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Design of Irregular Slabs

1) The document discusses the design of irregularly shaped slabs, such as hexagonal, pentagonal, trapezoidal, and circular slabs. 2) Two approaches are presented: the conventional approach approximates the irregular shape to a rectangle or circle, while the yield line approach directly considers the irregular shape. 3) Details are given on how to approximate various irregular shapes to rectangles or circles for analysis and design as a regular slab. The yield line approach is also described for direct analysis of irregular slab shapes.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
220 views5 pages

Design of Irregular Slabs

1) The document discusses the design of irregularly shaped slabs, such as hexagonal, pentagonal, trapezoidal, and circular slabs. 2) Two approaches are presented: the conventional approach approximates the irregular shape to a rectangle or circle, while the yield line approach directly considers the irregular shape. 3) Details are given on how to approximate various irregular shapes to rectangles or circles for analysis and design as a regular slab. The yield line approach is also described for direct analysis of irregular slab shapes.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Design of Irregular Slabs

Sandra.S.Fernandez Dr.I.Yamini.Sreevalli
School of Mechanical and Building Science School of mechanical and building science
VIT VIT
Chennai ,Tamil Nadu Chennai, Tamil Nadu
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— In modern day construction the column lay out of II. METHODOLOGY
a building may not be rectangular, because of the optimal
utilization of space and architectural considerations. The Non A. Conventional approach
rectangular column lay out leads to same pattern of beams and Irregular slabs such as triangular, hexagonal, pentagonal etc
slabs. The slabs supported on these columns, either directly or by are encountered in practise based on the location and
supporting on beams will have irregular shape. Generally the topography of building. In this approach bending moments for
shape of the slab is ignored and will be designed as a regular
trapezoidal or polygonal slabs can be approximated either to an
rectangular slab. An attempt has been made in this paper to find
economical design of irregular slab on the basis of reinforcement
equivalent two way rectangular or circular slabs [1].
provided by considering the exact (irregular) shape and A trapezoidal slab can be idealized into rectangular slab by
approximating it to a rectangle. Slabs are analyzed and designed having the constraints as same area for both the shapes and the
using conventional and yield line approach. Slab sections distance between the two parallel sides is constant. The
considered are hexagon, pentagon, trapezium and circular slabs. dimensions of rectangle can be found out by equating the area
of trapezium to that of rectangle. From mid-point of trapezium
Keywords—irregular slabs, yield line analysis.
sloping side perpendiculars are dropped to the parallel sides of
I. INTRODUCTION trapezium at an arbitrary angle (15°-20°) such that it forms
rectangle with the obtained length as shown in Figure 1. Then
Slabs are structural element whose depth is small compared we can design the rectangular slab as per IS 456. In the present
to other two dimensions. Slabs can be classified mainly into study the two parallel sides of trapezium are AB = 6.4m, DC =
edge supported slabs (those supported on beams and walls (one 9.6m for which the sides of rectangle are EF = 8m, FH = 6m
way and two way slabs)) and flat slabs (supported on columns).
Apart from this slabs can also be classified based on support
conditions (Simply supported slabs, Cantilever slabs, fixed or
continuous slabs), shape (square, rectangle, circular, and
polygonal slabs), cross-section (ribbed, solid, filler and folded
plate slabs) and use (roof, floor, foundation slabs)
Irregular slabs can be defined as those slabs in which
arrangement of columns does not form a rectangular layout.
For example if we are considering a simply supported
hexagonal slabs in whichever way we are trying to make it a
rectangle there will be two columns left out. Apart from this
slabs with interior columns or irregular arrangement of Fig 1 Trapezoidal slab
columns are also called as irregular slabs.
Similar to trapezoidal slabs hexagonal slabs also can be
idealised into rectangle slabs based on the two constraints. The
Design of irregular slabs can be carried out using hexagonal slab idealized into a rectangle is as shown in figure
2. A hexagon of 4.3 m can be idealised into a rectangle of 6 m
 Conventional approach by 8 m.
 Yield line approach
In this paper we will be dealing with slabs simply supported on
beams on all sides.
Step 3 : Calculate the radial reinforcement for the simply
supported slab (negative reinforcement at supports and positive
reinforcement at the centre of slab section).
Step 4 : Check for depth
Step 5 : Calculation of total depth
Step 6 : Calculation of average depth
Step 7 : Calculation of circumferential bending moment at
edge and mid span.
Step 8 : Calculation of reinforcement for circumferential and
Fig 2 Hexagonal slab radial moments.
Design methodology Step 9 : Calculation of spacing.
1) Design of two way rectangular slab [2] Step 10 : Check for shear.
Step 1 : Check for ly/lx ratio.
Step 2 : Calculation of effective thickness. B. Yield line Analysis
Step 3 : Calculation of effective span in shorter and longer Yield line method is an upper bound method was initiated
direction. by Ingerslev and was drastically modified by Johansen. This
method involves establishing the yield line pattern based on
Step 4 : Load calculations boundary conditions. Relationship between applied load and
moment can be obtained using
Step 5 : Moment calculation
Step 6 : Calculation of reinforcement in longitudinal and  Virtual work method
transverse direction.  Method of segmented equilibrium
Step 7 : Calculation of spacing Virtual work method: After predicting the possible yield line
Step 8 : Check for spacing. pattern and the axis of rotation the slab which is in equilibrium
with the moments and loads of structure. There is infinitesimal
increase in load which causes further deflection. The principle
of work method is obtained by equating the total work done by
Similarly pentagonal slabs can be idealized into a circular
collapse load during rotation of slab segments, maintaining the
slab as shown in Figure 3. The diameter of pentagonal slab is
deflection and compatibility to the total internal work done by
same as mean of diameters of inscribed and circumscribed
bending and twisting of yield lines [2] and the moment
circle about the pentagonal slabs as per Figure 3. The size of
capacity is obtained.
the pentagon is considered to be 5.3 to compare finally with the
design of rectangle. (1)
w - Collapse load
M - Moment capacity of the section per unit length
l - Rotation of slab segment satisfying the compatibility of
Slab deflections
Δ – Vertical deflection through which collapse load moves
The yield line analysis for rectangle and circle is readily
available[4] but for the considered shapes it has been
calculated. The slab dimensions obtained for conventional
Fig 3 pentagonal slab method is taken for calculation. The yield lines reported in this
paper are for uniformly distributed load and simply supported
on all the sides.
2 ) Design of circular slabs [1] Virtual work method applied to different types of slabs
Step 1 : Fix the value of constant (k) based on the support Hexagonal Slabs : Yield lines originate from the centre where
conditions of slab. the crack is first developed due to concentration of loads and
propagate towards the supports (corners).The yield line pattern
Step 2 : Calculate the effective diameter of circular slabs.
for hexagonal slabs is shown in figure 4.
m = (w*Lx2*(tan ф)2)/(24*µ) (4)
where
µ - orthotropic coefficient (0.75)
α – Lx/Ly (1.33)
tan ф = √((3*µ) + (µ2/α2)) – (µ/α) (5)
ф = 46.08°
Fig 4 yield line pattern of hexagonal slabs
Circular Slab: For a circular slab of radius r failure occurs in
Internal work done = external work done the form of number of positive yield lines running radially
from centre to the circumference.

