Course Outline

 Review of flow in pipes fundamentals

 Branching Pipes
 Pipe Networks
 Water Hammer
 Open Channel Flow
 Open Channel Steady-Uniform Flow Formulas
 Most Economical and Efficient Section
 Specific Energy Channels
 Celerity, Critical Velocity, Subcritical & Supercritical Flows
 Depths of Flow under Steady Conditions
 Water Surface Profiles
 Hydraulic Jump Conditions
 Flow Measurements
 Pumps and Turbines
 Analysis of Dams
 Akan A. Osman. Open Channel Hydraulics, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006

 Chaudry, M. Hanif. Open-Channel Flow, 2nd ed., Springer, 2007

 Cruise, James F., Vijay P. Singh, and Mohsen M. Sherif. Elementary Hydraulics,
CL-Engineering, 2006

 Daugherty, Robert L., Joseph B. Franzini abd E. John Finnemore. Fluid

Mechanics with Engineering Applications, SI Metric Edition McGraw- Hill,
2002.

 Linsley, Ray K., Joseph B. Franzini, David L. Freyberg, and George

Tchobanoglous. Water Resources Engineering, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill, 1992.

 Mays, Larry W. Water Resources Engineering, 2005 edition, McGraw-Hill,

2004.
HYDRAULICS is a branch of science which deals study
of water at rest or in motion. Hydraulic has been
taken from a Greek word “Hudour” which means
water.
This chapter review the fluids in motion, which is based on the following principles:
a) the principle of conservation of mass, from which the equation of continuity equation is
developed,
b) the principle of kinetic and potential energies, from which certain flow equations are derived
c) the principle of momentum, from which equations evaluating dynamic forces exerted by
flowing fluids
Equation of continuity

The equation of continuity results from the principle of conservation of mass. For steady flow, the mass
of fluid passing all sections in a stream of fluid per unit time is the same.

𝑀1 = 𝑀2
𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑉2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝛾1 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝛾2 𝐴2 𝑉2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝛾1 = 𝛾2 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑠

𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Energy Equation

Energy equation results from the application of the principle of conservation of energy to fluid flow. The
energy possessed by a flowing fluid consists of internal energy and energies due to pressure, elocity and
position. In the direction of flow, the energy principle is summarized by the general equation

𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑡

+ − − =
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2

This equation for steady flow of incompressible fluids in which the change in internal energy is
negligible, simplifies to

𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧 + 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿 − 𝐻𝐸 = + +𝑧
𝛾 2𝑔 1 𝛾 2𝑔 2

The above equation is known as the Bernoulli’s Equation.

 FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUIT

A pipe is a closed conduit (generally circular section) which is used for carrying fluids under
pressure. The flow in a pipe is termed pipe flow only when the fluid completely fills the cross
section and there is no free surface of fluid. The pipe running partially full (in such a case
atmospheric pressure exists inside the pipe) behaves like an open channel.

Fluid flow in pipes may be steady or unsteady. In steady flow, there are two types of flow that
exist; laminar flow and turbulent flow.

Steady flow. This occurs when the discharge Q passing a given cross-section is constant with time.
If the flow Q at the cross-section varies with time, the flow is unsteady.

Laminar flow. The flow is laminar when the path of individual fluid particles do not cross or
intersect. Laminar flow normally occurs when the Reynolds number, Nr is less than 2000.

Turbulent flow. The flow is turbulent flow when the path of individual particles is irregular and
continuously cross each other. The flow is turbulent when the Reynolds number, Nr exceeds 2,000.

Critical velocity. The critical velocity in pipes is the velocity below which all turbulence are
damped out by the viscosity of the fluid. This is represented by a Reynolds number of 2000.
Reynolds Number

Reynolds number, which is dimensionless, is the ratio of the inertia force to viscous force. For pipe
flowing full,
DV
NR 

since,   

DV
NR 


where : D  pipe diameter

V  velocity of fluid m / s
  kenimatic vis cos ity of fluid in m 2 / s
N .s
  dynamic vis cos ity of fluid in 2
m
For non- circular pipes, use D=4R, then the formula becomes,
4𝑉𝑅𝜌
𝑁𝑅 =
𝜇

or
4𝑉𝑅
𝑁𝑅 =
𝑣

where R is hydraulic radius which is equal to

𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒, 𝐴
𝑅=
𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑃
Viscosity

Viscosity is a property of fluid, which determines the amount of its resistance to a shearing force.

