqinct thc rliccqca thqn Ärrrqnnfin Thic ¿-nrnnnnnrl hes alre¡rlv
*" ---J

been noted in the literature as having signihcant antineoplastic activity against leukemia in
8

H¡C-.
CHz
\
.nlf-o"
,/
H¡C c:r,l"t"", o
N

Fi gure 1.5.22 2 - t hio ur ac iI ato ( tr ie t hy Ip ho s p hi n e ) e o I d ( I )

micell. 6-mercaptopurine (6-MPH) itself has been reported as possessing chemotherapeutic

activity, notably in the treatment of leukemiur2, and its complexes have shown anti-tumor

activity e.g. Cu(IX6-MPH)CI2 and Cd(6-MPH)+Clztz. Other uses found have been for the
inhibitory action by ribonucleoside analogues on de novo puine biosynthesisl4, and against

such conditions as urate microcrystal arthritis in poultryl5. The compound


(8-thiotheophyllinato)(triphenylphosphine)gold(I), a structural variant of [Ph3PAu(6-MP)], has

also been effective in the treaünent of arthritis, leukemia and cancerous tumoursl6'17.

P-Au-S
N

N
(_ N
NH

Figure 1.5.3: 6 -mercaptopurinato( triphenylp hos p hine ) gold( I )

The choice of thiolate for all the complexes prepared in this thesis was thus chosen to be

6-mercaptopurine, and the phosphines chosen were: Et3P, Cycl3P, PhMe2P, Ph3P, (o-Tol)3P,

(llr-Tol)3P and (p-Tol)¡P, to give complexes of the type [R3PAu(6-MP)]; and

¡/-UisqAipnenylphosphino)methan
el, y/-t,Z-Ais(diphenylphosphino)ethanel ana yLl.,3-bis(di-
9

phenylphosphino)propanel, to give mono- and di-substituted compounds of the type shown

schematically in Figure I.5.4.

P _(cHÐ"_
I
Au Au
I
X S

N
N

Figure 1.5.4: Diagram For Mono- And Di-substituted Complexes.


n = 1,2 or 3;X = Cl For Mono-sttbstituted,X = 6-MP For Di-sttbstituted

l.6The chemistry of gold and triorganoplnsphinesold(I) thiolates

Gold can exist in a variety of oxidation states, but it is dominated in its chemistry by the two

most stable srates, I and III18. Gold(IID has the electronic configuration lXel4f145d8, and is

thus isoelecronic with platinum(Il). This would suggest that gold(Itr) complexes analogous to

cisplatin might have comparable anti-tumour activity. Some complexes have proven activel, but

the reducing mammalian environment tends to reduce the gold(Itr) cornplexes, and so they have

not been found to be generally effective. Gold(I), with the stable 'filled shell' electronic

configuration of LXel4¡ll5¿10, is thus better suited to the body's biochemistry, a fact which is

illustrared by the variety of anti-arthritic gold(I) compounds already mentioned.

Both gold(trI) and gold(I) are soft metal ions, with gold(I) more so, and these ions prefer to

bind to soft donor atoms such as sulphur and phosphorus. Vy'hereas a 'naked' gold(I) ion

would be transmuted to gold(0) and gold(III) in the body, a gold(I) atom stabilized by sulphur

will be less susceptible to oxidation and reduction. The phosphorus of the phosphine ligand is a

o-electron donor, and is also thought to be a r-electron acceptor from the 5d10 orbital of the

gold(I) atom. Thus, both sulphur and phosphorus help to stabilize the gold(I) species.
10

Triorganophosphinegold(I) thiolates possess certain structural characteristics. Thiolate groups

containing one exocyclic sulphur tend to coordinate in a monodentate mode via the sulphur

atom to the gold centre. Other possible coordinating atoms or functional groups of the thiolate

can associate with the gold but only through secondary interactions. One common feature is the

tendency of nitrogen-containing thiolates to orient themselves in the crystal lanice such that the

nitrogen is in close proximity to the gold centre. The intramolecular distance is invariably less

than the sum of the van der Waals radü. The main feature of these complexes is the presence of
a P-Au-S chromophore, found from crystallographic studies to be nea¡ linear in most examples

regardless as to the identity of the phosphine or thiolate. These structural characteristics were

looked for in the crystal structures reported in this thesis, and how they compare to other

gold(I) thiolate complexes.

The compounds studied in this thesis were prepared via an established method, involving first

the synthesis of a triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride precursor. This is detailed in Chapter 2;

briefly, the procedure involved the reduction of an aqueous gold(Ilf chloride solution, by

using thiodiglycol, to give an aqueous gold(I) species, which was then reacted in situ with the

stoichiometric amount of the desired phosphine. The resultant air-stable triorgano-


phosphinegold(I) chloride was then reacted in an equimolar, metathetical reaction with
6-mercaptopurine in the presence of a base.

L.7 Discussion of results

The focus of this thesis is on the preparation, spectroscopic characterization and, where

appropriate, X-ray crystal structure determination, of series of complexes with the general

formulae of [R3PAu(6-MP)] (where R3P = Et3P, Cycl3P, PhMe2P, Ph3P, (o-Tol)3P,


(m-Tol)¡P or (p-Tol)3P), [(PhzP(CHz)nPPhzXAuCl)(Au(6-MP))] (where n = 2 or 3), and

[(PhzP(CHz)nPPhzXAu(6-MP))z] (where n = l, 2 or 3).

The thesis is divided into three main sections. The fust is the experimental section, in which

the preparative methods employed will be detailed, along with the instrumentation used. The
next two sections are devoted to the spectral characterization of the complexes prepared and of
11

the triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride precursors that were involved. As little information

exists in the literature regarding the characterizations of triorganophosphinegold(I) chlorides,

this data has been collected here. The X-ray crystal structure of [PhMe2PAuCl] is presented,

followed by a study to find a possible correlation between the phosphine cone-angle and the

Au-Cl bond length in triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride complexes. The effects on the


6-mercaptopurine moiety upon complexation to gold are deduced from spectroscopic and

crystallographic analyses. The methods utilized were Fast Atom Bombardment mass

spectrometry, 1¡¡, 136 and 3lP nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Fourier
Transform infrared spectroscopy. X-ray crystallographic techniques were performed on two

complexes, [Ph3PAu(6-MP)].C2H5OH and [(o-Tol)3PAu(6-MP)].C2H5OH, in order to

confirm the precise nature of the products and to determine what effect the Au-S coordination

has on the electronic structure of the 6-mercaptopurinate moiety.

The X-ray crystal structure determination of the complex 6-n-propyl-2-


thiouracilato(tricyclohexylphosphine)gold(I), ICycl3PAu(6p2-TU)], is given, which, along
with data from a variety of other triorganophosphinegold(I) thiolates, is utilized in a cone-angle

correlation to determine the effect of the phosphine ligand on the P-Au-S chromophore.

A selection of the complexes prepared were for their anti-arthritic activity using the
assessed
oF
commercially available drugs as standards. The resultsthese tests are given, where available,

with comments on the possible structure / activity correlations. The conclusion summarizes

what the characterizations and crystallographic analyses have revealed about the new

complexes.
CHAPTER 2

Experimental

2.1Introduction

This chapter comprises three main sections: 1) a description of the experimental methods used

in the prepararions of the triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride and 6-mercaptopurinate

complexes, including the melting points, yields and microanalytical data - examples for the

prepararion of [Ph3PAuCl] and [Ph3PAu(6-MP)] are given; 2)bnef notes on the reagents and

the instrumentation used for the characterizations; and 3) a general discussion of the
instrumentation used and the methods employed in solving the crystal structures detailed in later

chapters via an example, namely [(o-Tol)¡PAu(6-MP)]. C2H5OH.

2.2 Preparation of the complexes

The preparation of all the complexes was based on a procedure adapted from ref. [19] for the

prepararion of the compound 2-thiouracilato(triphenylphosphine)gold(I). The procedure

involved the equimolar metathetical reaction between triphenylphosphinegold(I) chloride and

2-thiouracil in the presence of a base in an ethanolic solution. This reaction has since been

found to be generally applicable for the preparation of analogous complexes containing a variety

of phosphines and thionucleobasesl0, and so was utilized to prepare the complexes reported in

this thesis. General reaction schemes for the preparation of the complexes with the general
formulae of [R3PAu(6-MP)] (where R3P = Et3P, Cycl3P, PhMe2P, Ph3P, (o-Tol)3P,
13

(m-Tol)3P or (p-Tol)3P), [(PhzP(CHz)nPPh2)(AuCl)(Au(6-MP))] (where n = 2 or 3) and

[(PhzP(CH)¡PPh2)(Au(6-MP))z] (where n = 1, 2 or3) are shown in Figure 2.2.1.

R3PAuCl + 6-MPH + KOH R3PAu(6-MP) + KCI + H2O

Ph2P (CH2)nPPh2(AuCl) (Au(6- MP))


1)

Ph2P(CHtnPPhz(AuCl)2
1)+6-MPH+KOH 2)
Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2(Au(6-MP))2
2)+2(6-lvlPH)+2KOH

Figure 2.2.L: General Reaction Schemes For The Preparation Of The Complexes

In this thesis, for reasons of brevity those compounds of the general formulae

t(PhzP(cH2)nPPh2)(AuClXAu(6-MP))l and [(Ph2P(CHz)nPPhzXAu(6-MP))z] will be given


the abbreviations for the Ph2P(CH2)¡PPh2 phosphine ligand of dppm, dppe and dppp for

n = 1, 2 or 3, respectively. A detailed example of a preparation is given later.

The triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride complexes of the general formulae [R3PAuCl] (where

R3P is as defined previously) and [Ph2P(CH2)¡PPh2(AuCl)2] were prepared by a procedure

based on an example found in the literature20'2l. This method basically involves the reduction

of tetrachloroauric acid ([HAuCl¿].3HzO)zz by thiodiglycol followed by the addition of the

desired phosphine species in molar quantities. What follows is an example of one such

preparation.

Example: Preparation of I P hsPAuCI] .

1) 3(HOCHzCHÐzS
HAuCla.3H2O 2) Ph3P
Ph3PAuCl

Figure 2.2.22 Reaction Scheme For The Preparation Of [PhsPAuCl]

To a stirred solution of acetone (1 cms¡ and H2O (3 cm3¡ heici rn an ice bath uncier a nitrogen

atmosphere was added HAuCla.3HzO (0.600 g, 1.52 mmol). Thiodiglycol (0.56 g, 4.57
t4

mmol) was then added dropwise to the yellow-orange solution over a period of 2 h. Extra

drops were added until a clear solution was obtained. The solution was then filtered under

nitrogen to remove undissolved solids. Ph3P (0.417 g,1.52 mmol) dissolved in hot acetone

@a 5 cm3) was added dropwise over a period of 10 min to the stirred solution. The resultant

white solid that formed immediately was collected via vacuum filtration and washed with a

small quantity of acetone. The solid product was air-dried for 5 min and recrystallized from hot

ethanol. The resultant crystalline material was dried for 12 h over anhydrous phosphorus
pentoxide under vacuum. Yield = 0.678 E; Vo yield = 90.07o; m.p. (dec.) = 233 - 234" C.

All the other compounds were prepared in an analogous manner using the appropriate molar

quantiries. The only variation to this procedure was for the preparation of [Et3PAuCl]; Et3P is a

liquid at room temperature, and so was added as such via a syringe over a 5 min period.

The transparent crystalline products are all air stable at room temperature. For the most part,

this procedure gave good yields: percentage yields based on 0.500 g HAuCla.3HzO used are

shown in Table 2.2.1, along with melting points and the corresponding literature values where

available.

Example: P reparatio n of I P hjP Au(6-M P ) ]

Ph3PAuCl + 6-MPH + KOH Ph3PAu(6-MP) + KCI + H2O

Figure 2.2.32 Reaction Scheme For The Preparation Of [PhjPAu(6-MP)]

To a stirred ethanolic solution (ca 30 cm3) of [Ph3PAuCl] (0.200 g, 0.405 mmol) and

6-mercaptopurine (0.062 g, 0.405 mmol) aqueous potassium hydroxide (0.200 mol dm-3,

0.405 mmol) was added dropwise over a few minutes. After 15 min of stirring, a pale yellow

solid started to form in the clear solution. The solution was left to stt for a further t h, then left

in a fumehood until the solvent evaporated. The solid residue was dissolved with stirring into

boiling acetone (ca 100 cm3), then vacuum hltered to remove undissolved solids. The filtrate

was left to stand until the acetone evaporated, and the off-white product was
15

Table 2.2.1: Melting Points AndYields For Triorganophosphinegold(l) Chloride

Complexes.

Compound m.p. ('C) yield (e) 7o yield literature values ("C)

lEt3PAuCll 68-69 0.405 9 r.0 84 - 86 123)

ICycl3PAuCl] 117 - 118 0.379 58.2

lPhMezPAuCll r32 - r33 0.308 65.4

lPh¡PAuCll 242 - 243 0.590 94.0 242 t24l

[(o-Tot)¡PAuCl] (274 -27s) 0.619 90.8 283 - 285 Í2sl

[(n-Tol)¡PAuCl] t52 - r53 0.590 86.6

[(p-Tol)¡PAuCl] (186 - 187) 0.578 84.7

Idppm(AuCl)2] 270 - 271 0.407 7 5.5 273 126l

ldppe(AuCl)zl (288 - 28e) 0.56s 96.4 290 - 292 lztl


[dppp(AuCl)2] (2ss - 2s6) 0.358 64.3 2s6 - 257 t28l

Note: Brackets around the melting point value indicates decomposition point.
r6

recrystallized nvice from a small quantity of 1:1 ethanol / dichloromethane to give a pale yellow

microcrystalline product. Yield : O.23I g; Vo yleld = 93.7Vo; m.p. (dec.) = 254 - 255" C.

This procedure was adapted to prepare all the complexes for this project. They are all air-stable

solids, and vary in colour from very pale to bright yellow. The melting points, Vo yields (based

on 0.200 g of [R3PAuCl] or [Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2(AuCl)2] used), colour and microanalytical

results are shown in Tables 2.2.2 and2.2.3.

2.3 Instrumentation

All melting points were determined using a Gallemkamp melting point appilatus calibrated
with benzil.

Infrared spectra for all complexes were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer 1720X FT spectrometer

calibrated with the polystyrene absorption at 1601 cm-l, as KBr discs in the range of
400 - 4000 cm-l.

Proton and carbon-l3 NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker ACP-300 NMR spectrometer

with d6dimethylsulphoxide as the solvent. The recording frequencies used were 300.13 MHz

for lH NMR and75.4l MHz for l3C NMR. The internal reference used was SiMe4 (TMS).

Phosphorus-3l NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker CXP-300 NMR spectrometer at


ex-lerrraì
l2I-5 MHz, also as d6-dimethylsulphoxide solutions, with thejntenr¿treference being 857o

H3POa in D2O.

FAB mass spectra were obtained using a VG ZAB-2Iß spectrometer. The excitation gas was

argon at a source pressure of typically 10ó mbar. The FAB voltage was 7 kV with a current of

1 mA, the ion accelerating potential being 8 kV. A drop of a ca 0.5 mol dm-3 solution of the

complex in dichloromethane was added to a drop of 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol matrix and applied to

the probe tip. The spectra were recorded as a mass to charge raÍio, m/2. Relative abundance was
t7

Table 2.2.2: Melting Points,Yields AndColours ForTheTriorganophosphinegold(I)

6 -mer c ap topuri nate C omp lexes .

Compound m.p. ('C) yield (g) Vo yreld colour

[Er3PAu(6-MP)] 102-103 0.264 99.2 pale yellow

ICycl3PAu(CMP)] 139-t40 0.228 93.2 light yellow

lPhMezPAu(6-MP)l 173-175 0.2r2 80.6 yellow-green

lPh¡PAu(6-MP)l 254-255 0.231 93.7 off white

[(o-Tol)¡PAu(6-MP)] (2s3-2s4) 0.235 96.7 pale yellow

[(z-Tol):PAu(GMP)] 108-109 0.238 97.9 pale yellow

[(p-Tot)3PAu(6-MP)] 105-106 o.238 98.1 pale yellow

[dppe(AuClXAu( 6-MP) )] (183-18s) 0.215 94.8 pale yellow

[dppp (AuClXAu(6-MP) )] (2O3-2O4) 0.212 93.6 pale yellow

[dppm(Au(6-MP))z] 179-180 0.1 89 7 4.3 off white

[dppe(Au(6-MP))z] 150-r5r 0.209 82.4 off white

[dppp(Au(6-MP))z] r6t-162 0.2t1 83.5 off white

Note: Brackets around the melting point value indicates decomposition point.
18

Table 2.2.32 Miuoanalytical Data ForTheTriorganophosphinegold(l) í-mercaptopurinate

Complexes.

Compound VoQ^L ToCround VoH¿¡ç Vo}l¡s¡,n¿

lEr3PAu(GMP)l 28.33 28.r9 3.89 4.06

ICycl3PAu(6-MP)] 43.95 44.02 5.77 6.03

lPhMezPAu(GMP)I.O.5EIOH 33.02 33.t5 3.36 3.11

lPh¡PAu(6-MP)l 45.26 45.r9 2.91 2.98

[(o-Tot)3PAu(6-MP)] 47.86 47.7r 3.11 3.90

[(ln-Tol)¡PAu(6-MP)] 47.86 47.82 3.7 | 3.94

[(p-Tol)sPAu(6-MP)].HzO 46.86 46.8s 3.1| 3.81

Idppe(AuClXAu(GMP))] 38.03 38.12 2.18 2.75

ldppp(AuCl) (Au(6-MP))l .Hzo 38.02 37.87 3.09 3.08

I dpp m(Au ( 6 -tvtP)) z\2IlzO 37.63 37.12 2.87 2.46

ldpp e (Au ( 6 -tvtP))zl.2HzO 38.24 38.1 5 3.03 2.60

[dppp(Au(6-MP))z]. CHzClz 38.24 38.07 2.87 2.63

Note: Microanalysis performed by Chemical And Microanalytical Services Pty. Ltd.


t9

calculated by designating the most abundant peak as l00%o and determining the abundance of
the other peaks based on their relative heighs in the spectra to this peak.

2.4 Chemicals

The chemicals utilized in the synthesis of the complexes and their sources were:

triphenylphosphine (B.D.H.), triethylphosphine (Fluka), tricyclohexylphosphine (Strem),

tri(o-tolyl)phosphine (Aldrich), tri(m-tolyl)phosphine (Aldrich), tri(p-tolyl)phosphine


(Aldrich), ffbis(diphenylphosphino)methanel (Strem),\¡y'-t,Z-Ais(diphenylphosphino)ethanel

(Strem), [¡1-1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane] (Strem), thiodiglycol (Aldrich) and

6-mercaptopurine (Sigma). All the solvents employed were of analytical grade.

2.5 C ry s t al I o g r ap hy : I rc tr ume nt ati o n a nd rne t ho ds

All the crystals were grown from the vapour diffusion of diethyl ether into an ethanolic

solution of the compound. The colourless crystals were collected and their identities conhrmed

by specral and melting point comparisons with the bulk material. The dimensions and

crystallographic parameters are given in later chapters where the results are presented. The

following description concerns the data collection and structure solution for
[(o-Tol)¡PAu(6-MP)].CZHSOH; the methods utilized for the other crystal structure
determinations were similar.

The crystal was mounted on a glass fibre using cyanoacrylate glue, and then placed on the

goniometer of a Rigaku AFC6R diffractometer fitted with graphite-monochromatized MoKo

radiation, ì. : 0.7107¡ Ä.. fne unit cell dimensions were determined from the least squares

refinement of 25 well-centred reflections in the range of I .7 < 0 < 12.8', and, with the aid of

Delauney reduction and a Laue symmetry check, was found to be monoclinic primitive with the

Laueclass of 2lm.Intensitydatawasthencollectedat23" Cintherangesof 0< h<12,0<k


< 13 and 0 < / < 33, to a maximum Bragg angle of 28 = 55.8". The intensities of 6280
reflections were measured using the t¡:20 scan technique, of which 5913 were unique. 'l'he
20

value for R¿¡1¿1was 0.025, where


n m

I
t rj T
1
I . F2¡ ,- Pzii I

Rr-¿
n
I, m x <F2 i>
I I

n = the number of unique reflections that were observed more than once

m = the number of times a given reflection is observed

<f,¡> = the average value of P for the unique reflection i

No significant decomposition of the crystal occurred during the data acquisition. The data set

was processed and corrected for Lorentz and polarization effects, and the space group

determined to be P2y/n, based on the analysis of systematic absences. A total of 4183


reflections satisfied the criterion of observability of I > 3.0o(Ð and were used in the subsequent

analysis.

The structure was solved by direct methods using the SFIELXS8629 program and ref,rned by a

full matrix least-squares procedure based on F30. The function minimized was

n
I w¡(lFo6rlj-lF rarl¡)2
I 1

where ¿ is the number of reflections, and

\)
oz(F our)

The non-hydrogen atoms were refined with anisotropic thermal parameters, and the hydrogen

atoms were included in the model in calculated positions of C-H = 0.97.Å and N-H = 0.95 Ä,.

The absorption correction used was DIFABS3I. A weighting scheme was introduced based on
.:--^
ù¡6rr¡4 .',-i-kt.
w9¡6r¡lù. fÂrL+ vvrlvv¡õv¡¡wvr
^^-',o--an¡a tLo
t¡¡v .,ol',ac D 4rrs
^f ¡\
Y4rsvù v¡ o-.1 D
¡\w ,rrcrc fì fìl.1ì qnrl O O/'1
t ' rccnecfivelv
^vrYev"'-'J,
"Yv^v
2I

where

n
tI (l F"øJ t-l F"o¡l ¡)
ft= n
I, I Fobsl i
I =I

and

t/2
n

i =1
Rw
n
t w¡l Fo6rlz
.'_1
L _L

The maximum and minimum residual electron density peaks in the hnal difference map were

1.25 and -1.46 eÅ-3. Scattering factors for all the atoms were those incorporated in the texsan

software package3O which was installed on a Silicon Graphics Indigo computer system. Tables

of bond distances and bond angles, fractional atomic coordinates, anisoffopic thermal and

hydrogen atom parameters and mean plane data are found in Chapter 3 for [PhMe2PAuCl],

Chapter 5 for [Ph3PAu(6-MP)].CzHsOH and [(o-Tol)¡PAu(6-MP)].CzHsOH and Chapter 6

for [Cycl3PAu(6p2-TU)]. Structure factors for all determinations a¡e located in the Appendix.

The expression for the anisotropic thermal pammeter of the non-hydrogen atoms is

Taniso = expf-2¡2(h2ax2lJ¡ ¡ y26*2922 l-12"*2933 + 2hka*b*Urz + 2hla*c*U13 +

2klb*c*Uz¡)l

and the expression for B(eq) for the hydrogen atoms is

B(eq) : 8n2(Urr + tJzz + Un)/z


22

CHAPTER 3

Characterization of Triorganophosphinegold(I) Chloride and


[¡r-1,n-bis(diphenylphosphino)alkane]bis(gold(I) chloride)
Complexes

3.1Introduction

This chapter discusses the characterization of the complexes of the general formula [R¡PAuCl]

(where R3P = Et3P, Cycl3P, PhMe2P, Ph3P, (o-Tol)3P, (n-Tol)3P or (p-Tol)3P) and those of

the general formula t(PhzP(CHz)nPPhzXAuCl)21 (where n = 1, 2 or 3). While complexes of

this type are well known, documentation of their spectroscopic cha¡acteristics is not readily

available and hence this Chapter. The discussion consists of three main parts: 1) the spectral

characterization via infrared and multinuclear nmr techniques, 2) the crystal structure

determination of the [PhMezPAuCl] complex, and 3) a comparative study of


triorganophosphinegold(I) chlorides found in the literature with respect to phosphine cone-

angles and the P-Au and Au-Cl bond lengths. The last study will aim to determine whether a

correlation exists between the cone angles of the triorganophosphine ligands and the lengths of

the P-Au and Au-Cl bonds. The spectral characterization will be discussed in terms of how the

data relate to analogous information found in the literature, what it describes about the chemical

nature of these complexes, and how the information is useful for the characterization of the

triorganophosphinegold(I) 6-mercaptopurinate complexes discussed in Chapter 4.


23

3.2 Sp e c tr al c har a c t e ri zat io n of t he t r io r g a nop ho s p hi ne g o I d( I ) c hlo r i de c o mp I ex e s

3.2.1 I nfrared spectros c opy

The spectra were recorded as described in Chapter 2.'lhe appearance of all the spectra were

fairly simple, containing a few strong absorptions with a number of very weak ones. These
absorptions are due to the vibrational modes associated with the phosphine ligands, since the

modes involving the gold(I) and chloride atoms, such as v(P-Au) and v(Au-Cl), occur below

400 cm-l and were not recorded owing to the limitations of the instn¡mentation. Table 3.2.1 lists

the major absorptions found in each spectrum and the functional group vibrations to which they

have been assigned. Infrared studies of these compounds in the literature are usually concerned

with the P-Au and Au-Cl stretching -o¿s532'33, so the assignments are based on comparisons

with the spectra of free phosphines. Figures 3.2.1 a) - d) show the infrared spectra of some

selected compounds, and it is clear that by comparing, for example, the spectra of [Et3PAuCl]
and [Ph3PAuCl], the absorption peaks found at 1586 cm-l and at 1480 cm-l for [Ph3PAuCl]

and not found for [Et3PAuCl] must be due to aromatic ring vibrations. The main peaks found
below ca 1450 cm-l are due to v(C-C), v(P-C) and 6(C-H) vibrations. These latter absorptions

a¡e listed together, as it is not possible to assign them unambiguously due to their overlapping
absorption ranges34,35. Comparison with the infrared spectra of the free phosphines36 shows

that, for Ph3P, the v(P-C) vibration occurs at 1430 crn-I, but it is unclear how the stretching

frequency of this bond is affected when the phosphorus atom binds to the gold(I) atom. The

aromatic absorptions for Ph3P36 occur at cø 1580 cm-1 and 1480 cm-1, indicating a slight

change upon coordination, related to the change in electron density about the gold centre. The

v(C-H) absorptions for alkyl C-H groups are more intense than those for aryl C-H groups in

the complexes, an observation that has been made before34, which is due to the hydrogen atoms

being more tightly bound to the aromatic rings than to alkyl carbon atoms. This is also the

reason why the aryl C-H absorptions occur between 50 and 100 wavenumbers higher than alkyl

U-ti
¡'\ Tr
afrsOrptiOns.
-L^^--.:^-^ i he aiKy'i
TL^ ^ll---l ^L^
absOrpiiOnS are mosi
. :-.^-^^
iniense in +L^
:-
tnc Spccirum
^ñ^^+'rrñ ûi
^f
24

Table 3.2.1: Infrared Data For The Triorganophosphinegold(I) Chloride Complexes.

v v ô C_

lE13PAuCll 2962s,2932m, - 1456s, 1413m,1384m,

2905m,2874m 1259w,br,sh, 1044vs

ICycl3PAuCl] 2922vs,2852s 1447 s, I776m, 1040w

[Ph3PAuCl] 307lw, 3058w,br 1586w, 1480m 1435s, 1180w, 1103s

[(o-Tol)¡PAuCl] 3054w,297tm, 1589m, 1565w, 1448s, 1376m,1163m,

3023w,2930m 1468s 1133s, 1070w

[(ln-Tol)¡PAuCl] 3050w,br, 29llw 1593m, 1578w, l$ls, 14O4m,1383m,

1478s 1309w, 1108s, 1045w

[(p-Tol)¡PAuCl] 3014w, 2963w, 1598m, 1559w, l447w,br, 1397m, 1384w,

2917w 1498m 1310w, 1188m, 1103vs

[PhMe2PAuCl] 3056w, 3041w, 1587w, I573w, 1437s, 1426m, 1413s,

3023w,2990m,sh, 1507w, 1490w, 1384m, 1190m, 1161m,

2850m,br 1473w 1112s,1073m

Idppm(AuCl)2] 3050w,br, 29I6m, 1483w 1436vs, 1385m, 1185w,

2853w I 160w, 1 103s, 1069m

ldppe(AuCl)zl 3053m,br,2906m 1587w, 1573w, 1435s, 1411m, 1173s,

1482m 1106vs,1071m

Idppp(AuCl)2] 3049m,br,29I7m, 1586m, 157lw, l434vs, 1405s, 1385s,

290Im,2851m 1481s 1184m, 1158m, 1104vs,

1069m

Note: Units are wavenumbers (cm-t¡.


25

[Cycl3PAuCl], in Figure 3.2.3. Figure 3.2.1 d) shows the relative intensities of aryl to alkyl
absorptions in the [dppm(AuCl)2] complex.

The data listed here will be useful in Chapter 4 as it can help assign those absorptions due to

the phosphine group in the spectra of the complexes, simplifying the analysis. There are

significant differences between the spectra of the triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride complexes

and the free phosphines to suggest product formation. However, the respective absorptions

between the gold(I) complexes are similar, indicating that the constituent absorptions are largely

independent of ttre nature of the rest of the molecule, as expected.

3.2.2 1H NMR spectroscopy

The proton NMR spectra were obtained as described in Chapter 2. Although soluble in

chloroform, for reasons of consistency the solvent used for these complexes was
d6-dimethylsulphoxide, as this was the solvent utilized for the 6-mercaptopurinate complexes in

Chapter 4. Figure 3.2.2 a) shows the labeling scheme adopted for the carbon atoms and the

protons bound to them.

v
ßo
E
d"
P-Au-Cl H3C-CH2-P
-Au-Cl
5

ô d.
aba
P P

I
-cH2-cH2-cHz- l
eõ Au Au

cl cl

Figure 3.2.2 a)z I'abeling Scheme Adopted For NMR Assignments


26

Table 3.2.2 lists the assignments for the protons in each complex, including the multiplicity

and coupling constants. The methyl group of the tolyl phosphine complexes and of
[PhMezPAuCl] are designated by a CH3 subscript. The resonances for aromatic protons occur

as complex multiplets due to the complicated proton-proton and phosphorus-proton coupling

combinations, so are given as a range. This range is typical of triphenylphosphine absorptions

e.g. as found in [Ru(6-MP)z(PPhùz]2+ and Ph3P37'38. These resonances occur downfield at c¿

7.5 ppm because of the deshielding effect of the delocalized electrons in the a¡omaúc moiety. As

expected, there is little difference between these regions in the spectra of all the complexes

conraining this type of group. A similar but broader complex multiplet occurs for the cyclohexyl

protons of [Cyct3PAuCl], also due to complex coupling patterns, but upfield due to their alkyl

nature. Broad multiplets have been assigned to each proton type, but no coupling could be

resolved.

Two-bond indirect spin-spin coupling between the phosphorus atom and the protons was

observed for the resonance of the alpha protons in [Et3PAuCl], giving rise to two overlapping

quartets, where 3JHH = 7.7lHz, but 2Jpg was unresolved. The value of 3Jp¡q = 18.89H2 for
the beta protons results in a doublet of triplets, which is shown in Figure 3.2.2 b). The
uniformity of the shapes of these resonances suggests free rotation about the C-C and P-C

bonds in the phosphine groups. Phosphorus to proton coupling was manifested in the resonance

of Hu for [dppm(AuCl)Z], appearing as a triplet due to coupling with the two magnetically

equivalent phosphorus nuclei. It was not, however, distinguished for the Hu and H6 protons in
rhe spectra of the [dppe(AuCl)Zl and [dppp(AuCl)2] complexes, the resonances being broad and

featureless. The reason for this is that the protons involved couple to two phosphorus atoms,

and, in the case of H", the signs of the coupling constants are opposite, hence giving a net

coupling which is unresolved in the spectra, and further complicated by proton-proton

coupling. This corresponds with the resonance in the free phosphines, e.B. Ha in dppe is just

resolved as a triplet centred at ô 2.10 ppm38, compared to 6 2.97 ppm in [dppe(AuCl)z]. The

Iatter observarion is consistent with the deshielding effect expected at these nuclei upon

complexation to the gold centre.


27

Table 3.2.22 1n ¡,1¡'tn Chemical Shift Values (ppm) For Triorganophosphinegold(l) Chloride

Complexes.

Complex H¿¡ H6 Hv H6 H-Cs¡ Ha H6


1.94(m) 1.10(dÐ
[E13PAuCl]
(7.tr) (7.3e)
(18.8e)

[Cycl3PAuCl] 2.13(m) 1.79(m) 1.35(m) 1.26(m)

[Ph3PAuCl] 7.63 - 7.51(m)

[(o-Tol)¡PAuCl] 7.64 - 6.87(m) 2.59(s)

[(ln-Tol)¡PAUC! 7.52 - 7.23(m) 2.34ß)

[(p-Tot)3PAuCl] 7.42 - 7.39(m) 2.38(s)


1.e4(d)
lPhMezPAuCll 7.86 - 7.56(m)
(11.35)c
4.70(t)
[dppm(AuCl)2] 7.77 - 7.44(m)
(12.58)c

ldppe(AuCl)zl 7.79 - 7.59(m) 2.97(m)

ldppp(AuCt)zl 7.76 - 7.51(m) 3.05(m) 1.71(m)

Note: All coupling constants, in parentheses, are in uniS of hertz: a = 3JHH, b = 3JPH, c =2JPH.
Figure 3.2.2 b)z 1H ¡'lØn Spectum Of Trietlrylphosphínegold(I) Chloride, IEBPAUCI] . Ref.

r4 (dÐ

rL (m)

2.0 1 u 1.6 1.4 t.a 1.0 B 6 4 2 00


PPM
28

The data for the proton nmr studies on the complexes is consistent with literature values for the

free phosphines and analogous complexes, and are useful for comparison with the
Gmercaptopurinate complexes in the next chapter.

3.2313C {ta} tlun spectroscopy

The carbon-13 chemical shifs and phosphorus to carbon coupling constants are listed in Table

3.2.3- The phenyl-type carbon atoms are seen to resonate downfield, owing to the deshielding

effect of the delocalized electron density in the ring. Of particular interest is the observation that

the beta and gamma ca¡bons in the [dppm(AuCl)2] and [dppe(AuCl)2] compounds appear as

multiplets, where they would normally be expected to appear as doublets due to coupling with

one phosphorus atom. This phenomenon has been noted before in the literature, the explanation

being based on the fact that the two phosphorus atoms in the complexes are chemically
13C atom in the
equivalent but magnetically inequivalent due to the isotope effect (where a single

molecule creates isotopic asymmetry)3g. tn¿ee¿, in the spectrum of [dppe(AuCl)2], the beta and

gamma carbon resonances resemble triplets, where the coupling value given represents the

separation between the peaks. This structure can clearly be seen in Figure 3.2.3. As with the

proton spectra, the C¿ resonances are seen only as multiplets, but for the spectra of

tdppp(AuCl)Zl a doublet of multiplets can be resolved. The problems with the resolution are
more than likely due to the isotope effect.

