A Full Guide about Corona Effect / Corona Discharge in Transmission

Lines

Table of Contents
 What is Corona Effect or Corona Discharge?
 What is the Difference between Corona effect and Skin Effect.
o Corona Effect / Discharge:
o Skin Effect:
 Theory of Corona Formation
 Mathematical Modelling of Corona Effect
 Important terms related to Corona
o Critical disruptive voltage
o Visual critical voltage
 Factors & condition effecting Corona
o Atmosphere
o Conductor size
o Spacing between conductors
o Line voltage
 Power Loss due to Corona
 Methods of reducing corona effect
o By increasing conductor size
o By increasing conductor spacing.
 Solved Examples of Corona Calculations
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Corona Effect

What is Corona Effect or Corona Discharge?

When an alternating potential difference is applied across two conductors whose
spacing is large as compared to their diameters, there is no apparent change in the
condition of atmospheric air surrounding the wires if the applied voltage is low.
However, when the applied voltage exceeds a certain value, called critical disruptive
voltage, the conductors are surrounded by a faint violet glow called corona.
The phenomenon of corona is accompanied by a hissing sound, production of
ozone, power loss and radio interference.
The higher the voltage is raised, the larger and higher the luminous envelope becomes,
and greater are the sound, the power loss and the radio noise.  If the applied voltage
is increased to breakdown value, a flash-over will occur between the conductors due to
the breakdown of air insulation.
Corona effect or corona discharge in transmission lines and power system may be
defined as:
The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of ozone gas in an
overhead transmission line is known as corona.
If the conductors are polished and smooth, the corona glow will be uniform throughout
the length of the conductors, otherwise the rough points will appear brighter. With D.C.
voltage, there is difference in the appearance of the two wires.  The positive
wire has uniform glow about it, while the negative conductor has spotty glow.

What is the Difference between Corona effect and Skin effect?

Difference between Corona and skin effect as follows.

Corona Effect / Discharge:

As described above, corona is an effect of violet glow, hissing noise and production of
ozone gas in an overhead transmission line is known as corona which leads to hissing
sound, production of ozone, power loss and radio interference in power system.
Skin Effect:
Skin effect is a behavior or tendency  of alternating current to flow through the surface
(outer layer) of a conductor instead of the core of the wire in power system transmission
lines.
In this scenario, the current density is lager near the surface of the wire or conductor
and decreases with greater depths in the conductor which leads to increase in
resistance of the conductor, thus increase the overall power loss in the power system
(generally transmission lines).