Table1. Viscosity and density of water at 1 atm

Temp, oC ρ, kg/m3 µ, Pa-s ν, m2/s

0 1000 1.788 x 10-3 1.788 x 10-6

10 1000 1.307 x 10-3 1.307 x 10-6

20 998 1.003 x 10-3 1.005 x 10-6

30 996 0.799 x 10-3 0.802 x 10-6

40 992 0.657 x 10-3 0.662 x 10-6

50 988 0.548 x 10-3 0.555 x 10-6

60 983 0.467 x 10-3 0.475 x 10-6

70 978 0.405 x 10-3 0.414 x 10-6

80 972 0.355 x 10-3 0.365 x 10-6

90 965 0.316 x 10-3 0.327 x 10-6

100 958 0.283 x 10-3 0.295 x 10-6

 FRICTION LOSSES

When water flows in a pipe, it experiences some resistance to its motion, due to which its velocity
and ultimately the head of water available is reduced. The loss of head or energy is classified into
two; minor head loss, which are caused by changes in velocity or direction of flow, and are
commonly expresses in terms of kinetic energy, and major head loss, which is caused by the pipe
friction along straight sections of pipe of uniform diameter and uniform roughness

1. Minor energy losses – which are caused by changes in velocity or direction of flow, and are
commonly expressed in terms of kinetic energy. these losses are due to
a. Sudden enlargement of pipe
b. Sudden contraction of pipe
c. Bend in pipe
d. An obstruction in pipe
e. Pipe fittings etc.
2. Major energy losses – this loss is due to friction and can be calculated using

a. Darcy-Weisbach formula

In terms of velocity V, friction loss of pipe

𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷2g

where :
hf  loss of head due to friction
f  coefficien t of friction
L  length of the pipe
V  mean velocity of the flow
D  diameter of the pipe

For circular pipes, the head loss may be expressed in terms of discharge Q as
𝑓𝐿 8𝑄 2
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷 𝜋 2 g 𝐷4

0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄 2
ℎ𝑓 =
D5

For non-circular pipes, use D=4R where R is hydraulic radius.

a. Manning’s Formula
1
V  R 2 / 3 S 1/ 2 ( S .I . units )
n
1.486 2 / 3 1 / 2
V  R S ( English units )
n
h
where : S  L
L
2/3 1/ 2
1D  hL 
then V     
n 4   L 
1/ 2
 hL  2.5198nV
   square both sides and solve for hL
 L  D2/3

6.35n 2 LV 2
hL  ( S .I .units )
D4/3

Q Q
where : V  
A  2
D
4
2
 
 Q 
2  
6.35n L
 2 
 D 
hL  4 
4/3
D

10.29n 2 LQ 2
hL  ( S .I .units )
D 16 / 3
c. Hazen Williams Formula
𝑉 = 0.849𝐶𝑅 0.63 𝑆 0.54
𝑄 = 0.278𝐶𝐷 2.63 𝑆 0.54

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑉 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑚/𝑠

𝑆 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑅 = ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
FRICTION FACTOR

𝜖
Friction factor f is affected by the relative roughness of a pipe (ratio of size of surface
𝐷
imperfections Є to the inside diameter of the pipe).

a. For laminar flow

64
f  for N R  2000 (la min ar / viscousflow)
NR

b. For turbulent flow

For smooth pipes, Blasius suggest, for NR between 3,000 and 100,000
0.316
f  0.25
NR
For all pipes(smooth or rough), many engineers consider Colebrook White Equation

1 𝜖
= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐷 + 2.51
𝑓 3.7 𝑁𝑅 𝑓

where:
𝜖 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝑚𝑚
𝜖
𝐷 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠)

This equation was plotted in 1944 by Moody into what is now called the Moody Chart for pipe
friction. Haaland formula is an alternate formula for the above equation. This varies less than 2%
from the above equation.