As expected, the phenyl-region chemical shifts for the [(U - 1,n-(diphenyl-


phosphino)alkane)bis(gold(I) chloride)l complexes are similar to those found for [Ph3PAuCl]

and the tolyl compounds, the assignments of which were based on analogous complexes found

in the literature. The alpha, beta, gamma and delta resonances for Ph3P are I3J.2,133.6,128.5

and.l2S.4respectivel/0, ro it is apparent that coordination to the gold results in a major shift in

the Co shift value but only minor shifts in the others4l. The former shift is likely to be a

reflection of the change in electron density about the phosphorus atom when the P-Au bond is

formed: the lJpç value increases from 1l.3Hz in Ph3P to 61.03 Hz in the [Ph3PAuCl]

complex. Similar trends can be observed for the alpha carbon in all phenyl containing
29

Tabte 3.2.32 13C Chemical Shifts Values (ppm) For The Triorganophosphinegold(l) Chloride
Complexes.

Complex Co Cß C. Cs C€ Cr -CH¡ Ca C6

[Er3PAuCl] 16.e(d) 9.05

(36.23)î

[Cycl¡PAuCl] 32.3(d) 26.2(d) 30.3 25.7 30.3 26.2(d)

(3 r.55)a (12.08)b (12.0S)b

[Ph¡PAuCl] 128.3(d) 133.e(d) 129.8(d) r32.4 12e.8(d) 133.e(d)

(61.03)a (13.3Ob (10.49)c (10.49)c (13.36)b

[(o-Tol)3PAuCl] r24.2(d) r4t.9 ß2.qd) 132.4 t27.2(d) 133.0(d) 22.3(d)

(&.70)z (11.93)b (8.91)c (10.57)c (9.66)b (11.02)c

[(lrr-TolþPAuCl] r28.2(d) 139.2(d) r30.9(d) 133.1 r29.qd) 134.1(d) 2r.0


(6l.3Oa (12.15)b (12.83)c (12.08)c (14.87)b

[(p-Tol)¡PAuCl] 125.3(d) 133.7(d) 130.2(d) 142.s(d) 130.2(d) 133.7(d) 21.0

(&.53)z (r4.zTb (12.15)c Q.re) (12.15)c (r4.n)b


[PhMezPAuCl] Obs. 131.8(d) 129.1(d) 13l.qd) 129.1(d) 131.8(d) 14.4(d)

(12.19)b (t 1.10)c (1 1.10)c (12.19)b (39.78)a

ldppm(AuCl)z] 128.7(m) 133.4(m) 129.3(m) r32.3 129.3(m) 133.a(m) 24.6(m)

tdppe(Aucl)d 128.7(d) 133.3(Ð t29.s(r) r32.2 l2e.s(Ð 133.3(Ð 22.4(m)

(58.60)a (6.42) (5.2e) (s.2e) (6.42)

ldppp(AuClhl 128.8(d) 133.1(d) r29.s(d) r32.2 rze.s(d) 133.r(d) 26.s(d) 20.3(m)

(59.85)a (13.3Ob (l 1.85)c (1 1.85)c (13.36)b (52.4Ða

Note: 31p-13ç coupling constants, in parentheses, are in units of hertz: a =


lJpc, b = 2Jpc and

c = 3Jpc.
Figure 3.2.3 : 13C NUR Spectrum Of IU-1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane]bis(gold(l)
chloride ), [ ( P hzP ( C H z) zP P hù ( AUC I) z ] .

ic
i\'' c6
cy

-\-¡-'\ --.,^v'-

llo 124
132-
PPA
30

phosphines in going from the free phosphine to the complex, although the same was not
necessarily true for the proton resonances. It should be noted that for [(o-Tol):PAuCl] and

[(llr-Tolyl)¡PAuCt] the assignments made for the six aromatic ca¡bons are tentative due to the
closeness of the resonance values4O. Assignments in the spectrum of [Cycl3PAuCl] a¡e based

on the data for the free phosphine42,43; the Co chemical shift remains static, but the Upg value

increases from 18.6 Hz to 31.55 Hz in the complex. The other ring carbons altered very little in

terrns of chemical shifts and coupling constants. A similar result is observed for Et3P and
[Et3PAuCl]42. Th's suggests that the chemical shifts of phosphorus-bound carbons in an
aromatic environment are more sensitive to coordination effects at the phosphorus atom than are

alþl-type carbons.

The specroscopic data confîrm the stoichiometries of the triorganophosphinegold(I) chlorides

and provide an essential reference for the interpretation of the spectra for the

triorganophosphinegold(I) 6-mercaptopurinate complexes.

3.3 Crystal structure determination of the [PltMezPAuCI] complex

The general details concerning the data collection procedure used in the crystal structure

determination of this complex have already been given in Chapter 2. What follows here is a

discussion of the unit cell and the molecular structure obtained by refinement of this data.

Crystals of the complex were gïown from the slow evaporation of a concentrated ethanolic

solution of the compound. The [PhMezPAuCl] complex crystallizes in the achiral space group

P2pQ1(Df, No. 19)44 and the absolute configuration was determined on the basis of the

differences beween high-angle Friedel pairs included in the data set. Crystal and refinement data

are listed in Table 3.3.1 and crystallographic results a¡e summarized in Tables 3.3.2 to 3.3.7 . A

list of the observed and calculated structure factors is given in the Appendix. The

crystallographic numbering scheme drawn with the ORTEP45 program is shown in Figure

3.3.1.
31

Table 3.3.1: Crystallographic Parameters for the IPhMeZPAuCl] Complex

Data [PtrMezPAuCl]
Formula CsHrrAuClP
Formula weight 370.6
Crystal shape block
Crystal dimensions (mm) 0.27x0.14x0.14
Crystal system orthorhombic
Space goup P2p121çOf, No. tl¡
4 (Å) 12.639(4)
å (Å) 16.931(6)
c (Å) 9.458(3)
a (') 90

þ (") 90
y (") 90
v (År¡ 2024(r)
Z 8

pc¡c G cttt-3) 2.432


F(000) 1360

F (cm-l) 148.55
0limits, cell (') 8.0 to 12.8
0 limits, data (') 1.5 ro 25.4
hkl range 0 to 15,0 to 20,0 to 11
Range of transmission factors 0.945 to 1.058
Scan technique r¡:20

No. of data measured 3015


No. of unique data 2143
Ramal 0.046
No. of unique data used 1608

Criterion of observability 1> 3.0o(/)


No. of parameters 199

R 0.035
Rw 0.039
Residuat electron density (e Å-3) -0.99 to 0.94
Table 3.3.22 Fractional Atomic Coordinates ForThe [PhMe2PAuCl] Complex

Atom x v z

Au(1) 0.s4801(7) 0.3s61s(s) 0.s2s08(10)

Au(2) 0.463e3(7) 0.322rr(s) 0.21977(rO)

cl(1) 0.688e(s) 0.294e(4) 0.4228(8)

cl(2) 0.4269(s) 0.4s49(3) 0.1866(7)

P(1) 0.4rs2(s) 0.41s7(4) 0.6343(6)

P(2) 0.4450(5) o.1923(3) 0.2333(6)

c(12) 0.377r(r7) 0.37 r8(15) 0.8006(27)

c(13) 0.2956(18) 0.4t49(r4) 0.s424(32)

c(22) 0.4s90(1e) 0.1s40(13) 0.40s3(21)

c(23) 0.5613(18) 0.1s49(14) 0.rs20(23)

c(l11) 0.4417(r8) 0.s158(11) 0.6761(r8)

c(112) 0.3623(18) 0.5682(14) 0.7r2t(28)

c(113) 0.3843(22) 0.64r6(17) 0.7472(3r)

c(114) 0.4867(23) 0.6699(1s) o.74sr(24)

c(11s) 0.s677(20) 0.6198(1s) 0.7089(27)

c(l16) 0.s4s0(17) 0.544s(13) 0.6746(2r)

c(ztt) 0.3342(18) 0.1439(1s) 0.1s9 l(2s)

c(2r2) 0.3288(18) 0.0602(14) 0. r6s0(26)

c(213) 0.24s8(20) 0.0246(12) 0.0926(34)

c(zr4) 0.r736(20) 0.064s(1s) o.026e(37)

c(21s) 0.181e(19) 0.r470(r7) 0.0182(33)

c(216) 0.2618(17) 0.1840(13) 0.0777(3s)


Table 3.3.3: Anisotropic Thermal Parameters ForThe [PhMeZPAuCl] Complex

Atom urr Uzz U¡¡ Un Urc Uzz

Au(1) 0.038e(s) 0.0414(5) 0.0407(s) 0.0026(5) 0.0041(6) -0.0044(s)

Au(2) 0.0344(s) 0.0331(4) 0.0337(s) 0.0000(s) -0.0012(s) -0.002e(4)

cr(1) o.044(4) 0.0s4(4) 0.0e0(6) 0.007(3) 0.012(4) -0.01e(4)

c(2) 0.038(3) 0.031(3) 0.082(5) 0.001(3) -0.004(4) 0.001(3)

P(1) 0.03e(4) 0.049(4) 0.02s(4) -0.003(3) 0.00s(3) -0.001(3)

P(2) 0.032(3) 0.03s(3) 0.027(3) 0.003(3) -0.006(4) -0.001(3)

c(rz) 0.0s(2) 0.07(2) 0.0s(2) -0.00(1) 0.01(2) 0.02(2)

c(13) 0.0s(2) 0.07(2) 0.09(2) 0.00(1) -0.00(2) -0.06(2)

c(22) 0.07(2) 0.0s(1) 0.02(1) 0.01(2) 0.02(1) 0.01(1)

c(23) 0.04(1) 0.0s(2) 0.03(1) 0.00(2) 0.03(1) 0.00(1)

c(l11) 0.04(1) 0.04(1) 0.003(e) -0.01(1) 0.00(1) 0.007(e)

c(tL2) 0.0s(2) 0.0s(2) 0.03(2) 0.00(1) 0.02(2) -0.00(2)

c(113) 0.08(2) 0.06(2) 0.06(2) 0.02(2) 0.04(2> 0.o4(2)


o.o l(t)
c(l14) 0.10(2) 0.06(2) i-ggÉf -0.02(2) 0.00(1) 0.02(1)

c(11s) 0.0s(2) 0.08(2) 0.04(2) -0.03(2) -0.01(2) -0.01(2)

c(I16) 0.03(1) 0.0s(1) 0.02(1) -0.00(1) -0.02(1) -0.01(1)

c(211) 0.04(1) 0.04(1) 0.0s(2) -0.01(1) -0.02(1) 0.01(1)

c(2r2) 0.0s(2) 0.0s(2) 0.0s(2) -0.00(1) -0.02(2) 0.01(1)

c(213) 0.04(1) 0.03(1) 0.12(3) -0.01(1) -0.01(2) -0.01(2)

c(2r4) 0.06(2) 0.05(2) 0.12(3) -0.00(2) -0.0s(2) -0.03(2)

c(21s) 0.06(2) 0.08(2) 0.0e(2) 0.00(2) -0.0s(2) o.o2(2)

c(216) 0.04(1) 0.03(1) 0.15(3) 0.01(1) -0.06(2) 0.02(2)


Table 3.3.4: Hydrogen Atom Parameters For The [PhMezPAuCI] Complex

Atom x v z B(eq)

H(12a) 0.323r o.4041 0.8451 4.6

H(12b) 0.3493 0.3t92 0.7840 4.6

H(12c) 0.4383 0.3685 0.8622 4.6

H(13a) 0.2435 0.4456 0.5940 5.8

H(13c) 0.2709 0.3609 0.5326 5.8

H(1sb) 0.3059 o.4378 0.4494 5.8

H(22a) 0.3998 0.1709 0.4630 4.O

H(22b) 0.4605 0.0967 0.4013 4.0

H(22c) 0.5245 0.t73r 0.4465 4.4

H(23a) 0.5604 0.0976 0.1553 3.8

H(23b) 0.s639 0.r722 0.0543 3.8

H(23c) 0.6230 0.174/' 0.2019 3.8

H(112) 0.2892 0.5507 0.7r12 4.3

H(113) 0.3272 0.6766 0.775r 5.7

H(114) 0.5012 0.7246 0.7689 5.1

H(1rs) 0.6403 0.6384 0.7081 5.1

H(l16) 0.602r 0.5093 0.6478 3.6

H(2t2) 0.3804 o.0293 0.2r70 4.6

H(213) 0.24t9 -0.0326 0.0912 5.3

H(zt4) 0.1140 0.0376 -0.0160 7.1

H(21s) 0.1283 0.t769 -0.032r 6.8

H(216) 0.2698 0.2404 0.0639 7.0


Table 3.3.5: Bond Distances (A) For The [PhMe2PAuCI] Complex.

Atom Atom Distance Atom Atom Disunce

Au(1) c(1) 2.277(6) c(l11) c(l16) 1.3e(3)

Au(1) P(1) 2.2r4(6) c(l12) c(113) 1.32(4)

Au(2) cl(z) 2.273(s) c(1r3) c(114) 1.38(3)

Au(2) P(2) 2.20s(s) c(l14) c(11s) r.37(3)

P(1) c(r2) 1.81(2) c(115) c(l16) 1.3s(3)

P(1) c(13) r.74(2) c(2Lt) c(2r2) r.42(3)

P(1) c(111) r.77 (2) c(211) c(zr6) 1.38(3)

P(2) c(22) r.76(2) c(212) c(2r3) 1.3e(3)

P(2) c(23> r.77 (2) c(2r3) c(zr4) 1.30(3)

P(2) c(211) t.77(2) c(214) c(21s) 1.40(3)

c(I11) c(r12) 1.38(3) c(2rs) c(zr6) 1.31(3)


Table 3.3.6: Bond Angles ( ) For The [PhMe2PAuCI] Complex

Atom Atom Atom Atom Atom Atom

c(1) - Au(l) P(1) r77.2(3) P(1) c(l11) c(116) 12O(2)

cr(z) - Au(2) P(2) rt s.4(2) c(il2) c(l11) c(l16) rr7(2)


Au(1) - P(1) c(12) 114.9(9) c(I11) c(l12) c(113) tzr(2)
Au(1) - P(1) c(13) 114.e(e) c(|12) c(r l3) c(r 14) 122(3)

Au(1) - P(1) c(l11) 113.4(8) c(r 13) c(l14) c(1r5) tLe(2)

c(rz) - P(1) c(13) 102(1) c(114) c(11s) c(116) r19(2)

c(12) - P(1) c(111) 104(1) c(l11) c(116) c(115) 122(2)

c(13) - P(1) c(lr l) 106(l) P(2) c(211) c(212) t19(2)

Au(2) - P(2) c(22) tts.2(7) P(2) c(2tr) c(2r6) tzr(2)


Au(2) - P(2) c(23) 111.6(8) c(212) c(211) c(zr6) rr9(2)
Au(2) - P(2) c(zrr) 113.7(8) c(211) c(212) c(2r3) 1r7(2)

c(22) - P(2) c(23) 101(1) c(212) c(213) c(zr4) 123(2)

c(22) - P(2) c(211) 106(1) c(2r3) c(214) c(zrs) 120(2)

c(23) - P(2) c(211) 10e(1) c(zr4) c(2rs) c(zr6) 120(2)

P(1) - c(lr1) c(l12) 1,22(2) c(211) c(zt6) c(zrs) r21(2)


Table 3.3.72 Mean Plane Data For The [PhMe2PAuCl] Complex.

Plane number 1: Least-squares plane through the phenyl ring defined by atoms C(111) to

c(1r6).

Atoms Dehning Plane Distance (Å) eø (,&)

c(l11) 0.0057 0.0171

c(t12) -0.0124 0.0263

c(113) 0.0081 0.0274

c(114) -0.0008 0.0222

c(11s) 0.0006 0.0255

c(l16) -0.0030 0.0200

Additional Atom Distance (Ä.)

P(1) 0.0323

Mean deviation from plane is 0.0051 Å.

Chi-squared: 0.4.

Plane number 2: Least-squares plane through the phenyl ring defined by atoms C(211) to

c(2r6).

Atoms Defining Plane Pistance (.&) eø (Å)


c(zrt) -0.0241 0.0246

c(212) 0.0434 0.0327

c(2t3) -0.0144 0.0323

c(zr4) -0.0305 0.0346

c(215) 0.0234 0.0301

c(zr6) 0.0022 0.0251

Additional Atom Distance (Å)

P(2) 0.1208

Mean deviation from plane is 0.0230 Å.

Chi-squared: 4.3.
czr4 czr5

c213
c7r6

cz12 cztr

Au2
g2
P2
cz3

c27 c13

CT12
cll Aul p
cl l3
clll
c12
cl l6
cl l4
cl 15

Figure 3.3.1: Molecular Structure And Crystallographic Nwnbering Scheme For

IPhMe2pAuCt].
32

A diagram of the unit cell is shown in Figure 3.3.2. The unit cell is comprised of eight

molecules, the asymmetric unit therefore contains two molecules, labeled molecules 1 and 2

respectively; see Figure 3.3.1. The molecules are arranged in the unit cell in what appears to be

a dimeric relationship, known as head-to-tail dimers. Such interactions have been observed

before for triorgariophosphinegold(I) chlorides where the phosphine is relatively small in size,

and are attributable to the presence of close gold to gold interactions in the lattice46. The

Au(1)...4u(2) interaction is at a distance of 3.262(l) Å, which is less than the sum of the van

der Waals radii of 3.40 .À, but is due more to relativistic effects than a significant bonding

interaction46.

Both Au(1) and Au(2) exist in the expected linear geometry, clearly demonstrated in Figure

3.3.I, with P-Au-Cl angles of I77.2(3) and 175.4(2)" respectively, comparable with
179.63(3)" for [Ph3PAuCt147. The respective P-Au bond distances are 2.214(6) and
2.205(5) Å, which are equivalent within standard deviation. The Au-Cl bond distances of

2.277(6) and 2.273(5) ,Å, respectively are also within standard deviation range. The bond

distances of P(IFC(I11) and P(2YC(2I1) are both 1.77(2) L, a value lower but consistent
with those observed for [Ph3PAuCl]. The phosphorus to methyl group bond lengths in the
range of 1.76(2) to 1.81(2) Å are comparable to those found for [Et3PAuCl1a8. Analysis of

Tables 3.3.5 and 3.3.6 reveals that all the remaining corresponding innamolecular parameters

between molecules I and2 are identical to within standard deviation.

The phenyl rings are planar for both molecules, with mean deviations from planarity of 0.01(2)

and 0.02(3) Ä for molecules I and 2 respectively. The internal carbon to ca¡bon bond distances

range from 1.32(4) to 1.39(3).4. for molecule 1 and from 1.30(3) to 1.42(3) Å fo. molecule 2.

These values are typical for phenyl ring systems and a¡e indicative of electron delocalization.

The main difference ben¡¿een the two molecules in the asymmetric crystallographic unit is in the

geometry of the gold atoms as manifested by the respective values for the P-Au-Cl angle. This

difference might be attributable to the presence of the dimer in the lattice, where the
Au(1)...Au(2) interaction gives rise to unequal distortions in the ideal linear geometries about
+b
0

Figure 3.3.2: Unit Cell Diagram For IPhMezPAuCI]


33

the wo gold atoms46. The two independent molecules also differ from each other in the relative

orientations of the phosphine-bound substituents, as shown in the values of the torsion angles

Cl(n) / Au(n) / P(n) / C(n2), C(n3), C(nl1) of -47, -165 and 72" fot n = 1 and -178, 68 and
-56" for n = 2, respectively. The next section investigates whether the size of the phosphine as

represented by the cone-angle has any effect on the intramolecular parameters associated with

the gold atom.

3.4 Cone-angle correlatíonfor tríorgarcphosphinegold(I) chloride cornplexes

The cone-angle of a phosphine is a structural property flust introduced by Tolman49, and is

useful in defining the volume of space about a phosphine complex within which steric (van der

V/aals) interactions are likely to occur. Tolman's original work was centred on phosphinenickel

carbonyl compounds, in which the nickel atom formed the fourth substituent on the phosphorus

atom, to give this centre an approximately tetrahedral geometry. The substituents on the

phosphorus can sweep out a maximum volume of space about the P-Ni axis in the shape of a

cone whose apex lies on the metal centre, and the angle between the edge of this cone and a line

extended from the P-Ni bond axis (the apical axis) is defined as half of the cone-anglesO. Cone-

angles can usually be determined from crystallogaphic data, although for phosphines containing

mixed substituents, further mathematical treatment is required, resulting in a weighted cone-

angle. The Tolman cone-angles are hence dependent on the spatial size of the substituents and

on the lengths of the P-Ni bonds. Tolman's analysis assumed this bond length to be of a

constant value, but in reality the bulkiness of the substituents and the P-Ni bond length is likely

to be interdependent4g.

A recent publication by Brownsl inroduced a new parameter that complements the cone-angle

concept. Known as the ligand repulsive energy, Ep, this quantity results from energy-

minimization studies on phosphinechromium carbonyls, and represents the van der Waals

interactions between the phosphine substituents and moieties along the P-Cr bond axis. The

main advantage of the Ep quantity is that it distinguishes stenc ettects trom eiectronic effects,

and is more easily applied to phosphines bound to other elements. Using Tolman's calculated
34

cone-angles (0) for the nickel compounds, Brown found that the Ep parameter correlated

surprisingly well with the cone-angle; i.e. the relationship between Ep and 0 was found to be

linear for analogous Cr and Ni compounds to within a small margin of error5l.

This study is concerned with the application of 0 and E¡ to triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride

complexes of the general formula [RgPAuCU. Complexes of this type invariably possess a gold

atom of linear geometry i.e. the P-Au-Cl bond angle is close to 180'. Hence the purely steric

effects on the chlorine atom that arise from the size of the phosphine are likely to be minimized'

Since the cone-angle parameter encompasses electronic effects d5s49'50 (the electronic nature of

the groups bound to the phosphorus atom will influence the length of the phosphorus to metal

bond and thus the magnitude of the derived or calculated cone-angle), then variations in the

P-Au and Au-Cl bonds with a change in 0 are likely to be attributable to electronic rather than

steric effects. Therefore, a correlation may be drawn between these parameters. The quantity of

Ep, which should describe only van der Waal or purely steric effects, should thus conelate less

well with the intramolecular parameters if electronic effects are significant. The parameters for a

range of triorganophosphinegold(I) chlorides have been collated from literature reports and are

shown, together with calculated 0 and Ep values, in Table 3-4"

Both 0 and Ep have been plotted against the P-Au and Au-Cl bonds; the results are shown in

Figure 3.4. At f,rrst inspection there seem to be no linea¡ relationships present between the

parameters and bond lengths. However, closer analysis of some of the plots reveals that a

common trend does exist, albeit with some exceptions. The plot of P-Au versus cone-angle

contåins points that appear to form a linea¡ distribution, with the anomalous points representing

t(phO)3PAuCll and [PhMeZPAuCl]. The analogous plot against Ep demonstrates the same
linear appearance, with the same two exceptions. The values of P-Au for those complexes on

the linear progression are in fact all equivalent within experimental error. Hence, there is no

noriceable electronic effect due to the phosphine ligand on the length of P-Au. The values for 0

can thus be regarded as absolute, similarly to Tolman's assumption of a constant P-Ni bond for

va¡ious phosphine ligands. Theplot of P-Au versusEpdisplays a simila¡ appearance tothe


35

Table 3.4: Cone Angles (0), Ligand Repulsive Energies (ER) An¿ Intramolecular Parameters

Of The I Rf AuCl] Complexes.

RrP 0 (') En ftcal mol-r) p_Au_Cl (.) p-eu (Å) Au-Cl (Å) Ref.

Et3P r32 6r 178.s(3) 2.232(e) 2.305(8) t48l

178.9(3) 2.23r(8) 2.306(8)

Cycl3P 170 116 t77.0(2) 2.242(4) 2.27e(s) ts2l


Ph3P 145 75 179.63(8) 2.23s(3) 2.27e(3) Í471

Cycl2PhP r62 105 r78.3(1) 2.234(2) 2.28r(3) ts3l


(Pho)¡P r28 65 178.s(2) 2.192(s) 2.273(s) ts4l

(o-Tot)3P 194 113 179.4(r) 2.243(2) 2.281(3) l55l


(n-Tol)3P r45 79 175.1(1) 2.23s(2) 2.288(2) ts6l

PhMe2P r22 44 r77.2(3) 2.2r4(6) 2.277(6) This


work
17s.4(2) 2.20s(s) 2.273(s)

Note: Their ate two molecules in the asymmetric crystallographic units for each of [Et3PAuCl]
and [PhMezPAuCl].
2.25

2.24

tr tr

2.23

2.22

I
È E

2-21 PhMe2PAuCl
EI

2.20

(PhO)3PAuCl

2.19
120 140 160 180 200

Cone Angle (")

2.31

2.30

2.29
õ I
o
f,

tr
2.28

2.27
120 140 160 180 200

Cone Angle (')

Figure 3.4: Plots Of The Parameters 0, And Ep Versus P-Au, Au-CI And P-Au-CI
2.2s
ì

I
't 2.24
-l
I
,l
I tr
i

I
2.23
I
.t-t
I

J 2.22
I
fL
2.21
PhMe2PAuCl
o

2.20

(PhO)3PAuCl
o
2.19
40 60 80 100 120

Er (kcal/mol)

2.31

tr
tr

2.30

2.29

õI
J
E tr
2.28
o
o

GI

2.27
40 60 80 '100 120
I

Er (kcal/mol)
I
I

Figure 3.4 (continued)


180
E
E

179 o

GIE

178
o

õ
f
I
E
¡
177
o-

176

EI

17s
40 60 80 100 120

Er (kcal/mol)

180
GI

179

EEI
E

178
o

õ I
f E
a
177 E
o.

176

175
120 140 160 180 200

Cone Angle (")

Figure 3.4 (continued)


36

P-Au versus 0 plot, indicating that steric effects on the P-Au bond in the [R3PAuCl] complexes

are also negligible.

The two exceptions to the general trends were found for the [(PhO)¡PAuCl] and

[PhMe2PAuCl] complexes. In the paper by Brownsl, phosphite ligands were noted as

exceptions due to the flexibility of C-O-P linkages, which can easily 'absorb' steric effects by

adopting a variety of conformations not available to phosphines. Hence, neither 0 nor Ep can

adequately express the steric or electronic factors of the (PhO)¡P ligand. PhMe2P is classed as a

small phosphine, and gold(I) chloride complexes of these phosphines often crystallize in such

an arrangement to allow the closest Au...Au interaction possible in the lattice, usually resulting

in dimers46. As discussed earlier in this chapter, the structure determination of [PhMezPAuCl]

revealed that such dimers were present, with an Au(1)...4u(2) interaction .of 3.262(l¡ Å, less

than the sum of rhe van der Waals radü (3.40 Å¡. Suctr a small distance ir1}*#observed for

complexes of larger phosphines, and so in this complex the intermolecular interaction may be a

determining factor for the anomalous P-Au bond length. [Et3PAuCl] also contains a small

phosphine4S, but the cone angle is considerably greater. The closest Au...Au interaction here is

3.615(2)Å, signifrcanrly larger than 3.40 Å, and [Et3PAuCl] is consistent with the linear trend

of the graph.Thus, it can be postulated that, since [PhMezPAuCl] is anomalous for both Ep and

0, electronic factors from intermolecular Au...Au interactions tluueprignificant influence on the

length of the P-Au bond in complexes of small phosphines. Neither Ep nor 0 are adequate

quantities for accommodating such intermolecular interactions.

The Au-Ct bond length should manifest elecronic effects of the phosphine ligand on the
..r'tsielq
p-Au-Cl ch¡ã på€-e more than steric effects, as it occupies a position trans to the phosphorus

atom. The plots involving Au-Cl (i.e. Figure 3.4) show that there is no clea¡ trend' In fact, all
the values lie within experimental error. This indicates that, even in complexes with significant

intermolecular interactions in the lattice, the Au-Cl bond length is largely independent of the

steric and electronic effects of the phosphine ligand.


37

The P-Au-Cl bond angle displays a relatively large spread of values. However, there is no

noticeable trend based on the nature of the phosphine ligand coordinated to the gold centre. The

values for [(PhO)¡PAuCl] and [PhMezPAuC[ are not exceptional, indicating that conformations

and intermolecular interactions do not affect this aspect of the chromophore in any special way.

Based on the examples studied, the important results are: 1) the P-Au bond length is

independent of the steric and electronic effects of the phosphine ligand, but can reflect the

electronic environment about the gold atom if significant intermolecula¡ Au...Au interactions are

present; 2) the Au-CI bond length remains invariant, regardless of intermolecular interactions

and the steric or electronic profiles of the phosphine ligand; 3) the P-Au{l bond angle shows a

range of values, but this angle is not clearly related to any steric or electronic property of the

phosphine ligand; and 4) the ligand repulsive energy, Ep, as calculated by Brown from energy-

minimization models, has a good correlation with the cone-angle of phosphines but is no better

than this angle for observing how the steric nature of a phosphine affects the intramolecular

characteristics of triorganophosphinegold(I) chlorides.


38

CHAPTER 4

Spectroscopic Characterization of the Triorganophosphinegold(I)


6-mercaptopurinate Complexes

4.L Introduction

In this chapter the results obtained from the spectroscopic analysis of the complexes with the

general formulae [R3PAu(6-MP)] (where R3P = Et3P, Cycl3P, PhMe2P, Ph3P, (o-Tol)3P,

(m-Tol)3P or (p-Tol)3P), [(Ph2P(CH2)nPPhzXAuCl)(Au(6-MP))] (where n = 2 or 3) and

[(Ph2P(CHz)nPPhzXAu(6-MP))2] (where n = 1, 2 or 3) will be tabulated and discussed, with

emphasis on how these results indicate product formation and what they reveal about the

coordinated Gmercaptopurinate ligand. A general introduction concerning the 6-mercaptopurine

ligand itself and its chemistry as related to this project will be given first to help illustrate the

points discussed later.

4.2 An overview of the 6-mercaptopurine lígand

6-Mercaptopurine, 6-MPH, shown in Figure 4.2.I, is a member of the class of nucleobases

known as purines. These compounds consist of a six-membered heterocyclic ring fused to a

t
6 7
5 NH
HN
8

2 (
N 4 N
9
J

Figure 4.2.1: Labelling Scheme For í-mercaptopurine


39

Irve membered ring at the 4 and 5 positions, as shown in Figure 4.2.I, thus resulting in a nine

membered skeletal structure. Purines are characterizeÀ,by the 1, 3,7,9 substitution pattern of

nitrogens for carbons.

The systematic name for 6-MPH is 1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione, which indicates that the

two protonated nitrogens are at positions I and 7. This finding is based on crystal structure
determinationssT,5S, but determinations on complexes containing 6-MP show that it is possible

for the protons to be bound to the other nitrogens alternatively. Tautomeric studies on the free

ligand in solution59 have shown that the most dominant tautomer is in fact the 1,9-dihydro-

form, suggesting the protons may be sufficiently labile to suit the requirements of a given

reaction mechanism: four tautomers of 6MPH are shown in Figure 4.2.2.It is therefore also

possible for the 6-thione group to exist as the thiol, although in a proportionately low
quantity59.

SS
NH

t
NH
HN N

(
N
N N
H

S SH

N NH
HN N

N NH
) l( N
N

Figure 4.2.2: Tautomeric Stuctures For í-mercaptopurine

For the prepilation of the compounds in this thesis, a metathetical reaction involving base was

utilized. This involves the exchange of a chloride ion for the 6-MP ligand, though it is not clea¡

whether the reaction is S¡1 or S¡2. In either mechanism, the 6-MPH molecule must be
40

deprotonated. Studies on the pK" values for the protonated nitrogen centres indicate that Nl is

the more acidic atom59. Deprotonation here can result in the formal negative charge being

located on the sulphur atom through resonance (see Figure 4.2.3), thus leading to coordination

to the gold centre. This is verified by the crystal structure determinations presented in Chapter 5.

SS
NH
N N

( r( N
N N

S S

NH NH

t
N N
<---+
N
L N

Figure 4.2.3: Resonance Contributors To The í-mercaptopurine Anion.

The elecüon density in the 6-mercaptopurine ring system is likely to be altered when gold(I) is

coordinated by the sulphur atom, leading to greater delocalization of electron density in the six-

membered ring system. The changes in electron density should be detectable via spectroscopy.

4.3 [ nfrared spectros copy

The heterocyclic, aromatic nature of the 6-mercaptopurine ring system lends itself to a great

many possible absorptions in the infrared spectrum. Chromophores such as C=N, C=C and

other groups have all been observed to absorb strongly in purines and related
thionucleoþa5s560,61,62. Due to the overlapping of many of the absorptions, coupling effects,

as noted by Thakur and Singh63, -e likely to occur in 6-mercaptopurine and its complexes,

leading to complicated spectra. Reports in the literature often conflict with each other as to

where certain absorptions occur in the spectra, and on the identities of certain strong
4l

absorptions64'65. The 'thioamide bands'63,ó6, which result from the coupling of various
absorption modes of delocalized N-C-S groups, have not been generally reported for
complexes of 6-mercaptopurine, although they are noted for other thionucleobases6O,6l,62.Tlne

thioamide absorption is usually divided into four bands (I, II, III and IV¡63, which differ in
their frequency ranges due to the constituent absorptions that are coupled. Bands III and fV are

usually observed at lower wavenumbers, around the finger-print region, and thus they are not

considered here as their assignments would be too tentative. The major contribution to band I is

from the u(C=N) vibrational mode, and band II from v(C=S). Hence coordination of
6-mercaptopurine to gold via sulphur should be observable through changes to the absorption

frequencies of these two bands.

The lack of definitive data in the literature has resulted in uncertainty as to how the infra¡ed

data for the complexes in this thesis should be presented. The scheme thus chosen is to list the

data in two tables: 1) Table 4.3.1 presenting the absorptions due to the phosphine moieties

(from comparisons with the spectra of the corresponding triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride

species); and 2) Table 4.3.2 presenting the absorptions due to the purine group. In the latter

table, the absorptions for the thioamide bands I and tr, v(f{-C-S), have been resolved from the

phosphine peaks by comparison with the spectra of the corresponding gold(I) chloride

complexes, but the other absorptions are listed together under the classification of 'purine ring

vibrations'. Bands I and II assignments are those peaks occuring in the range where this

absorption is observed for analogous heterocycles e.g. for thionucleobase gold(I)

complexes60,6r,62. These should not be regarded as definitive assignments, but they are likely

to be representative of the important thioamide chromophore.

A broad absorption band occurs in many of the spectra at ca 3400 cm-l, due to water

molecules of hydration, or moisture in the sp€ctrometer environment. This band, when present,

overlaps with that of the N-H stretching mode. The v(N-H) absorption in all the spectra occurs
over a broad range of approximately 3300 to 2200 cm-l of medium intensity; such a wide range

has been observed before in complexes of 6-MP via sulphur coordination&'65. However, the
v(C-H) absorption also occurs in this range34,35, so the broad absorption in this region should
42

Table 4.3.1: Infrared Data For The Pfutsphine Moieties.

v(P-C), v(C_C)
v(C-H) v(C=C)
and

[Er3PAu(6-MP)] 3099m, 3055m, L456m,1418m,


2964s,2931s 1384m, 1268m
[Cycl3PAu(GMP)] 3099w, 304lw, 1446m, L4I7w,
2926vs,2853s 1385s, ll76w
[PhMe2PAu(GMP)] 3053s, 2952s, 1465w 1436m, L4I9m,
2925s 1384m, 1110w
[Ph3PAu(6-MP)] 3054m,2967m, 1479m l434vs, l42lm,
2929m 138 1s, 1 181w,
1 100s

[(o-Tol)3PAu(GMP)] 3054m,2964m, 1590s, 1470m 1449s, 1410m,


2927m 1384s

[(ln-Tol)¡PAu(6-MP)] 3035m,2921m 1477m 1447m,1418m,


1384m, 1108m
[(p-Tol)¡PAu(GMP)] 3097s,3035s, 1597s, 1497s l44Im, 1418s,
2917s 1397s, 1384s,
1 187s, I 102vs
[dppe(AuClXAu(6-MP))] 3055m,2924s 1575m, 1481m 1435vs, 1384s,sh,
ll73s, I 104s

[dppp(AuCIXAu(GMP))] 3056m, 2924s, 1481m l434vs, 1404m,


285lm 1384s, 1104s
[dppm(Au(6-MP))z] 3050s, 2927s, 1483m, 1467m l436vs, l42ls,
2923s,2853s 1384vs, 1191m,
1 102s

[dppe(Au(6-MP))z] 3050m,2972m 1481w, 1468w 1436s, 1410m,


1384vs, I 171w,
1 104m

[dppp(Au(GMP))z] 3050s, 2924s, 1482m 1436vs, I420s,


2852m 1384s, 1186m,
1 104s

Note: Units are wavenumbers (cm-t¡.