Where h = (a*tan60)/ 2
( 2)
Similarly by repeating the same procedure as above for
pentagonal slab. Yield line pattern for pentagonal slabs is
shown in figure 5.

Fig 7 yield line pattern for circular slabs


External work done = (π*r2*w)/3
Internal work done by rotation about yield line = 2*π*m
(6)
Trapezoidal slab: The yield lines of trapezoidal slab lies at a
slightly lower level than rectangular slabs. Yield lines
advancing towards the support section bisects the corner
Fig 5 yield line pattern of pentagonal slabs angles. The sides (DG, JC) can be approximately taken as the
The moment equation is given by average of difference of two parallel sides of trapezium. Since
the height of trapezium is kept constant, by using mathematical
simplifications Ф and ѱ can be found out. From a series of
h = 0.688L trials with different sides of trapezium sides
(GH,HI,IJ,BK,LK,AL) are found to be approximately same.
m = 0.078*w*L2 (3)
GH = 1.6m
Rectangular slabs: Yield line pattern for simply supported
rectangular slabs having dimensions 8m and 6m is shown as Ф = 37.5° Ѱ = 33.52°
per figure 6 The following steps were adopted from Reinforced h1 = 2.83m h2 = 3.17m h3=h4 = 2.83m
concrete design by N. Krishnaraju[4]

Fig 8 yield line pattern for trapezoidal slabs

Fig 6 yield line pattern for rectangular slabs


TABLE I. TABLE III.