1 6.9 𝜖 1.11
= −1.8𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 𝐷
𝑓 𝑁𝑅 3.7
 ENERGY AND HYDRAULIC GRADE LINES

Hydraulic Grade Line or Hydraulic Gradient

It is a graphical representation f the total potential energy of flow or the sum of potential head
𝑃
and pressure head 𝑧 + . It is the line that connects the water levels in successive piezometer
𝛾
tubes placed at intervals along the pipe. It is also called as called piezometric head.

Characteristics:
 HGL slopes downward in the direction of flow but it may rise or fall due to changes in
velocity or pressure.
 For uniform pipe cross-section, HGL is parallel to the EGL.
For horizontal pipes with uniform diameter, the drop in pressure heads between any points is also equal
to the head of lost between these points.
Figure 1. The above figure shows a uniform pipe and the value of pressure head at three points down its length. The ine joining
these points is called The Hydraulic Gradient.
Total Energy Grade Line

It is a graphical representation of the total energy of flow (the sum of kinetic and potential
energies) with respect to any datum.

2
Total head = P  z  V
 2g

When the fluid flows along the pipe, there is loss of head and the total energy decreases in the
direction of flow. If the total energy at various points along the axis of the pipe is plotted and
joined by a line, the line so obtained is called the Total Energy Line or Energy Line.

Characteristics:
 EGL always slope downward in the direction of flow, and it will only rise with the
presence of pump.
 The drop of EGL between any two points is the head lost between those points.
 For uniform pipe cross-section, EGL is parallel to the HGL
𝑉2
 EGL is always above the HGL by an amount equal to the velocity head .
2𝑔
 Neglecting head loss, EGL is horizontal.
Figure 2. The above figure shows a pipe with sudden contraction an enlargement. Various losses in energy are shown
and this is used to construct the Total Energy Line which is shown in red. The velocity head at the salient points in the
pipe are also calculated and these are subtracted from the Energy Line to give the Hydraulic Gradient which is shown in
blue.
1. Calculate the horsepower rating of an 80% efficiency of the pump needed to deliver water at the
rate of 600liters/min from reservoir A to reservoir B. Inlet pipes and outlet pipes are projecting.
Pipes are all G.I. Assume water in the pipe is @ 20oC. Sketch EGL and HGL.

El. 40m

El. 30m
C.V. 150mmØ B
100mmØ G.V.
A
P

20m 10m 10m 40m

2. Two new cast iron pipes, having diameter of 75 cm and 50 cm, each 150m long are
connected in series. The 75cm pipe leads from a reservoir (flush entrance) and the 50 cm
pipe discharge into the air at a point 3.60m below the water surface in the reservoir. All
changes are abrupt and water flowing has a temperature of 20oC. Calculate the rate of
discharge.

A
3.60 m
B
Q

150 m 150 m
3. A smooth pipe 200m long is connected to a reservoir. The entrance to the pipe is flushed and the
end of the pipe discharges freely into the air. Determine the required diameter of pipe if water
at 20OC discharges at 900 liters/sec and the discharge end is 5.0m below the water surface at
the reservoir.

1
5m
D=? 2
Q=900L/sec

200 m
4. The flow system shown has a projecting pipe at dam and at the tail race. All pipes are new
steel (e=0.046).
a. Calculate the power generated by the turbine which is 85% efficient
b. Sketch the energy and hydraulic grade lines

El. 60m

Reservoir El. 20m

G.V.
T
Tail race

Intake pipe (penstock) Discharge pipe

L = 40m L=60m
D=600mm D=800mm
Q=1.20 m3/s
5. The pipe in the figure shown is 120m and 100mm in diameter. It is laid horizontal. The pipe is
new G.I. If the discharge in the pipe is 20 liters/sec, determine
a. Required elevation of water surface in the tank. Use a head coefficient of 0.04 through
the nozzle and diameter of jet discharging from nozzle is 50mm
b. The pressure just before the nozzle
c. The pressure at 60m from inlet of pipe
d. The horizontal distance by which the jet hits ground surface which is 5 meters below the
vena contracta of the jet

A El.=?

nozzle
4 3
B
1. Calculate the horsepower rating of an 80% efficiency of the pump needed to deliver water at the
rate of 600liters/min from reservoir A to reservoir B. Inlet pipes and outlet pipes are projecting.
Pipes are all G.I. Assume water in the pipe is @ 20oC. Sketch EGL and HGL.