43

Table 4.3.2: Infrared Data ForThe í-mercaptopurinate Moieties.

v(N-C-S) Purine

C-omplex band I band II vibrational modes.

6-MPH 1615s, 1575s, 1346s 7224s, 1 156m, lI47 m, ll23m,


1558m I27 6m, 1529s, t472m, 1409vs
[Er3PAu(6-MP)] 1586s, 1557vs 1320m 1238m, 1208m, 1 155w, Il32w
[Cycl3PAu(GMP)] 1585m, 1554s 1320m 1269w, l2l4w, 1207w, 1176w,

I132w,1113w
[PhMe2PAu(GMP)] 1586m, 1558s 1319s 1269w, L238w, 1208w,I l32w
lPh:PAu(6-MP)l 1591s, 1559vs 1321s I244s, 1236s, I2I0m, 1157w,
1 133w

[(o-Tol)¡PAu(6-MP)] I6I7m,1554vs I322m 1277 w, l24lm, 1229m, I2lIm,


ll64w
[(rn -Tol):PAu(6-MP)] I268w, L234m,1207m
1587m, 1555s 1319m
[(p-Tol)¡PAu(GMP)] 1585s, 1556vs 1319s 1269m, 1234s, 1208s, IlZOw
[dppe(Au CIXAu (6-MP) )] 1616s, 1595s, 1335m 131 1m, 127 6m, l2l7m, 1 159m,

1558m ll22m
ldppp(AuClXAu(GMP))l 1594m, 1558m 1318w I347w, 1274w, I240w, 1209w
[dppm(Au(6-MP))z] 1586s, 1558vs 1320s I27 0m, 1236s, 1201 m, 1 161 w

[dppe(Au(6-MP))z] 1587s, 1558s 1319m 127 5w, l236m,br, I209m,

l1'22w
[dppp(Au(GMP))z] 1585s, 1558vs 1319s 1269m,1238s, 1208m

Note: Units are wavenumbers (cm-l).


44

be assigned to the overlapping vibrational modes of both v(N-H) and v(C-H). This absorption

can be seen most clearly for 6-mercaptopurine in Figure 4.3.1 and for [Ph3PAu(6-MP)] in
Figure 4.3.2.In the latter spectra the v(C-H) absorptions from the phosphine moiety can also

be observed as sharper peaks around 3000 to 2900 cm-I, an observation that is suggestive of
product formation. Further confrrmation arises from inspection of the thioamide peaks in these

two spectra; the differences in absorption frequencies for band I at l5l5 cm-l for 6-MPH and

l59l cm-1 for [Ph3PAu(6-MP)] for example. This suggests an increase in bond order of the

C=N chromophore, which is expected since the electron density in the aromatic system

increases upon coordination. The C=S bond approaches single bond character when the

sulphur atom coordinates to gold, and this is observed via band II; the 1346 cm-l peak moves
down to l32l cm-l in the [Ph3PAu(6-MP)] complex. Similar trends are observed for these

peaks in all spectra, suggesting product formation in all cases. The deduced changes in bond

lengths will be verified in the crystallographic examples in Chapter 5; N(ltrC(6) undergoes a

decrease in length of around 0.040 to 0.045 Ä., and C(6)-S(6) increases by approximately
0.039 to 0.052 Å upon coordination.

As expected, the frequencies of the phosphine vibrational modes are observed to be

independent of the coordination of the purine molecule to the gold atom. From the foregoing

discussion, infrared spectroscopy confirms product formation via the appearance of both
phosphine and 6-mercaptopurine absorptions in the spectra, and by the frequency shifts of the

thioamide absorption bands, which also confirm the expected increase in electron density in the

ring system upon complexation.

4.4 1H NMR spectoscopy

The data obtained from the proton NMR spectra of the complexes studied in this thesis are

reported in Tables 4.4.1 and 4.4.2. The solvent utilized was d6-dimethylsulphoxide as this

proved to be the only common solvent into which 6-mercaptopurine and the gold complexes

would dissolve. NMR studies on these and other analogous complexes were also performed in

other solvents (e.g. (CD3)2CO and CDC13) which showed that there was no obvious solvent
1558

1615 \
v(N-H) + v(C-H) ßt5 \
1346

4000 3200 2400 2000 r600 f200 800 400


cH-l
Figure 4.3.1: IR Spectrum Of í-mercaptopurine, 6-MPH

r 591
v(N-H) + v(C-H)

1 559
t32t
- -)-
4000 3200 2400 2000 1500 1 200 400 4Or)

Figure 4.3.2: IR Spectrum Of 6-mercapiOurino¡9¡triphenylphosphine)gold(l),


fsr*P^ a&.,.?))'
45

Table 4.4.121A Nntn Chemical ShiftValues (ppm) ForThe [RsPAu(6-MP)] Complexes

RrP 112 rI9 ¡¡8 Hc H6 Hy H6 FLcH¡

6-MPH 8.45(s) 13.62(br,s) 8.26(s)

Et3P 8.41(s) 13.21(br,s) 8.31(s) 1.95(m) 1.1e(dÐ


(7.68)a
(18.35)b

Cycl3P 8.34(s) 13.l2(br,s) 8.19(s) 2.r7(m) 1.89(m) 1.57(m) 1.32(m)


Ph3P 8.51(s) 13.35(br,s) 8.31(s) 7.13 - 7.64(br,m)

(o-Tol)3P 8.35(s) 13.14(br,s) 7.87(s) 7.61 - 7.02(br,m) 2.64(s)

(ln-Tol)¡P 8.45(s) 13.32(br,s) 8.25(s) 7.53 - 7.38(br,m) 2.28(s)

(p-Tol)3P 8.46(s) 13.32(br,s) 8.32(s) 7.58 - 7.40(br,m) 2.31(s)

PhMe2P 8.45(s) 13.20(br,s) 8.33(s) 8.02 - 7.58(br,m) 1.9s(d)


(10.63)c

Note: Coupling constants, in parentheses, are in units of HerZ: a: 3J¡1-¡1, b: 3Jp-H and c: ZJp-tl

Table 4.4.22 1H N¡øn Chemical Shift Values (ppm) For The [(PhzP(CH)nPPh)-
( AuC I ) ( Au( 6 -M P ) ) I And [ ( P hzP ( C H z ) nP P hù ( Au( 6 -M P ) ) z ] C omp I exe s'

Complex ¡12 q9 g8 Phenyl Protons Ha H5

6-MPH 8.45(s) 13.62(br,s) 8.26(s)

ldppe(AuClXAu(GMP))l 8.36(s) 13.12(br,s) 8.17(s) 7.95 - 7.37(br,m) 3.04(m)

ldppp(AuClXAu(6-MP) )l 8.36(s) 13.25(br,s) 8.09(s) 7.87 - 7.47(br,m) 3.02(m)

[dppm(Au(6-MP))z] 8.37(s) 13.13(br,s) 8.24(s) 7.89 - 7.49(br,m) 4.64(m)

ldppe(Au(6-MP))zl 8.40(s) 13.22(br,s) 8.20(s) 1.14 - 7.50(br,m) 3.07(m) 1.73(m)

[dppp(Au(6-MP))z] 8.38(s) 13. 18(br,s) 8.19(s) 1.83 - 7.42(br,m) 3.16(m) 1.89(m)

Note: Coupling constants, in parentheses, Íìre in units of Hertz: a: 3J¡¡-¡1, b: 3Jp-¡¡ and c: 2Jp-¡1
46

effects62. The labelling scheme adopted is the same as that described in Chapter 3 for the
4.2,t
phosphine moieties, and the protons of the GMP moiety a¡e labelled as in FigureA.m, Crystal

structure determinations on [Ph3PAu(6-MP)].C2H5OH and [(o-Tol)¡PAu(6-MP)].C2H5OH

(see Chapter 5) revealed that the protonated imadazole nitrogen in these complexes is H9,

whereas it was H7 in 6-mercaptopurine. Therefore the ¡¡9 resonance given for

6-mercaptopurine in Tables 4.4.I and 4.4.2 conesponds to H7.

As for the triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride analogues, the phenyl regions are not very

informative due to the complicated coupling patterns which lead to broad multiplets. This

applies also to the spectrum of [Cycl¡PAu(GMP)], where broad and complex multiplets are still

observed. If there is an effect on coupling and chemical shifts in the phosphine ligand when

6-MP substitutes for the chloride on the gold centre, then it would best be observed in the

spectrum of [EI3PAu(6-MP)], where phosphorus-proton coupling is most clearly illustrated.

Table 4.4.3 shows the coupling constants involved with [Et3PAuCl] and [EI3PAu(6-MP)].

Table 4.4.32 Coupling Constants (Hz) AssocíatedWithThe EtjP Moiery

Complex 3Jpl¡ 3Jlrn ôH.' 6Hn

[Et3PAuCl] 1 8.89 7.71, 1.94(m) 1.10(dt)

[Er3PAu(6-MP)] 18.35 1.68 1.95(m) 1.19(dt)

It was not possible to determine clearly the values for 2Jpn (which are typically in the order of

10-11 Hz¡60'62, but the data from the table suggest there is little effect on the coupling and

shielding factors of the phosphine moiety between chloride and 6-MP substituted complexes.

Hence, the phosphine chemical shifts between the corresponding chloride and 6-MP substituted

complexes are fairly similar.

The proton resonances arising from the 6-mercaptopurine moiety give rise to simple peaks in

the spectra. The free tigand contains two N-H protons, nominally defined as Hl and H7, which

occur together as a very broad resonance centred at 6 13.62 ppm. This phenomenon has been
47

reported in the literature before, at ô 13.5 ppm in d6-dmso67. On complexation Hl is removed,


but the single N-H resonance for H9 is still broad, and is indeed almost unresolved in some of

the spectra. Where observed, it resonates in the approximate range of ô 13.10 to 6 13.35 ppm.
An example in the literature where GMP is complexed via the sulphur atom to a tungsten atom,

lW(CO)S(6-tvtl¡10S, gives this proton resonance at 6 14.37 ppm. The high value of the

chemical shift is indicative of both the aromatic environment and of the electronegative nirogen,

which both give rise to a deshielding effect. The H2 and H8 resonances in the free ligand occur

as singlets at ô 8.45 and ô 8.26 ppm respectively (the literature example gives ô 8.35 and

ô8.15 ppm)67, with the H8 resonance being slightly broader and smaller. This is illustrated in

Figure 4.4.1 for [(rn-Tot)¡PAu(6-MP)], where the broad appearance of H9 and the complex

phenyl region can also be observed. The small difference in shape allowed identification of

these peaks in the complexes, where the H2 resonance was still observed to be further
downfield (the tungsten complex has values of 6 9.23 and ô 8.60 ppm, respectivelY). Tne

values for both these protons vary between the complexes, and so is no real guide as to whether

complexation has occurred; however, the appearance of both phosphine and purine resonances

in each spectra and the resultant integration allowed the confirmation of product formation.

4.5 I3C {1n} Nun spectroscopy

The labelting system used is the same as that for the triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride

precursors in Chapter 3 and that for the purine inrigureffiTables 4.5.1 and 4.5.2 show

the assigned resonances and coupling constants.

The resonances due to the phosphine moiety are consistent with those obtained for the

triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride precursors in terms of chemical shift values. In the

complexes, the alpha carbon resonates approximately 1 ppm further downfield when R
: Ph,

o-Tol, m-Tolorp-Tol, and around 0.4 ppm for the other complexes when compared with the

triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride precursors. The beta, gamma and delta carbon resonances

show no significant changes. However, it is still notable that C6 for the dppm, dppe and dppp

complexes experiences a general upfield shift of 0.5 to 0.7 ppm. The phenyl resonances in
Phenyl

H2

H8

H9

t--
14 t, t-] .., t( ll ) 1L I 1
Dl)M

Figure 4.4.12 l tl Nptn Spectrum Of î-mercaptopurinatoItri(m-tolyl)phosphine ¡¡¡old(l),

[(m-Tot)f Au(6-MP)].
Table 4.5.1: tsç ¡t¡71 ¡r¿ 3Ip¡L¡1¡ Chemical Shifts (ppm) For The Complexes Of The General Formula [RjPAu(6-MP)]

31P
ça ç5 ç6 C

Gmercaptopurine t44.6 151.0 r2',7.9 170.8 144.6

17.3(d)
[Et:PAu(6-MP)] 141.3 151.1 132.7 171.0 r49.r 8.92 37.52
(33.81)a

32.lld) 26.4(d) 30.1 25.5 30.1 %.4(d)


lCycl¡PAu(6-MP)l 140.8 150.8 132.7 170.8 r49.r 57.23
(28.53)a (12.08)b (12.08)b

r29.4(d) 133.e(d) 129.6(d) t32.0 12e.6(d) 133.e(d)


IPh¡PAu(6-MP)] 14r.6 r5t.4 132.4 170.1 149.2 37.53
(56.38)a (14.19)b (rr.z4)c (rr.24)c (14.19)b

rzs.4(d) r42.3(d) 132.3(d) 131.9 126.9(d) 133.1(d) 22.3(d)


[(o-Tol)3PAu(6-l"P) 140.6 150.6 Obs. 169.5 148.7 19.15
(60.99)a (12.53)b (8.30)c (9.66)" (9.43)b (10.94)c

r29.2(d) 138.8(d) 130.9(d) 132.5 r29.2(d) 134.1(d) 2r.o


[(n-Tol)¡PAu(6-Næ)] 141.3 151.0 132.4 170.2 149.0 37.36
(57.06)a (11.8Ðb (12.9r)c (l L85)c (14.94)b

126.3(d) 133.6(d) 130.0(d) 141.9 130.0(d) 133.6(d) 20.9


[þ-TolþPAu(6-MP)] 141.5 150.9 132.4 170.4 149.0 35.61
(59.70)a (14.19)b (11.93)c (l1.93)c (14.19)b

132.e(d) 131.9(d) 128.e(d) 131.3(d) 128.9(d) 131.9(d) 14.8(d)


[PhMe2PAu(6-l"P)] l4L4 150.9 Obs. 170.4 149.2 9.21
(56.15)a (13.21)b (11.02)c (1.43)d (11.02)c (13.21)b (36.53)a

Note: 3lp-13çcouplingconstants,inparentheses,areinHertz,where:a=Upc;b=2Jpc;c=3Jpc;d=4Jpc.
Table 4.5.2: t3ç ¡t ¡11 And 31P ¡I n¡ Cnemical Shifts (ppm) For The Complexes Of The General Formulae

[ ( P hzP ( C H z ) nP P hù ( AUC I) ( Au( 6 - M P ) ) ] And [ ( P hzP ( C H z ) nP P h) ( Au( 6 - M P ) ) z ]'

ça ç5 g6 c 31P

Gmercaptopurine 144.6 151.0 1279 170.8 144.6

tdppe(AuCl)(Au(CMP)l 141.5 150.6 Obs. 170.1 149.0 r29.2(d) 133.2(Ð 129.2(t) 131.9 22:t(t) 3r.6
(56.00)a (6.87) (5.66) (19.93)a

tdp'pp(AuCl)Au(CMP))l 142.0 150.9 Obs. 17r.3 150.9 129.1(d) 133.0(d) r2e.3(d) 131.9 2ó.5(dd) 19.9(m) 28.5

(56.83)a (13.13)b (1 1.10)c (36.08)a

(r2.76)c

tdppm(Au(GMP)þl 141.0 150.7 t32.5 170.5 149.r Obs. 133.s(t) 128.9(r) 131.6 24.9(m) 3 1.3

(6.72) (s.38)

tdp'pe{Au(óMP)d 142.s 150.3 133.0 169.0 149.0 129.3(d) r33.2(r) r29.2(t) 131.9 22.6(m) 33.6

(56.08)a (6.87) (5.5e)

tdppp(Au(GlvfP)D 141.3 150.9 132.7 170.4 149.8 129.0(d) 133.r(d) 129.1(d) 131.6 26.qd) 19.5(m) 3r.4
(55.85)a (13.28)b (1 1.25)c (30.5Ða

Note: 3lp-13ç coupling constants, in parentheses, are in Hertz, where: a = Upc; b = 2Jpc; c = 3Jpc. Obs. indicates obscured.
48

these complexes again display the coupling pattern due to isotopic asymmetry observed for the

triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride precursors. It is also notable that the complex multiplet that

might have been expected in the [(PhzP(CH2)¡PPh2)(AuClXAu(6-MP))] complexes due to

overlapping phenyl regions is not observed, indicating that all the phenyl rings give equivalent

resonance values in solution, hence suggesting that the gold ligands are fluctional; this is
supported by evidence from the phosphorus-31 nmr studies (see later). The resonances for C¿

and C6 are usually observed as complex multiplets which, like the methyl groups on the tolyl

phosphine complexes, do not experience significant changes in chemical shift or coupling

constants after comPlexation.

The five carbon resonances for the 6-MP moiety occur as broad peaks at greater than

ô 130 ppm due to the deshielding environment of the aromatic system. The relevant spectral

region for [Ph3PAu(6-MP)] is shown in Figure 4.5J, which demonstrates how the purine

resonances have a small and broad appearance. This feature is due to the Nuclear-Overhauser

Effect69, and arises because the rigid structure of the ring system does not allow efficient

dissipation of the spin energies via thermal motion, causing these nuclei to have long relaxation

times and hence to occur as broad resonances. The reson¿ulces for 6-mercaptopurine are given

in Tables 4.4.1 and 4.4.2, and agree with the literature reports that indicate that C2 and C8

occur at the same chemical shift value, i.e. 6 IM.8 ppm70. These peaks are resolved in the
complexes as the resonance for C8 is shifted downfield and that for C2 is shifted upfield. The

chemical shifts of the Ca and C6 atoms do not change significantly upon complexation, whereas

C5 is shifted downfield in value by approximately 5 ppm. What follows is a rationalization of

the shifts in resonance values observed for each nuclei in going from the free purine to the

complexes.

Complexation of 6-mercaptopurine to the gold atom via the sulphur atom causes significant

delocalization within the six membered ring system, which results in C2 experiencing a greater

share of electron density, the effect being a slight shielding of the nucleus and so a shift upfield

in the spectra. The resonance for C6 might be expected to change for the same reasons,
however, the reduction of double bond character of the C=S bond has an opposing effect on
tl

cy (d)
qr (d)

Figure 4.5.1: 13C ¡¡Mn Spectwn Of 6 -merc ap top urínato ( trip he ny I p ho sp hine ) g o ld( I )'

IPhsPAu{6-MP)].

C6

c" (d)

tc6 ó lct lçz c5


\

140 130
17C
PPM
49

electron density, and so the chemical shift value undergoes no significant change. The

resonances for C and C5 will experience a similar even distribution of electron density,

however, although the C5 resonance is indeed observed to move upfield, the signal for Ca

remains fairly static. The delocalization of elecron density in the six-membered ring creates an

electron withdrawing effect on the atoms in the imadazole ring, thus resulting in a downfield

shift for the C8 resonance.

In fact, the shifts in resonance observed are really only minor, but are large enough to suggest

that complexation to gold via sulphur has occurred for all the complexes; the resonances for C5

and C8 are the most indicative of product formation. The occurrence of both phosphine and

purine resonances in the spectra is further verihcation for product formation.

4.631P {Ia} Nun spectroscopy

The chemical shifts observed in the 3lP proton decoupled spectra of the complexes are listed

in Tables 4.5.1 and 4.5.2. All the resonances are singlets, as coupling to carbon-13 nuclei is

not observed owing to the low natural abundance of this isotope. The spectra are also
diagnostic in terms of purity of the complexes.

The resonances can often appear broad: Figures 4.6.1 and 4.6.2 show the spectra of

[ph3pAu(6-Mp)] and [(n-Tol):PAu(6-MP)], the latter resonance having the


broader

appearance. The chemical shift values vary appreciably between the complexes, as
the

phosphorus nucleus is sensitive to changes outside the coordination sphers7l, such as the cone-

angle of the phosphine and the electronic environment of the adjacent atoms.

Of note are the spectra of the complexes [dppe(AuCl)(Au(6-MP))] and

tdppp(AuClXAu(6-MP))1, where two types of phosphorus nuclei occur


in the molecule but

only a single resonance is observed at ambient temperature. Low temperature NMR studies on
a

represenrarive molecule i.e. [dppe(AuClXAu(6-MP))] resolved this resonance into two


peaks

that differed by approximately 4 pp* at 190 K, suggesting that 6-mercaptopurinate and chloride
Figure 4.6.1:3Ip Nptn Spectrutn Of 6-mercaptopurínato(tríphenylphosphine)gold(l),

IPhjPAu(6-MP)].

5
P

i Ref

l1

.,v\^y¡,,,2.^.iV,VJ',.r;,\..¡.r w\ .'.¡. . r,,¡' r' -, j.,,', *'


. . t-\^t
,- -.^ ;. tt,., ,.,-l-,r-.¡iu!r¡r, /,,..-\ij\,!\'-(¡',\?r',""r.*,r-.f','vjr'; rV

,_l
:C i0
FÊI'1
Figure 4.6.22 3Ip N¡utR Spectrtnt Of í-mercaptopurinato(trí(p-tolyl)phosphine)gold(I),

[(p-Tol)sPAu(6-MP)].

Ref

l! 31p
I

:' _'r_21'\\'
1/ ,,,,^ !:^w/l/-/i!4vi^,.-# t.\','' r''¿- ?¿) 1''r-'1'""'^

l0 ù
FPI"
50

ligands a¡e fluctional at ambient temperatures. The results from the carbon-13 NMR shrdies on

the phenyl regions of these complexes supports this hypothesis.

4.7 Fast Atom Bombardment mass spectroscopy

The technique of Fast Atom Bombardment mass spectroscopy (FAB-MS) involves the

bombardment of gaseous molecules by high energy particles, to produce a series of ions that

can be observed on a spectrum with respect to thefu mass/cha¡Be ratio and their intensity. The

positively charged ions produced a¡e accelerated through a magnetic field in a gaseous state,

and so collide with each other and fragment or aggregate according to the stabilities of the

resulting ions. The detector in the spectrometer records those ions that reach it as a peak on the

spectrum, the most intense of which is assigned an intensity of l00%o.

Previous work on monomeric triorganophosphinegold(I) thionucleobases of the general

formula [R3pAuSR'1û,62revealed that high nuclearity ag$egates involving phosphorus, gold

and sulphur can occur in relatively high abundance, indicating not only that such ions are stable

but also that both sulphur and phosphorus have an affinity for gold(I), as discussed in Chapter

1. Examples of the types of ions observed are given below:

[R3PAu]+ [(R¡P)zAu]+

[(R¡P)zAuS]+ [(R¡PAu)zS]+

[(R3PAu)2AuS1+ [(R3PAu)3S]+

Tables 4.7.1 and 4.7.2\istthe m/e values, intensity (as a percentage of the height of the most

intense peak) and the assignment of the most significant ions found in the FAB spectra of the

complexes. For those complexes of the general formula [R¡PAu(6-MP)] where R3P = Et3P,

Cycl3P, PhMe2P, Ph3P, (o-Tol)3P, (ln-Tol)3P or (p-Tol)3P, Table 4.7.1 shows that the

molecular ion, [M]+, is observed for all the complexes, suggesting product formation. A

selection of the type of fragments listed above are observed in these spectra, suggesting that the

binding force between the sulphur and gold atoms is independent of the nature of the

thionucleobase. However, fragments analogous to tߡPAu)z(6-Ml;1+ were not observed for


Tabte 4.7.I2 Mass Spectral Data For The Complexes Of The General Formula

IRfAu(6-MP)].

RrP [R¡PAu]+ M]+ [(R¡P)zAu]+ [@3PAu)2(GMP)]+ [@3PAu)2S]+ [(R3PAuþS]+


E13P 3r5,7170 466,96Vo 433, tAÙVo 780,7970 977, t310
Cycl3P 477,6070 628,90Vo 757, tNVo IIM,9OVO 1463,207o

PhMe2P 335,627o 486, r9to 702,870 ro37, r5vo


Ph3P 459,5970 610,lffi%o 72r,2770 1068,277o
(o-Tol)3P 50r,2470 652,3370 805, 10070 1152, lOTo
(rn-Tol)3P 50r, tao70 652,9070 805,51Vo tt52,6270

þ-Tol)3P 50r,4070 652,5170 805, 1007o rr52,670

Table 4.7.2: Mass Spectral Data For The Complexes Of The General Formulae
t F hzP ( C H z ) nP P h2 ) @uC I ) ( Au( 6 - M P ) ) I a nd [ ( P hzP ( C H z ) nP P hÐ ( Au( 6 - M P ) ) z ] .

Complex [doonAu]+ dpp¿AuSl+ tPhPr(CHr)r.+r¡Aul+ t(dppnAubl+ [dpp¿AuzS]+


ldppm(Au(GlvP)21 58r,87n

tdppe(AuclXAu(GMP))l 378,570 8?A,25Vo

ldppe(Au(GMP))zl 824,\Vo

tdppp(AuCl) (Au(GMP))l 609, rtvo 641,470 838,\Vo

tdppp(Au(6MP)D 6t9, t6%o 392,8770 r2t8,370

Table 4.7.2: (cont .)


+ +
Complex ldppnAuz(6MP)l tPh¡P(CHz)nAu2S (6-MP)l

[dppm(Au(GlvP))2] 929, 10010

tdppe(AuClXAu(6-MP))l 943, 10070 898,5Vo

tdppe(Au(6MP)Þl 943,10070

ldppp(AuClXAu(ClvfP)l 957, r00vo 9r2, tíVo


tdppp(Au(GMP))d 957,5670 9r2,6Vo

Note: The symbol n represents m, e, or p for the corresponding complex in that row. n+ I
indicates an extra methylene group. When used as a subscript, n = | for dppm complexes,
n = 2 for dppe complexes and so on.
52

other thionucleobases, suggesting that the stabitity of the S-Có bond is higher for
6-mercaptopurine under the conditions of the spectrometer.

The results from Table 4.7.1 suggest, from inspection of the composition of the fragments,

that phosphorus forms a strong interaction with gold(I) more often in a 1:1 ratio, but that

sulphur has the ability to coordinate to as many as three gold atoms.

The spectra for the complexes of the general formula [(PhzP(CH2)¡PPh2)(AuClXAu(6-MP))]

and [(PhzP(CHz)nPPhzXAu(6-MP))z], the results of which are summarized in Table 4.7.2,

show a variety of peaks, the results having less in common between the compounds than

observed in Table 4.7.I. The molecular ion is never observed with any significant abundance:

for the mono-substituted complexes, this might be attributable to the chloride ion being readily

lost in the conditions of the spectrometer. Notable is the appearance of the [dppnAu2(6-Me¡1+

fragment in high abundance in all the spectra. This fragment is analogous to the

[(R3PAu)2(6-Ue¡1+ fragment observed in Table 4.7.1, perhaps indicative of a strong


interaction between the gotd atom and the Gmercaptopurine moiety.

The combined spectroscopic evidence presented in this chapter is in accordance with the data

for analogous compounds in the literature and suggests product formation for the complexes
with the general formulae [R3PAu(6-MP)1 (where R3P = Et3P, Cycl3P, PhMe2P, Ph3P,
(o-Tol)3P, (n-Tol)3P or (p-Tol)3P), [(PhzP(CHz)nPPhzXAuClXAu(6-MP))] (where n = 2 ot

3) and t(PhzP(CH2)¡PPh2)(Au(6-MP))21 (where n = 1, 2 or 3). The results also indicate the

presence of the P-Au-S chromophore with 6-mercaptopurine as the sulphur donor. This
chromophore is usually observed to be linear in related structures; the next chapter discusses the

structure determinations of two of the complexes listed above, and confirms the spectroscopic

results.
53

CHAPTER 5

Crystallographic Investigations of the Complexes [Ph¡PAu(6-MP)].C2H50H


and [(o-Tol)¡PAu(6-MP)].CzH50 H

5.1Introduction

In this section the crystal structures of the complexes [Ph3PAu(6-MP)].C2H5OH and

[(o-Tol)¡PAu(6-MP)].CzHSOH and will be discussed. The methods concerned with the data
collection and refinement procedures for these structures have already been outlined in

Chapter 2. The effects of coordination to gold on the 6-mercaptopurinate moiety will be

discussed ¿ìs a separate section.

5.2 C ry s tal struc ture of I P h jP Au( 6 - M P ) ] .C z H 50 H

Crystals of the complex [PhfPAu(6-MP)].CZH5OH were grown from the slow evaporation of

a concentrated ethanolic solution of [Ph3PAu(6-MP)].The complex crystallizes in the triclinic

space group fi 1Cl, No.2¡++' crystal and rehnement data are listed in Table 5.2.1 and the

derived results are given in Tables 5.2.2 to 5.2.7 . Unlike the other structures featured in this

thesis, the structure was solved by Patterson methods, using the program DIRDIF92

PATTY72. Calculated and observed structure factors are listed in the Appendix. The
crystallographic numbering scheme as d¡awn with the ORTEP45 progmm is shown in Figure

5.2.r.

Figure 5.2.2 shows the unit cell contents with 15 Vo thermal ellipsoids. The triclinic space

group Pl is centrosymmetric, and this is demonstrated clearly in Figure 5.2-2. There are two
54

Table 5.2.1: Crystallographic Parameters for the IPîSPAu(6-MP)].CzHsOH Complex

Data [Ph¡PAu(6-MP)1. CzHsOH


Formula CzsHz¿,AUSPON+
Formula weight 656.5
Crystal shape octahedral
Crystal dimensions (mm) 0.07x0.11x0.29
Crystal system triclinic
Space group PI (cl, No. 2)
4 (,&) 11.066(3)
å (,{) 13.ss2(3)
c (Å) 8.70s(2)
a (") er.sr(2)
B (') 113.06(2)
v (") 89.6e(2)
v (Å:¡ 1200.8(5)
Z 2
pc¡c. (g c--3) 1.816
F(000) 640

[ (cm-l) 63.27
0limits, cell (") 7.51 to 12.82
0 limits, data (") 1.5 to 28.1
hklrange 0 to 14, -18 to 18, -11 to l0
Range of transmission factors 0.964 to 1.016
Scan technique u:20
No. of data measured 6297
No. of unique data 5989
Ramal 0.033
No. of unique data used 3978
Criterion of observabiliry 1> 3.0o(I)
No. of parameters 298
R 0.034
Rw 0.029
Residual electron density (e Ä'-l¡ -0.98 to 0.72
Table 5.2.2: Fractional Atomic Coordinates For The IPhjPAu(6-MP)] .CzH5OH Complex.