Theory of Corona Formation

Some ionization is always present in air due to cosmic rays, ultra-violet radiations and
radioactivity.  Therefore, under normal conditions, the air around the conductors
contains some ionized particles (i.e., free electrons and +ve ions) and neutral
molecules.
 Corona Formation. Corona discharge on insulator string of a 500 kV overhead power
line. Corona discharges represent a significant power loss for electric utilities.
When p.d.is applied between the conductors, potential gradient  is set up in the air
which will have maximum value at the conductor surfaces.  Under the influence of
potential gradient, the existing free electrons acquire greater velocities.The greater the
applied voltage, the greater the potential gradient and more is the velocity of free
electrons.
When the potential gradient at the conductor surface reaches about 30 kV per cm (max.
value), the velocity acquired by the free electrons is sufficient to strike a neutral
molecule with enough force to dislodge one or more electrons from it.
This produces another ion and one or more free electrons, which is turn are accelerated
until they collide with other neutral molecules, thus producing other ions.  Thus, the
process of ionization is cumulative. The result of this ionization is that either corona is
formed or spark takes place between the conductors.
 Introduction to Harmonics – Effect of Harmonics on Power System
Mathematical Modelling of Corona Effect
Corona effect or corona discharge is a phenomenon that results from a partial
discharge in the air (or in any fluid) caused by the ionization of the environment when
an electrical current flows in a conductor and when the electric field gradient[1] is strong
enough to ionize the environment, but it is not strong enough to cause dielectric
breakdown[2] or arcing between the conductors.
This phenomenon that is characterized by a glow (mostly with a color in blue/violet
spectrum), mainly happens in overhead lines, close to the suspension and strain
insulators, when the distance between conductors is much greater than the diameters
of the conductors.
Generally for parallel conductors in the air there is corona effect when.
D/r < 5.85
Where:
 r is the radius of the conductors
 D is the distance between the conductors
When studying corona effect it is important to evaluate the minimum value of the
voltage between phases or between one phase and the neutral (or the ground) for
which the corona effect takes place.
This voltage is named Critical Disruptive Voltage. If r [cm] is the radius of the
conductor, d [cm] is the distance between the conductor and the neutral (or the ground)
and U [V] is the gradient of the electric field E (mathematical notation: grad E),
the critical disruptive voltage that we will designated as G, is calculated by the equation:
G = (U / (r x ln (d/r)) [V/m]
Where ln represents the natural logarithm.
To corona effect takes place it is necessary that G will be equal or greater than
the disruption voltage of the air, that at atmospheric pressure (1.01325×105 Pa = 1 atm
= 760 mmHg[3]) and at a temperature of 25 ºC is equal to 30 kV/cm – considering
the maximum value of U – or 21.2 kV/cm – considering the rms[4] value of U.
Designating by G0 the value of grad E that obeys to the above condition the critical value
of the disruption voltage (Uc) is calculated by the equation:
Uc = G0 x r x ln (d/r) [kV/phase]
For different conditions of temperature and of atmospheric pressure, the density of the
air is also different; it is possible to express that variation by a  factor δ that for a given
pressure P [Pa] and temperature θ [ºC] is calculated by the equation:
δ = (3.92 x 1.01325×105 x P) / ((273 + θ) x 760)
Being G’0 the value of grad E corresponding to the new atmospheric conditions, its value
is calculated by the equation:
G’0 = δ x G0
Hence, the critical value of the disruption voltage (U’c) is calculated by the equation:
U’c = G0 x r x δ x ln (d/r) [kV/phase]
Taking into account the irregularity of the conductor surface and expressing
that irregularity as a factor m0, the value of U’c is then:
U’c = m0 x G0 x r x δ x ln (d/r) [kV/phase]
Common values of m0 are:
 Polished conductors: m0 = 1
 Dirty conductors: m0 = 0.92-0.98
 Stranded conductors: m0 = 0.8-0.87
Another value used to characterize the corona effect is the Visual Critical Voltage,
represented by Uv, that is the minimum voltage between one phase and the neutral (or
the ground) for which the corona effect takes place all along the conductor.
That voltage is calculated by the following empirical equation:
Uv = mv x G0 x δ x 3 x (1 + (0.3 / √(δ x r)) x ln (d/r) [kV/phase]
Factor mv is also a “measure” of the irregularity of the conductor, assuming the following
values.
 Polished conductors: mv = 1
 Rough conductors: mv = 0.72-0.82
Another value that must be calculated when studying the corona effect is
the losses caused by this effect; considering the rms value of Uc and being U the rms
rated voltage of the network, both in kV, and f [Hz] the rated network frequency, losses
by corona effect (Pco) are calculated by the equation:
Pco = 242.2 x ((f + 25) / δ) x √(r/d) x (U(exp)2 – Uc2) x 10-5 [kW/km/phase]
 Short Circuit Currents And Symmetrical Components
Important terms related to Corona
The phenomenon of corona plays an important role in the design of an overhead
transmission line. Therefore, it is profitable to consider the following terms much used in
the analysis of corona effects:
Critical disruptive voltage
It is the minimum phase-neutral voltage at which corona occurs. Consider two
conductors of radius r (cm) and spaced d (cm) apart.  If V is the phase-neutral potential,
then potential gradient at the conductor surface is given by:
g =[V/ r loge (d/r)] volts / cm
In order that corona is formed, the value of g must be made equal to the breakdown
strength of air.  The breakdown strength of air at 76 cm pressure and temperature
of 25ºC is 30 kV/cm (max) or 21·2 kV/cm (r.m.s.) and is denoted by go.
If VC is the phase-neutral potential required under these conditions, then,
 go =[Vc/ r loge (d/r)] volts / cm
Where go = breakdown strength of air at 76 cm of mercury and 25ºC = 30 kV/cm (max)
or 21·2 kV/cm (r.m.s.)
Critical disruptive voltage, Vc = go r loge d/r
The above expression for disruptive voltage is under standard conditions i.e., at 76 cm
of Hg and 25ºC.  However, if these conditions vary, the air density also changes, thus
altering the value of go.
The value of go is directly proportional to air density.  Thus the breakdown strength of air
at a barometric pressure of b (cm) of mercury and temperature of t ºC becomes δ go
where
δ = air density factor = 3.92b / 273 + t
Under standard conditions, the value of δ = 1.
 ∴ Critical disruptive voltage ,V c = go δ r loge d/r
Correction must also be made for the surface condition of the conductor.  This is
accounted for by multiplying the above expression by irregularity factor mo.
 ∴ Critical disruptive voltage, Vc = mo go δ r loge d/r …. kV/phase
Where,
 mo = 1 for polished conductors
 = 0·98 to 0·92 for dirty conductors
 = 0·87 to 0·8 for stranded conductors