El. 40m

El. 30m
C.V. 150mmØ B
100mmØ G.V.
A
P

20m 10m 10m 40m

Solution:

For new G.I. pipe, e=0.15mm

Assume water at 20oC, µ= 1.002x 10-3N.s/m2 and ν=1.003x10-6m2/s
Q=600liters/m = 0.01m3/sec

For small pipe, For larger pipe,

D1  100mm  0.10m D2  150mm  0.15m

     
A1  D12  (0.10) 2  0.01 A2  D22  (0.15) 2  0.0225
4 4 4 4 4 4
Q 0.01 4 Q 0.01
V1    m / sec V2    0.566 m / sec
A1
0.01
  A2 0.0225 
4 4
4 DV 0.15(0.566)
0.10( ) NR2  2 2   8.463 x104
DV
N R1  1 1    1.27 x10 5 2 1.003 x10 6

1 1.003 x10  6 e 0.15

  0.001
e 0.15 D2 150
  0.0015
D1 100
then , f 2  0.0226 ( friction chart )
then , f 1  0.023 ( friction chart )
Energy equation from reservoir A to reservoir B

PA V A2 PB V B2
 ZA   hp   ZB    hL
 2g  2g
0  30  0  h p  0  40  0   hL
h p  10   hL

where :
h L  he  hV  h f 1  hC  h f 2  hd
V12 f 1 L1V12
he  k e , k e  0.80 hf 1 
2g D1 2 g
V12 f 2 L2V22
hV  kV , kV  10 hf 2 
2g D2 2 g
V22
hC  k C , kC  5
2g
V22
hd  k d , k d  1.0
2g
thus ,
(4 ) 2
he  0.80   0.066m h d  1 .0
(0.566) 2
 0.016m
2(9.81) 2(9.81)
(4 ) 2 30 (  )
4 2
hV  10   0.826m hf 1  0.023 x x  0.57 m
2(9.81) 0.10 2g
(0.566) 2 50 (0.566) 2
hC  5  0.082m hf 2  0.0226 x x  0.123m
2(9.81) 0.15 2g

 h p  10  1.683  11.683m

Power output of pump

Po  Qh p  9810 x0.01x11.683  1146 N ..m / sec  1146 watts
1146
Po   1.536 H p
746 watts / h p

Power input
Po 1.536
Pi    1.92 H p
e 0 .8
SKETCH OF HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE (HGL) AND ENERGY GRADE LINE (EGL)

El.40.221m
El.40.1964m
El.40.1144m
El.40.016m
El. 40m

El. 30m
El.29.934m
El.29.556m
El.28.728m
El.28.538m
C.V. 150mmØ B
100mmØ G.V.
A
P

20m 10m 10m 40m

2. Two new cast iron pipes, having diameter of 75 cm and 50 cm, each 150m long are
connected in series. The 75cm pipe leads from a reservoir (flush entrance) and the 50 cm
pipe discharge into the air at a point 3.60m below the water surface in the reservoir. All
changes are abrupt and water flowing has a temperature of 20oC. Calculate the rate of
discharge.

A
3.60 m
B
Q

150 m 150 m
Solution:

New cast iron, e=0.25mm

Water @ 20OC, ν=1.003x10-6 m2/s

Energy equation from point A to point B

PA V A2 PB V B2
 ZA   hm   ZB    hL
 2g  2g
V22
3.6   he  h f 1  h f 2  hc
2g
V22 V12 f 1 L1V12 f 2 L2V22 V22
3.6   ke    kc .......equation (1)
2g 2g D1 2 g D2 2 g 2g
For flushed entrance, ke=0.50

D2 50
  0.667
D1 75

From the Table:

D2 kc
D1
0.60 0.28
0.667 ---
0.70 0.22
By interpolation method
kc = 0.28-0.667 (0.28-0.22) = 0.24