Atom X v z

Au 0.10466(2) -0.229s9(2) -0.0000s(3)

s(6) -0.0319(2) -0.320s(1) -o.22tr(2)

P(1) 0.2ss6(2) -0.1366(1) 0.1981(2)

o(41) o.7se6) 0.4se3(3) 0.444s(s)

N(1) -0.201s(s) -0.464s(4) -0.2436(s)

N(3) -o.2628(6) -0.s303(4) -0.0324(6)

N(7) -0.0271(5) -0.3431(3) 0.1643(s)

N(e) -0.1475(5) -0.4520(4) 0.23s8(s)

c(2) -0.26s9(7) -0.s2st (s) -0.1846(8)

c(4) -0.1778(6) -0.46s1(4) 0.0697(7)

c(s) -0.1043(s) -0.398s(4) 0.0263(6)

c(6) -0.1182(5) -0.3987(4) -0.1382(6)

c(8) -0.0567(6) -0.3789(s) o.2828(7)

c(l1) 0.4109(5) -0.1e9s(4) 0.2864(6)

c(rz) 0.4960(7) -0.1823(s) 0.449e(7)

c(13) 0.6143(7) -0.2308(s) 0.511s(8)

c(14) o.e69Q) -0.2948(s) 0.4109(9)

c(15) 0.s622(7) -0.3118(s) 0.2s 1s(8)

c(16) o.4439(6) -0.2646(s) 0.1883(7)

c(zr) 0.290e(6) -0.0202(4) 0.1290(7)

c(22) 0.4141(6) 0.010s(s) 0. rs81(8)

c(23) 0.43ss(8) 0.1011(6) 0.1034(9)

c(24) 0.3327(e) 0.1s88(s) 0.0194(9)

c(2s) 0.2100(8) 0.1286(5) -0.0102(9)

c(26) 0.1878(7) 0,03e6(5) 0.0435(e)


Table 5.2.2 (co ntinued)

c(31) o.2123(6) -0.106s(s) 0.37r9(7)

c(32) 0.2333(8) -0.0148(s) 0.4489(9)

c(33) 0.2036(9) 0.0031(7) 0.58s8(10)

c(34) 0.1s34(9) -0.0708(8) 0.64s8(10)

c(3s) 0.1368(1 1) -0.1604(8) 0.s731(11)

c(36) 0.1639(9) -0.1781(6) 0.434s(e)

c(41) 0.s80s(11) 0.3773(8) a.2306(12)

c(42) o.6319(12) 0.4197(7) 0.3e23(rt)


Table 5.2.32 Anisotropic Thermal Parameters For The IPîSPAu(6-MP)].CzHsOH Complex

Atom urr Uzz U¡¡ Un Ur¡ Uzz

Au 0.0484(1) 0.0s00(1) 0.0367(1) -0.0138(1) 0.0100s(9) -0.00523(9)

s(6) 0.0s9(l) 0.064(1) 0.0324(7) -0.0208(8) 0.0102(7) -0.0o32(t)

P(1) 0.0s0(1) 0.048(1) 0.036e(8) -0.0140(7) 0.0137(7) -0.0072(7)

o(41) 0.093(4) 0.084(3) 0.04s(3) -0.02e(3) 0.025(3) -0.00s(2)

N(1) 0.067(3) 0.061(3) 0.036(3) -0.023(3) 0.010(2) -0.007(2)

N(3) 0.086(4) 0.06e(4) 0.044(3) -0.03s(3) 0.017(3) -0.003(3)

N(7) 0.064(3) 0.0s4(3) 0.032(3) -0.01s(3) 0.010(2) -0.007(2)

N(e) 0.070(3) 0.0s8(3) 0.03s(3) -0.010(3) 0.017(2) -0.001(2)

c(2) 0.08s(s) 0.072(s) 0.046(4) -0.047(4) 0.014(4) -0.010(3)

c(4) 0.062(4) 0.043(3) 0.037(3) 0.001(3) 0.01s(3) 0.002(3)

c(s) 0.047(3) 0.038(3) 0.033(3) -0.000(3) 0"006(2) -0.002(2)

c(6) 0.04s(3) 0.03e(3) 0.038(3) 0.000(3) 0.011(3) 0.003(2)

c(8) 0.070(4) 0.061(4) 0.03e(3) -0.003(3) 0.016(3) -0.00s(3)

c(11) 0.0s0(3) 0.044(3) 0.037(3) -0.014(3) 0.010(3) -0.001(3)

c(rz) 0.070(s) 0.0s6(4) 0.044(4) -0.007(4) 0.001(3) -0.013(3)

c(13) 0.071(s) 0.068(4) 0.04e(4) 0.002(4) -0.003(3) 0.00s(3)

c(14) 0.064(s) 0.0s7(4) 0.073(s) -0.002(4) 0.014(4) 0.006(4)

c(1s) 0.070(s) 0.062(4) 0.0s8(4) 0.001(4) 0.019(4) -0.00s(3)

c(16) 0.068(4) 0.0s6(4) 0.03e(3) -0.018(3) 0.017(3) -0.006(3)

c(zr) 0.0s6(4) 0.038(3) 0.03e(3) -0.010(3) 0.018(3) -0.007(3)

c(22) 0.057(4) 0.0se(4) 0.05e(4) -0.011(3) 0.021(3) 0.001(3)

c(23) 0.083(s) 0.066(s) 0.087(6) -0.024(4) 0.039(5) 0.001(4)

c(24) 0.r2r(7) 0.048(4) 0.080(s) -0.011(s) 0.0s9(s) -0.003(4)

c(zs) 0.0e4(6) 0.0s3(s) 0.087(6) 0.016(4) 0.037(s) 0.013(4)

c(26) 0.064(4) 0.061(s) 0.076(s) -0.004(4) 0.029(4) 0.001(4)


Table 5.2.3 (continued)

c(31) 0.0s4(4) 0.072(4) 0.03e(3) -0.01s(3) 0.016(3) -0.00e(3)

c(32) 0.107(6) 0.06e(s) 0.066(s) -0.019(4) 0.046(5) -0.01e(4)

c(33) 0.127(8) 0.101(7) 0.0e0(6) -0.014(6) 0.061(6) -0.033(s)

c(34) 0.126(8) 0.148(e) 0.066(s) -0.046(7) 0.0se(6) -0.034(6)

c(3s) 0.21(1) 0.17(1) 0.088(7) -0.12(1) 0.100(8) -0.0s2(7)

c(36) 0.165(e) 0.106(6) 0.068(s) -0.078(6) 0.071(6) -0.036(s)

c(41) 0.1e(1) 0.ls(1) 0.0e2(7) -0.083(8) 0.037(7) -0.02e(7)

c(42) 0.20(1) 0.120(8) 0.071(6) -0.078(8) 0.057(7) -0.035(s)


Table 5.2.42 Hydrogen Atom Parameters For The IPïSPAu(6-MP)]-CzHsOH Complex

Atom x v z B(eq)

H(2) -0.3228 -0.5735 -0.2649 6.4

H(8) -0.0163 -0.3550 o.3975 6.1

H(e) -0.1830 -0.487r 0.3041 12.4

H(12) 0.4724 -0.1366 0.52rr 6.0

H(13) 0.6743 -0.2192 0.6267 6.4

H(14) 0.7310 -0.3282 0.4538 6.4

H(1s) 0.5856 -0.3578 0.1806 6.1

H(16) 0.3834 -0.2776 0.0738 5.3

H(22) 0.4880 -0.0314 0.2177 5.3

H(23) 0.5240 0.r231 0.1258 7.0

H(24) 0.3461 0.2223 -0.0202 6.9

H(25) 0.1359 0.1706 -0.0704 6.8

H(26) 0.0986 0.0186 0.0210 6.1

H(32) o.2695 0.0377 0.4057 6.8

H(33) o.2179 0.0682 0.6391 7.r

H(34) 0.1302 -0.0s89 0.7410 9.8

H(3s) 0.1052 -0.2142 0.6194 12.l

H(36) 0.1475 -0.2429 0.3806 9.7

H(41b) 0.5784 0.4268 0.1507 13.2

H(41c) 0.63s4 0.3229 0.2238 9.2

H(41a) 0.4923 0.3s38 0.2051 13.z

H(42a) 0.63s0 0.3691 0.4699 10.8

H(42b) 0.5740 0.4122 0.3915 10.8


Table 5.2.52 Bond Dístances ¡Å¡ for The [PhjPAu(6-MP)].C2H5OH Complex

Atom Atom Distance Atom Atom Distance

Au s(6) 2.287(t) c(l1) - c(16) 1.3s8(8)

c(13) r.37 s(9)


Au - P(1) 2.237(2) c(12)

s(6) - c(6) r.728(s) c(13) c(14) r.362(9)

P(1) - c(11) 1.804(6) c(41) c(42) 1.40(1)

P(1) c(zr) 1.801(6) c(14) c(1s) 1.3s 1(8)

P(1) - c(31) r.794(6) c(1s) - c(16) 1.368(e)

o(41) - c(42) 1.38(1) c(zr) - c(22) 1.3s2(8)

N(1) - c(2) t.332(7) c(zr) - c(26) 1.366(8)

N(1) - c(6) 1.338(6) c(22) c(23) 1.383(9)

N(3) c(2) 1.31s(7) c(23) - c(24) 1.34(l)

N(3) - c(4) r.329(7) c(24) c(zs) 1.34(1)

N(7) - c(s) r.376(6) c(2s) - c(26) r.363(9)

N(7) - c(8) 1.303(7) c(31) - c(32) 1.373(8)

N(e) - c(4) 1.3s8(6) c(31) - c(36) r.337 (9)

N(e) - c(8) r.3s2(7) c(32) c(33) r.3t r(9)

c(4) c(s) 1.373(7) c(33) c(34) 1.36( 1)

c(s) - c(6) r.379(7) c(34) - c(35) 1.33( l )

c(11) - c(12) t.37e(7) c(3s) - c(36) 1.37(1)


Table 5.2.6: Bond Angles (') For The [PfuPAu(6-MP)] .C2H5OH Complex

Atom Atom Atom Anele Atom Atom Atom Angle

s(6) -Au - P(1) t73.7r(6) P(1) - c(11) - c(16) 118.7(4)

Au s(6) - c(6) 10s.e(2) c(rz) - c(l1) c(16) 11e.8(6)

Au - P(1) - c(11) r11.4(2) c(l1) - c(r2) c(13) 11e.6(6)

Au - P(1) - c(21) rr4.9(2) c(12) - c(13) c(14) 120.0(6)

Au - P(1) - c(31) rr3.3(2> c(13) - c(14) c(15) rt9.9(7)

c(11) - P(1) - c(2r) 10s.7(3) c(14) - c(ls) c(16) 120.e(6)

c(11) - P(1) - c(31) 10s.2(3) c(11) - c(16) c(1s) 11e.8(6)

c(21) - P(1) - c(31) 105.4(3) P(1) - c(zr) c(22) 123.0(s)

c(2) - N(1) - c(6) I 18.7(s) P(1) - c(21) c(26) 1 18.1(5)

c(2) - N(3) - c(4) 111.0(s) c(22) - c(zr) c(26) 118.8(6)

c(s) - N(7) - c(8) 102.8(s) c(21) - c(22) c(23) 120.s(6)

c(4) - N(e) - c(8) 104.0(5) c(22) - c(23) c(24) tr9.7 (1)

N(1) - c(2) - N(3) 128.e(s) c(23) - c(24) c(2s) r20.0(7)

N(3) - c(4) - N(e) 126.s(6) c(24) - c(zs) c(26) 120.8(7)

N(3) - c(4) - c(5) 126.2(s) c(zr) - c(26) c(2s) r20.2(7)

N(e) - c(4) - c(s) 107.3(5) P(1) - c(31) c(32) r22.9(s)

N(7) - c(s) - c(4) 110.1(s) P(1) - c(31) c(36) 118.4(s)

N(7) - c(s) - c(6) r32.2(s) c(32) - c(31) c(36) 118.6(6)

c(4) - c(s) - c(6) r17.1(s) c(31) c(32) c(33) 120.6(7)

s(6) - c(6) - N(1) 116.e(4) c(32) - c(33) c(34) 11e.s(8)

s(6) - c(6) - c(5) tzs.6(4) c(33) - c(34) c(3s) 119.s(8)

N(1) - c(6) - c(5) 117.s(s) c(34) - c(3s) c(36) 121.1(8)

N(7) - c(8) - N(e) 11s.8(s) c(31) - c(36) c(3s) 120.6(8)

P(1) - c(11) - c(rz) 121.5(s) o(41) - c(42) c(4I) i i6.l(9)


Table 5.2.72 Mean Plane Data For The [Phf Au(6-MP)].C2H5OH Complex.

Plane number 1: I-€ast-squales plane through the 6-mercaptopurinate moiety

Atorns Defining Plane oistance (,{) esd (Å.)

s(6) -0.Cn.24 0.0018

N(1) 0.0192 0.0054

N(3) -0.0226 0.0062

N(7) 0.0110 0.0051

N(e) -0.0094 0.0052

c(2) 0.0202 0.0079

c(4) -0.0124 0.00s9

c(s) -0.0003 0.00s4

c(6) 0.0085 0.00s4

c(8) 0.0148 0.0065

Additional Atoms Distance (Å)

Au 0.1465

Mean deviation from plane is 0.0121 Å.

Chi-squared: 56.4.
Table 5.2.7 (continued)

Plane number 2: Least-squares plane through the phenyl ring defined by the atoms C(11) to

c(16).

Atoms Definine Plane Oistance (Å) esd (Å)

c(11) 0.0047 0.0051

c(rz) -0.0023 0.0067

c(13) -0.0050 0.0074

c(14) 0.0060 0.0067

c(1s) -0.0003 0.0068

c(16) -0.0048 0.0057

AdditionalAtom Distance (Å)

P( 1) 0.0342

Mean deviation from plane is 0.0039 (Å).

Chi-squared: 2.8.

Plane number 3: Least-squares plane through the phenyl ring defrned by the atoms C(21) to

c(26).

Atoms Def,rnins Plane Distance (Å) esd (Å)

c(21) 0.0014 0.0051

c(22) -0.0023 0.0062

c(23) 0.0020 0.0073

c(24) -0.0005 0.0068

c(zs) 0.0001 0.0073

c(26) -0.0010 0.0067

Additional Atom Disunce (Å)

P(1) 0.0118

Mean deviation from plane is 0.0012.Ä,.

Chi-squared: 0.3.
Table 5.2.7 (continued)

Plane number 4: Least-squares plane through the phenyl ring defined by the atoms C(31) to

c(36).

Atoms Definine Plane Distance (Å) esd (,{)

c(31) -0.0031 0.0061

c(32) 0.0062 0.0081

c(33) -0.0002 0.0094

c(34) -0.0111 0.0100

c(35) 0.0t77 0.0126

c(36) -0.0024 0.0101

AdditionalAtom Distance (Å)

P(1) 0.0790

Mean deviation from plane is 0.0068 ,&"

Chi-squared: 3.5.
cz4

c25
c23

czz
c26
czr
C1
c16

CI4 P1 Au S6

cll
c13 c12
c6
c31 N1

c36 N7
C2

c34 c3s N3
C8 C4

N9

Figure 5.2.1: Molecular Structure And, Crystallographic Nrmbering Scheme For

IPhjPAu(6-MP)].
+a

+c

Figure 5.2.2: Unit Cell Diagram Of IPhsPAu(6-MP)].C2H5OH.


55

ethanol solvent molecules of crystallization in the unit cell such that the ratio of complex to

ethanol molecules is l:1. Hydrogen bonding is observed to occur between O(41) of the ethanol

molecule and H(9) of the 6-mercaptopurinate moiety, at a distance of 1.77 Ã; this is

demonstrated in the extended lattice diagram of Figure 5.2.3. Hydrogen bonding might be

expected to occur between nearby purine moieties; however, the planes of any two purine rings

that are nearest neighbours are only parallel, not co-planar. Figure 5.2.3 also indicates how the

molecules pack in such a way in the lattice such that the phosphine groups form a layer, and the

more polar gold(I), purine and ethanol regions form another layer. There are no significant

Au...Au interactions in the lattice: the closest such interaction is 6.628(1) Å, which is larger

than range of Au...Au contacts of 2.7 5 to 3.25 Å normally considered to indicate a 'significant'

interaction46.

Figure 5.2.1 is an ORTEPa5 diagram of [Ph3PAu(6-MP)] plotted with 30Vo probability

ellipsoids. The gold atom exists in the expected linear geometry defined by the P(1) atom of the

triphenylphosphine ligand and the 5(6) atom derived from the 6-mercaptopurinate moiety, with

a P-Au-S angle of fi3.71(6)". The deviation from ideal geometry may be related to the

presence of the close intramolecular Au...N(7) contact. The intramolecular distance is

2.384(5) .4., less than the sum of the van der Waals radii of Au and N of 3.25 .Å, but not

suggestive of a significant interaction. The length of the P(l)-Au bond is found to be


2.237(l) Ä., which is equivalent within standard deviation to the value of 2.235(3) Å tor

[Ph3PAuCl]a7. Comparison between the Ph3P moieties of [Ph3PAuCl] and [Ph3PAu(6-MP)]

reveals that this region is virtually identical in both complexes; hence, coordination of the 6-MP

ligand to gold has a negligible effect on the electronic factors of the Ph3P ligand.

As expected, the phenyl rings of the phosphine moiety are all planar; the maximum mean

deviation is 0.01(l).Ä. for the ring defined by atoms C(31) to C(36). The maximum deviation of

P(1) out of this ring is 0.079 Å. fne internal bond distances and bond angles are all typical of

electron delocalization in the six-membered aromauc system.


.R
clA
-ô o

't

Figure 5.2.3: Lattice Diagram Of [PhsPAu(6-MP)].C2H5OH


56

The Au-S bond distan ce is 2.287 (1) Å, which is a typical value for triorganophosphinegold(I)

thionucleobase complexes; examples of these will be given in Chapter 6. The intramolecular

pammeters of the 6-mercaptopurinate moiety will be discussed in detail in section 5.4.

5.3 Crystal Structure of [(o-Tol) jPAu(6-MP)].CzHsOH

Crystals of the complex [(o-To1)¡PAu(6-MP)].C2H5OH, glown from the slow evaporation of

a concentrated ethanolic solution of the compound, crystallize in the monoclinic space group
P2tln (Crsn, No. lÐ44. Crystal and refinement data are listed in Table 5.3.1 and the derived

parameters are given in Tables 5.3.2 to 5.3.7. Calculated and observed stmcture factors can be
rS
found in the Appendix. The crystallographic numbering scheme.jfshown in the ORTEP

diagram in Figure 5.3.1.

The contents of the unit cell are illustrated in Figure 5.3.2. The ethanol and

f-mercaptopurinate regions are observed to be associated as a layer, as are the phosphine

moieties. Hydrogen bonding occurs between H(9) and N(3) of nearby purine rings, at a

intermolecular distance of 1.93 Å. ttris association is possible as the purine ring systems are

close to co-planar; Figure 5.3.3 shows this interaction in detail. The closest Au...Au contact in

the lattice is at a distance of 7.821(2) Å; as for [Ph3PAu(6-MP)].C2H5OH this distance is not

indicative of a significant interaction.

Figure 5.3.1 shows an ORTEP diagram of the complex with 30Vo thermal ellipsoids. Notable

is the similarity in appearance with [Ph3PAu(6-MP)]. As expected, the P-Au-S chromophore

is nearly linear, with an angle of fi7.03(8)". This is closer to linearity than for
[Ph3PAu(6-MP)]; this may be due to the different hydrogen bonding interactions, or is perhaps

due to the larger cone angle of (o-Tol)3P and the possible consequent steric interactions. The

N(7) atom is directed towards the gold centre at a distance of 2.860(7) Å, again less than the

sum of the van der Waals radii, but not suggestive of any signihcant bonding interaction46.
57

Table 5.3.1: Crystallographic Parameters for the [(o-Tol)3PAu(6-MP)] 'CzH5OH Complex

Daa [ (o-Tol)rPAu (6-MP)]. C2H5OH

Formula C4H3sAuSPON¿
Formula weight 698.6
Crystal shape hexagonal
Crystal dimensions (mm) 0.07x0.11x0.35
Crystal system monoclinic
Space group P2tln1Cr5n, No. t+¡

a (Å) 10.067(2)
b (Å) 10.518(2)
c (Å) 2s.416(4)

É (') 98.42(2)
v (Å:¡ 2662.1(9)
Z 4
pc¡c. (g
"--3)
u7r I'743
F(000) )aar'ta-76
F (cm-l) 57.16
0limits, cell (") 7.7 to 12.8
0limis, data (') 1.5 to 27.9
hklrange 0 to 12, 0 to 13, -33 to 33
Range of transmission factors 0.939 to 1.070
Scan technique u;20
No. of data measured 6280
No. of unique data 5913
Ramal 0.025
No. of unique data used 4r83
Criterion of ob servability / > 3.0o(1)
No. of parameters 325
R 0.040
Rw 0.041
Residual electron density (e Å-l¡ 3.51
Tabte 5.3.2: Fractional Atomic Coordinates For The [(o-Tol) jPAu(6-MP)] .C2H5OH
Complex.

Atom x v z

Au o.34432(3) 0.s1852(3) 0.r477s(r)

s(6) 0.r72t(2) 0.6422(2) 0.1099(1)

P(1) 0.s073(2) 0.3e18(2) 0.1878(1)

o(41) 0.1220(7) 0.2r3e(6) -0.0267(3)

N(1) 0.rs79(7) 0.8334(6) 0.044s(3)

N(3) 0.331s(8) 0.9469(7) 0.0122(3)

N(7) 0.4869(7) 0.69s0(6) 0.0912(3)

N(e) 0.s481(7) 0.85s2(7) 0.o42s(3)

c(2) 0.2072(t0) 0.9250(9) 0.0176(4)

c(4) 0.4130(e) 0.862s(8) 0.0393(4)

c(s) 0.3778(8) 0.7632(7) 0.0693(3)

c(6) 0.2430(8) 0.7s02(7) 0.0717(3)

c(8) 0.s863(9) 0.7s33(9) 0.0744(4)

c(l1) 0.ss43(7) 0.4320(7) 0.2s73(3)

c(12) 0.ss87(8) 0.3363(8) 0.29sr(4)

c(13) 0.s84s(10) 0.3647(9) 0.3476(4)

c(14) 0.6032(10) 0.4863(11) 0.3635(4)

c(1s) 0.6004(9) 0.s808(8) 0.3272(4)

c(16) 0.s76e(8) 0.ssj4(7) 0.2743(4)

c(17) 0.s82s(8) 0.663e(7) 0.2363(4)

c(21) 0.4648(8) 0.2248(6) 0.1868(3)

c(22) 0.5ss4(8) 0.1387(7) 0.1696(3)

c(23) 0.s2s6(10) 0.0122(8) 0.1666(4)

c(24) 0.404s(10) -0.0294(8) 0.fi92(4)


Table 5.3.2 (continued)

c(2s) 0.3166(e) 0.0s4s(8) 0.19ss(4)


..:
c(26) 0.344s(8) 0.1820(7) 0.2006(3)
-;.1
I c(27> 0.2468(8) 0.2677(8) o.2212(4)

'-) c(31) 0.6s80(8) 0.4081(7) 0.1s7s(3)


r'.,.ì
'..
:
..af .¡ 0.1869(3)
c(32) 0.7749(8\ o.4418(7)

c(33) 0.88e2(e) 0.4634(e) 0.1673(5)

c(34) 0.8828(11) 0.4s15(e) 0.1135(6)

c(3s) 0.7668(11) 0.4r61(e) 0.0814(4)

c(36) 0.6s26(e) 0.3e35(8) 0.1036(4)

c(37) 0.s280(11) 0.356s(e) 0.0668(4)

c(41) 0.r443(r4) o.2360(12) 0.065s(s)

c(42) 0.r396(t2) 0.300e(12) 0.01s2(5)


Tabte 5.3.3: Anisotropic Thermnl Parameters ForThe [(o-ToI)fAu(6-MP)].CzH5OH

ComPIex.

Atom Uu Un. U¡¡ Un Urc Utz

Au 0.042s(2) 0.044s(2) 0.0442(2) 0.000s(2) 0.0064(2) 0.0099(1)

s(6) 0.040(1) 0.073(2) 0.0ee(2) 0.004(1) 0.011(1) 0.045(2)

P(1) 0.038(1) 0.037(1) 0.034(1) -o.o0o8(9) 0.008(1) 0.0038(e)

o(41) 0.082(s) 0.104(s) 0.042(s) 0.014(4) 0.012(4) -0.00e(4)

N(1) 0.063(s) 0.0s8(4) 0.048(s) 0.005(4) 0.016(4) 0.017(4)

N(3) 0.066(s) 0.067(s) 0.062(6) 0.00s(4) 0.017(s) 0.02s(4)

N(7) 0.042(4) 0.064(s) 0.064(6) 0.002(4) 0.009(4) 0.008(4)

N(e) 0.063(s) 0.066(s) 0.0s0(6) -0.011(4) 0.01s(4) 0.00e(4)

c(2) 0.071(7) 0.064(6) 0.0s8(7) 0.003(s) 0.00e(6) 0.01e(s)

c(4) 0.0s8(6) 0.0se(s) 0.03e(6) -0.006(s) 0.018(s) -0.001(4)

c(s) 0.0s3(5) 0.04e(s) 0.03s(6) -0.004(4) 0.006(4) 0.003(4)

c(6) 0.0s1(s) 0.0s4(s) 0.042(6) 0.000(4) 0.013(s) 0.00e(4)

c(8) 0.0s8(6) 0.071(6) 0.0s0(7) 0.001(s) 0.014(s) 0.010(s)

c(11) 0.036(4) 0.04s(4) 0.028(s) -0.001(3) 0.010(4) -0.001(3)

c(12) 0.0s8(6) 0.0s3(s) 0.042(6\ -0.006(4) 0.008(s) 0.006(4)

c(13) 0.074(1) 0.084(7) 0.031(6) -o.o1s(6) -0.000(s) 0.012(5)

c(14) 0.071(6) 0.108(8) 0.02e(6) -0.01s(6) 0.010(s) -0.01s(6)

c(1s) 0.064(6) 0.067(6) 0.036(6) -0.006(s) 0.012(5) -0.017(s)

c(16) 0.040(s) 0.047(s) 0.043(6) -0.003(4) 0.00e(4) -0.004(4)

c(17) 0.0se(6) 0.043(5) 0.062(7) 0.002(4) 0.007(s) -0.006(4)

c(2r) 0.04e(s) 0.03s(4) 0.034(s) -0.004(3) 0.003(4) 0.001(3)

c(22) 0.0s4(s) 0.046(s) 0.044(6) 0.002(4) 0.012(s) -0.000(4)

c(23) 0.090(7) 0.047(s) 0.0s7(7) 0.0r3(5) 0.02s(6) -0.00s(s)

c(24) 0.088(7) 0.042(s) 0.048(6) -0.011(s) 0.007(6) -0.002(4)


Table 5.3.3 (continued)

c(2s) 0.067(6) 0.054(s) 0.0ss(7) -0.011(s) 0.017(s) 0.011(s)

c(26) 0.0s3(s) 0.044(4) 0.036(6) -0.002(4) 0.013(4) 0.006(4)

c(27) 0.0ss(6) 0.063(s) 0.062(7) -0.008(4) 0.034(5) 0.004(s)

c(31) 0.044(s) 0.042(4) 0.033(5) -0.00s(4) 0.01e(4) 0.004(4)

c(32) 0.048(s) 0.047(4) 0.04s(6) 0.001(4) 0.021(4) -0.0o0(4)

c(33) 0.0s3(6) 0.068(6) 0.086(9) -0.013(s) 0.017(6) -0.00s(6)

c(34) 0.074(8) 0.071(7) 0.10(1) -0.016(6) 0.0s1(7) -0.007(7)

c(3s) 0.0e2(8) 0.07e(7) 0.058(8) -0.013(6) 0.045(7) -0.007(6)

c(36) 0.0s7(6) 0.056(s) 0.os2(7) -0.00e(4) 0.02r(s) -0.001(s)

c(37) o.oe3(8) 0.09s(7) 0.038(7) -0.011(6) 0.017(6) -0.00s(5)

c(41) 0.16(1) 0.13(1) 0.07(1) 0.00(1) 0.02(1) -0.022(8)

c(42) 0.088(e) 0.13(1) 0.0s6(e) -0.014(7) 0.011(7) 0.004(8)


Table 5.3.4: Hydrogen Atom Parameters For The [(o-Tol)SPAU(6-MP)].C2H5OH Complex

Atom x v z B(eq)

H(2) o.r4r9 0.9838 -0.0006 6.1

H(8) 0.679r 0.7269 0.0837 5.6

H(e) 0.6060 0.9110 0.0256 5.6

H(12) 0.5431 0.2487 0.2839 4.8

H(13) 0.589s 0.2972 0.3738 6.0

H(14) 0.6189 0.s063 0.4012 6.6

H(1s) 0.6156 0.6677 o.3394 5.2

H(17a) 0.6714 0.7016 0.2420 5.2

H(17b) 0.5633 0.632r 0.2002 5.2

H(17c) 0.5164 0.7277 0.2420 5.2

H(22) 0.6394 0.1690 0.1s98 4.5

H(23) 0.5892 -0.0480 0.1557 6.0

H(24) 0.3819 -0.1191 0.t764 5.6

H(2s) 0.23t4 0.0234 0.2038 5.5

H(27a) 0.2804 o.3543 o.2222 5.5

H(27b) 0.1613 0.2635 0.198 1 5.5

H(27c) 0.2351 0.24t3 0.2568 5.5

H(32) 0.77& 0.4510 0.2250 4.3

H(33) 0.9718 0.4862 0.1900 6.s

H(34) 0.9626 0.4686 0.0974 7.4

H(3s) 0.76s7 0.4071 0.0434 6.9

H(37a) 0.4551 0.3428 o.o872 1.1

H(37b) 0.5038 0.4240 0.0412 7.1


1l
H(37c) 0.5446 u.¿ t óó 0.0482 I l.t,^

H(41a) 0.0606 0.1908 o.0662 11.0


Table 5.3.4 (continued)

H(41b) 0.2182 0.1758 0.0697 11.0

H(4lc) 0.r574 0.2914 0.0942 11.0

H(42a) 0.2230 0.3468 0.0148 8.6

H(42b) 0.0652 0.3605 0.0110 8.6


Table 5.3.5: Bond Distances (A) For The [(o-Tol)sPAu(6-MP)].CzHsOH Complex.

Atom Atom Distance Atom Atom Distance

Au s(6) 2.266(2) c(14) c(15) 1.36(1)

Au - P(1) 2.239(2) s(6) c(6) 1.71s(8)

c(15) c(16) 1.35(1) P(1) c(11) 1.809(8)

P(1) c(zr) 1.808(7) c(16) c(17) r.49(r)

P(1) c(31) 1.808(8) o(41) c(42) 1.40(1)

N(1) c(2) r.32(1) N(1) c(6) r.343(e)

c(21) c(22) 1.40(1) N(3) c(2) 1.30(1)

c(21) c(26) 1.38(1) N(3) c(4) 1.33(1)

c(22) c(23) 1.36(1) N(7) c(5) 1.36(1)

N(7) c(8) 1.30(1) c(23) c(24) 1.38(1)

N(e) c(4) 1.3s(1) N(e) c(8) r.37 (r)

c(24) - c(2s) 1.36(1) c(2s) c(26) 1.37( 1)

c(4) c(s) 1.37(1) c(5) c(6) r.37 (t)


c(26) c(27) 1.4e(1) c(11) c(12) 1.39(1)

c(l1) - c(16) 1.40(1) c(r2) c(13) 1.36(1)

c(31) - c(32) 1.3s(1) c(31) c(36) 1.37 (r)

c(13) c(14) 1.3s( 1) c(32) c(33) 1.34(1)

c(33) c(34) r.37 (r) c(34) c(3s) 1.37( 1)

c(3s) c(36) 1.37(1) c(36) c(37) 1.s0(1)

c(41) c(42) r.44(2)


Table 5.3.6: Bond Angles (") For The [(o-Tol) jPAu(6-MP)].CzHsOH Complex

Atom Atom Atom Ansle Atom Atom Atom Angle

s(6) - P(1) 177.03(8) c(I1) c(tz) c(13) 120.3(8)

Au - c(6) 10s.3(3) c(r2) - c(13) c(14) r20.2(9)

Au - c(11) rr2.0(2) c(13) c(14) c(1s) 120.3(e)

Au - c(21) 1r4.6(3) c(14) - c(ls) c(16) 121.8(8)

Au - c(31) 110.7(3) c(l1) - c(16) c(1s) 118.s(8)

c(11) - c(2r) r0s.6(4) c(l1) - c(16) c(17) 122.r(8)

c(l1) - c(31) 106.1(4) c(1s) - c(16) c(17) 119.4(8)

c(zt) - c(31) 107.3(4) P(1) c(2\) c(22) 1 18.0(6)

c(2) - c(6) 118.9(8) P(1) c(zt) c(26) r2r.1(6)

c(2) c(4) 110.e(8) c(22) - c(zr) c(26) r20.2(7)

c(s) - c(8) 103.4(7) c(zr) - c(22) c(23) 120.0(8)

c(4) c(8) 10s.8(7) c(22) - c(23) c(24) 11e.5(8)

N(1) - N(3) 128.7(e) c(23) c(24) c(2s) r20.2(8)

N(3) - N(e) r27.4(8) c(24) - c(zs) c(26) r22.r(e)

N(3) - c(s) r27.4(9) c(21) - c(26) c(2s) 117.e(8)

N(e) - c(s) 10s.2(8) c(zr) - c(26) c(27) 122.8(7)

N(7) - c(4) 11 1.7(8) c(2s) - c(26) c(27) 11e.3(8)

N(7) - c(6) 132.3(8) P(1) - c(31) c(32) 120.s(6)

c(4) - c(6) 11s.e(8) P(1) c(31) c(36) t20.2(6)

s(6) - N(1) 115.8(6) c(32) c(31) c(36) 119.2(8)

s(6) c(5) Lzs.e(1) c(31) c(32) c(33) t24.6(9)

N(1) - c(5) 118.2(8) c(32) c(33) c(34) 1 16(1)

N(7) - N(e) 113.8(8) c(33) c(34) c(3s) r22.0(9)

P(1) - c(12) 118.e(6) c(34) - c(3s) c(36) 120(1)

P(1) c(16) r22.r(6) c(31) - c(36) c(35) I 18.s(9)

c(12) c(16) 1 18.9(8) c(31) c(36) c(37) r23.9(8)

c(3s) c(37) 1 18(1) o(41) c(42) c(41) I 10(1)


Table 5.3.7 (continued)

Plane number 2: Iæast-squares plane through the ortln-tolyl ring defined by the atoms C(11) to

c(16).

Atoms Definine Plane Distance (,Ð esd (.Ä.)

c(11) -0.0041 0.0071

c(12) -0.0017 0.0086

c(13) 0.0106 0.0100

c(14) -0.0089 0.0099

c(1s) -0.0011 0.0091

c(16) 0.0056 0.0076

Additional Atoms Distance (Å)

P(1) -0.1466

C( 17) 0.0901

Mean deviation from plane is 0.0053 (Ä.).

Chi-squared: 2.5.

i
l

'1

i
I

I
Table 5.3.7: Mean Plane Data For The [(o-Tol) jPAu(6-MP)].CzHsOH Complex.

Plane number 1: l,east-squares plane through the 6-mercaptopurine moiety.

Atoms Defrning Plane Distance (Å) esd (Å)

s(6) 0.0134 0.0031

N(1) -0.0479 0.0076

N(3) 0.0324 0.0083

N(7) -0.0363 o.0017

N(e) 0.0282 0.0076

c(2) 0.0058 0.0104

c(4) 0.0196 0.0086

c(s) -0.0223 0.0082

c(6) -0.0s03 0.0086

c(8) 0.0016 0.0097

AdditionalAtom Distance (Å)

Au -0.0444

Mean deviation from plane is 0.0253 (Å).

Chi-squared: 156.3.
Table 5.3.7: (continued)

Plane number 3: Iæast-squares plane through the ortho-tolyl ring def,ured by the atoms C(21) to

c(26).

Atoms Definine Plane oistance (Å) eø (,4)

c(21) -0.0039 0.0078

c(22) -0.0062 0.0084

c(23\ 0.0131 0.0098

c(24) -0.0029 0.0092

c(2s) -0.0105 0.0094

c(26) 0.0111 0.0082

AdditionalAtoms Distance (Å)

c(27) 0.0711

P(1) -0.0856

Mean deviation from plane is 0.0080 (Å).

Chi-squared: 5.3.
Table 5.3.7 (continued)

Plane number 4: Least-squares plane through the ortho-tolyl ring defined by the atoms C(31) to

c(36).

Atoms Definine Plane Pistance (,{) esd (Å)

c(31) -0.0048 0.0070

c(32) 0.0001 0.0074

c(33) 0.0086 0.0093

c(34) -0.0093 0.0100

c(3s) -0.0004 0.0099

c(36) 0.0070 0.0083

AdditionalAtoms Distance (Å)

P(1) -0.1298

Cß7\ 0.0010

Mean deviation from plane is 0.0050 (Å).

Chi-squared: 2.6.
c2s
c24
czl

cz3 76

c2l
c12 czz
cl3

cl4 cll P1 Au S6

c16 c37
c15
c3r
C6
NI
c36
c32 C5
c17
N7
c35 CZ

c33
c34
C8 N3
C4

N9

Figure 5.3.1: Molecular Structure And Crystallographic Nwnbering Scheme For

[(o-Tol)jPAu(6-MP)].
+a

+c
0

Figure 5.3.2: Unit Cell Diagram Of [(o-ToI) jPAu(6-MP)].CzHsOH


)

Figure 5.3.3: Diagram lllustrating Intermolecular Hydrogen Bond.ing (indicated by

dnshed lines).
58

The P(l)-Au distance is2.239(2) Å, which is equivalent within standard deviation to the

value of 2.243(2) Å for [(o-Tol)¡PAuCl155. It is also equivalent to the corresponding value of

2.237(2) Å for [Ph3PAu(6-MP)], suggesting that not only does the coordination of the 6-MP

ligand to the gold centre have little electronic effect on the phosphine moiety but also that the

size of the phosphine cone angle affects the P-Au bond to a negligible extent. This latter

observation is in accordance with the results obtained from the cone angle correlation for

triorganophosphinegold(I) chlorides in Chapter 3. The P-C bond distances also display

equivalent values.

T\e ortho-tolyl rings are all planar; the maximum deviation from planarity is observed for the

ring defined by the atoms C(21) to C(26), of the value 0.008(9) Å. fne phosphorus atom lies

out of the plane to a maximum value of 0.147 Å for the ring defined by the atoms C(11) to

C(16). The methyl groups on all three ring systems only deviate from the plane by less than

0.1 .Å, which is expected as the C(16), C(26) and C(36) atoms are all sp2 trybridized in the

aromatic system, as evidenced by the corresponding angles all being equal to 120' within

standard deviation.