Visual critical voltage

It is the minimum phase-neutral voltage at which corona glow appears all along the line
conductors.
It has been seen that in case of parallel conductors, the corona glow does not begin at
the disruptive voltage Vc but at a higher voltage Vv, called visual critical voltage.
The phase-neutral effective value of visual critical voltage is given by the following

empirical formula:
Where mv is another irregularity factor having a value of 1·0 for polished conductors and
0·72 to 0·82 for rough conductors.

Factors & condition effecting Corona

The phenomenon of corona is affected by the physical state of the atmosphere as well
as by the conditions of the line.  The following are the factors upon which corona
depends:

Atmosphere
As corona is formed due to ionization of air surrounding the conductors, there-fore, it is
affected by the physical state of atmosphere.  In the stormy weather, the number of ions
is more than normal and as such corona occurs at much less voltage as compared with
fair weather.

Conductor size
The corona effect depends upon the shape and conditions of the conductors.  The
rough and irregular surface will give rise to more corona because unevenness of the
surface decreases the value of breakdown voltage.  Thus a stranded conductor has
irregular surface and hence gives rise to more corona that a solid conductor.

Spacing between conductors

If the spacing between the conductors is made very large as compared to their
diameters, there may not be any corona effect.  It is because larger distance between
conductors reduces the electrostatic stresses at the conductor surface, thus avoiding
corona formation.
Line voltage
The line voltage greatly affects corona.  If it is low, there is no change in the condition of
air surrounding the conductors and hence no corona is formed. However, if the line
voltage has such a value that electrostatic stresses developed at the conductor surface
make the air around the conductor conducting, then corona is formed.
Factors and condition effecting Corona. Corona discharge from a Wartenberg pinwheel
in air caused by applying a high voltage, ~30kV.

Power Loss due to Corona

Formation of corona is always accompanied by energy loss which is dissipated in the
form of light, heat, sound and chemical action.  When disruptive voltage is exceeded,
the power loss due to corona is given by:

Methods of reducing corona effect

It has been seen that intense corona effects are observed at a working voltage of 33 kV
or above. Therefore, careful design should be made to avoid corona on the sub-stations
or bus-bars rated for 33kV and higher voltages otherwise highly ionized air may cause
flash-over in the insulators or between the phases, causing considerable damage to the
equipment.
The corona effects can be reduced by the following methods:
By increasing conductor size
By increasing conductor size, the voltage at which corona occurs is raised and hence
corona effects are considerably reduced.  This is one of the reasons that ACSR
conductors which have a larger cross-sectional area are used in transmission lines.
By increasing conductor spacing.
By increasing the spacing between conductors, the voltage at which corona occurs is
raised and hence corona effects can be eliminated.  However, spacing cannot be
increased too much otherwise the cost of supporting structure (e.g., bigger cross arms
and supports) may increase to a considerable extent.
 Why Power Transmission Lines are Loose on Electric Poles & Transmission
Towers?
Solved Examples of Corona Calculations