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Experiment No: 2 (A) Bece101P Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier Circuits 2 (A) - 1) Half Wave Rectifier

The document describes experiments performed to analyze half wave and full wave rectifier circuits with and without filters, as well as the use of a zener diode as a voltage regulator. Rectification methods are compared in terms of ripple factor and efficiency, showing that full wave rectification is more efficient. Zener diodes can produce a stable output voltage under varying input voltage and load conditions, making them suitable for voltage regulation applications.

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Hardik Rangwani
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623 views22 pages

Experiment No: 2 (A) Bece101P Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier Circuits 2 (A) - 1) Half Wave Rectifier

The document describes experiments performed to analyze half wave and full wave rectifier circuits with and without filters, as well as the use of a zener diode as a voltage regulator. Rectification methods are compared in terms of ripple factor and efficiency, showing that full wave rectification is more efficient. Zener diodes can produce a stable output voltage under varying input voltage and load conditions, making them suitable for voltage regulation applications.

Uploaded by

Hardik Rangwani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment No: 2(A) BECE101P

HALF WAVE AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUITS


2(A) – 1) Half Wave Rectifier:
AIM:
1. Study of Half Wave rectifier with & without Filter
2. To find the Ripple Factor
COMPONENTS:
1. Voltage Source (230V Amplitude, 50Hz Frequency, 0.1mΩ series resistance)
2. Input, Output port
3. 2 Inductors:
Now Vs/Vn = Ns/Np = (Lp/Ls) 1/2 230/12 = (Lp/Ls) 1/2 => Lp/Ls = 367.36/1
Now take Lp= 367.36 mH and Ls= 1 mH
4. 1 1N914 Silicon PN Junction Diode (Vbreakdown = 75.0V, Iavg= 0.2A)
5. Limiting Resistor (1KΩ )
6. Ground

EQUIPMENTS:
1. LTspice Simulator

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Without Filter:

With Filter:

PROCEDURE:
• Open LTspice Simulator and select ‘new schematic’.
• Click on the Components Symbol and browse through it to find Voltage Source.
• Click on the Diode Symbol in the quick access bar and add diode near the Voltage
Source as shown in the diagram.
• Click on the Resistor Symbol in the quick access bar and add the
Limiting Resistor near the Diode as shown in the diagram.
• Make Wire Connections as shown in the diagram using the Wire
option in the quick access bar.
• Click on Ground Symbol in the quick access bar and add the
Ground near the lower part of the Circuit as shown in the diagram.
• Right click Voltage Source and select SINE
• Then select Amplitude=230V, Frequency= 50Hz, Series Resistance=
0.1m. • Right Click on the Diode and choose ‘pick new diode’
option and select 1N194.
• Right Click on Resistor and pick ‘Resistance=1KΩ’.
• Click on Label Net option in the quick access bar and under name
IN and select ‘input’ in port type.
• Do the same for ‘output’ port, name it OUT and select output in
port type. • Make another port called ‘vs’ and place it as shown in
the circuit diagram.
• Click on ‘Simulate’ followed by ‘Edit Simulation Cmd’.
• Select Transient and choose stop time= 100m.
• Run the schematic
• An empty Graph opens up, to get the graph of current click on IN,
vs and OUT.
• Now, right click on the graph and select ‘add plot pane’ and
separate the 3 graphs into different plot panes.
• Find Vac and Vdc from the graph of V(vs) and V(out) respectively.
• For Half Wave with Filter add a conductor with 100u like shown in
the diagram
GRAPH:

Without Filter:

With Filter:
V(out):
CALCULATIONS:
Without Filter:

From the graph:


Vac= 12V
Vdc= 11.291517V

RESULT:
Ripple factor γ = Vac/Vdc = 12/11.291517 = 1.06

Efficiency η = Pac/Pdc= (2/ π)* (11.29/12)*100 = 59.9 %


With Filter:
V(out):

From the Graph:


Vac = 12V
Vdc = 11.26V

RESULTS:
Ripple factor γ = Vac/Vdc = 12/11.26 = 1.07

Efficiency η = Pac/Pdc= (2/ π)* (11.26/12)*100 = 59.7 %

2(A) – 2) Full Wave- Centre Tapped and Bridge Rectifiers:


AIM:
1. Study of Full Wave Centre-Tapped and Bridge rectifiers with & without Filter
2. To find the Ripple Factor

COMPONENTS:
1. LTspice Simulator
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Without Filter Bridge:

With Filter Bridge:


Without Filter Centre-Tapped:

With Filter Centre-Tapped:


PROCEDURE:

• Open LTspice Simulator and select ‘new schematic’.