The Au-S bond length ls 2.266(2) A., avalue which is significantly shorter than 2.287 0) L
for [Ph3PAu(6-MP)]. Again, this may be attributable to the relative cone-angles of (o-Tol)3P

and Ph3P, which are I94 and 145' respectivel/9, possibly giving rise to differing steric

interactions. The effect of coordination on the 6-mercaptopurinate moiety is discussed in the

next sectlon.

5.4 Comparison between the í-mercaptopurinate moiery in the free lígand and in the

complexes.

Crystallographic data for the free 6-mercaptopurine ligand has been obtained from the

reference of Sletten, Sletten and Jensen5T on the analysis of 6-mercaptopurine monohydrate.

Tables 5.4.1 and 5.4.2 gre the bond distances and bond angles for 6-mercaptopurine

monohydrate. These values are also given pictorially in Figures 5.4.1 and 5.4.2. Alongside
59

Table 5.4.1: Bond Distances ¡Å¡ f or í-mercaptopurine MonohydratesT

Atom Atom Distance Atom Atom Distance

N(1) c(2) 1.3s0(2) c(6) - s(6) 1,.676(2)

c(2) - N(3) t.3o7(2) c(s) - N(7) 1.370(2)

N(3) - c(4) r.364(2) N(7) - c(8) r.346(2)

c(4) c(s) r.397(2) c(8) - N(e) r.326(2)

c(s) - c(6) 1.396(2) N(e) - c(4) r.363(2)

c(6) - N(1) r.384(2)

Table 5.4.22 Bond Angles (') For í-mercaptopurine MonohydratesT

Atom Atom Atom Angle Atom Atom Atom Angle

c(6) - c(2) rzs.4(r) c(6) r32.2(r)

10s.9(1)
N(1) - N(3) 12s.1(l) c(4)

c(2) - c(4) l r3.0(1) c(5) 106.1(1)

N(3) - c(s) r24.2(t) N(7) 113.6(1)

c(4) - c(6) r2r.9(r) c(8) 104.s(1)

c(s) - N(1) r 10.4(1) N(e) 109.9(1)

c(s) - s(6) r27.0(r) N(e) rzs.9(r)

N(1) _ s(6) 122.6(r)


S6

H1

Ht
t22.6 t21 0
I
N
I t0.4 \ 1

t25.4 t 21.9
r 3.ó
I 125.0 124.2
.5
-Hs
H2
\r 13.0
N3
Ne
,/\
Au

6-mercaptopurine S6
ros.q

l16.9 125.6

32 7 1
7
N C5 102 8

il8.7 l17 7 u0I


il5 8

128.9
I 126.2 r07.1
.0
-Hs
H2
\
N3 'r"r'r:;< Nq

105.3
\
He

115.8 r25.9

132.3
[Ph3PAu(6-MP)]
I18.2
I 03.4
NI
I 18.9 115.9 lll.7
l 13.8

I 1?,8.1 121 .4 105-2


105.8
-Hs
ll0
H2 N3
He

[(o-Tol[PAu(6-MP)]

Figure 5.4.2: Schematic Represenration Of The Bond Angles (") InThe Purine Moiery OJ

6-mercaptopurine Monohydrate, IP|EP Au(6-M P )] .C2H 5OH and [(o-Tol)jP Au(6-


MP)l.CzHsOH.
60

these diagrams are shown the 6-mercaptopurinate regions of the two complexes. The estimated

standard deviations for the values of the complexes have not been given for reasons of clarity

but they can be found in the tables on the previous pages.

Analysis of Figure 5.4.1 indicates how the internal molecular structure of the ring system is

altered upon complexation of the 6-mercaptopurinate ligand to the gold atom via the sulphur

atom. The most significant observation is that concerning the C(6)-S(6) bond. In 6-MPH, the

C(6)-S(6) bond length is 1.676(2) Å, a value indicative of its significant double-bond


character. Upon complexation, the length of this bond increases appreciably, to 1.728(5) ,Â, fo.

[Ph3PAu(6-MP)] and to 1.715(8) Å for [(o-Tol)¡PAu(6-MP)]. Hence, as expected the


C(6FS(6) bond approaches single-bond character as the sulphur atom binds to the gold atom.

The general increase in electron delocalization in the six-membered ring of 6-mercaptopurine

upon complexation leads to the N(l)-C(6) and C(5FC(6) bonds increasing in multiple-bond

character, which in turn lessens the bond order of the C(6)-S(6) interaction. All the bonds in
the six-membered ring system except for C(2FN(3) demonstrate a decrease in length;
N(1)-C(6) undergoes the greatest change. In the five-membered ring, the bonds of C(5)-N(7)

and C(4)-N(9) vary only slightly. An increase in the bond length of C(8)-N(9) and a decrease

in N(7)-C(8) is observed; the bond character in these two bonds has essentially been

exchanged from the free ligand to the complex. The movement in electron density thus suggests

that it is N(9) which is protonated in the complexes, whereas N(7) was protonated in the free

ligand, and justifies the placement of H(9) at this position, with the N-H bond distance fixed at

O.es Å.

The change in the internal angles, as illustrated in Figure 5.4.2, conf,rrms what the previous

paragraph suggested. The internal angles of the six-membered ring all appear to converge to

120", consistent with an increase in aromaticity in the ring. For both complexes the angles

C(4)-C(5)-N(7) and C(5)-C(4)-N(9) increase and decrease in size respectively upon


complexation, which is consistent with the movement of the amino hydrogen fiom N('/) to

N(e).
61

The arguments above are consistent with the data obtained via the spectral characterization of

the complexes. Contraction of N(1)-C(6) upon complexation, which indicates an increase in

double bond character, was manifested in the infra¡ed spectra by a higher absorption frequency

of the thioamide band I vibrational mode. Similarly, the decrease in double bond character of

C(6)-S(6) is reflected by the decreasing absorption frequency of the thioamide band II


chromophore in the complexes. The observed overall contraction in size of the ring system also

supports the arguments made in Chapter 4 concerning the electronic effects of complexation via

sulphur on the resonance frequencies of the carbon-13 nuclei. Hence, as these interpretations

are now vindicated by the crystallogaphic evidence, then the identity of all the other complexes

prepared can be confirmed by extrapolation.

Even with the inclusion of the sulphur atom as part of the ring system, the purine group in

each of the molecules is planar; the mean deviation from the mean planes for [Ph3PAu(6-MP)]

and [(o-Tol)3PAu(6-MP)] being 0.012 and 0.026 Å respectively. When excluded, calculations

show that the system appea$ to be more planar e.g. in [Ph3PAu(6-MP)] the mean deviation is

0.009 Å. Bittrer way, the mean deviations are small.

All the effects noticed are expected for complexation to gold(I) via the sulphur atom,

consistent with the strucnres of other triorganophosphinegold(I) thiolate complexes. However,

a variety of coordination modes exist for crystal structures involving 6-mercaptopurine-type

thionucleobases in the literature. One example is coordination via N(9) e.g. 6-mercaptopurine

ribosideT3, and another common type is the ligand acting in bidentate fashion, coordinating to

the metal atom via the S(6) and N(7) atoms, e.g. dichloro-(6-mercapto-9-

methylpurine)copper(I!7a, (6-mercaptopurine)diaquodicadmium(IÐ75 and bis(6-mercapto-9-

benzylpurine)palladium(Il)-dimethylacetamideT6. In these cases the internal structure of the

purine moiety is similar to those discussed above given the changes. An example of metal to

sulphur coordination has been reported for dichloro(6-mercaptopurinium)copper(I)13, where

the 6-MP is in a protonated form; the effects here on the internal structure of the
62

6-mercaptopurinate moiety are many ways the opposite to the effects observed for
deprotonation.

The crystallographic investigations of [Ph3PAu(6-MP)].C2H5OH and

[(o-Tol)3PAu(6-MP)].CzHSOH has revealed a number of observations. As expected, the


P-Au-S chromophore is a nea¡ linear group, consistent with previously observed data for
analogous structures. The bond distances within the 6-mercaptopurinate moiety undergo a

general contraction upon complexation, a result which is expected as the electron density

increases within the ring structure. The ligand coordinates exclusively in the monodentate
mode; the N(7) atom is oriented towa¡ds the gold centre in the solid state, although not at a

intramolecular distance indicative of a significant interaction. The specftoscopic data concerning

these complexes is consistent with the observed intramolecular parameters.


63

CHAFT|ER 6

Crystallographic Investigations of Triorganophosphinegold(I) Thiolates

6.L Introduction

There are now several examples of crystal structures of triorganophosphinegold(I) thiolates

with the general formula [R¡PAu(SR')] in the literature. Common to all these complexes is the

SR' moiety coordinating in a monodentate mode, as a thiolate ligand, i.e. with an Au-S-R'

linkage, and an invariably linear P-Au-S chromophore. Such structural characteristics were

also observed in Chapter 5 for the [Ph3PAu(6-MP)] and [(o-Tol)¡PAu(6-MP)] complexes.

Thus, in a similar fashion to the triorganophosphinegold(I) chlorides analyzed in Chapter 3, a

study may be performed on these complexes to determine whether any simple relationship

exists between the steric effects of the phosphine and thiolate groups, and the intramolecular

parameters of P-Au, Au-S, P-Au-S and possibly the Au...N interaction observed in most of

the complexes; such a study is performed in this chapter. In order to gain additional information

on complexes possessing the Cycl3P phosphine group, the crystal structure determination of

the complex 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracilato(tricyclohexylphosphine)gold(I), [Cycl3PAu(6p2-TU)],

was performed.

6.2 Crystal structure of the [CycljPAu(6p2-fu)] complex

The complex [Cycl3PAu(6p2-TU)] was prepared by the literature methodl9; crystals of the

complex were obtained from the slow evaporation of a saturated ethanolic solution of the

compound, and the complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group PLtlc (C25n, ltto- lÐ44.
64

Table 6.2.12 Crystallographic Parameters For The [CycþPAu(6p2-fU)] Complex

Data lCyclgPAu(6p2-TU)l
Formula C25Ha2AuSPONz
Formula weight 646.6
Crystal shape rectangular prism
Crystal dimensions (mm) 0.16x0.16x0.29
Crystal system monoclinic
Space group P2tlc 1Ç, No. t+¡
4 (Å) e.s3e(2)
b (Å) 16.4s2(4)
c (Å) 16.880(2)
p (") es.37(2)
v (År¡ 2637.4(8)
Z 4
pc¿c. (g c--3) r.628
F(000) )z{ 216
u (cm-l) 57.56
0 limits, cell (') 13.1 to 15.4
0 limits, data (") 1.5 to 27.9
hklrange 0 to 12, 0 to 21, -20 to 20
Range of transmission factors 0.985 to 1.012
Scan technique a;20
No. of data measured 6899
No. of unique data 6524
Ramal 0.060
No. of unique data used 369s
Criterion of observability 1> 3.0o(Ð
No. of parameters 280
R 0.043
Rw 0.039
Residual electron density (e Å-l¡ -1.28 to 0.90
65

Crystat and refinement data are listed in Table 6.2.1, and the derived results are given in Tables

6.2.2 to 6.2.7. The observed and calculated structure factors can be found in the Appendix.

The crystallographic numbering scheme is shown in the ORTEP45 diagram in Figure 6.2.1,

plotted with 30 Vo thermal ellipsoids.

The unit cell contents of [Cycl3PAu(6p2-TU)] are displayed in Figure 6.2.2 and are clearly

demonsrrative of the P21lc space group. As observed in other triorganophosphinegold(I)

derivatives containing the thiouracilate anion9,19,6l, centrosyrnmetrically related molecules are

associated via hydrogen bonding contacts in the lattice. They involve the N(3)-H(3) and O(4')

aroms such that the H(3)...O(4') separation is 1.90 Å and the N(3)-H(3)...O(4') angle is 161'
(symmetry operation for O(4') is -x, l-y, -z)" The closest gold to gold interaction is

3.460(1) ,4,, which is too large to be considered as a'significant' interaction46.

The molecular structure of [Cycl3PAu(6p2-TU)] is shown in Figure 6.2.2. As expected, the

P-Au-S chromophore is linear, the angle being 171 .6(1)" . The P(lFAu and Au-S(2) bond

lengrhs are 2.248(3) and 2.302(3) Å respectively. These values are equivalent to those

observed for the related complex [Cycl3PAu(6m2-TU)177 the implications of this will be

discussed in the next section. The three P-C bond lengths are all equivalent to within standard

deviation, suggesting the electronic environment about these bonds is identical. The cyclohexyl

g¡oups exist in the'chair' conformation; relatively large thermal motion is associated with these

atoms.

The 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracilate moiety is coordinated as expected to the gold centre via the

sulphur atom, as a thiolate rather than a thione. The two bond distances of N(1)-C(2) and

N(3FC(2) are 1.28(1) and 1.37(l) Å respectively, indicating the former has greater double
bond character. Hence deprotonation of the free ligand occurs at N(1), consistent with results

observed for other triorganophosphinegold(I) thiouracilates9,19,62,18. The distance between

N(1) and Au is 3.061(9) ,Ä,, less than the sum of the van der V/aal radii, but, like with the two

$-mercaptopurinate complexes in Chapter 5 and other analogous complexes, not indicative of a


Table 6.2.2: Fractional Atomic Coordinates For The [CycllPAu(6p2-TU)] Complex

Atom x v z

Au 0.40117(4) 0.7rs2s(3) 0.226s2(3)

s(2) 0.26s3(3) 0.6070(2) o.1792(2)

P(1) 0.5417(3) 0.8183(2) 0.21r4(2)

o(4) -0.01s1(e) o.s63s(s) -0.0732(s)

N(1) 0.2t4s(e) 0.7192(6) 0.0689(6)

N(3) 0.1137(8) 0.se37(s) 0.0415(s)

c(2) 0.1es7(9) 0.64s8(7) 0.08e6(6)

c(4) 0.0s25(13) 0.6143(8) -0.0323(8)

c(s) 0.0743(1s) 0.6972(9) -0.0507(8)

c(6) 0.rs23(r4) 0.746r(e) -0.000e(e)

c(l1) 0.7079(10) 0.8113(6) o.227e(6)

c(12) 0.8076(11) 0.8823(7) 0.242s(7)

c(13) 09317(r2) 0.8727(8) 0.1e28(8)

c(14) 1.0081(12) 0.79s0(10) 0.2090(8)

c(15) 0.9106(13) 0.t232(8) o.2002(t)

c(16) 0.7821(11) 0.7306(7) 0.24s0(6)

c(21) 0.5778(14) 0.8208(8) 0.31e4(7)

c(22) 0.6t44(r4) 0.e027(8) 0.4149(8)

c(23) 0.6442(26) 0.8949(1 1) 0.s0s6(10)

c(24) 0.6002(24) 0.8381(1s) 0.5457(10)

c(25) 0.s671(18) 0.761s(10) 0.s 100(9)

c(26) 0.s342(2s) 0.7634(rr) 0.4218(e)

c(31) 0.4687(10) 0.9161(6) 0.23es(6)

c(32) 0.3266(12) 0.929t(7) 0.2614(8)

c(33) o.2670(12) 1.0126(8) 0.2380(11)


Table 6.2.2 (c o ntinued)

c(34) 0.2619(17) 1.0240(e) 0.1s33(10)

c(35) 0.4042(Ls) 1.0090(e) 0.1268(8)

c(36) 0.4s80(12) 0.e267(7) 0.1sOs(7)

c(61) 0.t764(2r\ 0.8342(10) -0.0176(11)

c(62) 0.1260(26\ 0.8678(12) -0.o779(16)

c(63) o.1669(22) 0.950e(11) -0.0911(14)

..,
Tabte 6.2.32 Anisotropic Thermal Parameters For The [CyclsPAu(6p2-fu)] Complex

Atom Urr Uzz U¡¡ Un Ur¡ Uzz

Au 0.0382(2) 0.0390(2) 0.0s47(2) -0.0046(3) -0.0015(2) -0.0068(3)

s(2) 0.0s2(2) 0.042(2) 0.06s(2) -0.007(1) -0.013(2) 0.000(1)

P(1) 0.042(2) 0.038(2) 0.046(2) -0.00s(1) 0.003(1) -0.006(1)

o(4) 0.108(7) 0.074(7) 0.091(7) -0.033(6) -0.047(6) 0.013(6)

N(1) 0.060(6) 0.046(6) 0.07s(7) -0.013(6) -0.011(s) 0.008(6)

N(3) 0.043(6) 0.041(6) 0.066(7) -0.00s(4) -0.013(s) 0.00s(s)

c(2) 0.024(6) 0.044(7) 0.067(8) -0.000(5) -0.003(s) -0.012(6)

c(4) 0.060(e) 0.07(1) 0.07(1) -0.01s(7) -0.023(7) -0.002(8)

c(5) 0.11(1) 0.07(1) 0.10(1) -0.02(1) -0.04(1) 0.04(1)

c(6) 0.0e(1) 0.07(1) 0.10(1) -0.017(8) -0.032(e) 0.011(9)

c(11) 0.037(6) 0.048(7) 0.04e(7) -0.001(s) 0.00s(5) 0.00s(s)

c(12) 0.036(7) 0.064(e) 0.0e(1) -0.007(6) 0.008(6) -0.010(7)

c(13) 0.048(e) 0.07(1) 0.1 3(1 ) -0.009(7) 0.02e(8) -0.00(1)

c(14) 0.0s2(8) 0.10(1) 0.13(1) -0.012(e) 0.034(8) -0.04(1)

c(15) 0.068(e) 0.08(1) 0.0e(1) 0.017(e) 0.024(8) -0.01s(e)

c(16) 0.0s2(8) 0.06(1) 0.068(8) 0.013(6) 0.017(6) -0.007(7)

c(21) 0.13(1) 0.062(e) 0.04e(8) -0.044(8) 0.021(8) -0.016(7)

c(22) 0.12(1) 0.08(1) 0.06(1) -0.013(e) 0.004(8) -0.009(8)

c(23) 0.41(3) 0.10(2) 0.06(1) -0.06(2) 0.00(2) -0.04(1)

c(24) 0.23(2) 0.23(3) 0.06(1) -0.0e(2) 0.01(1) 0.06(2)

c(25) 0.t6(2) 0.10(1) 0.08(1) -0.06(1) -0.00(1) 0.01(1)

c(26) 0.43(3) 0.16(2) 0.04(1) -0.16(2) 0.01(1) 0.02(1)

c(31) 0.043(7) 0.046(7) 0.0s 1(7) -0.005(6) 0.007(6) -0.013(6)

c(32) 0.0s0(8) 0.061(9) 0.1 1(1) 0.004(7) 0.001(8) -0.023(8)

c(33) 0.043(e) 0.047(9) 0.22(2) 0.017(7) -0.01(1) -0.04(1)


Table 6.2.3 (continued)

c(34) 0.12(1) 0.07(1) 0.12(1) 0.02(1) -0.06(1) 0.01(1)

c(3s) 0.10(1) 0.08(1) 0.10(1) 0.02(1) -0.02(1) 0.024(9)

c(36) 0.070(9) 0.066(e) 0.066(e) 0.02t(7) -0.00e(7) 0.007(7)

c(61) 0.2s(2) 0.07(1) 0.ls(2) -0.08(1) -0.r2(2) 0.07(1)

c(62) 0.30(3) 0.11(2) 0.30(3) -0.07(2) -0.12(2) 0.13(2)

c(63) 0.28(3) 0.0e(2) 0.29(3) -0.04(2) -0.03(2) 0.11(2)

I
Table 6.2.4: Hydrogen Atom Parameters For The [CycljPAu(6p2-TU)] Complex.

Atom X v z B(eq)

H(3) 0.0983 0.5403 0.0606 5.2

H(s) 0.0309 0.7r87 -0.1007 9.r

H(11) 0.6835 0.8113 0.17 10 4.5

H(12a) 0.7592 0.9325 0.2277 6.1

H(12b) 0.8429 0.8843 0.2984 6.1

H(13a) 0.8977 0.8745 0.1369 7.8

H(13b) 0.9975 0.9r73 0.2047 1.8

H(14a) r.0794 0.7895 0.r719 8.2

H(14b) 1.0532 0.7962 o.2629 8.2

H(15a) 0.8807 0.7166 0.144r 1.4

H(1sb) 0.9637 0.6755 0.2193 7.4

H(16a) 0.8115 0.7267 0.3016 5.7

H(l6b) 0.7r87 0.6867 0.229r 19.8

H(21) 0.6743 0.8015 0.380s 1.2

H(22a) 0.6973 0.9239 0.3922 7.7

H(22b) 0.536s 0.9396 0.4033 1.1

H(23a) 0.7488 0.8927 0.5152 t6.4

H(23b) 0.6130 0.9448 0.5218 4.2

H(24a) 0.5164 0.8585 0.5663 14.9

H(24b) 0.6726 0.828s 0.s896 14.9

H(25a) 0.4859 0.7404 0.5333 10.0

H(2sb) 0.647r 0.7256 0.5225 10.0

H(26a) 0.4335 0.1627 o.4r2l 18.0

H(26b) 0.5735 0.7t36 0.4020 18.0

H(31) 0.5304 0.9582 o.2629 4.5


Table 6.2.4 (co ntínued)

H(32b) 0.2628 0.8864 0.2463 7.2

H(32a) 0.3329 0.9276 0.325L 7.2

H(33a) 0.17t9 1.0180 0.2545 8.7

H(33b) 0.3260 1.0548 0.263s 8.7

H(34a) 0.1927 0.9860 0.t275 9.4

H(34b) 0.2300 t.0791, 0.1405 9.4

H(35a) 0.3970 1.0137 0.0694 8.7

H(3sb) 0.467r 1.0498 0.1506 8.7

H(36a) 0.5502 0.9201 0.r32r 6.5

H(36b) 0.3943 0.88s9 0.1260 7.2

H(61a) 0.1410 0.8639 0.0265 15.1

H(61b) 0.2761 0.8412 -0.0167 15.1

H(62a) o.1496 0.8361 -0.t226 19.8

H(62b) 0.0226 0.8671 -0.0765 19.8

H(63a) 0.2661 0.9548 -0.0876 17.8

H(63b) 0.1255 0.9678 -0.1439 17.8

H(63c) 0.1281 0.9857 -0.0515 20.8


Table 6.2.52 Bond Distances (Å) por The [CycIjPAu(6p2-TU)] Complex

Atom Atom Distance Atom Atom Distance

Au s(2) 2.302(3) c(13) c(14) 1.48(2)

Au - P(1) 2.248(3) c(14) c(15) 1.50(2)

s(2) c(2) 1.72(r) c(32) c(33) 1.5s(2)

P(1) - c(11) 1.81(1) c(33) - c(34) 1.44(2)

P(1) c(2r) 1.82(1) c(34) c(35) r.49(2)

P(1) c(31) 1.82(1) c(35) c(36) r.4e(2)

o(4) c(4) r.23(1) c(61) c(62) r.22(2)

N(1) - c(2) 1.28(1) c(62) c(63) r.44(2)

N(1) c(6) 1.34(r) c(1s) c(16) 1.s0(1)

N(3) - c(2) 1.37(1) c(2r) c(22) 1.s0(2)

N(3) c(4) 1.37(r) c(2t) c(26) r.28(2)

c(4) c(s) r.42(2) c(22) c(23) 1.s4(2)

c(.5) c(6) r.34(2) c(23) c(24) r.2s(2)

c(6) c(61) 1.s0(2) c(24) c(zs) r.42(2)

c(l1) c(rz) 1.s 1(1) c(2s) c(26) t.4e(2)

c(11) c(16) 1.52(1) c(31) c(32) 1.49(r)

c(t2) c(13) 1.s2(l) c(31) c(36) 1.s1(1)


Table 6.2.6: Bond Angles ( ") For The [Cycl jPAu(6p2-TU)] Complex

Atom Atom Atom Angle A¡om Atom Atom Anele

s(2) - P(1) n7.6(r) c(l1) - c(rz) c(13) 1 10(1)

Au - c(2) 100.2(4) c(12) - c(13) c(14) rr2(r)

Au - c(l1) 109.4(3) c(13) - c(14) c(1s) tr2(1)

Au - c(zt) rr3.e(4) c(14) - c(1s) c(16) 1 14(1)

Au - c(31) 11 1.6(3) c(11) - c(16) - c(ls) 11 1(1)

c(11) - c(2r) 108.4(s) P(1) - c(zr) c(22) 11s.7(9)

c(11) - c(31) 10s.2(5) P(1) - c(zr) c(26) 120(1)

c(21) - c(31) 107.e(s) c(22) - c(zr) c(26) Lzr(r)

c(2) - c(6) 1 19(1) c(zr) - c(22) c(23) 1 10(1)

c(2) - c(4) r24(r) c(22) - c(23) c(24) r24(2)

s(2) - N(1) 122.7(8) c(23) - c(24) c(zs) r20(2)

s(2) - N(3) 116.1(8) c(24) - c(zs) c(26) 1 1s(1)

N(1) - N(3) r2r(1) c(2t) - c(26) c(zs) 122(2)

o(4) - N(3) 120(1) P(1) - c(31) c(32) 11 1.6(8)

o(4) c(s) 128(1) P(1) - c(31) c(36) rr2.1(7)

N(3) - c(s) 112(1) c(32) - c(31) c(36) 108.7(9)

c(4) - c(6) 122(1) c(31) - c(32) c(33) 1 10(1)

N(1) - c(s) r22(r) c(32) c(33) c(34) 114(1)

N(1) - c(61) 1 1s(1) c(33) - c(34) c(3s) 10e(1)

c(s) - c(61) t23(r) c(34) - c(3s) c(36) rr2(r)

P(1) - c(12) 116.s(8) c(31) - c(36) c(35) 111(1)

P(1) - c(16) 112.8(7) c(6) - c(61) c(62) r23(2)

c(rz) - c(16) I 1 1.7(8) c(61) - c(62) c(63) 118(2)


I

Table 6.2.7: Mean Plane Data ForThe [CycljPAu(6p2-TU)] Complex.

Least squares plane through the Gn-propyl-2-thiouracilate moiety.

Atoms Definine Plane Pistance (Å) esd (.Ä')


i
i
I
N(1) 0.0075 0.0092
I
¡
!

N(3) -0.0156 0.0085


Ì

CQ) 0.0059 0.0095

c(4) 0.0294 0.0130

c(s) -0.0075 0.01s5

c(6) -0.0203 0.0149

AdditionalAtoms Distance (Ä.)

Au 0.1910

s(2) -0.0235

P(1) 0.4893

o(4) 0.0s83

c(61) -0.0760

c(62) -0.1189

c(63) -0.0444

Mean deviation from plane is 0.0144 (Å).

1
Chi-squared: 9.9.
i

ì
c63

c62

c6l C5
c34

o4
C4
c36
N1
c33
c N3
c3l C2
c12
c3z
cl1
PI Au S2
c14
cl5
cl6

c22 czt

c26

cz3
c25
c24

Figure 6.2.L: Molecular Structure And Crystallographic Nwnbering Scheme For

[Cycl jPAu(6p2-ru)] .
+c
0

Figure 6.2.22 Unit Cell Diagrarn Of [CyclsPAu(6p2-TU)]


66

bonding interaction. High thermal motion is noted for the carbon atoms of the propyl chain; this

was also observed in the [Et3PAu(6p2-fU¡0t complex.

The crystal structure of 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil has been reported in the literatureTS; however,

the relatively high errors associated wittr the light atom positions in the complex and those in the

structure of the thionucleobase itself preclude a meaningful discussion conceming the derived

parameters. The structure of this complex is closely related to [Cycl3PAu(6m2-TU)]77 (1),

lEt3PAu(6p2-TUl61 (2), Bt3PAu(2-TU¡e (3) and [Ph¡PAu(2-TU)]le (4). Comparisons can


hence be made between these complexes for the thiolate group. Table 6.2.8 shows the
intramolecula¡ bond distances involved.

Table 6.2.8: Bond Distances ¡Å¡ f or The Thíouracilate Moiety

lCyclqPAu(6p2-Tu)l 1 2 3 4

s(2)-c(2) r.72(L) 1.73(1) t.1r(2), r.74(2) r.7z(r) r.722(8), r.765(7)

N(1)-c(2) 1.28(1) r.29(t) 1.33(2), 1.30(2) 1.31(1) 1.33(1), r.29(r)

N(1)-c(6) 1.34(1) 1.37(1) r.37(2), 1.38(2) r.37 (r) r.37(t), 1.39(l)

N(3)-c(2) t.37(t) 1.3s(1) r.37(2), 1.36(2) l.3s(1) r.36(1), 1.34(l)

N(3)-C(4) 1.37(1) 1.40(1) r.43(2), r.36(2) 1.38(1) r.37(l), 1.40(l)

c(4)-c(s) 1.42(2) 1.3e(1) 1.43(2), r.3e(2) 1.40(1) 1.41(1), 1.41(5)

c(4)-o(4) r.23(r) 1.23(t) t.zs(z), r.23(2) r.24(r) 1.25(1), 1.24(r)

c(s)-c(6) r.34(2) r.34(2) r.33(2), r.3s(2) r.3s(2) 1.35(1), 1.34(1)

It is evident from Table 6.2.8 that most of the constituent distances are equivalent within

standard deviation between the three complexes (both [Et¡PAu(6p2-TU)] and [Ph3PAu(2-TU)]

contained two molecules each in their asymmetric crystallographic units). The electron density

around the ring is also identical, with C(4)-O(4) and C(5)-C(6) possessing the expected double

bond character in all the structures. This suggests that the internal structure of ligands based on

2-thiouracilate is independent of the nature of the phosphine group and of the alkyl groups
67

external to the aromatic system. Mean plane calculations show that the six atoms of the

thionucleobase in [Cycl3PAu(6p2-TU)] form a planar system, with a mean deviation of


0.01(1) Å. fne O(4), C(61) and S(2) aroms lie out of the plane by 0.0583, 0.0760 and

0.0235 Å, respectively.

6.3 C o ne - an g Ie co rr el atio n for tior g arnp ho sp hi ne g o I d( I ) t hi o la t e s

As discussed in Chapter 3, the cone-angte is a parameter that quantifies the steric effect of

bulky phosphine groups. Triorganophosphinegold(I) thiolates of the general formula


[R¡PAu(SR')], where the SR' group is a thionucleobase derivative, contain two bulky ligands,
as the thiolate moiety can have significant size. The cone-angle correlation study for

triorganophosphinegold(I) chlorides indicated that the P-Au bond distance in these complexes

is invariant when the individual molecules crystallize as discrete molecules, i.e. with no

significant intermolecular interactions such as close Au...Au contacts. However, the presence

of another bulky ligand bound to the gold centre may cause a variation in the P-Au values in a

series of complexes, or result in noticeable trends in the Au-S or P-Au-S chromophores.

Table 6.3.1 shows the important intramolecular parameters for a representative selection of

triorganophosphinegold(I) thiolates reported in the literature. No significant Au...Au


interactions were reported for any of these complexes. The cone-angles for Et3P, Ph3P, Cycl3P

and (o-Tol)3P are 732, L45,170 and 194 ' respectivel/9, and the complexes are listed in Table

6.3.1 in order of increasing cone angle. The P-Au bond distance ranges in length from

2.248(2) to 2.255(5).Ä. for the Et3P complexes ,2.237(2) to 2.260(3) Ä for Ph3P, 2.244(3) to

2.292(3)Å for Cycl3P and,2.239(2) Å for [(o-Tol)¡PAu(6-MP)]. Not considering the value for

[Ph3PAu(6-MP)], the values for the other Ph3P complexes are all equivalent within standard
deviation, and this is also the case for the two Et3P complexes. The P-Au range for the Cycl3P

complexes appears large; however, [Cycl3PAu(2mba)] displays intermolecular hydrogen

bonding, and 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole is not a true thionucleobase derivative. Notable is

that these two complexes possess no close Au...N interactions. Also notable is that the Au...N

contacts for [Ph3PAu(6-MP)] and [(o-Tol)3PAu(6-MP)], which display the shortest P-Au
68

Table 6.3.1: Intramolecular Parameters Of The P-Au-S Chromophore

Complex Au-p (Å) Au-s (Ä.) P-Au-S (") Au...N (Å) Ref

IEt3PAu(2-TU)] 2.248(2) 2.310(2) t7 6.9(r) 3.113(2) tel

[Et3PAu(6p2-TU)] 2.24e(s) 2.328(4) 17s.0(2) 3.r2(r) t6ll


2.2ss(s) 2.314(s) 176.9(2) 3.11(1)

IPh3PAu(2-TU)] 2.248(2) 2.296(2) 17s.4(2) 3.23(r) tlel


2.248(2) 2.300(2) r77.0(2) 3.13(1)

[Ph3PAu(2-pyms)] 2.2s3(2) 2.310(3) tt 4.7 (L) 2.951(8) Í62)

[Ph3PAuLl] 2.2s6(2) 2.308(2) 178.6(2) 3.312(4) Í7el

[Ph3PAu(2-pys)] 2.2s8(r) 2.297(2) r77.9(t) 3.1 18(4) t62l

lPh3PAuL2l 2.2s8(2) 2.299(2) r7 6.43(8) 3.414(4) t80l

lPh¡PAu(S-CoHs)l 2.2s9(2) 2.296(2) 179.12(t) t81l

2.2s8(2) 2.302(2) 17 s.7e(6)

[Ph3PAu (S -2,4,6- C1HzMe ¡ ) ] 2.2ss(2) 2.284(2) 17s.24(7) t81l

[Ph¡PAu(S -2,4,6-CdH2Et3)] 2.260(3) 2.288(4) 176.2(r) t81l

[Ph3 PAu (S -2,4,6- C6Hz iPr¡ ) ] 2.2ss(2) 2.284(2) 176.3s(s) t81l


This
[Ph3PAu(6-MP)] 2.237(2) 2.287(r) r73.7 r(6) 2.884(s)
work

[Cycl3PAu(2mba)] 2.27r(r) 2.3r3(r) 176.8(l) Í62)

ICycl3PAuL3] 2.292(3) 2.330(3) 172.O(r) 3.64r(s) Í821

[Cycl3PAu(6m2-TU)] 2.244(3) 2.zee(3) 176.1 (r) 3.0e5(8) u7t


This
[Cycl3PAu(6p2-TU)] 2.248(3) 2.302(3) r77.6(r) 3.061(9)
work
This
[(o-Tol)3PAu(6-MP)] 2.23e(2) 2.266(2) 177.03(8) 2.860(7)
work
Note: LlH = 8-mercaptotheophylline,L2lH = 2-mercaptobenzoxazole and L3H = l-methyl-2-
mercaptoimidazole.
69

distances, are signif,rcanty shorter than in the other complexes. Hence, the P-Au bond distance

appears to be independent of the cone-angle for those complexes containing six-membered

aromatic thionucleobase derivatives.

The Au-S bond distance shows a greater variation between the complexes, with a range

extending fuom2.266(2) to 2.330(3) Å. Howeuer, the variation is not related to the size of the

phosphine cone-angle, nor does it appear to depend on the size of the thiolate e.g. in the series

represented by the complexes of the general formula [Ph¡PAu(S -2,4,6-C6HzR¡)]81 where

R = H, Me, Et or iPr, the2,4,6-C6Íl2iPry ligand would intuitively have the larger steric effects,

but the COHs ligand gives rise to the longest Au-S bond in the resultant complexes. The

P-Au-S bond angle displays the range of values 172.0(l) to 179.12(7)". These values also
appeil to be independent of the bulkiness of the two ligands bound to the gold. The Au...N
intramolecular contact varies largely in size, but maintains a relatively narrow range of 3.061(9)

to 3.23(1) Å when the thiolate is a derivative of 2-thiouracil.