By continuity equation
Q 1  Q2
A1V1  A2V2
 
D12V1  D22V2
4 4
D12
V2  2 V1
D2
V2  2.25V1
Substitute values to equation 1

V22 V12 f1 (150)V12 f 2 L2V22 V22

3.6   0.5    kc
2g 2 g (0.75)2 g D2 2 g 2g
7.2 g  V22  0.5V12  200 f1V12  300 f 2V22  0.24V22
 V22 (1.24  300 f 2 )  V12 (0.5  200 f1 )
 2.25V12 (1.24  300 f 2 )  V12 (0.5  200 f1 )
 6.28V12  1518.75 f 2V12  0.5V12  200 f1V12
70.632  V12 (6.78  1518.75 f 2  200 f1 )  equation (2)

Relative Roughness
e 0.25
  0.000333;   f1  0.015 to 0.04
D1 750
e 0.25
  0.0005;   f 2  0.017 to 0.04
D2 500
Try f1=f2=0.02

Then,
70.632  V12 6.78  1518.75(0.02)  200(0.02)
V1  1.31 m / sec
V2  2.95 m / sec
D1V1 0.75(1.31)
thus , N R1    9.796 x10 5
1 1.003 x10 6

D 2V 2 0.5(2.95)
N R1    1.47 x10 6
2 1.003 x10 6

From the chart: f1=0.016 and f2=0.017

Use f1=0.016 & f2=0.017

Then, V1=1.405 m/sec & V2=3.161 m/sec

NR1=1.05x106 & NR2=1.58x106m/sec

From the chart: f1=0.016 and f2=0.017

Therefore, V1=1.405 m/sec

V2=3.161 m/sec

Thus,
Q  A1V1

 (0.75) 2 (1.405)
4
Q  0.620 m 3 sec
3. A smooth pipe 200m long is connected to a reservoir. The entrance to the pipe is flushed and the
end of the pipe discharges freely into the air. Determine the required diameter of pipe if water
at 20OC discharges at 900 liters/sec and the discharge end is 5.0m below the water surface at
the reservoir.

1
5m
D=? 2
Q=900L/sec

200 m
Solution:

For flushed entrance, ke=0.50

Water @ 20oC, ν=1.003x10-6 m2/s
Q  900 L / sec  0.90m 3 / sec
Q 0.90 4(0.90)
then , V  
A  2 D 2
D
4
3.6
V m sec
D 2

Energy equation from point 1 to point 2

P1 V12 P V2
 Z1   hm  2  Z 2  2   hL
 2g  2g
V22
5  he  h f 1
2g
V22 V 2 f LV 2
5  0.50 2  1 2
2g 2 g D2 g
f1 (200)V22
10 g V22  0.5V22 
D
 200 f1 
10 g  V22 1.5 
 D 
2
 3.6   200 f1 
10 g   2  1.5 
 D   D 
3.6 2  200 f1 
D4  2 1.5 
 (10 g )  D 
 200 f1 
D 4  0.0134 1.5   equation (1)
 D 
For smooth pipes, f1=0.008 to 0.04
Try f=0.02
 200 f 1 
Let M  0.01341.5 
 D 
then , D 4  M

By trial and error:

Assume D D4 M
1.0 1.0 0.0737
0.5 0.0625 0.1273
0.6 0.1296 0.1094
0.58 0.11316 0.11251
0.575 0.10931 0.11332

Therefore use D=0.58m

Then,

 3.6 
0.58
DV   (0.58) 2 
N R1    1.97 x10 6
 1.003x10 6
From the chart, f=0.0102

Assume D D4 M
0.5 0.0625 0.0748
0.56 0.0983 0.06891
0.55 0.09151 0.06980
0.60 0.1296 0.06566
0.53 0.0789 0.0716
0.52 0.0731 0.0727

Use D=0.52m and NR=2.197x106

From the chart, f=0.01
Assume D D4 M
0.5 0.0625 0.0737
0.51 0.06765 0.07265
0.518 0.071998 0.07184

Use D=0.518m and NR=2.197x106

From the chart, f=0.01

Therefore, D=0.518m say D=0.520m

4. The flow system shown has a projecting pipe at dam and at the tail race. All pipes are new
steel (e=0.046).
a. Calculate the power generated by the turbine which is 85% efficient
b. Sketch the energy and hydraulic grade lines

El. 60m

Reservoir El. 20m

G.V.
T
Tail race

Intake pipe (penstock) Discharge pipe

L = 40m L=60m
D=600mm D=800mm
Q=1.20 m3/s
Solution:

