Transformer With Winding Resistance

Transformer with Winding Resistance
An ideal transformer was supposed to possess no resistance, but in an actual

transformer, there is always present some resistance of the primary and secondary
windings. Due to this resistance, there is some voltage drop in the two windings.
The result is that:
Equivalent Resistance
In Fig. a transformer is shown whose primary and secondary windings have
resistances of R1 and R2 respectively. The resistances have been shown external to
the windings.
It would now be shown that the resistances of the two windings can be transferred
to any one of the two windings. The advantage of concentrating both the
resistances in one winding is that it makes calculations very simple and easy
because one has then to work in one winding only. It will be proved that a
resistance of R2 in secondary is equivalent to R2/K2 in primary. The value R2/K2
will be denoted by R2′ the equivalent secondary resistance as referred to primary.
Similarly, equivalent primary resistance as referred to secondary is R1′ = K2R1.
In Fig. secondary resistance has been transferred to primary side leaving secondary
circuit resistanceless. The resistance R1 + R2′ = R1 + R2/K2 is known as the
equivalent or effective resistance of the transformer as referred to primary and
may be designated as R01.
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Similarly, the equivalent resistance of the transformer as referred to secondary is
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Effect of Leakage reactances.
Both primary and secondary currents produce flux. The flux f which links both the
windings is the useful flux and is called mutual flux. However, primary current
would produce some flux f which would not link the secondary winding (See Fig.).
Similarly, secondary current would produce some flux f that would not link the
primary winding. The flux such as Φ1 or Φ2 which links only one winding is called
leakage flux. The leakage flux paths are mainly through the air. The effect of
primary leakage flux Φ1 is to introduce an inductive reactance X1 in series with the
primary winding. Similarly, the secondary leakage flux Φ2 introduces an inductive
reactance X2 in series with the secondary winding.
Fig. such that the internal e.m.f. in each inductive coil is equal to that due to the
corresponding leakage flux in the actual transformer.
Transformer with Resistance and Leakage Reactance
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The concept of equivalent impedance is shown in fig.
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Example 1. A 50-kVA, 4,400/220-V transformer has R1 = 3.45 ohm, R2 = 0.009
ohm. The values of reactances are X1 = 5.2 ohm and X2 = 0.015 ohm. Calculate
for the transformer (i) equivalent resistance as referred to primary (ii) equivalent
resistance as referred to secondary (iii) equivalent reactance as referred to both
primary and secondary (iv) equivalent impedance as referred to both primary and
secondary (v) total Cu loss, first using individual resistances of the two windings
and secondly, using equivalent resistances as referred to each side.
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Example 2. A transformer with a 10 : 1 ratio and rated at 50-kVA, 2400/240-V,
50-Hz is used to step down the voltage of a distribution system. The low tension
voltage is to be kept constant at 240 V. (a) What load impedance connected to low-
tension size will be loading the transformer fully at 0.8 power factor (lag)?
(b) What is the value of this impedance referred to high tension side?
(c) What is the value of the current referred to the high tension side?
Example 3. The full-load copper loss on the h.v. side of a 100-kVA, 11000/317-V,
1-phase transformer is 0.62 kW and on the L.V. side is 0.48 kW. (i) Calculate R1,
R2 and R3 in ohms (ii) the total reactance is 4 per cent, find X1, X2 and X3 in
ohms if the reactance is divided in the same proportion as resistance.
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Example 4. A 100 kVA, 1100/220 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer has a
leakage impedance of (0.1 + 0/40) ohm for the H.V. winding and (0.006 + 0.015)
ohm for the L.V. winding. Find the equivalent winding resistance, reactance and
impedance referred to the H.V. and L.V. sides.
02
Phasor diagram for transformer on load
Conceder a transformer supplying the load as shown in the fig.
The phasor diagram for transformer on load depends on the nature of the load
power factor. Let as conceder the various cases of the load power factor.
03
1. Unity power factor load, cos Φ2=1
00
2. Lagging power factor load, cos Φ2
As load power factor is lagging cos Φ2, the current I2 lags V2 by angle Φ2.
1. Leading power factor load, cos Φ2
As load power factor is leading, the current I2 leads V2 by angle Φ2.
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Transformer With Winding Resistance

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Transformer With Winding Resistance

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Transformer with Winding Resistance

An ideal transformer was supposed to possess no resistance, but in an actual

Transformer with Resistance and Leakage Reactance

1. Leading power factor load, cos Φ2

As load power factor is leading, the current I2 leads V2 by angle Φ2.

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