The conclusions from the analysis of monodentate triorganophosphinegold(I) thiolates based

on thionucleobase related moieties are as follows: the linearity of the P-Au-S moiety is largely

unaffected by the nature of the phosphine or thiolate bound to the gold centre; the P-Au and

Au-S bond distances are independent of the cone-angle of the phosphine, but can be affected

by the nature of the coordinated thiolate; and the Au...N interaction is of a secondary nature.

The intramolecular parameters of the P-Au-S are thus not determined by steric factors but are

more likely determined by the electronic effects of the coordinating thiolate.


70

CHAPTER 7

Assessment of Anti-Arthritic Activity

The effectiveness of the complexes described in this thesis against rheumatoid arthritis was

determined via in viyo biological testing. The assessment was performed by Dr. M.W.

Whitehouse and co-workers at the Departrnent of Pathology, The University of Adelaide.

The complexes were tested on both male and female Dark Agouti rats. The choice of these

rodents is based on the knowledge that Dark Agouti rats possess an immune response to

rheumatoid arthritis which resembles closely that of humans, and this particular breed has been

found to be sensitive to gold-based drugs. Hence, any positive results obtained may be

extrapolated to give justification for later testing on humans.

Tests are continuing at the time of writing, but some interesting results have already been

obtained for a selection of complexes. The protocol of testing involves injection of an

arrhdtogen into the hind leg to induce swelling in the tail base and hind quarter joints. [n a

preliminary trial, the complex [Ph3PAu(6-MP)], as 100 mg in saline solution, was co-
administered with the arthritogen as a single dose to a female specimen" 6-mercaptopurine

(6MPH), Auranofin and [Au(CN)2]- were similarly injected and assayed against an untreated

specimen. The results a¡e summa¡ized in Table 7.1.

The untreated specimen, injected only with arthritogen, suffered weight loss and a significant

increase in swelling in the hind quarters, an obviously adverse reaction. By comparison, the

other complexes produced greater than 50Vo less swelling, indicating the complexes were
7l

Table 7.Iz Biological Data For Femnle Dark Agouti Rats Afier Anti-arthritic Treatment.

Complex milligram dose Aweight (g) Apaw swelling (mm)

[Ph3PAu(6-MP)] 100 +09 0.37

6MPH 25 +09 0.51

Auranofin 100 +03 0.71

lAu(CN)zl- 20 +14 0.10

Untreated -11 1.83

negating the effects of the arttritogen to a large extent. [Au(CN)z]- was most successful, being

the species mentioned in Chapter 1 as being perhaps the main active species in the inflammation

reduction process. [Ph3PAu(6-MP)] leads to only half the swelling than for Auranofin in these

trials, and to an increase in weight, so that the rat is generally healthier. Auranofin has also been

observed to be toxic to specimens when given as multiple doses8. Therefore [Ph¡PAu(6-MP)],

on the basis of these results, appears to be more successful than Auranofin in treating
rheumatoid arthritis, at least in this model. Gmercaptopurine itself also appears to be beneficial.

Three other complexes have been tested via eight regular doses after initial arthritogen

injection. The results are given in Table 7.2.

Table 7.22 Biological Data For Female Dark Agouti Rats After Anti-arthritic Treatment

Complex milligram Aweight (g) Apaw swelling incidence of Rating


dose (mm) disease

lEr3PAu(6-MP)l 10 -09 0.45 013 +

ICycl3PAu(6-MP)] 10 -05 0.08 013 +

[(n-Tol)¡PAu(6-MP)] 10 -n 1.07 213 +3

Untreated -19 1.69 +4


72

Incidence of disease indicates how many specimens of the three rats tested for each complex

acquired the symptoms of arth¡itis. Thus it is evident from qualitative analysis of Table 7 .2 that

both [EI3PAu(6-MP)] and [Cycl3PAu(6-MP)] are very efficient at combatting the disease.

However, the associated weight loss indicates that some side effects are present which are

clearly detrimental to the health of the rats. The effectiveness of each complex was determined

via a qualitative rating systemS, indicating severity of disease, compared simultaneously with

the results obtained from the standard, aurothiomalate. A number of factors were assessed,

including weight, overall health of the rat and the effect on the swelling. From the same testing

protocol, Auranofin receives a rating of +, so [Et3PAu(6-MP)] and [Cycl3PAu(6-MP)] are

comparable with this complex. [(rn-Tol):PAu(GMP)] evidently has little effect on swelling and

produces a significant weight loss, hence a rating of +3, only slightly more effective than no

treatment at all. On the same scale, [Ph¡PAu(6-MP)] would receive a rating of + or even 0.

Some interesting observations can hence be made in terms of a tentative structure/activity

relationship. 6-mercaptopurine and its complexes appear to have a significant effect on a¡thritic

swelling; possibly the solubility characteristics of this ligand provide for a comparatively large

quantity of gold to be transferred to the site of actionS. Comparisons with


triorganophosphinegold(I) thiouracilates with the same phosphine show an improvement in

acriviry with the change in thiolate e.g. [Ph3PAu(2-TU)] and [EI3PAu(2-TU)] have ratings of

+2 and +3 respectivelyS'9. The triphenylphosphine ligand also appears to be the best phosphine

in terms of both activity and toxicity (roughly associated with weight loss); the addition of a
methyl group, as in [(m-Tol)3PAu(6-MP)], gives a significant decrease in the efficiency of

treatment. This difference might be related to the comparative solubilities of the phosphine

ligandsS. Generally, the effectiveness of the complexes is in the order of Ph3P > Cycl3P > Et3P

> (rn-Tol)3P, in accordance with ea¡lier ¡s5ul¡s9,10.

The combination of Ph3P and 6-MPH thus appears to possess suitable characteristics for an

effective gold(I) complex which could be utilized in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. This

is at variance with the structure of the Et3P-containing drug Auranofin, but the effectiveness of
t3

[PhjPAu(6-MP)] is promising. Further work is continuing on the other complexes, to possibly


result in an improved understanding of any structure/activity relationship that exists for

triorganophosphinegold(I) tltiolates.
74

CHAPTER 8

Conclusion

The aim of the work presented in this thesis was to synthesize a range of novel

triorganophosphinegold(I) complexes containing the 6-mercaptopurinate ligand and a variety of

phosphines, with possible applications in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Complexes of

the type [R3PAu(6-MP)] (where R3P = Et3P, Cycl3P, PhMe2P, Ph3P, (o-Tol)3P, (nt-Tol)3P

or (p-Tol)3P), t(PhzP(CHz)nPPhzXAuCl)(Au(6-MP))l (where n = 2 ot 3), and

t@h2P(CHz)nPPhz)(Au(6-MP))zl (where n = 1, 2 or 3) were prepared from the corresponding

triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride precursors via the metathetical reaction with base and

6-mercaptopurine in the appropriate molar quantities, as described in Chapter 2. The

composition and purity of the samples was determined from microanalytical and spectroscopic

evidence.

The triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride and triorganophosphinegold(I) 6-mercaptopurinate

complexes were characterized using the techniques of infrared and multinuclear nuclear

magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy (lH and 13C, and 3lP for the 6-MP complexes), and

for the 6-mercaptopurinate complexes by Fast Atom Bombardment - mass spectroscopy (FAB-

MS). Infrared data obtained for these complexes indicated complex formation via the
appearance of both 6-mercaptopurine and phosphine absorption peaks in the spectra, and by

alteration of the frequencies of the thioamide chromophore. Absorptions of the phosphine

moieties were found to be independent of the presence of the purine moiety.


75

The resonances and integration found in the lH nmr spectra of the complexes are consistent

with the proposed stoichiometries. The chemical shifts of the H2 and H8 proton resonances

showed little variation with complexation. The 13C nmr spectra revealed that the C5 and C8

nuclei were the most sensitive to, and thus the most indicative of, complexation. 31P nmr

spectra showed single signals in all the spectra, which suggested that, for the complexes with

the general formula [(PhzP(CHz)nPPhzXAuCl)(Au(6-MP))1 (where n = 2 or 3), the two


independent phosphorus atoms possess the same resonance frequency. Low temperature nmr

studies on one of these complexes revealed two signals, thus suggesting the ligands are

fluctional at ambient temperature.

The FAB-MS studies of the complexes revealed the occurrence of high nuclearity phosphorus-

gold(I)-sulphur clusters in most of the complexes, consistent with the observations for other

triorganophosphinegold(I) thiolates. The molecular ion was more coÍìmonly observed for the

complexes of the type [R3PAu(6-MP)], but the aggregate containing two gold atoms to one

6-mercaptopurinate fragment was observed in high abundance for the complexes based on the

dpp-, dppe and dppp phosphines also. No otherwise significant trends were observed for the

latter series. The combined spectroscopic evidence suggested product formation in all cases,

with no significant differences between the complexes.

Single crystal X-ray structure determinations were performed on the complexes

lPhMezPAuCll, [Ph¡PAu(6-MP)].CzHsOH, [(o-Tol)¡PAu(6-MP)].CzHsOH and

[Cycl3PAu(6p2-TU)]. The studies all revealed the near linear P-Au-Cl or S chromophore
expected from analogous examples found in the literature. The results from the analysis of

[PhMe2PAuCl] were used in a study to comp¿ìre the phosphine cone angle (0) and a new
quantiry found in the literature, the ligand repulsive energy @p), with the P-Au and Au-Cl

bond lengths for a variety of structurally characterized triorganophosphinegold(I) chloride

complexes. The study revealed that the P-Au bond distance was independent of 0 for
complexes containing no signif,rcant gold to gold interactions in the lattice- As expe.cterl, the

Au-Cl bond length was found to be unrelated to 0 and probably dependent on electronic
factors. The Ep quantity appeared to be no better than 0 in determining any steric effects of the
16

phosphine on the rest of the molecule, despite its more sophisticated calculation. The crystal

structure determinations on [Ph3PAu(6-MP)].CzH5OH and [(o-Tol)¡PAu(6-MP)].CzHsOH

confirm the spectroscopic observations and reveal that the deprotonated 6-mercaptopurine

molecule is coordinated in a monodentate mode to the gold(I) atom via the sulphur atom

exclusively. The Gmercaptopurine moiety is planar, and is oriented with the N(7) atom di¡ected

to rhe gold(I) atom; similar observations have been made for other triorganophosphinegold(I)

thiolates. The six-membered ring system displays a general shortening of all the constituent

bonds upon complexation when compared to the free ligand, an effect that is expected due to

the changes in aromaticity. The observed alterations in intramolecular parameters are consistent

with the spectroscopic data. The complex [Cycl3PAu(6p2-TU)] possessed intramolecular


characteristics consistent with analogous complexes- The phosphine and thiolate groups in

triorganophosphinegold(I) thiolates have no discernable steric effects on the P-Au-S

chromophore, the variations in the intramolecular parameters likely being due to electronic or

packing factors.

The complexes that were assessed for their anti-arthritic activity were found to be generally

effective, with activity ratings rivalling that of the clinically available drug Auranofin. The

complex [Ph3PAu(6-MP)] showed improved activity and less toxicity over Auranofin on a

rating scheme based on the severity of rheumatoid arthritis experienced by Dark Agouti rats.

The trend of Ph3P being more active than Cycl3P which was more active than Et3P or
(m-Tol)¡P for the same thiolate utilized was observed, consistent with earlier results. The

$-mercaptopurine ligand was found to be effective as the thiolate ligand, which is possibly

related to its solubility in the bodily fluids.

This project also has further scope in the study of the anti-arthritic activity of these complexes.

For instance, specially modified phosphines or 6-mercaptopurinates could be utilized, and the

resultant gold(I) complexes investigated to determine what effects sructural alterations have on

the activity of these types of complexes, and possibly lead to a better understanding of the

structure / activity relationships.


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APPE,NDIX

Structure Factor Tables


Table A1: Observed And Calculated Structure Factors For The IPhMezPAuCl] Complex.

l0lFlo vs 10lFIc
h k I Fo FcaigF h k I Fo EcslgF hk I Eo FcslgF h k I Fo Fc51gE h k I Eo Fc51gF

00 II9O 1186 9 06 309 353 36 0 14 6 a45 24


804 141 t214 1239 14 1 10 Ì909 1958 19
00 35?1 3498 22 07 864 835 17 0 15 I L283 1211 2L 142 l 0l ?03 16 r t0 525 543 2l
00 536 454 18 07 s62 566 15 0 15 4 622 620 11 143 911 99 19 1 10 412 461 18
oI r824 1802 10 0? r690 1-t1? 16 0 15 5 1063 1096 r9 141 r918 196 15 I l0 1442 1434 30
01 1600 1531 10 07 0 15 1 441 414 42 145 1191 114 15 I 10 637 605 24
01 3't't 2 3643 2t 07 1608 t636 23 0 16 0 243 334 23 146 342 36 tl 1 10 609 683 18
01 564 502 t2 07 1302 1346 25 0 16 1 !224 t242 30 141 939 96 I 10 615 682
01 !328 7234 t4 01 115 0 tL42 2t 0 16 956 946 23 149 040 91 24 t 11 1083 105r
01 16 97 1518 21 0l 562 61s 19 0 16 3 408 453 31 151 925 91 22 1 11 1411 1395
01 1907 1996 24 0f 866 884 24 0 16 5 663 693 18 152 120{ 118 20 1 11 642 629
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7 tr 5 854 905 24 832 615 63 16 I t0 6 6lt 644 33 94 1 641 658 38 9 16 I 4r8 416 38
7 11 1 545 584 40 833 555 5l 18 8 11 0 412 459 25 95 1 3 44 358 25 9 t6 2 95t 942 23
1t2 I 802 808 19 834 398 368 28 8 11 3 318 330 l4 95 2 6 83 913 2l Ì0 0 0 2542 23A5 23
1t22 881 950 22 835 584 584 2l I lt 4 a22 A31 2r 95 l 440 420 21 10 0 l 185 ?69 ì9
1t23 993 \026 24 836 1461 1444 30 8 lt 1 3f4 308 54 9 5 4 429 4013r l0 04 5?3 t 4l6
1t25 489 465 33 831 602 558 42 8t20365 317 33 9 5 s 6s9 frl21 10 05 595 54s
'tt26 513 510 3l 840 r348 1350 t9 8t21913 883 20 9 5 6 1066 rr21 26 10 0l 190 059
7 13 0 626 518 22 841 15?l 1541 20 8722581 652 2s 9 s l 548 583 4s 10 10 98 1053
? 13 1 510 515 25 842 843 786 t9 a124t31 330 44 9 6 0 306 33928 10 1l l1 I03
I 13 2 53I 513 2s 843 r0?8 1120 2l â125640 642 28 9 6 I 732r 1328 24 10 t2 95 961
7 13 3 451 479 30 8{4 819 El2 18 E 13 I 63't 6L\ 23 9 6 2 1216 1.153 2f 10 13 42 1453
I 13 1 102 593 23 845 608 608 26 8132399 317 33 9 6 3 1321 1331 28 10 14 64 704
I 13 6 436 311 40 841 498 582 49 8 13 4 588 6L6 28 9 6 4 49r 42120 l0 15 2A 321
? Ì4 I 1003 1067 21 050 704 138 Ls I 13 5 810 811 24 9 6 5 127 41118 10 16 ?8 116
'I 14 3 568 519 2s 85r 994 921 23 8 14 0 302 285 13 9 6 6 160 10A 2A 1.0 17 194 804
? 14 5 613 630 28 852 946 942 t9 814r528 542 29 9 6 1 595 684)6 10 20 166 80?
1 74 6 582 551 31 853 1191 1158 26 8 14 2 L496 r49S 32 9 1 0 432 44924 10 2I 383 404 23
? 15 0 109 122 22 854 1r48 1r43 23 8 14 { 317 265 16 9 ? \ 1336 t2AA 26 10 22 660 6{6 t5
I 15 I 394 402 J4 856 639 656 32 t150123 399 34 9 1 2 160 14818 10 23 1013 10{l
.t88 20
l 15 3 4 98 494 30 851 710 738 34 I 15 I 609 619 25 9 1 3 992 9'14 24 l0 24 '160 18
? ls 4 '120 151 24 858 540 624 49 8Ìs2464 4't2 3r 9 1 4 A02 84822 10 5?3 514 25
? 15 5 508 455 3r 860 2052 2042 22 I 15 4 {09 425 3A 9 1 5 a43 A4521 r0 519 s78 30
? L6 r 163 111 2l 861 994 969 24 8 16 7 149 196 23 9 1 I 501 62654 r0 21 582 663 42
7 16 2 1015 988 21 062 ?80 768 18 81625t2 56{ 3l 9 8 0 r34l 1325 26 r0 3l 90I 936 l8
1163 541 569 29 863 621 592 20 I 16 3 4?1 413 3l 9 8 r 1323 1295 21 10 32 645 631 11
I ll 0 g2t 841 21 954 1131 1388 30 9 0 I 1?30 1633 2t 9 E 2 315 34331 l0 33 918 885 21
1I1 I 52r 485 28 865 196 180 23 902ø3'l ??9 19 9 I 3 1015 991 24 10 5t8 56L 29
1t'l 2 2âr 228 45 ô68 418 349 60 9 0 r 1811 1800 21 9 I 4 t0{3 1039 22 10 36 1030 r01L 26
? 18 1 366 330 36 87r 32A 335 29 906611 592 21 9 I 5 140 s08 21 10 40 1r60 1186 23
600 4131 )98't 26 8?2 469 426 27 9 0 7 960 L069 23 9 9 0 72f ?5016 10 41 4r9 415 2r
801 1253 116{ 20 8't3 928 939 20 9 0 9 560 184 s2 9 9 3 631 61123 10 42 863 ø16 2t
802 588 598 15 8?4 62L 58'l 24 9 1 0 1009 t00't 22 9 9 1 918 90821 10 43 911 818 22
801 756 102 19 815 L211 L292 26 9r1693 ?08 15 9 9 5 565 58832 10 44 852 820 22
804 Tø26 1110 23 8f6 641 123 32 9 I 2 763 ?86 19 9 9 l 651 59236 10 46 132 668 21
005 536 502 2L 811 895 885 30 9 1 3 1096 tL01 21 9 10 0 551 5f1 23 10 41 3 97 381 58
80'l 540 518 34 880 t0{4 1061 19 9 1 { 450 12A 22 9 r0 2 LL56 Ll41 24 10 50 4 85 490 19
810 932 913 2t 881 715 l?3 19 9 1 61366 t352 24 9 10 1 310 286 41 10 51 1216 1241 24
011 832 818 21 882 [t23 7119 2'l 9r'l 623 613 3 9 9 10 5 148 El6 25 10 435 381 24
812 lrlI 1138 20 E83 1055 1036 2{ 9 2 02011 2Lt1 20 9 11 r 939 902 20 10 53 123I T2JL 29
813 t66'l t101 2l 884 568 { 95 26 9 2 1 1035 1083 21 9 11 2 631 601 23 10 54 120 692 22
814 64 6 625 16 885 4r9 124 38 922139 435 19 9 11 5 803 8?? 25 10 57 646 636 38
815 886 855 19 886 164 't69 29 9 2 31138 1139 24 9 11 6 452 443 41 10 60 t62A 112t 24
10 6 1 401 323 2s 11 1 5 165 19t 20 rt 12 0 535 4A6 29 12 10 4 408 439 44 14 52 159 s29 22
10 6 2 329 2'tt 34 lt 1 6 143 14'l 25 11 12 1 36? 302 41 12 1l I 469 504 36 14 53 3?0 338 41

10 6 1 562 s62 24 11 2 0 876 931 19 11 12 2 646 612 28 12 t1 2 364 298 45 14 5t 428 405 31
10 6 4 861 82A 2L 11 2 | 4A2 410 19 11 12 4 315 34s 50 12 11 3 601 605 30 14 62 515 623 2A

10 6 5 504 466 34 1r 2 2 700 ?10 1l 11 13 0 359 291 40 13 0 l. 434 446 30 14 10 415 418 29
10 I 0 901 935 22 11 2 3 580 615 2l 11 13 1 s51 612 32 13 0 4 920 953 21 14 12 53S 522 30
10 ? 1 254 262 4t 11 2 4 980 966 23 11 13 3 609 640 29 13 0 5 413 416 41 14 80 525 568 28
10 1 2 938 916 23 629 662 26 1200713 648 IE 13 r I 951 947 23 15 01 631 612 26
t0 1 3 546 st4 26 11 2 6 516 519 35 t201618 589 20 13 1 2 664 64A 2\ 15 l0 416 466 35
10 'l 4 788 1't't 23 11 21 414 469 45 !20211r 188 t9 13 1 3 511 459 27 15 1I 3 93 336 76
10 'l 5 504 543 36 tt 3 0 6L3 6't1 16 !2 0 4 879 117 20 13 | 5 691 135 26 15 20 360 4I2 J1
10 1 6 536 5t-0 39 1t 3 1 139 803 l8 L2 0 5 1007 966 27 13 2 1 155 ?68 1,8 ls 2T 6?l 69-t 24

10 1 1 525 545 {5 11 J2 16't 143 18 t20?536 536 l1 13 2 2 ø54 A81 2l 15 30 351 352 38
10 a 2 1343 1312 30 11 3 3 985 10s6 22 7210906 889 2t 13 2 4 320 429 4f
10 I 3 831 198 20 11 3 4 523 531 26 t211818 8S0 13 2 5 633 661 21
t0 E 4 309 316 49 11 3 1 482 500 48 12 I 2 rr32 115 0 29 Ì3 3 1 5E3 558 21
10 I 5 541 516 33 11 4 0 725 ?86 18 12 I 3 62'l 598 21 13 3 2 956 95I 23
10 I 6 640 620 3i 11 4 3 49A 491 26 1214568 598 25 t3 4 I 213 30r 42
10 a 1 544 564 42 11 4 4 433 4sE 34 t215380 451 40 13 4 2 s1A 54L 25
10 9 0 333 351 3s 11 4 5 147 149 25 t216575 5 90 30 13 4 5 5A9 621 32
10 9 I 131 0 1280 30 11 4 'l 600 50? 10 L2 2 0 383 381 26 13 5 0 594 653 22
10 9 2 620 6L2 24 11 5 0 834 850 21 t224110 ø21 20 13 s L 491 493 26
t0 9 3 699 614 24 11 5 1 529 553 2r 1225156 13'l 23 13 5 2 391 355 34
10 9 4 318 319 49 11 5 2 ?55 717 I I 1-2 3 0 4?8 509 22 13 5 3 33? 356 43
10 9 5 133 142 21 tr 5 3 394 416 33 1-2 3 I 951 1003 21 13 5 5 {52 543 43
10 9 6 5 65 549 35 11 s 4 512 s14 28 L233512 554 22 13 6 0 490 586 25
10 10 0 't19 145 19 t1 5 5 462 491 38 t235622 641 28 l3 6 r 509 502 26
r0 10 1 629 6)-6 24 11 5 6 ?08 690 31 t240636 6't 2 18 13 6 3 482 441 33
10 10 2 10 41 70L2 26 11 6 0 861 894 21 t241419 502 23 t3 6 4 119 1r9 28
r0 10 4 s 0-t 461 32 11 6 2 730 70ó 20 L242613 692 20 13 I 0 3?9 366 33
10 10 5 380 389 45 11 6 3 802 119 2r t2 4 4 849 442 2T 13 1 | 899 e52 2r
10 10 5 416 550 4 9 11 6 4 694 698 25 t2 1 5 414 358 40 13 1 2 419 542 34
l0 lt 0 408 343 32 11 6 6 576 597 38 1216412 451 {3 13 1 3 694 143 26
10 11 1 519 548 28 11 7 1 1510 1568 28 125195s 9{{ 13 7 4 436 388 40
10 tt 3 596 584 29 11 1 2 2¿9 238 42 1-2 5 2 831 866 2t t3 0 I 51{ 525 28
10 11 4 558 614 33 tI 1 3 1060 1040 22 12 5 3 -r59 145 2l 13 A 2 5ø1 551 21
t0 12 1 {65 468 33 lt 'l 5 569 563 34 !255406 394 15 L3 I 3 353 356 4l
10 12 2 413 3t3 36 11 8 0 931 969 23 1256392 126 s3 13 9 0 JAO 424 31
t0125 51. 6 544 34 L1 81 500 482 21 1260611 600 20 13 9 1 17r 489 32
10 13 0 113 495 33 11 82 615 634 25 t2624lO 446 32 13 9 2 5J6 5'15 33
r0 13 I 5't 6 632 29 11 I 1 't75 106 27 t263355 365 12 13 I 3 4E? 511 3l
t0 1{ 2 982 964 24 11 8 5 5?4 5?9 33 L265r45 695 28 13 10 0 {30 425 36
10 15 0 461 439 34 11 I 6 624 6Ll 34 t2 l 0 1094 !088 22 14 0 1 110 ?56 23
l0 15 1 550 556 30 ll 9 0 13t 144 20 L2 'l 2 92'l 976 22 14 0 2 94L 941 23
11 0 I 339 240 70 11 91 468 499 30 t214624 690 32 14 1 1 199 450 2l
11 0 2 514 562 20 11 92 695 682 24 7280403 448 31 14 1 2 906 961 23
11 0 3 859 't 62 20 11 9 3 541 585 32 t282382 33{ 38 14 1 4 388 341 40
lt 0 4 1006 985 2\ 11 9 4 625 635 29 t283688 62L 26 14 2 r 5lr 543 26
11 0 6 612 5't2 25 11 10 1 358 333 38 t285411 452 46 1{ 2 Z 412 343 31
tl 0 l ?41 151 2'' 11 10 2 404 459 39 t2 9 0 881 905 r 9 1( 2 4 451 481 35
11 1 0 359 424 2f 11 10 3 460 420 35 129L9l2 93r 23 14 3 I 450 484 29
11 1 1 1211 1302 25 11 10 5 563 s92 35 L2 9 3 52J. 512 28 14 3 4 39s 416 4l
11 I 2 740 140 1l 11 11 0 '169 140 22 L2 9 4 5{1 540 35 t4 4 1 634 641 22
11 1 3 944 928 2r 11 11 Ì 590 655 24 12 10 2 644 618 21 14 4 3 441 426 37
11 I 4 3 9l 38? 30 11 rr 4 401 435 44 12 10 I 411 2A1 40 t4 5 I 325 335 40
Table A2 Obsemed And Cølculated Slructure Factors For The IPhsPAu(6-MP)l CzHsOH Complex.

l0lPlo vs 10lFlc
h k I Fo FcslgF h k I Fo Fc slgF hklFo Ec stqF h k I Fo Fc algE h k I Fo Ec slgF

