Data Communication & Computer Networks

Assignment 1
Solution
BEE5 D&E

Course Instructor: Dr. Junaid Qadir

Review questions:
Solution to R3 (2)
1. Dial-up connection over telephone line. (Residential access)
2. DSL over telephone line. (Residential access)
3. Cable over HFC. (Residential access)
4. Switched Ethernet. (Company access)
5. Wireless LAN. (Mobile access)
6. Cellular mobile access. (Mobile access)

Solution to R6 (2)
Ethernet can run over twisted pair copper wire, coaxial cable and fiber optic. Currently, Ethernet is
widely deployed over twisted pair copper wire and fiber optics.

Solution to R7: (2)

HFC bandwidth and transmission rate is shared among users. In the downstream channel head end is
the only transmitter present so there is no one else to collide with and hence collision is not possible in
downstream channel.

Solution to R8: (2)

Popular wireless Internet access technologies include WiFi, EDGE, GPRS, WiMAX etc.

Similiarities Dissimilarities

All technologies support servicing multiple users WiFi and WiMAX support higher data rate to end
users compared to GPRS
All technologies are packet switched WiFi provides very less coverage area compared to
other technologies
WiFi, EDGE and GPRS provide multiple access WiFi is based on TDD whereas EDGE and GPRS is
based on TDMA based on FDD

Solution to R11: (2)

Delay from sending host to packet switch: L/R 1

Delay from packet switch to receiving host: L/R 2

End to end delay becomes: (L/R 1) + (L/R2)

Solution to R14: (4)
a) If circuit switching is used, only two users can be supported as they take up bandwidth of 2
Mbps together.
b) Queuing delay only incurs when available bandwidth of transmission is less than required. If two
or less users are present, they only require 2 Mbps of bandwidth. Since 2 Mbps is the capacity,
two users fill into this capacity and no one is queued and queuing delay does not take place.
However if third user comes, one will have to wait in queue before bandwidth becomes
available because 3 Mbps bandwidth is not available.
c) As stated, a user transmits for only 20% of the time; probability that a user transmits is 0.2.
d) Probability that all three users transmit is given by:
(probability that user 1 transmits) AND (probability that user 2 transmits) AND (probability that
user 3 transmits), which in probabilistic terms will be written as (0.2*0.2*0.2) = 0.008.
As the queue grows only when all three users transmit simultaneously, and probability that all
three users transmit simultaneously is 0.008, the fraction of time the queue grows is 0.008.

Solution to R15: (2)

In packet switching, packets traversing a given link do not follow a sequence or pattern to access
available slot in the link. However in simple TDM systems, a user gets the same slot on the link every
time the slot arrives.

Solution to R17: (2)

The packet will have to face transmission delay, propagation delay, queuing delay and processing delay.
Processing delay can vary depending upon load on the processor of devices. Queuing delay can vary
depending upon requests on the device. Transmission delay can vary if transmission scheme changes
over time (for example from higher bit rate to lower bit rate). Propagation delay however remains fixed.

Problems:
Solution to P5: (7)
a) Ddrop= m/s seconds
b) Dtrans= L/R seconds
c) Dend-to-end= (m/s + L/R) seconds
d) The last bit would just be leaving host A.
e) The first bit is in link and has not reached host B.
f) The first bit has reached host B.
 g) As m=(L/R)*S=(100/28000)*250000000=893 km.

Solution to P15: (5)

The following Traceroute command was executed on Windows based machine using ‘tracert’ command.
The command was run three times at same time of the day for demonstration purpose only.

Traceroute to www.seecs.nust.edu.pk:

Attempt 1:

C:\Users\FARAN>tracert www.seecs.nust.edu.pk

Tracing route to seecs.nust.edu.pk [115.186.131.71]

over a maximum of 30 hops:

1 1 ms 3 ms 2 ms 10.99.12.2

2 5 ms 3 ms 1 ms 10.1.100.1

3 2 ms 5 ms 2 ms 111.68.97.1.nust.edu.pk [111.68.97.1]

4 2 ms 6 ms 2 ms 172.31.252.25

5 7 ms 6 ms 9 ms 172.31.240.10

6 12 ms 2 ms 2 ms 172.31.240.9

7 25 ms 29 ms 25 ms 221.120.197.153

8 26 ms 26 ms 26 ms rwp44.pie.net.pk [221.120.251.21]

9 50 ms 53 ms 50 ms rwp44.pie.net.pk [221.120.254.5]

10 51 ms 50 ms 49 ms rwp44.pie.net.pk [221.120.253.10]

11 84 ms 50 ms 54 ms rwp44.pie.net.pk [221.120.237.102]

12 51 ms 54 ms 48 ms 58-65-175-206.nayatel.pk [58.65.175.206]

13 49 ms 49 ms 49 ms 115-186-128-178.nayatel.pk [115.186.128.178]

14 48 ms 52 ms 50 ms 115-186-131-71.nayatel.pk [115.186.131.71]
Trace complete.