• Click on the Components Symbol and browse through it to find
Voltage Source.
• Click on the Diode Symbol in the quick access bar and add diode
near the Voltage Source as shown in the diagram.
• Click on the Resistor Symbol in the quick access bar and add the
Limiting Resistor near the Diode as shown in the diagram.
• Make Wire Connections as shown in the diagram using the Wire
option in the quick access bar.
• Click on Ground Symbol in the quick access bar and add the
Ground near the lower part of the Circuit as shown in the diagram.
• Right click Voltage Source and select SINE
• Then select Amplitude=230V, Frequency= 50Hz, Series Resistance=
0.1m.
• Right Click on the Diode and choose ‘pick new diode’ option and
select 1N4148.
• Right Click on Resistor and pick ‘Resistance=1KΩ’.
• Click on Label Net option in the quick access bar and under name
IN and select ‘input’ in port type.
• Do the same for ‘output’ port, name it OUT and select output in
port type.
• Also make a Label Net for y as shown in the diagram.
• Click on ‘Simulate’ followed by ‘Edit Simulation Cmd’.
• Select Transient and choose stop time= 100m.
• Run the schematic
• An empty Graph opens up, to get the graph of current click on IN
and OUT and y.
• Now, right click on the graph and select ‘add plot pane’ and
separate the 2 graphs into different plot panes.
• Find Vac and Vdc from the graph of V(y) and V(out) respectively.
GRAPHS:

Without Filter Bridge:

With Filter Bridge:


V(out):
Without Filter Centre-Tapped:

With Filter Centre-Tapped:


CALCULATIONS:
Bridge:
Without Filter:

From the graph:


Vac= 11.3V
Vdc= 10.6V

RESULTS:
Ripple factor γ = Vac/Vdc= 11.3/10.6 = 1.066
Efficiency η = (10.6/11.3)*100 = 93.8 %
With Filter:

From the Graph:


Vac = 11.25V
Vdc = 10.5V

RESULTS:
Ripple factor γ = Vac/Vdc= 11.25/10.5 = 1.07

Efficiency η = (10.5/11.25)*100 = 93.34 %


Centre-Tapped:
Without Filter:
From graph:
Vac = 12V
Vdc = 11.3V

RESULTS:
Ripple factor γ = Vac/Vdc= 12/11.3 = 1.06
Efficiency η = (11.3/12)*100 = 94.2 %
With Filter:

From the Graph:


Vac = 12V
Vdc = 11.26V
RESULTS:

Ripple factor γ = Vac/Vdc= 12/11.26 = 1.065

Efficiency η = (11.26/12)*100 = 93.84 %


INFERENCE:
Rectification methods to convert AC (Alternating Current) to DC (Direct
Current) include full-wave rectification and half-wave rectification. In both
cases, rectification is performed by utilizing the characteristic that current
flows only in the positive direction in a diode. Full-wave rectification rectifies
the negative component of the input voltage to a positive voltage, then
converts it into DC (pulse current). In contrast, half-wave rectification removes
just the negative voltage component using a single diode before converting to
DC. Afterward, the waveform is smoothed by charging/discharging a capacitor,
resulting in a clean DC signal. From this, it can be said that full-wave
rectification is a more efficient method than half-wave rectification since the
entire waveform is used. Also, a ripple voltage that appears after smoothing
will vary depending on the capacitance of this capacitor and the load. Given
the same capacitance and load, ripple voltage is smaller with full-wave
rectification than half-wave rectification. The smaller the ripple voltage the
better the stability
Experiment No: 2(B) BECE101P

ZENER DIODE AS A VOLTAGE REGULATOR

AIM:
1. To study Zener Diode Characteristics as a Voltage Regulator

COMPONENTS:
1. Voltage Source (30V)
2. R1 (220Ω)
3. Zener Diode BZX84C6V2L (Vbreakdown = 6.2V)
4. R2 (1KΩ for regulating voltage and {x} for regulating voltage and
resistance)
5. Input and Output ports.
6. Ground

EQUIPMENTS:
1. LTspice Simulator

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
For Line Regulation:
For Load Regulation:

PROCEDURE:

• Open LTspice Simulator and select ‘new schematic’.


• Click on the Components Symbol and browse through it to find
Voltage Source.
• Click on the Components Symbol and browse through it to find
Zener and select BZX84C6V2L.
• Click on the Resistor Symbol in the quick access bar and add the
Limiting Resistor near the Diode and the Load resistor as shown in
the diagram.
• Make Wire Connections as shown in the diagram using the Wire
option in the quick access bar.
• Click on Ground Symbol in the quick access bar and add the
Ground near the lower part of the Circuit as shown in the diagram.
• Add output port as shown in the diagram
GRAPH:
Line Regulation:

Load Regulation:
CALCULATIONS:
Line Regulation:

From the Graph

ΔVinput 1 = 20-15 = 5V

ΔVoutput 1 = 6.5462263 - 6.4857785 = 0.06V

Line Regulation1 = (ΔVout / ΔVin)*100 = 1.2%

ΔVinput 2 = 16.53-15 = 1.53V

ΔVoutput 2 = 6.504-6.486 = 0.018V

Line Regulation2 = (ΔVout / ΔVin)*100 = 1.17%

ΔVinput 3 = 23.86-11.56 = 12.3V

ΔVoutput 3 = 6.57-6.43 = 0.14V


Line Regulation3 = (ΔVout / ΔVin)*100 =1.14%

RESULT:
Line Regulation = (1.2+1.17+1.14)/3 = 1.17%
Load Regulation:

From the Graph


VFL1 = 6.61515V

From the Graph


VNL1 = 6.61523V

Load Regulation = (VNL-VFL)/VFL *100


RESULTS:
Load Regulation = 0.0012%

INFERENCE:
Zener Diodes can be used to produce a stabilised voltage output with low
ripple under varying load current conditions. By passing a small current
through the diode from a voltage source, via a suitable current limiting
resistor (RS), the zener diode will conduct sufficient current to maintain a
voltage drop of Vout.

Name: Hardik.Rangwani
Reg no: 21BME0558

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