0 0 1 1554 16Ì4 I 0 3529s 300 l 0 6 r 830 839 l 0944404409 0 16 -1 191 153 l4


0 0 212021182 1 0 3 6 140 r42 t4 062969 98? I 0 9 5 121 420t0 0 16 0 131 108 20
0 0 3 162 19a 'l O 31L66 145 14 0 6 3 89{ 853 9 0 9 6 459 188 1l 0 17 -2 t3E 155 20
0 0 413421331 9 0 3 I 155 101 1? 0 6 4 398 406 8 0 9 ? 300 302 lÌ 0 17 2 20't 202 15
0 0 5 1310 1313 10 0 39146 lr9 2l 065264 266 I 0 9 0 262 25013 0 17 3 144 144 20
0 0 6 621 63610 0 4 -10 167 191 20 066641 680 11 0 9 9 160 L8222 1 -17 -3 168 1f I 18
0 0 l 503 511 12 0 4 -9 239 20? 13 0 6 't 319 3?6 10 0 10 -1 158 113 14 1 -1-t -2 t64 r60 18
00839640690 4 -0 25s 256 t7 066322 324 t0 0 10 -2 135 138 13 1 -11 -1 t45 115 19
0 0 9 382 39310 0 4 -'t 494 4f9 13 0 7 -9 155 148 20 0 10 -1 t94 202 9 1 -17 I t42 t65 22
0 0 t0 212 262 13 0 4 -6 595 611 11 0 ? -8 304 285 10 01001911849 1 -rl 3 186 r51 20
0t-625222180 4 -5 61'l 610 9 o1-1320 293 9 01072552638 1 -15 -5 164 184 19
0 1 -5 98 10515 0 4 -{ 840 83 9 I 01-621a 222 L0 0 10 2 L53 t44 L2 1 -15 -4 285 294 ).2
0l-411610290 4 -3 6t2 626 1 01-5231 218 I 0 10 4 221 232 lO 1 -15 -3 263 214 12
01-3193r8950 4 -2 14D9 t429 9 0 -t7 -4 555 559 10 0 10 5 219 254 \t 1 -15 -2 715 t53 1s
01-262663250 4 -1 1097 1082 't 0 -3 887 161 9 0 10 6 r88 166 15 I -15 o 223 229 12
0 1 -1 316 319 4 0 4 0 7023 10 21 't 01-2124 122 I 0 11 -l 165 r?0 18 1 -Ì5 1 309 290 10
0 I I 329 310 4 0 41559 683 6 0r-1601 601 I 0 1l -5 306 31? 10 I -r5 19t 15
01257457350 4 2 t029 1018 7 0 ? 0 456 {5'} E 0 11 -5 449 441 ll I -r5 4 140 ro4 23
01319120250 { 3 1104 t0s4 I 0 I I 693 696 I 0 11 -4 494 492 10 I -15 5 150 r24 22
01424I22660 4 4 ?08 710 I 07261â 613 I 0 1r -3 436 420 9 I -15 6 138 1t9 22
01620519290 4 s 411 4t2 ø 0 7 3 515 579 9 0 tr -2 366 35'Ì 9 I -14 -2 t30 117 l8
0 1 1 189 20012 0 46356 363 I 0f4520 521 tO 0 t1 -1 638 631 10 I -14 1 198 182 13
0 2 -10 302 323 12 0 47459 452 10 075166 350 I 0 11 0 579 512 10 I -14 2 t41 t44 20
0 2 -9 214 2ø212 0 4 8 448 4 60 11 0 7 6 606 598 12 0 11 1 568 5?0 11 I -14 3 139 81 23
0 2 -8 256 26611 0 49266 304 13 0 7 f 348 356 9 0112481{8E9 I _I3 -1 I12 r60 18
0 2 -1 {49 450 9 0 5 -8 247 254 12 0 7 I 23t 262 14 0 ).1 3 393 397 I 1 -13 -6 220 20L t4
0 2 -6 752 ll3 1.0 0 5 -1 492 499 10 0 -t 9 110 L69 20 0 11 4 1?0 456 1.0 1 -13 -5 228 241- t4
o2-583583990 5 -6 335 340 I 08-7173 205 16 0 11 5 109 426 10 1 -13 -4 313 324 10
02-412012580 s -5 195 187 9 08-6326 335 I 0 11 6 3?0 368 10 I -13 -3 2'10 268 rO
02-3199ø0210 s -4 J27 311 I 08-5204 205 10 0 11 1 t92 205 11 1 -13 -2 212 223 tl
0 2 -2 9551000 ? 0 5 -3 644 646 ø 0 I -4 339 346 A 0 rt I 20a 224 11 1 -13 -1 281 29t 9
0 2 -r 1399 1364 I 0 5 -2 169 't53 'l 08-3341 141 9 0 13 -6 20I L92 16 1 -r3 0 361 370 9
o2099291r60 5 -1 594 591 ? 08-2498 498 t0 0 t3 -5 254 24s 12 1 -13 1 365 363 9
o2L11211350 5 0 689 644 6 0 I -1 503 494 9 0 13 -4 250 265 12 1 -13 2 18r 173 15
o 2 211{91t40 ? 0 5 I 438 432 1 0 I 0 {80 4 60 9 0 13 -3 220 2L3 r5 1 -13 3 233 187 13
0 2 3It991224 I 0 5 2 t122 1104 I 08160't 621 9 o 13 -2 361 3?0 9 I -r3 4 256 229 12
0 2 4 14?8 1494 10 0 5 3 566 5 64 I 0824I8 401 t 0 0 13 -1 468 469 10 I -13 5 253 2t1 13
o2581981190 5 4 560 550 9 083233 234 I 0 13 0 169 469 9 I -t3 6 146 !31 20
0 2 6 608 60310 0 5 339 336 1 0 I 4 148 134 t3 013r2982949 | -72 6 162 187 19
o 2 7 498 51312 0 55446 434 9 0 I 5 394 389 10 01323L63034 I -12 -5 303 285 r0
o 2 I 5{0 536 10 0 51429 446 1t 0 I 6 383 369 10 01134254399 r -72 -4 211
0 2 9 366 39310 0 58221 22't 14 081209 224 74 0 t3 4 421 432 10 r -t2 -3 ztt 19? t1
0 2 l0 215 215t3 0 5 9 161 155 20 0 9 -9 t89 210 18 0 13 5 295 306 1Ì I -12 -2 L91 203 11
0 3 -? 244 226L0 0 5 10 155 L6t 23 09-6266 266 13 0 t3 6 186 169 1l IT2 -t 291 3r2 I
0 3 -6 186 392 9 0 6 -r0 766 153 r9 0 9 -? 181 1?? 15 0 13 1 199 201 ll r -t2 0 241 23A 9
03-534934280 6 -9 193 162 t6 09-6201 202 72 0 t5 -5 155 106 19 L12 I 2r2 2t2 lr
0 3 -4 542 514 I 0 6 -ø 268 280 lt 0 9 -5 465 413 9 0 t5 -3 228 222 12 | -t2 3 16l 16-t 16
0 3 -3 403 399 l 0 6 -1 260 263 l0 0 9 -4 602 594 t1 0 15 -2 281 292 l0 | -12 4 2I9 2r't 13
03-296196L10 6 -6 229 233 \0 09-3496 481 11 0 15 -1 191 206 14 T .I2 5 2r4 206 t3
03-136536950 6 -5 351 357 7 09-2304 218 9 0 15 0 126 146 20 r -72 6 1?0 142 11
03052662250 6 -4 44L 435 10 0 9 -r {{1 133 10 0 15 1 165 162 16 1 -11 -8 142 136 23
0 3 1 541 550 5 0 6 -3 183 182 I 0 9 0 831 826 9 0 15 2 26L 255 1l r -11 -7 180 206 r8
0321211L060 6 -2 632 521 ã 0 9 1 833 810 9 0 ts 3 2'lI 280 12 I -11 -6 269 295 12
0 3 3 t81 163 I 0 6 -1 582 561 7 092121 735 9 0 15 4 211 220 L4 1 -11 -5 205 298 10
03414244590 60283 3r1 6 093421 415 I 0 L6 -2 171 156 16 1 -rt -4 228 22't LO
1 -11 -3 222 231 l0 I -l -5 336 337 I I -3 -9 114 142 20 1 -1 9 lfl 161 18 T2 -1 1156 1140 l
L -tL -2 359 3-t5 I I -'t -4 t17 126 tt 1 -3 -8 r58 126 t6 1 -r 10 113 As 22 L2 0 16r 160 4
1 -11 -r 493 4S7 11 1 -? -3 115 121 13 I -3 -5 258 259 1 I 0 -11 190 168 18 T2 L ).266 1231 8
1 -11 0 431 434 9 t -l -2 135 13 0 9 1 -3 -4 539 529 ø 1 0 -r0 115 201 20 2 rt66 1156 8
1-11 I 304 287 I I -1 -I 2'11 210 6 1 -3 -3 545 53 9 ? 1 0 -9 321 33L rO L2 3 831 a22 1
r -11 2 259 242 \1 1 -1 0 2'14 2'12 6 L -3 -2 425 420 6 1 0 -8 341 358 9 t2 4 584 601 8
1 -11 3 259 248 LO 1 -1 1 140 145 11 1 -3 -1 1013 985 7 r 0 -l 50? 496 12 T2 5 399 3 95 I
t-11 4 33? 313 I I -'t 2 521 518 10 1-30500 1?5 5 I 0 -6 635 639 10 r2 6 356 353 I
1 -11 5 233 239 L2 r -1 3 139 134 12 1-31118 681 6 10-51801628 I2 1 449 421 tO
1 -11 6 181 181 ls I -1 6 188 11't 12 1-32149 166 6 1 0 -{ 166 1A3 1 I2 I 400 410 r0
I -11 I 155 t16 19 1 -1 1 241 238 tt 1-33226 223 5 10-39089131 t2 9 256 253 13
I -1.0 -9 r{t t32 22 r -6 -9 2ø4 3tÌ 12 1 -3 4 360 349 l I O -2 1625 1599 9 t2 10 159 105 2r
1 -10 -l 256 255 12 1 -6 -A 491 511 Ì1 r -3 6 205 205 10 1 0 -Ì t'121 1151 9 13 -t1 18s 200 18
1 -10 -6 38s 38? 10 I -5 -? 506 533 9 1-3?181 186 t3 1 0 0 1r?0 1260 l 13 -ro r12 153 19
1 -10 -5 42r 418 10 1 -6 -6 385 391 10 I -2 -11 15{ 160 2I 1019299256 13 -9 155 I92 T9
1 -10 -4 350 359 9 Ì -6 -5 387 388 8 | -2 -10 243 221 \4 I 0 2 336 340 6 I] -8 440 441 11
1 -10 -3 24r 251 9 L -6 -4 9'17 961 9 L -2 -9 32'l 33r 10 1 0 3 ll53 rr71 8 l3 -'t 5? 9 5A6 t2
1 -10 -2 391 402 9 1 -6 -3 t322 t3t0 9 ! -2 -A 423 435 11 I 0 4 1004 9r2 I l3 -6 103 694 10
r -10 -1 543 545 10 1 -6 -2 942 93 6 I )- -2 -1 496 499 12 1050568389 13 -5 641 645 9
r -r0 0 555 553 10 1 -6 -1 765 't 5't 'l I -2 -6 613 601 10 1 0 6 394 385 9 13 -4 133 ?30 8
I -10 1 394 384 9 Ì -6 0 803 805 8 r -2 -5 1045 1034 9 10121928t9 13 3 861 863 1
1-10 2 269 281 9 7 -6 1- rt94 1187 10 | -2 -4 191 191 A 1083663139 13 -2 1090 1100 ?
r -10 3 447 440 9 1 -6 2 994 991 9 7 -2 -3 116 788 f r 0 9 290 30912 t3 -1 2249 2256 13
1-10 4 281 280 9 7 -6 3 843 851 9 r -2 -2 t11 169 4 I 0 t0 193 r-t3 1l t3 0 f21 131 6
I -10 5 169 185 14 I -6 4 559 549 9 | -2 -t 1211 )-238 A r 1 -r1 r95 218 18 13 1 841 858 6
I -10 7 199 185 14 I -6 5 512 4 83 11 \ -2 0 1553 1517 9 1 1 -10 23t 251 15 13 2 IO18 1016 I
I -9 -5 251 263 t0 1 -6 6 416 4? I 9 I -2 L 1225 1192 I Ì r -9 171 Ì86 lf Ìl 3 133I t323 9
r -9 -4 289 301 I 1 -6 f 508 509 10 | -2 2 1009 1012 l r 1 -8 145 128 17 13 4 910 894 9
r-9-331131281 -6 I 333 346 10 7-23690 6A6 1 1r-13593f79 13 5 442 452 11
7-9-221221411 -6 9 201 209 t5 t-24666 692 ø 1 I -6 552 510 l0 13 6 32r 313 8
I 9 -1 480 41510 1 -5 -6 195 225 rr l-25842 83t 9 11-59589519 t3 1 484 496 10
1-9026226211 -5 -2 r92 101 6 1-266tr 621 r1 rt-42432446 t3 a 316 364 9
1 -9 I r51 13712 1 -5 1 119 109 11 I-21298 304 9 1t-39139491 13 9 210 289 13
1-923r43t2a1 -5 3 105 111 12 t-2831s 3r4 9 17-29219246 13 t0 194 193 18
r-9343942891 -4 -r0 22ø 242 t5 t-29335 349 1l 11-199r9666 l4 -9 199 208 L6
r -9 4 340 323 I 1 4 -9 4t2 431 9 r -2 lo 244 I 1 0 744 ?40 5 t4 -8 189 2t6 t4
r 9 5 161 171 14 1 -4 I 443 480 t1 I -1 11 r58 It9 21 t1r3252935 t4 1 i26 84 l7
1 -8 -8 262 2tf t2 1 -4 -1 5f3 591 \2 1 -1 -10 216 2r4 t5 1 1 2 854 419 6 14 -6 29r 219 t
1 -8 -l 54s 551 10 1 -4 -6 216 210 I 1 1 -9 196 205 t5 1138848181 t4 -5 33 9 341 I
1 -8 -6 516 591 13 I -4 -5 1'lø 786 9 I -1 -l 201 212 11 I I 4 rl0 116 I t4 4 438 445 9
I -8 -5 416 458 12 1 -4 -4 1090 1092 9 1 -1 -6 417 466 10 1 I 5 531 523r0 Ì4 -3 469 456 1
I -8 -4 455 487 lt 1 -4 -3 t244 I2tf 9 1 -1 -5 513 52t 9 t1642'l4Jl9 14 -2 522 516 7
1-8-390188591 -4 -2 t314 1319 9 I -t -4 462 461 1 1113363368 t4 -t 926 902 I
I -8 -2 914 961 9 1 -4 -1 -t41 f40 5 7 -L -7 2r2 203 5 1 r I 307 31rr0 14 o82 64 9
1 -8 -1 â09 808 I 1 -4 0 11.23 t-r27 I 1 -1 -2 -ls9
160 151 4 1 1 9 263 25213 14 1 425 433 6
.141 1 1 10 203 1-19 1l 14 2 317 3?9 8
1-8068366181 -4 | t239 1229 9 1 -1 r 5
r -ß 1 57q 561 t0 I 4 ? 1162 1153 0 1 -l 0 1181 1199 1 t 2 -10 192 119 11 14 3 698 100 I
1 -8 2 904 90110 1 -4 3 822 821 I I -1 1 048 836 6 | 2 -9 205 193 14 t4 4 288 2ø3 1
I -8 3 910 90310 I -4 4 613 668 I 1Ì2339 341 5 I 2 -8 118 t60 14 I4 l I83 |t6 14
1 -8 4 563 541 11 1 -4 5 831 823 tO 113624 636 1 I 2 7 345 334 I l4 I 251 253 12
1-8534836791 -4 6 570 684 11 Ì -1 4 4f3 412 I r 2 -6 529 531 11 t5 -9 239 212 t4
I -8 6 333 325 I 1 -4 1 369 312 9 1-15423 421 I 12-55125599 I5 -8 410 419 11
I -0 ? 400 40110 1 4 I r81 167 l5 r-16289 289 ø 12-44394428 l5 -l 685 616 1r
1 -8 A 225 24314 I -4 9 230 24r t4 t11299 296 9 12-3168114f l5 -6 434 436 9
1 I -6 I99 2t3t2 I -4 10 2s3 244 t4 t -1 I t88 192 t5 | 2 2 109S 1092 l 15 -5 494 509 10
I 5 -4 150 ?45 I 1 9 -4 590 588 t0 I Ì3 -4 141 154 18 2 -t2 -5 391 388 10 2 -1 I 323 322 I
I 5 -3 t355 1334 9 I 9 3 435 431 9 1 tl -3 206 201 t4 2 -t2 -4 131 323 E 2 -1 2 460 453 l0
1 5 -2 1505 1486 10 1 9 -2 500 489 1t 1 13 -2 320 321 9 2 12 3 202 220 12 2 -l l 230 233 I
1 5 -l 1223 1200 9 I 9 -1 591 611 9 I t3 -r 212 213 to 2 -r2 -2 184 391 I 4 225 ?31 9
I 5 0 965 916 1 90905 890 9 1130282 296 9 -t2 -t 412 4A6 lO 2-1 5 t29 123 t6
r 5 1 1230 1255 I 9 I 838 831 9 t13t203 209 lt -I2 0 412 419 lO 2-1 6 153 r70 Ì6
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10 2 -8 223 225 It t0 6 s 162 162 t4 11 -6 -1 220 230 12 11 L 9 201 199 l3 11 f 2 202 209 15
10 2 -1 2Lr 220 1-1 10 6 -4 1s6 116 L3 It -6 0 193 199 14 11 1 -8 268 10 1t 8 -l 121 t02 l6
l0 2 -6 248 260 lO 10 6 -3 158 163 14 11 -6 I 149 13E tl tl I -l 200 224 tl tt a -2 tll 181 15
r0 2 -5 251 252 9 10 6 -2 252 244 t0 11 5 -6 r53 119 r5 lt r -6 t48 143 15 l1 I -Ì Ì 60 I ?0
10 2 -4 431 42s AO 10 6 -1 260 252 10 t1 -5 -5 134 124 18 11 1 -5 rls 168 16 tt 9 -1 712 112 t4
10 2 -3 402 410 l0 10 6 0 216 184 t2 II -5 - 4 r35 46 16 11 I 4 385 311 9 1Ì 9 -6 l8l 202 ll
10 2 -2 380 3f8 8 l0 ? -9 135 1{0 18 tl 4l 1f5 t5t Ì4 11 I -l 371 388 9 11 9 -5 I69 t11 14
10 2 -1 300 302 I 10 r -8 130 135 17 11 46 2I8 209 12 11 ). -2 25r 9 11 9 4 156 )14 1e
10 2 0 22A 241 7L 10 I -l 191 116 \2 1t -4 5 223 235 tI 1l I -1 146 112 15 II 9 ] ??a 240 )2
t0 2 r 259 215 70 10 1 -6 252 256 t0 1,1 -4 -3 196 194 t2 lì r o 221 208 ìl t) 9 -2 ¡l
10 22 364 365 l0 I -5 407 413 10 fl -4 -2 240 241 11 11 | r 292 286 lO 11 9 -r 23L 2IT
l0 23 240 25L 10 I -4 350 352 I 11 -4 -1 214 26S10 1l | 2 25a 25012 11 9 0 ll5 143
10 24 167 112 10 1 -3 2t8 220 ll rr -4 0 204 185 13 11 1 3 l4l 164 2l tl l0 -? t54 l?1
10 3 -9 165 166 10 1 2 246 249r0 11 -4 I 178 131 14 11 2 -1 lrB El 19 ll 10 -6 142 119
IO 3 -8 239 246 10?-Ì361361S1142 t66 t45 t1 11 2 -6 132 rr2 16 lt l0 -3 2t8 203
10 3-1 166 r66 r0 I 0 420 415 9 1r -4 3 t65 164 18 11 2 -5 I39 722 13 tt l0 2 r6l 203
10 3 -5 t26 r68 ro 1 | 253 255 12 rr -3 -l 166 113 15 11 2 2 128 A2 2t 11 10 -l r6Ì 139
10 3 -5 r27 146 10 1 2 234 191 t3 11 -3 -6 149 153 t6 1Ì 3 -10 149 lt6 17 ll rl 4 t62 1?1
10 3 -4 384 3 0l 10 1 3 200 224 16 11 -3 -5 r21 138 l8 11 3 -9 234 208 11 1ì 11 -3 t86 200
10 3-3 381 3S3 I 10 8 -3 125 134 18 11 -3 -3 112 162 13 1t 3 -â 206 202 12 11 1r -2 r99 200
10 3-2 212 183 10 10 I -1 123 91 20 rr -3 -2 229 228 tt 11 I --t 198 2rl. 12 12 -8 0 l5r 91
10 3 -l tf3 154 16 10 9 -8 112 r10 14 rt -3 -l L61 116 15 lt 3 -6 25A 246 9 12 -1 0 t48 95
10 30 211 255 9 t0 9 -1 242 242 ll 17 -2 -9 136 J,2A \9 11 3 -5 351 3s8 9 L2 -6 -2 I74 t20
10 31 262 210 10 10 9 -6 309 306 9 Ll -2 -8 195 179 13 11 3 -4 3El 380 9 12 -5 -1 L62 150 16
10 32 223 2t5 13 10 9 -5 275 300 t0 ll -2 -1 202 L91 L2 11 3 -3 30? 305 9 12 -5 -6 tl0 159 15
10 4 -10 r25 99 20 10 9 -4 204 221 L2 lr -2 -6 205 2t6 L2 lt 3 -2 263 246 9 12 -5 -5 115 125 18
10 4 -8 2L6 206 11 10 9 -3 261 261 l0 11 -2 -5 204 229 12 11 3 -l 322 7I2 I 12 -5 -2 t't 2 164 15
l0 1-1 256 264 IO 109-23133159Ú-2-4 166 169 13 tl. 3 0 375 364 I t2 -5 -l 165 762 t6
10 1-6 200 201 t2 10 9 -1 10? 389 10 11 -2 -3 235 223 rO 1.1 3 I 369 351 9 \2 -s 0 742 111 18
10 1-5 295 29L 9 r0 9 0 283 283 11 ll -2 -2 231 221 70 11 3 2 273 222 ).4 L2 -3 -9 131 85 l8
10 1 -4 219 264 9 10 9 2 259 250 17 1L -2 -1 2r5 204 11 11 3 3 111 151 21 12 -3 -8 ).1 6 15{ 15
10 1-3 295 296 9 10 11 -l 2r2 205 12 L1 -2 0 182 119 13 11 4 -3 r24 98 l7 12 -3 -1 142 1l{ 18
10 4-2 236 211 10 10 11 -6 l8{ 19? 14 )-l -2 2 18{ 190 16 11 5 -9 203 192 13 12 -3 -6 275 19{ 1r
10 4 -1 244 241 10 10 11 -5 160 102 15 1t -1 -8 206 r19 12 11 5 -8 103 191 13 12 -3 -5 L62 148 Ì4
10 40 288 285 9 10 11 -1 201 201 13 11 -1 -? 204 t99 1,2 11 5 -l 150 115 16 12 -3 -4 r92 l?7 13
10 41 305 303 10 10 11 -3 2AO 21r l0 1l -l -6 72t 123 18 11 5 -6 214 21\ rO L2 -3 -3 24ø 230 ll
10 42 231 229 72 10 Ll -2 335 332 10 11 -1 -5 l?5 1?1 13 lr 5 -5 363 357 8 12 -l -2 290 213 9
10 44 165 118 19 10 11 -1 2't't 216 rl 11 -1 -4 189 176 tl tt 5 -4 291 299 9 12 -3 -r 192 119 t3
10 5 -10 t14 140 l8 10 11 0 201 210 11 11 -1 -3 291 2eJ 8 11 5 -3 215 2s4 t0 12 -3 0 149t29 11
10 5 -9 225 227 t2 l0 12 -3 134 96 lt 17 -l -2 213 277 9 11 5 -2 326 733 I L2 -L -9 t62 t56 16
10 5 -8 226 2to 11 t0 13 -3 203 2rL !3 11. -1 -l t8t 200 13 1.1 5 -1 36E 376 9 12 -1 -8 t 94 r84 13
10 5-? 209 193 11 11 -10 -4 128 1r9 20 11 -1. 0 149 149 t6 11 5 0 335 3tE 9 12 -l '1 184 168 13
10 5 -6 242 250 10 11 -10 -3 rS2 126 11 tr -l I 16{ 148 15 11 5 1 297 269 1.0 12 -I -6 181 166 12
10 5-5 380 362 9 11 -0 -6 138 103 19 11 -1 2 205 211 15 lt 5 2 166 181 18 12 -1. -5 186 181 12
10 5 -4 381 383 9 11 -8 -4 188 180 1{ 1r -1 3 23L 195 13 1r I -9 152 139 ls 12 -1 -4 252 239 10
10 5-l 222 2t2 10 11 -8 -2 131 121 19 tl 0 -9 t58 130 16 rr f -8 150 141 16 12 -r -3 28J 219 9
10 5-2 265 26t 9 11 -8 0 170 156 16 11 0 -6 t3? t3o 16 Ì1 1 -1 211 220 12 12 -L -2 239 234 l0
10 5-1 356 368 I 11 -8 I 13? 145 20 11 0 -5 t95 t93 12 11 1 -6 216 210 t.0 12 1 -l 114 t59 14
10 50 152 475 t1 rr -6 -8 142 116 19 11 0 -4 211 t93 10 11 1 -5 2A2 211 9 12 -l 0 r 68 165 ts
L0 51 3t6 319 10 11 -6 -l 191 1?6 14 11 0 -3 195 200 t2 1). 1 -1 228 2J2 Ll 12 -L 1 215 2r2 t4
10 52 243 214 t2 11 -6 -6 2r4 191 12 1l O -2 112 195 t3 11 1 -3 21A 266 9 12 -l 2 210 213 14
t2 I -9 139 t62 19 72 I -t 137 160 19 13 6 -3 241 222 l0
12 1 -8 r90 tl3 13 12 9 -2 t22 6119 13 6 -2 202 230 t3
t2 1-l 156 116 16 12 10 -4 117 215 14 13 6 -r 196 193 13
T2 I -6 242 245 1t 12 10 -3 240 252 ll 13 I -4 189 190 13
t2 1 -5 254 239 10 13 -7 -6 lil 126 20 14 -3 -6 122 55 18
T2 I -4 33r 337 I 13 -5 -l 151 134 16 14 -2 -3 135 109 1l
I2 1 -3 280 264 9 13 -5 -6 L21 129 19 14 0 -6 159 151 15
t2 r-2 1't3 187 14 13 -5 -5 132 106 l-8 14 0 -5 r7t 164 14
I2 1-t 198 196 L2 t3 -5 -2 1?l 150 15 14 0 -2 t58 1.4 0 15
12 10 244 24t 11 1l -3 -8 142 119 18 14 2 -1 r23 111 18
L2 11 249 259 T2 13 -3 -6 165 110 14 Ì4 2 -6 1.5 5 114 15
t2 12 15s 16
169 13 -3 -4 134 r5l 19 14 2 -5 1.89 163 t2
L2 2 -4 t32 t32 17 13 -3 -3 195 195 13 14 2 -4 15 0 130 15
l2 20 150 l.03 t6 t3 -3 -2 149 154 1l 14 2 -2 158 r5l t5
L2 3 -9 L52 144 15 13 -3 -1 13r t24 l8 14 4 -6 156 139 14
3 -8 148 140 1f 13 -3 0 1.32 115 1.9 14 4 -5 l.{ 0 t39 16
t2 3 -7 184 181 13 t3 -2 -8 L46 102 11 14 4 -4 155 145 14
'12 3 -6 223 221 11 13 -1 -0 130 99 19 14 4 -3 l?3 164 r4
T2 3-5 252 252 10 13 -1 -? 143 109 16
I2 3 -4 209 200 t2 13 -1 -5 142 r34 16
12 3-3 199 I92 L2 13 -1 -4 1-t{ 185 14
t2 3-2 255 265 l0 13 -1 -3 169 158 t4
t2 3 -1 290 289 10 13 -1 0 131 140 19
t2 30 299 291 10 13 0 -A 126 11 L8
t2 3t 201 20ø 14 13 0 -5 1s2 132 15
t2 4-6 t32 t22 L7 13 0 -4 177 156 13
t2 { -5 208 192 12 13 0 -3 150 1,38 l5
I2 4 -1 t19 13? 19 13 0 -1 146 123 16
r2 40 164 156 16 13 0 0 t53 165 17
t2 41 133 t20 20 13 I -6 135 120 17
12 5-7 130 144 18 13 I -3 118 131 19
t2 5 -6 r84 t?1 13 13 I -1 161 137 15
12 211 l9? 12 13 1 0 13? 146 19
t2 5 -4 161 17? t5 13 2 -6 ]^9l r13 13
l2 5-3 181 18s 13 13 2 -s 199 100 12
I2 r89 1f7 13 13 2 -4 160 150 14
l2 5 -1 2ta 208 12 13 2 -3 t19 702 19
t2 50 216 201 13 13 2 -2 155 148 15
t2 51 134 137 20 13 2 -! 201 184 12
T2 6-1 150 110 16 13 2 0 201 1f3 13
t2 6 -6 219 222 11 13 3 -1 123 11r 20
t2 6 -5 r32 160 t8 13 4 -8 139 101 16
t2 6-3 r43 144 1? 13 4 -l 160 184 15
t2 6-2 259 246 10 Ì3 4 -6 22t 204 ll
l2 6-1 205 189 13 13 4 -5 220 273 LL
L2 60 159 151 71 13 4 -4 169 153 14
t2 7-5 L52 150 15 13 4 -3 178 154 13
t2 1 -4 115 165 14 t3 4 -2 22t 2r112
t2 1-3 T?O 154 14 13 I -t 234 221 12
l2 1-2 159 116 15 13 4 0 155 178 16
T2 l-1 1.3 3 l3-t 19 t3 5 -5 125 5-t 1?
I2 I -7 209 204 I2 13 6 -7 189 118 12
t2 ô -4 140 163 18 13 6 -6 161 176 L5
T2 ô-3 2't 1 2't 9 t0 13 6 -5 143 r41 16
t2 8-2 246 254 11 13 6 -4 125 Ìs8 19
Table A3: Obsened And Catcutated Stucture Factors For The [(o-Tol)sPAu(6-MP)] .C2HsOH Complex.

10lFlo vs 10lFlc
h k I Eo PcslgE h klFo Fc stgF h k I Fo FcalgE h k I Fo FcslgE h k I Eo EcslgF

0 4 26'16 2460 10 0 2 15 408 384 t0 04 2t 265 245 11 0 6 24 21r 291 14 09 I 't21 715 I
0 6 266r 2520 t0 02t6 902 909 I 0{ 24 613 601 r4 0625 490 461 t3 09 7r 2A2 2A6 I
0 I 358 331 6 o2r1 361 368 I 04 25 308 269 t3 0628 229 234 22 09 12 563 633 9
0 10 1186 L622 I 0 2 18 606 6t6 10 04 28 342 353 15 o629 200 22r 21 09 13 181 LgO 12
0 12 640 650 6 o220 113 3 113 s 10 04 29 212 166 25 0?1 6r1 662 6 09 t4 259 233 9
0 14 1078 1119 l o222 212 203 l4 04 30 219 259 2r 012 1195 1206 1 09 1s 163 184 15
0 16 804 843 I o224 ?58 I61 13 05 1 548 604 5 013 a26 841 6 09 16 313 383 11
0 18 855 809 I o226 256 261 I5 05 502 s50 5 0t1 412 8'ts 6 09 1? 3 98 392 10
0 20 941 1019 9 o22g 283 306 16 05 3 986 1019 6 015 17 r. 163 I 09 18 493 500 14
0 24 915 1030 10 0 2 30 45 9 439 14 05 4 348 317 6 016 500 50t l 09 21 418 391 12
0 26 523 561 1s 031 123 6 1243 5 05 5 350 325 1 0?1 I64 814 l 09 22 431 {11 13
0 28 440 {{0 13 032 211 282 5 05 6 69E 665 6 018 ì001 994 1 0 10 0 163 169 10
0 30 392 433 t2 033 1813 18 81 1 05 1 l'111 1f21 I 0 7 1l 584 545 I 0 10 1 559 546 8
1 1 1403 1560 6 034 242 232 6 05 I 113 9 1085 6 0112 625 51.7 I 0 10 2 152 140 t1
1 2 420 449 3 035 285 269 6 05 9 387 365 9 0 I t3 60? 5?3 9 0 10 3 298 304 9
1 3 3333 315 0 13 036 ?05 603 5 05 10 360 329 9 0 I l{ 315 291 LO 0 10 4 350 34f 11
1 4 r 68t 1?19 l 03'l 2043 202L I 05 1t 1318 1310 ? 0 I 15 J24 293 LO 0 10 5 '161 73t 8
1 5 1615 1635 l 038 952 909 6 05 t2 897 886 '' 0 I 16 334 330 10 0 10 6 354 352 12
1 6 443 4 08 5 039 t't2t 1-r 16 I 05 13 1448 1389 8 0 l 17 466 443 L2 0 10 ? 159 1I8 1I
1 't 2019 2007 I 0 3 10 86{ 862 6 05 14 604 5 91 I 0 7 18 482 413 13 0 10 I 138 134 14
1 I 399 313 6 0 3 11 1641 1680 8 05 15 r62 t6â t2 0120 265 22'l ll 0 t0 9 625 609 9
1 9 740 142 6 03L2 125 698 'l 05 t6 862 825 I 0 7 21 392 316 t2 0 l0 10 199 1f8 r0
I l0 795 154 5 0313 117 7 1169 'l 05 17 899 853 9 0122 5r6 510 t5 0 t0 11 484 485 1t
I tt 922 944 1 0 3 t4 387 34 10 05 18 250 211 10 0'l 23 434 122 t3 0 10 12 115 13 18
1 t2 443 453 I 0 3 t5 370 34 10 05 19 329 331 9 0125 284 249 14 0 t0 13 181 L12 t3
1 13 1395 1437 8 0 3 16 296 10 05 2L s12 196 13 o126 265 243 t6 0 ¡,0 14 239 240 l0
1 t1 210 325 8 0 3 ll 1 615 157 9 05 22 46L 41-t 1t o121 28'l 292 11 0 t0 15 5?7 552 11
1 15 400 405 9 0 3 18 570 58 1l 05 23 J28 31] II 0f28 343 326 t5 0 t0 17 149 134 18
1 1l 1320 1344 I 0 3 19 521 52 t2 05 24 196 181 18 080 856 619 1 0 10 18 326 311 9
1 18 379 316 9 032L 145 't2 12 05 25 229 194 1l 08t 1015 1011
-7
0 10 19 403 401 12
1 19 415 433 12 0322 389 43 13 05 26 216 263 15 082 130 112 10 0 l0 20 230 186 t4
I 21 891 94{ t0 o323 518 5t 15 05 21 314 302 15 083 266 280 I 0 10 2t 393 347 13
I 23 851 920 11 o321 561 54 19 06 0 1tt8 1156 6 084 919 931 l 0 11 I 198 ta2 9
1 24 2r3 215 14 0 3 31 341 355 18 I 1050 6
101.1 085 1049 1043 ? 0 t1 2 500 4 98 9
1 25 331 311 10 040 158I r655 1 06 2 245299 9 086 441 453 8 0 1Ì 3 199 18? 9
1 21 159 802 r3 041 tI2 r24 6 06 3 t82 192 6 089 121 102 1 0 11 4 345 328 9
1 29 252 251 1-l 042 492 511 05 4 12 61 t219 1 0 8 10 631 642 I 0 11 6 491 469 10
1 30 192 r52 23 043 201 215 5 06 5 1054 1041 6 0 I 11 5?4 548 9 0 tt ? 161 l6f 13
1 3t 26'l 291 19 044 r465 1503 6 6 919 6 0 I 13 181 t90 tr 0 Ìt I 53 S 539 10
1 33 286 301 21 0{5 513 541 5 06 'l 6L4 568 6 0 I 14 4 85 469 1l 0 11 t0 120 59 t8
2 o 2494 2409 10 046 t228 1240 5 06 I 926 a22 6 0 I 15 692 616 9 0 1r tl 112 159 Ì3
2 1 119 134 4 041 623 613 05 9 416 1l9 8 0 I 16 Ìt0 tl3 14 0 Ì1 12 512 550 11
2 2 1835 t-824 1 048 765 ?55 6 06 IO I2'12 1242 1 0 I 18 266 265 10 0 11 13 I42 114 1l
3 182 506 4 049 1004 954 6 06 11 809 816 ? 0 I 19 438 412 t5 0 11 14 308 296 10
4 2142 2694 tl 0 4 10 1014 1? 10 I 06 t2 2ø5 286 1 0 I 20 313 310 10 0 11 15 115 14? 15
2 5 1-26'l 1293 6 0 4 1r 632 608 1 06 13 511 529 9 0 8 2t 431 406 12 0 11 16 310 319 r0
2 6 3105 3166 12 04t2 356 364 10 06 14 119 ?53 I o823 236 162 15 0 11 18 435 427 72
2 1 tI24 1159 6 0 4 13 548 542 1 06 15 641 63't 9 o ø 24 391 397 72 0 11 19 t82 144 18
2 I 13 t3 1405 6 o414 1780 1755 9 06 l6 555 633 9 0 I 25 450 456 15 o12 | 326 318 9
2 9 108 8't 9 04ls 848 8?1 I 06 r-l 139 117 16 09r 395 407 9 0 12 3 201 2L2 tO
10 2003 1988 9 0 4 16 731 ?03 I 06 18 340 333 11 092 1073 1094 l 012 5 390 380 l3
2 11 483 4't5 1 041? 455 44s 11 06 19 151 123 t0 093 531 5{5 0 DT2 I 12 9 113 1l
2 12 515 518 l 0 4 18 654 611 10 06 20 124 681 11 094 434 431 9 0 t-2 9 522 409 11
2 t3 214 188 l 0 4 19 431 401 13 06 2I 331 339 096 509 496 I o12 10 186 r40 13
2 14 L232 120? I 0420 526 522 t2 06 23 292 256 091 358 33s 11 0t2 11 4 07 386 10
t2 13 245 276 n I r -4 196 165 6 t2 -1 155 163 133 121 136 5 14 I 1551 1553 7
T2 14 200 190 14 11-3 163 186 4 l2 0 13 31 1309 134 1802 1803 7 1{ I 4 69 445 6
15 496 4'14 14 1t-2 3269 2913 t2 t2 I 153 0 165 3 135 746 801 5 14 9 692 ?11 6
13 2 393 311 L3 1 I -1 180 222 5 72 478 446 136 I61 164 5 t4 10 894 884 6
13 4 239 225 LO r10 2126 200{ 8 12 3 652 611 131 298 322 1 I4 11 1?25 1?45 I
13 6 220 226 LL r11 1.17 9 113 6 12 4 942 9?5 138 2335 2354 10 t4 12 911 915 7
I3 I 331 321 rO Ì12 801 165 4 I2 5 L682 112 4 139 795 810 6 t4 L3 243 249 I
13 11 191 153 14 113 1 003 950 5 t2 6 355 {00 I 3 10 1.002 to29 6 14 14 343 338 11
0 -33 394 318 19 114 2790 21 81 9 t2 'l 2331 2342 t312 1939 1948 9 14 L5 r29'l t216 I
0 -29 105 63't 20 115 r625 15 51 1 I2 I 1{3 159 1 3 13 584 5t3 8 14 t6 556 550 9
0 -21 544 552 16 116 1448 I442 1 l2 9 l1 61 114 0 I 3 1{ llÌ3 I121 I 14 r? 510 533 1t
0 -25 1'11 49t 16 111 874 892 l2 10 285 293 1 3 15 639 615 9 L4 19 348 361 11
0 -23 926 958 15 118 2292 2313 9 I2 1t r 6l.5 1590 I 3 16 3?5 371 t3 14 20 389 388 11
0 -19 801 856 14 119 65L 636 6 t2 12 499 412 1 3 l8 1136 1148 9 Ì4 21 6A2 603 t2
0 -l-1 82'l 't 15 13 I I 10 806 -t 81 6 T2 13 113 131 1 3 19 313 r04 l0 t4 22 ts'l 143 19
0 -15 980 1012 t3 1 I 11 625 621 .I \2 14 211 296 r321 135 1{3 2t 14 25 596 573 16
0 -13 1?34 1?43 13 1 1 12 1636 1100 I t2 15 L442 11? 4 TJ22 126 121 t2 14 26 300 301 15
0 -11 582 548 15 1 1 13 r41 146 10 l2 16 569 549 10 1 3 23 254 230 13 I4 29 296 321 I9
0 -9 2994 3166 16 1 1 14 161 I 16 81 9 t2 t-l 810 833 9 r 3 24 423 423 t3 L4 30 248 23t 23
0 -5 1202 t738 9 1115 50r 485 9 72 18 t52 144 1s t326 251 223 t6 14 31 369 354 18
0 -3 3383 3245 13 1 I 16 404 405 1L 12 19 640 660 1t I 3 28 494 4f5 15 15 -30 223 186 20
0 -1 266 201 4 1117 222 2tø 9 12 20 219 2?1 10 \329 220 209 23 I5 -26 341 31t 12
0 I 3192 3283 t2 1 1 18 157 6 1604 9 t2 21 851 863 1Ì I 4-29 321 351 15 15 -2s 318 293 12
0 3 820 141 4 1 1 20 368 422 IO t2 22 2'12 294 II r 4-21 106 295 14 15 -23 23r 250 14
0 5 1031 1015 5 lI22 ?68 189 11 T2 25 651 654 14 | 4-25 3lt 309 1.1 15 -22 538 525 14
0 ? 1.10 7 tL25 6 r124 160 't 56 t2 l2 21 26r 2't7 16 7 4-24 391 406 1.2 l5 -2r 538 501 14
0 9 225 L12 1 TI26 262 264 14 t2 29 263 25r 19 I 4-23 691 690 14 15 -20 612 622 12
0 11 683 750 6 1 1 28 4l I 464 l4 t2 31 371 378 t6 I 4-22 155 160 21 15 -19 168 143 15
0 13 268 26t I 7t32 298 21I 20 13 -30 343 361 L1 | 4-20 569 538 14 t5 -18 340 305 tl
0 15 15 31 1565 I r 2-33 393 400 t9 t3 -21 233 201 20 I 4 -19 1058 r003 l1 l5 -11 638 611 t0
0 1? 53S 5 87 9 | 2 -29 501 505 t4 13 -26 600 562 l8 1 4 -18 536 411 t2 t5 -16 1489 1448 9
0 l9 819 E10 9 I 2 -2'l 407 369 L3 13 -24 203 163 19 r 4 -l? 't 31 143 1t 15 -ls 561 550 t 0
0 21 131s 1369 9 1 2-26 355 365 14 13 -23 250 211 t6 Ì 4 -16 218 265 9 t5 -14 343 329 9
0 25 1J6 103 t2 t 2-25 368 3 68 13 13 651 651 16 1 4 -15 10 32 992 9 15 13 ll5 731 I
0 2't 572 49? 1l I 2-24 284 304 16 l3 -20 981 984 13 1 4 -t4 551 484 10 15 -r2 901 903 l
0 29 723 322 14 | 2-23 all 893 t6 13 -1S 511 60? 13 1 4 -13 113 { t621 9 -11 745 104 -l
0 3t 252 2t4 20 I 2-21 200 156 18 13 -!'l l0? 68t L2 | 4-I2 418 407 9 t5 -LO 1321 1299 1
1 -32 409 381 l.? ). 2 -20 52r 510 13 13 -76 151 4 t423 lr I 4 -11 810 f31 1 t5 -9 55? 549 '1

t -30 506 471 15 | 2-I9 \434 1409 13 13 15 139 l8 15 I 4 -10 842 80I l 15 a 461 439 1
I -26 al2 195 l8 1 2-18 483 463 t2 13 -14 362 4t3 9 I 4 -9 1395 1316 ? 15 -7 110Ì 1040 6
I -24 514 497 15 I 2-r1 855 825 13 13 -13 3s5 29A 9 1 4 -8 5 86 326 6 15 -6 1108 10?5 6
I -22 100 688 1l 1 2 -15 t241 1190 11 t3 -t2 1862 1682 9 1 4 -? 600 562 6 I5 -5 552 549 6
I -20 952 932 15 I 2-14 644 6t6 11 t3 -10 1369 1250 I | 4 -6 426 319 6 -4 104 08 9
I -79 216 224 73 I 2 -13 t242 L112 10 t3 -9 f19 669 6 1 4 -5 1054 1046 6 15 -3 361 344 6
1 -18 362 357 12 7 2-r2 623 530 9 13 -8 635 618 6 1 4 -4 659 642 5 15 2 1140 Ì141 6
1 -t6 1216 12rr 14 r 2 -11 193 151 9 l3 -1 1r 1l 1019 6 1 4 -3 t{86 t468 l 15 -t 1496 1535 7
1 -15 240 2r2 12 1 2 -10 372 215 I 13 -6 1942 1902 8 ).4-2 353 3r9 6 15 0 5 03 536 5
1 -14 545 416 14 I2-9 7?5 2615 t2 13 241 r91 1 141 1166 Ì114 6 t5 I 319 364 6
1 -12 2rt4 2156 14 12-8 29 283 I 1l -4 2rs 189 5 140 10ll 1086 5 15 2 lf 46 1751 I
1 -11 394 421 t0 t21 T2 114 2 6 13 -l 1053 1044 5 141 2028 2043 I 15 3 I32T 1301 6
1 -10 l910 1930 1t r26 48 463 5 t3 -2 1508 1503 6 142 f22 132 5 15 4 1310 1340 l
1 -9 204 10 l I 2 -s 14 2623 1t 13 -t 1492 14¡l 6 143 688 615 5 15 5 1Ls9 1t62 6
I -8 t040 1103 9 124 20 2to4 9 13 0 65 4 696 4 144 915 915 5 l5 6 808 185 6
I -6 2669 2165 rt t2-3 48 l42A 6 13 1 1543 t545 6 145 l Sll l88l 8 15 1 606 626 6
I -5 249 238 t2-2 52 526 4 I3 2 1386 1446 6 146 1203 1202 6 15 8 I994 1950 9
5 9 624 6r5 1 6 14 465 461 10 ll 452 458 12 I 9 -21 133 388 11 1 10 r 319 319 I
5 Ì0 508 508 1 6 15 388 381 tl ll 23 54f 513 15 r 9-20 3 06 r50 9 I t0 2 410 450 9
5 11 112 163 1 6 16 511 486 10 1l 24 323 344 t2 1 9 -11 3r8 f96 72 r t0 3 426 4t0 t0
5 t2 10f4 1061 r 6 1l 445 428 72 11 25 241 239 tf I 9 16 241 268 8 I l0 4 251 243 I
15 Ì3 1033 1034 ? 16 19 51{ 508 12 26 185 L14 23 9 -Ì5 342 9331 10 5 212 241 E