Attempt 2:

C:\Users\FARAN>tracert www.seecs.nust.edu.pk

Tracing route to seecs.nust.edu.pk [115.186.131.71]

over a maximum of 30 hops:

1 2 ms 1 ms 4 ms 10.99.12.2

2 1 ms 5 ms 4 ms 10.1.100.1

3 1 ms 5 ms 2 ms 111.68.97.1.nust.edu.pk [111.68.97.1]

4 2 ms 5 ms 14 ms 172.31.252.25

5 7 ms 10 ms 12 ms 172.31.240.10

6 3 ms 6 ms 5 ms 172.31.240.9

7 25 ms 28 ms 25 ms 221.120.197.153

8 26 ms 25 ms 29 ms rwp44.pie.net.pk [221.120.251.21]

9 52 ms 49 ms 52 ms rwp44.pie.net.pk [221.120.254.5]

10 54 ms 51 ms 50 ms rwp44.pie.net.pk [221.120.253.10]

11 96 ms 52 ms 50 ms rwp44.pie.net.pk [221.120.237.102]

12 48 ms 50 ms 49 ms 58-65-175-206.nayatel.pk [58.65.175.206]

13 53 ms 49 ms 54 ms 115-186-128-178.nayatel.pk [115.186.128.178]

14 * 52 ms 53 ms 115-186-131-71.nayatel.pk [115.186.131.71]

Trace complete.
Attempt 3:

C:\Users\FARAN>tracert www.seecs.nust.edu.pk

Tracing route to seecs.nust.edu.pk [115.186.131.71]

over a maximum of 30 hops:

1 2 ms 1 ms 4 ms 10.99.12.2

2 2 ms 2 ms 1 ms 10.1.100.1

3 6 ms 4 ms 6 ms 111.68.97.1.nust.edu.pk [111.68.97.1]

4 4 ms 5 ms 6 ms 172.31.252.25

5 9 ms 8 ms 14 ms 172.31.240.10

6 29 ms 6 ms 5 ms 172.31.240.9

7 26 ms 25 ms 28 ms 221.120.197.153

8 26 ms 28 ms 25 ms rwp44.pie.net.pk [221.120.251.21]

9 51 ms 50 ms 49 ms rwp44.pie.net.pk [221.120.254.5]

10 54 ms 51 ms 51 ms rwp44.pie.net.pk [221.120.253.10]

11 53 ms 50 ms 104 ms rwp44.pie.net.pk [221.120.237.102]

12 49 ms 52 ms 54 ms 58-65-175-206.nayatel.pk [58.65.175.206]

13 52 ms 49 ms 57 ms 115-186-128-178.nayatel.pk [115.186.128.178]

14 50 ms 48 ms 48 ms 115-186-131-71.nayatel.pk [115.186.131.71]

Trace complete.

a) The packet traverses through 14 routers in each attempt. The packet takes same path in all
three attempts.
b) In first attempt, the average round trip delay is (48 + 52 + 50)/3 = 50ms.
Standard deviation is: sqrt{[(48-50)2+(52-50)2+(50-50)2]/3} = 1.63ms
 In second attempt, the average round trip delay is ( 52 + 53)/2 = 52.5ms.
Standard deviation is: sqrt{[(52-52.5)2+(53-52.5)2]/2} =0.5ms

In third attempt, the average round trip delay is (50 + 48 + 48)/3 = 49.3ms.
Standard deviation is: sqrt{[(50-49.3)2+(48-49.3)2+(48-49.3)2]/3} = 1.13ms

c) The packet traverses through three different ISPs. Starting from NUST’s network to PTCL’s PIE
(Pakistan Internet Exchange) to Nayatel’s network. Delays increase when packets move from
one network to the other as from NUST’s network to PTCL’s PIE network.
d) We perform tracert for www.google.com. The output is shown below.
C:\Users\FARAN>tracert www.google.com

Tracing route to www.l.google.com [74.125.87.99]

over a maximum of 30 hops:

1 2 ms 3 ms 26 ms 10.99.12.2
2 4 ms 3 ms 5 ms 10.1.100.1
3 4 ms 10 ms 5 ms 111.68.97.1.nust.edu.pk [111.68.97.1]
4 4 ms 5 ms 6 ms 172.31.252.25
5 134 ms 130 ms 193 ms tw23-static233.tw1.com [117.20.23.233]
6 124 ms 124 ms 123 ms tw255-static29.tw1.com [110.93.255.29]
7 122 ms 122 ms 133 ms tw31-static45.tw1.com [117.20.31.45]
8 124 ms 118 ms 119 ms 72.14.218.33
9 119 ms 118 ms 116 ms 209.85.249.72
10 121 ms 127 ms 115 ms 72.14.232.202
11 117 ms 128 ms 118 ms 72.14.232.100
12 121 ms 120 ms 112 ms 66.249.94.74
13 177 ms 189 ms 175 ms 209.85.254.155
14 290 ms 275 ms 287 ms 209.85.249.36
15 273 ms 306 ms 281 ms 209.85.248.221
16 304 ms 294 ms 290 ms 216.239.43.81
17 297 ms 294 ms 304 ms 209.85.242.209
18 342 ms 292 ms 295 ms 216.239.43.91
19 308 ms 297 ms 299 ms 72.14.233.105
20 314 ms 314 ms 316 ms 72.14.236.250
21 315 ms 316 ms 314 ms 209.85.248.47
22 320 ms 320 ms 326 ms 72.14.232.217
23 312 ms 313 ms 319 ms hb-in-f99.1e100.net [74.125.87.99]

Trace complete.
The round trip delay for intercontinental delay is much larger for intra continental transmission.