Intake pipe Discharge Pipe

 
A1  (0.60) 2  0.09 m 2 A2  (0.80) 2  0.16 m 2
4 4
Q 1.20 Q 1.20
V1  1   4.244 m / s V2  2   2.387 m / s
A1 0.09 A2 0.16

For water at 20 o C ,   1.003 x10 6 m 2 / s

4.244(0.6) 2.387(0.8)
N R1  6
 2.54 x10 6 N R2  6
 1.904 x10 6
1.003 x10 1.003 x10

For new steel pipe, e  0.046 mm

e1 0.046
  0.000077, f 1  0.0125 (chart )
D1 600
e2 0.046
  0.000058, f 2  0.012 (chart )
D2 800
Energy Equation from A to B
PA VA2 PB VB2
 ZA   hT   ZB    hL
 2g  2g
0  60  0  hT  0  20  0   hL
hT  40   hL

where :
h L  he  hV  h f 1  h f 2  hd
V12 f1 L1V12
he  k e , k e  0.80 hf1 
2g D1 2 g
V12 f 2 L2V22
hV  kV , kV  10 hf 2 
2g D2 2 g
V22
hd  k d , k d  1.0
2g
thus ,
(4.244) 2 40 (4.244) 2
he  0.80  0.7344 m hf1  0..0125 x x  0.765m
2(9.81) 0.6 2g
(4.244) 2 60 (2.387) 2
hV  10  9.180.m hf 2  0.012 x x  0.2614m
2(9.81) 0.8 2g
(2.387) 2
hd  1.0  0.2904m
2(9.81)

 hT  40  11.2312  28.769m

Power input of turbine

Pi  QhT  9.81 x 1.2 x 28.769  338.669 kN..m / sec  338.669 kilowatts
338,669
Pi   453.979 H p say 454 H p
746 watts / h p

Power output
Po  ePi  0.85(338.669)  287.869kW or 385.883H p
SKETCH OF HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE (HGL) AND ENERGY GRADE LINE (EGL)

El. 60m
El.59.266m
El.58.692m
El.49.32m
El.49.512m
Reservoir El.20.287m
El.20.551m El. 20m
G.V.

T
Tail race
5. The pipe in the figure shown is 120m and 100mm in diameter. It is laid horizontal. The pipe is
new G.I. If the discharge in the pipe is 20 liters/sec, determine
a. Required elevation of water surface in the tank. Use a head coefficient of 0.04 through
the nozzle and diameter of jet discharging from nozzle is 50mm
b. The pressure just before the nozzle
c. The pressure at 60m from inlet of pipe
d. The horizontal distance by which the jet hits ground surface which is 5 meters below the
vena contracta of the jet

A El.=?

nozzle
4 3
B
Solution:

For new G.I. pipe, e=0.15mm

Assume water at 20oC, µ= 1.002x 10-3N.s/m2 and ν=1.003x10-6m2/s
Diameter of pipe, D1=100mm
Diameter of jet, D2=50mm
Flow rate or discharge, Q=20liters/s = 0.02m3/sec

Velocity of the pipe, V 

Q 0.02
  2.5465m / s
A1 
(0.10) 2
4

Velocity of the jet, V  Q  0.02  10.186m / s

A2 
(0.05) 2
4
DV 0.10(2.5465)
Reynolds Number in pipe, N R1    2.54 x10 5
 1.003x10 6

Relative roughness, e  0.15  0.0015

D 100
Friction factor of pipe, f  0.0225 ( friction chart )
a.) Energy Equation from A to B
PA V A2 PB VB2
 ZA    ZB    hL
 2g  2g

Let Z B  0 and ZA  Z

V22
0 Z 0  00   hL
2g

where :
h L  he  h f  hd
V12
he  k e , k e  0.80
2g
fLV 2
hf 
D 2g
V22
hd  k d , k d  1. 0
2g
thus ,
(2.5465) 2
he  0.80  0.264 m
2(9.81)
120 (2.5465) 2
hf  0.0225 x x  8.924m
0.10 2g
(10.186) 2
hd  0.04  0.212m
2(9.81)