15 11 11?? 1163 8 16 20 622 504 12 21 L91 2l 9 -13 230 9205 10 6 846 8Ì4 t
15 15 301 312 10 16 21 422 421 11 28 304 2'to t1 9 -12 1f8 9190 10 I 150 ì5f I3
15 16 159 t58 13 16 22 41a 413 l5 -21 285 293 t2 9 -11 660 I630 t0 I 191 t73 l0
t5 t7 {52 411 11 I6 25 J94 400 t2 -24 333 414 11 9 -10 232 239 1 10 9 253 251
15 L8 '194 186 9 16 26 3ge 369 12 -23 210 30? 10 9 -9 I23 108 ll t0 l0 562 548 10
l5 20 202 212 13 16 29 361 333 16 -22 165 182 15 9 -8 265 218 A 10 rt 191 r 91 t1
15 22 55t 532 14 t? -21 321 360 12 309 3{6 9 9-1 818 8{0 l 10 ì2 523 501 t0
15 23 418 406 13 tf -26 323 3 43 1r -19 179 I1O L2 96 506 53 t I 10 13 148 105 T6
15 24 236 229 t5 1? -25 321 379 10 -18 195 129 \2 9 -5 4l1 449 9 10 1.5 260 265 l0
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1 -23 289 27115 I 5 5 856 845 9 I 't 1 42L 393 l2 9 0 13 82t rl61t 9 3-22 318 309 14
1 -22 635 621 1l I 5 6 302 320 ).0 I 7 2 2L0 200 1l 9 0 15 322 322 lt 9 3-20 311 321 t3
3 -19 231 234 76 9 5 -12 249 250 \0 9 1 2 241 258 9 10 2 -6 541 553 rr 10 5 -14 194 163 14
3 -18 512 487 16 9 5 -10 358 363 10 9 1 5 296 2't9 9 10 2 -5 230 22s t0 10 5 -13 385 376 11
3 -17 287 258 !2 9 5 -9 468 {87 11 I 1 6 393 362 r1 10 2 -4 516 488 10 10 5 -I2 253 264 tr
3 -14 {09 388 11 9 5 -8 3s9 315 10 9 1 1 224 2!1 t2 l0 2 -2 460 455 11 10 5 -11 2t5 T94 12
3 -13 219 239 !7 9 5 -7 2L9 244 t0 9 I -t0 246 214 9 10 2 0 541 513 10 10 5 -9 432 429 73
3 -L2 268 256 L0 9 5 -6 201 22L L0 9 8 -8 180 20t l1 t0 2 I 240 280 9 10 s -8 314 401 10
3 -10 561 548 11 9 5 -5 L90 206 11 9 t -1 256 264 A 10 2 2 153 164 13 10 5 7 415 441 t3
3 -9 21¡l 198 11 9 5 -1 651 671 9 9 I -6 280 32\ 9 10 2 4 603 639 9 I0 5 5 162 180 13
3 -8 t14 't03 9 9 5 -3 41? 419 11 9 I -5 226 265 9 10 2 5 282 292 9 t0 5 -4 351 361 10
3 -6 1?5 18112 9 5 -2 224 22A 9 9 I 31{ 320 l0 t0 2 6 253 256 9 l0 s -3 602 610 10
3-5 323 3I810 9 5 0 562 57210 9 A -t 188 189 11 l0 2 I 416 453 13 10 5 -2 242 261 9
3-4 10421057 I 9 5 1 413 13112 9 I 0 180 r 93 12 l0 2 to 4 86 488 13 10 5 0 209 220 LO
3-3 217 295 9 9 s 2 549 58010 9 I 3 21r 245 L0 10 3 -19 285 293t4 10 5 1 365 384 9
3-2 300 288 I 9 5 4 201 181 t2 10 0 -20 535 604 I8 r0 3 -11 {41 407 13 I0 s 2 302 3 05 9
30 857 909 I 9 5 5 396 41210 10 0 -16 801 756 13 t0 3 -13 542 518 13 l0 5 3 335 359 10
31 220 236 9 9 5 6 645 61211 10 0 -14 616 564 13 10 3 -11 322 29210 10 5 6 213 264 70
32 142 161 9 9 5 I 167 1?515 10 0 -L2 423 398 11 10 I -r0 212 181 13 10 5 7 386 388 11
33 250 267 A 9 5 10 364 320 11 10 0 -r0 861 811 10 10 I -9 584 580 11 10 5 8 L61 174 t5
34 323 336 9 9 5 11 183 l,?2 15 10 0 -6 461 416 L2 l0 3 -8 180 186 14 10 6 -\2 r23 109 20
36 142 't41 t0 9 5 t2 256 260 t7 10 0 -4 2ø1 286 9 10 3 -f 698 680 10 10 6 -11 298 301 10
31 341 348 11 9 6 -17 214 2A2 tt 10 0 240 269 9 103-5 305 295 9 10 6-10 239 235 10
38 I53 145 15 9 6 -t6 304 319 9 10 0 0 128 738 9 10 3 -4 299 3209106-9 26r 259 9
3 10 391 39? 10 9 6 -15 353 3?0 10 t0 0 4 1't I 't't't 9 10 3 -3 838 866 9 10 6 -1 150 14S l5
3t2 358 345 12 9 6 -13 215 213 11 10 0 6 353 366 L0 10 3 -2 360 315 9 10 6 -6 {11 433 13
3 14 210 196 13 9 6 -!2 414 142 t3 10 0 I 516 561 12 10 3 -1 239 219 9 10 6 -5 333 348 10
4 -2L 492 493 t3 9 6 -11 399 425 13 10 0 10 588 546 12 10 3 I 5t2 6r? t0 10 6 -4 244 251 9
4 -19 182 201 19 9 6 -10 293 293 9 rO 0 I2 184 115 1l 10 7 2 240 231 I 10 6 -2 2\2 224 \O
{ -18 199 161 16 9 6 -1 431 420 11 10 1 -19 164 439 t2 10 3 l 4 50 465 tr 10 6 -7 332 355 10
4 -11 341 356 11 I 6 -6 490 a96 10 10 I -ll ?35 66t t4 10 ) 4 201 202 I0 l0 6 0 403 420 13
{ -16 232 210 13 9 6 -5 288 280 9 10 1 -13 926 833 l1 l0 3 5 |t1 190 12 10 6 3 288 3 07 I
4 -15 t50 482 14 9 6 -4 160 171 13 10 r -11 335 283 10 t0 3 'l 346 155 9 10 6 4 314 357 11
4 -r2 306 292 9 9 6 -3 323 332 IO 10 1 -9 521 5t8 l2 I0 3 11 314 359 11 10 6 5 2â6 295 LO
1 -11 564 558 11 9 6 -2 380 403 t2 10 1 -1 654 650 I0 10 4 -16 239 13 10 1 -1 248 253 9
4 -10 224 225 10 9 6 -1 418 436 11 10 Ì 136 98 15 10 4 -15 2r7 t8l 1{ l0 f -4 221 232 9
4-1 65663899602242419101 -3 612 682 9 10 4 -14 310 303 10 10 1 3 254 2'to 9
4 -6 386 418 13 9 6 2 2t5 209 L0 10 I -t 350 3't2 9 Ì0 4 -L2 2I6 2L2 L3 10 'l -2 230 248 9
4-5 38ô 36{ 12 9 6 3 4I4 42't L3 10 1 0 154 139 13 t0 4 -11 20I 209 t3 lt 0 -r5 s06 453 12
4 -3 443 45111 9 6 4 294 295 9 I0 I I 478 498 11 10 4 -10 559 566 12 lt 0 -13 438 4t8 12
4-2 351 357 9 9 6 5 321 30?10 10 1 3 535 548 10 t0 { -9 l8{ 203 L4 rt 0 -9 554 508 13
4 -1 888 915 8 9 6 1 24L 2467L 10 1 5 331 385 10 104-1 2r9 t83 11 11 0 5 489 412 12
40 280 293 9 9 6 I 32{ 307 10 t0 I 6 139 131 15 10 4 -6 1't 6 1169110-3 415 416 1{
42 218 2L9 9 9 6 9 438 41115 10 1 1 162 779 10 10 4 -5 295 303 I 11 0 -1 485 464 12
43 860 894 9 9 7 -14 388 409 t0 10 1 I 13 9 91 18 I0 4 -4 334 335 I0 tt 0 1 623 596 10
41 315 313 9 9 7 -13 20L 29A 9 10 I 11 601 564 12 10 4 -3 121 101 16 11 0 s ?00 730 t1
15 326 307 11 9 't -).2 2r2 239 Lt 10 1 13 358 331 10 10 4 -2 42I 44A12 11 0 f 340 345 10
47 38t 378 10 9 ? -10 21A 213 A tO 2 -20 565 530 13 10 { I 314 3{6 l0 11 1 -16 412 {34 13
48 297 286 9 I ? -9 455 495 11 l0 2 -18 2t4 186 18 10 4 0 574 582 r0 11 I -t2 494 485 15
49 370 355 tl 9 I -8 301 322 9 10 2 -16 5'12 535 15 t0 4 I r41 114 13 1Ì r -10 263 245 11
4 10 169 153 t5 9 1 -'t 255 2A2 9 r0 2 -I4 412 402 t5 10 4 3 291 3169111-8 323 28? 10
4 13 J51 341 12 9 1 -6 158 185 12 10 2 -1.3 143 L23 2L 10 4 4 405 431 12 11 I -1 116 155 14
5 -19 258 250 13 9 '7 -5 217 300 g r0 2 -t2 402 3E8 II 10 4 5 20r 214 11 Il I -6 403 396 10
s -18 390 387 12 9 1 -4 323 341 I0 10 2 -11 146 13t 19 l0 4 6 1r6 l8? t4 11 1 -s 183 173 13
5 -15 250 264 )-t 9 ? -3 343 390 9 t0 196 -752 r0 10 4 I 222 12 11 1 243 249 l0
2 -10 224 -4
5 -1{ 491 51113 9 1 0 230 226 9 t0 2 -8 159 { ls1'r 10 4 9 158 t52 16 11 I -2 601 602 10
5 -13 210 270t0 9 1 | 256 211 9 r0 2 --l 2t5 229 tt 10 4 10 241 26610 11 1 2 62I 631 t0
14 {63 459 11 11 3 -2 541 554 11 t2 I -6 178 151 t6
l6 296 296 9 \L 3 -I 231 253 rO 12 1 -5 432 434 r0
1? 134 106 17 11 3 0 135 142 15 t2 1 -3 231 231 11
18 556 533 12 11 3 2 355 364 I t2 I -L 592 555 1t
2 -t5 460 425 !2 11 3 3 197 203 tÌ
2 -t3 429 398 72 11 3 4 261 21\ a
2 -t1 251 250 13 1t 4 -tl 321 299 7I
2 -9 srs 497 13 11 4 -10 355 351 l0
2 -g t21 r32 2t 11 4 -9 585 5't9 12
2 -5 615 585 10 1t 4 -6 21s I95 12
2 -4 299 313 t0 11 4 -5 602 602 II
2-3 293 311 8 11 4 -4 221 244 tI
2-2 L62 163 t4 11 4 -3 250 26't I
2-L 384 384 12 11 4 -1 326 343 11
20 1s0 13? t4 1r 4 0 204 226 t\
71 530 521 10 11 4 I 350 3?1 I
22 180 190 12 11 5 -8 484 439 12
25 561 601 11 11 5 -1 215 2A9 t0
21 223 229 I0 tl 5 -6 414 410 t2
3 -13 262 242 13 11 5 -4 153 129 15
3 -t2 636 595 13 l1 5 -3 265 266 9
3 -10 26'Ì 233 tt 11 5 -2 423 430 12
3 -9 194 155 14 11 5 0 130 r15 t6
3 -8 531 5I3 ì3 t2 0 -8 382 359 10
3-1 240 241 tI 12 0 -4 617 601 12
3 -6 486 4'lt L2 t2 0 -2 232 201 12
3{ 225 222 tO 12 1 -7 481 459 14
Table A4: Observed And Calculated Structure Factors For The [CyclsPAu(6p2'TU)] Complex.

t0lFlo vs I0lFlc page I

h k I Fo FcslgF h k I Eo EcslgF h k I Fo Ec51gF h k I Fo Fc slgF h k I Fo Fc algF

002 32L8 3212 I o222 236 235 28 05 12 s61 589 13 083 1958 198 11 0 10 t52 29'l 1A'
004 3 415 3505 9 031 1415 140t 1 05 13 r 013 1010 t? 084 31'I 31 11 0 IO 83 204 65.
006 2r81 2248 t0 032 652 643 t0 05 14 315 358 15 085 rt42 111 13 0 10 224 324 2A
008 8?0 832 t3 033 111 8 1091 9 05 15 568 560 14 086 6A'l ?0 15 0 1t Ì 62 8? 5lr
0 0 10 2A6 29't 15 034 606 5f 5 72 05 16 189 23\ 29 081 520 5Ì 1l 0 11 2 439 452 12
0 0 ¡.2 136 40 35. 035 820 422 1t 05 t1 322 333 20 0E8 281 31 1l 0 t1 3 3 03 331 16
0 0 t4 4r4 446 15 036 1353 t344 1t 05 18 114 104 65r 089 254 22 t9 0 11 4 192 112 16
0 0 16 465 462 t4 031 t225 t233 11 05 19 86 l3r 78r 0 I 10 2â2 2A l8 0 1t 5 494 s08 11
0 0 r8 401 491 16 038 1690 1654 t2 05 200 3 11t 0 8 Ì1 r32 l1¡ 0 tt 6 424 020 18
0 0 20 466 451 16 039 960 103 6 14 05 2t 1{6 2t 76' 0 8 12 r39 10 35¡ 0 11 1 593 638 15
0022 21'l 32ø 2'l 0 3 10 721 1 t2 48 t4 06 0 1219 1230 l0 0 I 13 224 26 24 0 11 I 853 813 t8
011 l3 6 129 6 0 3 11 1002 1023 L6 06 1 1990 2045 t0 0 I 11 91 93 55. 0 11 9 582 636 13
012 1009 991 7 0 3 12 970 991 16 06 2 2J1 235 t2 0 E 15 280 214 20 0 1t 10 564 575 13
013 494 491 10 0313 682 682 14 06 3 2071 2030 10 0 t 16 r26 I3 9 ?5 * 0 t1 l1 441 508 t3
014 23 67 2301 9 0 3 14 662 626 15 06 4 626 599 13 0 I r? 269 362 0 11 \2 486 4?3 13
015 642 596 t2 0315 50 9 499 13 06 5 1468 1151 11 0 I 18 91 t26 0 11 13 39t 393 15
0t6 225t tO 0 3 16 225 23 06 60 44 58i 0 I 19 318 31I 2t 0 11 t4 4t4 414 15
011 911 934 t2 031? 342 32 18 06 I 989 919 13 0 E 20 115 90 f 5 r 0 I1 15 t52 114 3fr
018 L43 6 14s6 12 0 3 t8 15 11 f8¡ 06 I 165 L52 24 091 682 613 15 0 11 Ì6 318 290 t9
019 215 215 t9 0 3 t9 0 15 19. 06 9 560 525 14 092 191 2t'l 19 0 11 1f 145 46 38r
0 1 10 t296 13Ll 14 o320 0 19. 06 t0 82 106 67r 093 636 656 16 0 11 1.8 185 23t 324
0 I 1l 199 725 23 0321 138 3 80¡ o6 11 0 41 10. 094 4 8l 4'I 2 11 0 11 t9 20 15'
o1t2 to22 989 16 040 114 ? 121 I o6 !2 35 1 15 71i 095 1291 t310 13 0 t2 0 110 6 1114 r5
0 1 13 93 192 14* 041 !121 1698 I 06 L3 261 32r 22 096 339 362 t4 0 t2 I 193 184 11
0 1 14 136 12t 14 042 r624 r59't I 06 1{ 102 111 6lr 091 966 t 002 t5 0 t2 2 1195 tt4l t5
0 I 15 113 2I8 11' 043 1333 135 6 9 06 15 3 66 407 17 098 218 229 0 I2 3 660 590 t 4
0 t 16 {81 410 14 044 t2't5 t23 ø 10 06 16 0 61 74r 099 819 853 1l 0 t2 4 879 835 t 6
0 1 1? 0 158 l7¡ 045 t5l8 1498 10 06 11 2't I 336 22 0 9 10 331 315 15 0 l2 5 163 730 18
0 I 18 199 201 33 046 t 068 1028 1l t8 0 44 11r 0 9 1t 603 623 15 0 t2 6 614 651 t4
0 I t9 0 82 19' 04't 923 883 13 06 t9 235 249 26 o912 323 332 1l 0 I2 1 5ll 592 13
0 I 20 199 61 33 048 66'l 6't'l I5 06 20 106 39 63' 0 9 13 542 58 4 13 0 t2 I 204 t40 26
0 r 2l 132 12 81r 049 246 242 t'l 06 27 26 204 80. 0 9 14 211 228 26 0 I2 9 91 f 5 't2À
0t22 a1 t2 82. 0 4 10 125 42 65r 0l r 1001 958 11 0 9 15 3 88 396 16 0 I2 10 tt1 f9 1LA
o20 3450 3449 I 0 4 11 6l 118 69. 0? 2 805 't't 0 12 0 9 16 238 L62 23 0 T2 t1 r2) t45 l2a
021 381 368 9 0 4 t2 201 22'l 24 07 3 6A1 740 13 0 9 1? 234 2tr 24 0 l2 t2 95 12a
022 2255 2229 I 0 4 13 180 t59 30 07 4 553 5't3 11 0 9 t8 0 90 t5r 0 T2 13 1Ì6 23a 13^
023 168 134 t4 0 4 14 494 511 07 5 1288 130t 12 0 9 19 110 81 58r 0 72 t4 171 t69 32^
024 2810 2925 9 0415 J94 311 15 0? 6 356
-t 318 12 0 9 20 1{3 80 0 I2 15 280 210 20
211
293 11 0 4 16 325 329 18 0? 1651 1633 t3 0 10 0 1545 1535 13 0 t2 16 2-t 1 230 2r
026 1549 1498 10 0411 21r 23'l 2A 07 I 94 85 48i 0 t0 1 2L39 2L59 t2 0 t2 t? L94 224 30
404 364 9 0 4 1E 11? 213 80. 0? 9 1371 1357 14 0 10 2 1336 1341 13 0 12 18 17 4 2tL 33.
o28 120 653 14 0 4 19 0 166 1At 0? 10 102 191 52r 0 10 3 t38'' 1398 13 0 13 I r1l 30 11.
029 0 89 62t o420 0 205 80r 0? tl 1119 1116 16 0 10 4 101{ 961 14 0 13 2 398 393 1s
0 2 10 93 68 o12t 0 13I 19' o'l t2 t24 12 '11' 0 10 5 l-025 1056 l5 0 13 3 0 54 12^
0 2 11 0 83 61' 051 98 127 26' 0? 13 9r4 862 71 0 10 6 4 9S 493 1l 0 l3 4 6t9 652 t5
0212 284 262 l8 92 19 51. 0l 14 0 61 12ù 0 10 1 132 124 18 0 13 5 1f 9 Ì31 30.
0 2 13 64 24 13. 053 866 861 Ì1 0? t5 520 {81 t2 0 10 I 242 224 2I 0 t3 6 199 178 l9
0 2t4 515 510 I2 054 196 800 I2 0l 15 138 128 40r 0 10 9 183 1? 4 2ø 0 13 1 344 390 17
0 2 15 0 54 76r 055 101? 1004 11 0l 17 346 325 18 0 l0 10 261 232 20 0 13 I 921 955 t9
02L6 454 461 14 056 841 8?4 0l 18 0 109 lf . 0 l0 11 0 64 69a 0 13 9 226 244 24
02t1 182 154 32. 051 165 0 1658 I2 07 19 145 129 16. 0 10 t2 0 96 13. 0 I3 10 83 6 894 19
0 2 18 443 452 15 058 655 661 11 o'l 20 1r9 25 32. 0 l0 13 196 260 2a 0 13 11 161 185 33i
0 2 t9 132 r28 4 Sr 0s9 r553 r635 13 08 0 431 4t8 l0 0 r0 14 83 26 12. 0 13 t2 683 110 t5
o220 311 368 23 0 5 10 1006 992 15 08 1 1955 1952 lt 0 10 15 321 33 8 17 0 13 13 10 l4f 64.
0221 0 98 80i 0 5 11 1525 1485 14 08 2 696 6ø6 14 0 10 16 133 145 16r 0 13 14 478 494 r4
0 t3 ls 0 t2 14. 0 17 6 548 566 t5 l0 -2 4346 4266 I r 2-22 281 224 30 1 3 -11 186 192 16
0 13 16 214 251 2I 0 17 1 105 228 83i l0 2 162t L622 s r 2-21 2I8 44 35 1 3 -10 945 986 13
0 13 17 43 't 6* 0 17 I 414 4 93 16 10 { 5?6 587 9 1 2-20 323 114 25 1 3 -9 962 931 t2
0 14 0 908 862 18 0 17 9 244 200 26 1o 5 665 665 10 r 2 -19 160 10 85' I 3 -8 441 4s6 l1
0 14 1 322 333 18 0 17 10 381 3 6'l 19 10 I 332 312 10 r 2 -18 231 239 30 1 3-1 453 463 9
0 14 2 952 920 l8 01711 245 220 28 10 IO 2r2 261 L8 | 2-11 0 34 80* I 3 -6 243 289 I
0 1{ 3 r42 135 75r 0 l't t2 212 35t 25 10 L2 102 104 L1 | 2-t6 181 r86 34 r I 3 -5 256 304 'l
0 14 4 134 102 15 01713 118 149 19. l0 14 848 899 18 | 2-r5 221 155 21 1 3 -4 120 16 LI
0 14 5 !12 154 32' 0 18 0 s62 553 14 10 16 ?59 759 14 | 2 -i-4 0 56 75r 1 3-3 82 31 17r
0 14 5 801 142 20 0 18 1 1t2 659 1? 10 \a 615 626 t6 | 2-L3 126 13 12. I 3 -2 53 9 55 9 7
0 14 1 53 19 't 6a 0 18 2 481 161 16 10 20 46ô 430 16 I 2-12 533 502 13 1 3 -1 13 83 13 93 6
0 11 I 315 328 20 0 18 3 5 31- 491 15 t1 -22 205 t47 42r 1 2 -11 230 145 19 1 30 6r3 601 1
0 14 9 0 21 16. 0 18 4 330 338 22 11 -2t 2t6 90 3?r 1 2 -r0 900 83I 14 1 31 2860 283s 'l
0 1{ 10 102 82 114 0 t8 5 455 418 l7 l1 -20 344 222 23 1 2 -9 r 41 119 24^ 1 32 61r 519 9
0 14 1r t89 110 29 0 18 6 133 t66 70r 11 -19 160 106 84i 7 2 -6 L659 I 653 ì0 I 33 2008 1952 I
0 14 12 0 131 f5¡ 0 18 1 tl2 256 86r 11 -18 421 361 18 r2-1 45? 464 t0 I 34 1895 1822 I
0 14 13 0 t21 l6i 0 10 8 46 40 50r 11 -7't t'12 t1l 39. | 2 -6 2r36 220 0 8 1 1558 1509 9
0 14 14 66 263 ?8r 0 18 9 0 L2't 84. 1I -16 64? 609 14 1 2 -5 1292 1320 1 I 36 L?84 lt84 10
0 14 15 0 ø2 15. 0 18 10 0 32 82r tÌ -15 113 131 ??r | 2 -4 2036 2085 6 l 31 15 65 r529 11
0 14 16 2Is 255 28 0 18 11 lfl 59 31* 11 -14 8lf 7f5 19 r2-3 I611 1694 6 I 38 14 4l 1428 11
0 15 1 116 113 3t¡ 0 t8 12 62 ?1 5?r t1 -13 163 146 32* r2-2 r634 I52l 5 1 39 I2S9 t242 13
0 15 2 355 352 18 0 19 I 0 115 85r 11 -12 8f9 8?5 t7 r21 402 {04 6 I 3 l0 1030 1032 14
0 15 3 126 133 141 0 t9 2 0 93 83r 11 -tt 205 Lsl 22 120 2012 2048 6 1 I 11 918 891 15
0 15 4 396 366 15 0 19 3 245 254 31 11 -10 rl3t 1099 13 121 3A1 319 1 I 312 446 415 t2
0 15 5 16 86 53. 0 19 4 19Ì 220 39. 11 -9 962 643 t3 L22 I 422 t383 6 I 3 Ì3 629 596 15
0 l5 6 ?50 146 I6 0 19 5 346 313 22 11 -8 766 791 13 123 4 05 311 8 I 3 14 I31 55 11.
0 15 1 85 46 16^ 0 L9 6 266 222 21 I1 -7 468 506 10 t24 t262 r283 I I 3 15 25r 224 2\
0 15 I 193 a22 15 0 19 1 292 316 26 1Ì -5 ?59 718 10 t25 190 221 13 I 3 16 0 14 f 5.
0 15 9 138 83 '19, 0 19 I 243 240 11 -5 314 213 I t26 562 535 t2 I 311 61 111 l6 r
0 15 10 I60 130 l6 0 19 9 l.3 t 20a s5i 11 -4 343 369 I I21 820 83I t2 1 3 l8 t25 123 64.
0 15 11 769 131 36r 0 19 10 109 144 ?0r 11 -3 431 436 7 128 f52 694 13 1 3 19 0 49 81r
0 15 12 509 62t 14 0 20 0 263 205 29 1I -2 348 355 6 r29 0 83 59. I 320 131 9l 81.
0 15 13 167 8? 34' o20 I 586 618 t5 11 -1 6?1 665 4 1 2 t0 5t6 T2 1 32t 136 L26 gtr
0 t5 14 322 395 20 0202 260 242 30 lt 0 1845 1?68 5 I2ll 316 298 t4 I 4 -21 I94 103 3lr
0 15 15 164 35r 0 20 3 501 525 18 11 1 506 s83 5 1212 839 s3 5 1? 1 420 165 222 45r
0 16 0 -790
730 15 0204 181 712 43. 1l 2 954 92ø 6 1 2 t3 284 261 18 1 4 -19 0 l5 83r
0 16 1 291 2 4'l 2t 0205 36't 344 2t 11 3 149 154 10 L214 191 1A't 18 1 4 -18 200 149 33
0 16 2 6't a 631 16 o206 t2'l 125 66r 11 4 1346 1356 l 1 2 15 299 341 19 T 4 -11 0 138 8r¡
0 16 3 265 28 020 1 142 222 8-) ¡ 11 5 gf4 870 9 1 2 t6 640 638 16 l 4 16 122 19 4 17.
0 16 4 550 542 13 0 20 8 0 56 86r t1 6 r8r5 1821 9 I2]^1 193 245 32 I 4 -15 0 12 11.
0 16 5 341 315 19 o21 1 89 29 61' 11 I 413 183 9 I 2 l8 510 492 14 1 4 -14 0 33 ?3i
0 16 6 345 334 19 021 2 0 t-l 90. 1l I 142 813 13 r219 221 194 2A 1 4 -13 4r2 406 14
0 16 1 345 311 19 02t3 99 112 89. tl 9 326 254 Lt 1220 342 345 20 I 4 -12 424 398 12
0 16 8 155 116 18. o2t4 0 80r 11 10 1tl6 1142 13 t221 53 l 81r I 4 -1t 510 508 t2
0 t6 9 108 r82 6fr 021 5 304 240 25 11 11 166 r59 25 I 3-22 118 6 88. Ì 4 -10 131 149 74
0 16 10 t4f 9 42r I O -22 311 294 29 11 12 101 l3t 1l 132I Il0 16 88. 1 4 -9 1050 l0f3 l2
0 16 11 t0t f4 I 0 20 324 296 26 1t t3 303 310 ll I320 0 14 85. I 48 921 926 rO
0 16 12 22 83 78r r 0 -18 241 255 30 lÌ 14 319 382 15 I I -r9 340 i0 22 I c -1 I2'r 5 t256 I
0 16 13 95 I 0 -16 t49 119 19* 1t 15 r61 156 31. I 3 -r8 332 29 2L I 4 -6 1Ì00 1134 I
0 16 14 103 166 53r I 0 -14 f1 58' 11 t6 161 100 l4' I 3 ll 460 15 1 45 115 6 1209 1
0 1-t 1 104 31 l9* 1 0 -12 606 514 15 11 tl 98 ')4 5l' I I -16 531 53 13 l 44 111 4 72IO 1
0 1? 2 281 334 24 I 0 t0 708 't34 I6 tl 18 0 109 7lr r 3 -15 5?5 54 14 t 43 t 411 14tl l
0 rl 3 46 49 79. I 0 -8 2300 2311 11 1t 19 141 3? ll. I I -11 8ì9 849 ì9 I 4 -2 1059 1053 I
0 1l 4 500 438
15 10-6 2t62 2t2A 9 1l 20 151 119 80. I I -13 665 642 1{ 1 4 -1 1566 1580 l
0 1l 5 156 81r
101 I 0 -4 2A2A 2801 I 11 2). 0 19 81. 1 I -Ì2 121 f2s t8 Ì 40 161 1 1616 ]
141 1314 1300 't 1 5 13 431 453 13 1.7 -18 0 134 80. l. I -4 521 509 1I t 9 10 440 423 13
142 122 688 9 I 5 14 2la 178 24 T] -1? 494 48ì 14 ì 8 -3 I9 46 1913 10 I 9 11 624 595 l5
143 113 0 1088 9 1 5 Ì5 t22 225 l5 ¡ 1l -16 91 108 l3r 182 620 590 l4 1 9t2 25r 254 2l
144 151 f25 11 1 5 16 0 50 l6r 1l -15 601 681 13 181 2 013 1979 t0 I 9 t3 492 483 l3
t4 5 146 t46 1l 5 1l 167 21 34r -r4 41
133 59. E 1 40 119 13 9 14 151 201 11.
14 6 t6l 121 18 5 18 0 58 16r -13 931
913 16 s 1085 tt23 11 9 15 161 140 35.
14 1 4A2 496 12 I9 fl 11 1ø' -t2 222
196 23 I I096 1040 11 9 16 0 89 11r
14 I 370 3ll tr 5 20 149 A1 14. -11 930 842 \4 I 1022 1034 T2 9 I7 I30 58 l5r
1{ 9 310 34t 12 5 2L 0 99 f9¡ -10 338 368 l1 I 608 637 11 9 I8 92 52 11r
14 10 ?05 ?t4 t6 6 -2t 114 182 82r -9 1006 1080 10 I 65 151 50. 9 t9 0 13 0 19.
14 11 51? 495 12 6 -20 56 19 81. -8 335 360 9 I r99 238 19 t0 19 180 194 32r
t4 t2 114 795 l8 6 -19 21{ 183 30 -1 653 658 13 0 22â 2I9 18 10 -18 33 30 11.
l4 13 686 679 14 6 -18 111 21 ?8* -6 316 386 9 E 28t 21r 16 10 -l? 220 160 2?
14 14 481 490 t3 6 -17 t21 t4't 48' -5 203 203 11 I 314 305 l6 10 -16 42 64 14.
11 15 123 416 14 6 -16 o 21 63' -4 {30 r25 1:. I 0 5f 1Lr 10 -t5 0 64 16.
I4 16 1't 9 380 t6 6 -15 t44 70 3lr -3 0 103 51i I 11 754 111 19 10 -14 0 41 52r
14 1? 3?5 384 17 6 -14 69 93 50* 428 384 10 I I2 0 152 l3r 10 -13 109 135 63i
1{ 18 216 244 22 6 -13 432 398 13 -1 1202 1185 10 8 l3 549 564 l4 10 -1.2 259 215 16
11 19 t24 1?6 51i 6 -12 241 190 18 0 551 550 13 8 14 0 58 l5r 10 -11 236 275 t9
14 20 162 162 3't * 6 -11 8L? ?73 1{ 1 12T3 1202 l0 t5 611 650 13 LO -I0 229 243 20
14 2L 175 136 35i 6 -10 185 146 19 2 524 514 10 I t6 206 I29 2ø t0 -9 014 E85 16
15 -27 t1? 140 'r 1i 6 -9 1079 1080 11 3 r548 1613 I 0 I 1l 553 54r 13 10 -8 684 615 tl
15 -20 0 Ì0? 84¡ 6 -8 t32 130 t 8 4 4t2 382 10 I 18 202 I24 29 10 -7 t0?8 10?9 14
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