Element Yield line analysis for trapezoidal slabs Slab type Yield Line Analysis
Internal work done External work Moment (M) Area of steel (Ast)
done
KNm mm2
Rectangle 38.82 1054.16
1 (3.17*2.2*3.17)/2+ m*6.4*1/3.17
(2*0.5*2.2*3.17*(3.17/3)) Circle 34.26 764.38

2 (2.2*2.83*2.83/2) + m*9.6*1/2.83 Trapezium 55.26 1742.24


((2*0.5*3.8*2.83*2.83/3) Pentagon 31.95 705.64
3 0.5*6.2*2.83*2.83/3 m*6.2*1/2.83 Hexagon 32.54 720.75
4 0.5*6.2*2.83*2.83/3 m*6.2*1/2.83
By comparing the Ast from Table II and III it is seen that the
irregular slabs designed considering the exact shape, by yield
line approach, are economical than conventional approach.
51.63*w = 9.81m (7)
For rectangular slab the area of steel provided by conventional
Moments obtained from yield line theory is either high or equal approach is 1520 mm2 whereas in yield line approach it is 1054
to the collapse load. All possibilities of slab have to be mm2.Thus we can reduce the area of steel provided by 35%
examined to avoid overestimation of slab capacity.
For trapezoidal slabs the area of steel provided by conventional
It is mainly applicable to slabs that are uniformly reinforced. approach is 1520.24mm2 and yield line approach it is
Slabs may have different reinforcement in two directions in 1742.24mm2. But for trapezoidal slabs yield line analysis
case of rectangular slabs or different top and bottom shows a higher value by 12.75% compared to conventional
reinforcement in case of circular slabs. In either of the above approach which can be rectified by properly choosing another
case sectional area per unit width is assumed to be a constant. yield line pattern.
After obtaining the moment by Yield Line theory The design For hexagonal slabs area of steel obtained from conventional
of each slab is carried out according to IS 456. approach is 1520.24mm2 whereas from yield line analysis it is
720.75mm2.Thus there is reduction in area of steel by 52.58%
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION more and the design is more economical compared to
conventional approach.
Moments (M) and area of steel (Ast) for different slabs For circular slabs area of steel obtained from conventional
obtained from conventional and yield line approaches are given approach is 1060.08mm2 whereas from yield line analysis it is
in Table II and Table II 764.38mm2 .There is reduction in steel by 27.89%.
TABLE II. For pentagonal slabs area of steel obtained from conventional
approach is 1087.34mm2. Whereas from yield line analysis it is
Slab type Conventional Approach 705.64mm2.There is reduction in steel by 35.1%.
Mx Astx My Asty Ast From yield line analysis for the given area pentagonal slabs
have the least reinforcement.
kNm mm2 kNm mm2
Rectangle 35.98 956.86 20.42 563.88 1520.24 IV. CONCLUSIONS

Circle 15.82 377.36 27.06 682.72 1060.08 From the above results we can conclude that yield line
analysis provides more economical results compared to
Trapezium 35.98 956.86 20.42 563.88 1520.24 conventional approach provided the correct yield line pattern
is chosen otherwise it gives higher value for moments which
Pentagon 16.18 386.6 27.68 700.74 1087.34
renders the slab unsafe. For the most cases considered in this
Hexagon 35.98 956.86 20.42 563.88 1520.24 work it is seen that designing the slab by considering its exact
shape is more economical than idealizing it into a rectangle or
circle. For a given area we have found that the pentagonal slab
is more economical as compared to rectangular, circular,
hexagonal and trapezoidal slabs.
V. REFERENCES [3] Per Goltermann, “Practical yield design”
[4] Gerard.Kennedy,Charles.Goodchild,”Reinforced concrete design”
[1] IS 456 [5] N.Krishnaraju,”Reinforced Concrete design”
[2] ML Gambhir,” reinforced concrete structures”

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