(10.186) 2
Z   9.4  14.688m
2(9.81)
b.) Energy Equation from 3 to B
P3 V32 PB VB2
 Z3    ZB    hn
 2g  2g
P3 V12 V22 V22
0  00  kn
 2g 2g 2g
P3 ( 2.5465) 2
  5.29  0.212
 2g
P3
 5.29  0.212  0.331  5.171m

P3  50.728kPa

c.) Energy Equation from A to 4

PA V A2 P4 V42
 ZA    Z4   he  h f
 2g  2g
V12
P4 V12 fLV12
0  14.688  0  0  ke 
 2g 2g D 2g
P4 60 ( 2.5465) 2
14.688   0.331  0.264  0.0225 x x
 0.10 2g
P4
 14.688  0.331  0.264  4.462  9.631m

P4  94.48kPa
4.)Horizontal distance of the jet

Vo=V2=10.186m/s

A. Vertical Component of motion

Y  Voyt  12 gt 2
 5  0  12 (9.81)t 2
t  1.00964 sec

B. Horizontal component of motion

x  Voxt
 10.186(1.00964)
x  10.284m
1. A pipeline with pump leads to a nozzle as shown.

B El.24.4m

3ӯ jet
(76.2mm)

El. 21.3m A

152mmØ
P El. 15.20m
DATUM u A
m
p

a. Find the flowrate when the pump “p” develops on 24.4m head. Assume headloss in
2 2
152mm pipe expressed by 5V6 while headloss in the 102mm pipe is 12V4
2g 2g
b. Find the pressure head at the suction pipe
c. Find the velocity at the jet having a diameter of 75mm
2. A pump, having an efficiency of 90%, lifts water to a height of 155m at the rate of 7.5m 3/s.
The friction head loss in the pipe is 13 m. What is the required pump power in kW? Also
sketch the energy line and the hydraulic grade line of the system. Answer: 13,730kW

3. A steel pipe (e= 0.065mm) 4200m long is to convey oil (ѵ = 5.2 x 10 -5 m2/s) at 300 L/s from a
reservoir with surfce elevation 247m to one with surface elevation 156m, see the figure
below. Theoretically what pipe size is required? Answer: 0.392m
4. In the Figure, assume the pipe diameter is 300mm, f=0.021, BC = 60m and ∆z= 36.5m. The
entrance to the pipe at the intake is flush with the wall,and the discharge losses are negligible.
(a) If Q=225L/s of water, what head does it supply to the turbine? (b) What power does the
turbine deliver if its efficiency is 75%? Answers : ht =34.1m ; P= 56.4kW
5. A pipe system carries water from a reservoir and discharge it as a free jet, as shown in the figure.
How much flow is to be expected through a 200 mm steel commercial pipe with the fittings shown?
Answer: 0.125 m3/s
6. Water 20oC flows at a rate of 0.05m3/s in a 20cm asphalted cast-iron pipe. What is the head
loss per kilometer of pipe?
Answer: head loss per kilometer of pipe 12.20 m

7. What size asphalted cast-iron pipe is needed to carry water at a discharge of 12cfs and with
a head loss of 4ft per 1000ft of pipe?
Answer: D=20.4 in

8. A concrete-lined tunnel has a cross section described as follows. The top part of the tunnel
is 20ft diameter semicircle and the bottom part is a rectangular section 20ft wide by 10ft
high. Estimate the head loss in 1 mile length of tunnel when water is flowing in it with a
mean velocity of 12ft/s.
Answer: hf=10.0 ft/mi

9. The conduit of Problem 3 is used to convey water from a reservoir (water surface elevation
5000ft) through hydroturbines and from there to another reservoir (water surface elevation
3000ft). The tunnel is 5mi long and has two long radius 45O bends in it plus two wide-open
gate valves and well-designed inlets and outlets. What power can be delivered to the
turbines if we assume the flow passages associated with the turbines themselves have a los
coefficient of 0.20? Further assume the water velocity in the tunnel is the same as in
Problem 3 and that the head loss for the gate valve is negligible.
Answer: P=947,000 hp
10. Determine the diameter of steel pipe needed to deliver water at 20oC at a rate of 2m3/s
from a reservoir with water surface at an elevation of 60m to a reservoir 200m away with a
water surface elevation of 30m. Assume a square-edged gate inlet and outlet and no bends
in the pipe. Further assume there are two open gate valves in the pipe.
Answer: D=0.52 m

