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2.1 Linear Static Analysis Procedure, LSP

This document discusses earthquake engineering and analysis procedures for assessing structural response to seismic loading. It describes four analytical procedures of increasing complexity: linear static, linear dynamic, nonlinear static (pushover), and nonlinear dynamic. Nonlinear static (pushover) analysis applies monotonically increasing lateral loads to a structure model to obtain its response, modeled through material nonlinearities. It aims to approximate dynamic response by assuming vibration is controlled by the first mode shape, transforming a dynamic problem into a static one.

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Srinivas Nagaraj
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109 views3 pages

2.1 Linear Static Analysis Procedure, LSP

This document discusses earthquake engineering and analysis procedures for assessing structural response to seismic loading. It describes four analytical procedures of increasing complexity: linear static, linear dynamic, nonlinear static (pushover), and nonlinear dynamic. Nonlinear static (pushover) analysis applies monotonically increasing lateral loads to a structure model to obtain its response, modeled through material nonlinearities. It aims to approximate dynamic response by assuming vibration is controlled by the first mode shape, transforming a dynamic problem into a static one.

Uploaded by

Srinivas Nagaraj
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

INTRODUCTION

Earthquake engineering is a sector of civil engineering that deals with the mitigation of
earthquake-induced damage on structures and the minimization of loss of life. During the last
forty years this sector has advanced considerably due to the rapid developments of computers
and computing, the improved experimental facilities, and the development of new methods of
seismic design and assessment of structures. This advancement though has not been enough to
resist the catastrophic consequences that earthquakes impose. However, it has led to some
improvement of design and assessment procedures with a shift from traditional force-based
procedures to displacement-based procedures, as inelastic displacements have been deemed to be
more representative of different structural performance levels. However it is still difficult to
physically ‘separate’ these procedures since forces and displacements are strongly related to each
other. Nevertheless, the characterization of the various performance levels has led to
performance-based earthquake engineering; the most recent path of seismic design and
assessment.[1]

2.Analysis Procedures
There are four analytical procedures for design and assessment purposes recommended in the
guidelines of FEMA, ATC, and EC8. These are the Linear Static Procedure, LSP, Linear
Dynamic Procedure, LDP, Nonlinear Static Procedure, NSP, and the Nonlinear Dynamic
Procedure, NDP, with ascending order of complexity.

2.1 Linear Static Analysis Procedure, LSP


The LSP procedure uses a pseudo-lateral static load pattern in order to compute the force
and displacement demands on each element of the structure resulting from strong ground motion.
These demands are compared with the capacities of the structural elements. The LSP however
cannot be used if the structure is irregular, in terms of stiffness, strength, mass distribution, etc, if
the elements have large ductility demands or the lateral force resisting system is non-orthogonal.
2.2 Linear Dynamic Analysis Procedure, LDP
The LDP procedure involves the computation of force and displacement demands using a
modal analysis, a response spectrum analysis, or a time-history analysis. Usually the response
spectrum analysis is favored compared to the modal analysis because it avoids the time-history
analysis of a number of SDOF systems that correspond to each mode of vibration of interest.
Instead the demands are computed directly by obtaining the maximum ground acceleration from
the response spectrum of the ground motion or from the response spectrum of the ensemble of
the ground motions.

2.3 Nonlinear Static Analysis Procedure, NSP, or Pushover Analysis, POA


The NSP procedure normally called Pushover Analysis, POA, is a technique in which a
computer model of a structure is subjected to a predetermined lateral load pattern, which
approximately represents the relative inertia forces generated at locations of substantial mass.
The intensity of the load is increased, i.e. the structure is ‘pushed’, and the sequence of cracks,
yielding, plastic hinge formations, and the load at which failure of the various structural
components occurs is recorded as function of the increasing lateral load. This incremental
process continues until a predetermined displacement limit. This method will
be explained in more detail in later Chapters.

2.4 Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis Procedure, NDP


The NDP procedure is the most sophisticated analysis method because it eliminates the
shortcomings of the methods discussed in sections 2.1 – 2.3. It is usually considered to provide
‘exact’ solutions to assessment or design problems. The accuracy of the method depends on the
modeling of the structure, the ground motion characteristics and the nonlinear material models
used in the analyses, something that is true for any method of analysis.[1]

3.Nonlinear Static Analysis Procedure, NSP, or Pushover Analysis, POA

The Non – Linear Static Analysis Procedure or Pushover Analysis is defined in the
Federal Emergency Management Agency document 273 (FEMA 273) as a non – linear static
approximation of the response a structure will undergo when subjected to dynamic earthquake
loading. The static approximation consists of applying a vertical distribution of lateral loads to a
model which captures the material non – linearities of an existing or previously designed
structure, and monotonically increasing those loads until the peak response of the structure is
obtained on a base shear vs. roof displacement plot as shown in Figure 3.1.[software]

Figure 3.1: Static Approximation Used In the Pushover Analysis

The static pushover analysis method, POA, has no strict theoretical base. It is mainly
based on the assumption that the response of the structure is controlled by the first mode of
vibration and mode shape, or by the first few modes of vibration, and that this shape remains
constant throughout the elastic and inelastic response of the structure. This provides the basis for
transforming a dynamic problem to a static problem which is theoretically flawed. Furthermore,
the response of a MDOF structure is related to the response of an equivalent SDOF system,
ESDOF. This concept is illustrated in Figure 3.2. The earthquake induced motion of an elastic or
inelastic MDOF system can be derived from its governing differential equation:

where [M] is the mass matrix, [C] is the damping matrix, {F} is the storey force vector, {1} is
an influence vector characterising the displacements of the masses when a unit ground
displacement is statically applied, and g u&& is the ground acceleration history.

Figure put

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