11. Determine the diameter of steel pipe needed to deliver water at 20oC from a reservoir with
water surface at an elevation of 60m to a reservoir 200m away with a water surface
elevation of 30m. Assume a square-edged gate inlet and outlet and no bends in the pipe.
Further assume there are two open gate valves in the pipe.
Answer: D=0.51 m

12. Air under standard conditions flows through a 4.0mm diameter drawn tubing with an
average velocity of V=50m/s. For such conditions, the flow would normally be turbulent.
However, if precautions are taken to eliminate disturbances to the flow (the entrance to the
tube is very smooth, the air is dust free, the tube does not vibrate, etc), it may be possible to
maintain laminar flow. (a) Determine the pressure drop in a 0.10m section of the tube if the
flow is laminar. (b) Repeat the calculations if the flow is turbulent.
Answer:∆p =1.076 kPa
13. Air at temperature of 120oF and standard pressure flows from a furnace through an 8iches
diameter pipe with an average velocity of 10ft/s. It then passes through a transition section
and into a square duct whose side is of length a. The pipe and duct surfaces are smooth
(ε=0). Determine the duct size, a, if the head loss per foot is to be the same for the pipe and
the duct.
Answer: D=0.611 ft or 7.34 in

14. Crude oil at 140OF with γ=53.70lb/ft3 and µ=8x10-5 lb.s/ft2 (about four times the viscosity of
water) is pumped across Alaska through the Alaskan pipeline, a 799 mile-long, 4ft diameter
steel pipe, at a maximum rate of Q=2.40 million barrels/day=117ft3/s or V=Q/A=9.31ft/s.
Determine the horsepower needed for the pumps that drives this large system.
Answer: P=202,00 hp

15. According to an appliance manufacturer, the 4 in diameter galvanized iron vent on a clothes
dryer is not to contain more than 20ft of pipe and four 90o elbows. Under these conditions
determine the air flow rate if the pressure within the dryer is 0.20inches of water. Assume a
temperature of 100oF and standard pressure.
Answer: Q=0.881 ft3/s
16. The turbine shown in the figure extracts 50hp from the water flowing through it. The 1ft
diameter, 300ft long pipe is assumed to have a friction factor of 0.02. Minor losses are
negligible. Determine the flow rate through the pipe and turbine.
Answer: Q=19.60 ft3/s

El. 90ft

300ft long
1ft diameter pipe
turbine

f=0.02 Free jet

17. Air at standard temperature and pressure flows through a horizontal, galvanized iron pipe
(ε=0.0005ft) at a rate of 2.0ft3/s. Determine the minimum pipe diameter if the pressure
drop is to be more than 0.50 psi per 100ft of pipe.
Answer: D=0.196 ft

18. Water at 10oC (ν=1.307x10-6m2/s) is to flow from reservoir A to reservoir B through a cast-
iron pipe (ε=0.26mm) of length 20m at a rate of Q=0.0020m3/s as shown in the figure. The
system contains a sharp-edged entrance and six regular threaded 90oC elbows. Determine
the pipe diameter needed. Total length of pipe is 20m.
Answer: D=45mm

El.2m

El.0m
19. Water flows from reservoir 1 to reservoir 2 through a 4-in-diameter, 500 ft length pipe, as shown in
Figure. Assume an initial friction factor (f) of 0.037 and a roughness (e) of 0.003 ft for the pipe. Find the
flow rate. Answer: 0.573 ft3/s
20. Figure below shows two reservoirs containing water at 60oF. The water in the upper reservoir is to be
drained to the other reservoir at a lower level as shown. The total length of commercial steel pipe is 100ft,
and the diameter of the pipe is 4 in. What will be the flow rate of water through the pipe when the water
surface elevations are as shown in the figure? Assume coefficient loss at entrance, Ke = 0.45, due to elbow
KE = 0.64, due to gate valve, Kv = 17 Kopen where Kopen= 0.11. Answer: 1.36 ft3/s