.....

■-
c: FOUNDATIONS OF ART
::,
one

Lesson 1: The Importance, Meaning, And Assumptions of Art

Duration: 3 hours

Introduction

Are you a big fan of art? If so, what is art for you? But if art doesn’t
have any impact on you, would you still care about what it is? Stop saying no
because this lesson will motivate you to look closer and get a glimpse of what
art truly is and the enormous explanation and definitions.
In your schooling timeline, reality speaks that art class or art subject is
not an exemption, right? Or even if it is not an art subject, there would still be
an art-related activity within that particular subject. You would probably even
agree that art will take hold of you even after you finished your college years.
Since you have realized the immensity of your connectivity to art,
there's still a need to extend your understanding of it. This lesson, beginning
with definitions of art, its nature, its importance, and the creative process, will
guide you to crave more and venture more about the vast influence art you
could ever imagine.

Learning Outcomes

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

 Differentiate the various nature and assumptions of art
 Explain the process of creativity
 Create a unique visualization of the creative process
 Identify and discuss art and art appreciation.
 Define art from a cultural perspective.

Importance of Art

The arts are indescribable to define and difficult to gather into a conceptual
net, but we would probably agree that the art enhance daily experiences. Art
has touched everyone. Art is all around us, being universal as it can be found
in all cultures. We are certain that we don’t want to be without arts, yet we are
pushed to define them and sometimes even to understand them. Art has a
particular importance in our lives. All the art the art that we receive through our
senses have a purpose, as well as expression; they occupy some place in our
judgement.
 These days, art plays a vital part in developing that intellect of the younger
generation to build up a positive character and appreciate natural aesthetics.
An artistically tending student has a constructive turn of mind and artistic ways
in every work he or she performs. Above all, such a student steadily develops
unbiased, responsive and an inventive mind full of creativity and dormant
talent.
In this period of advanced technology know-how and modernization, art is
of vital magnitude. We fight back to stabilize our lives while trying to maintain
the swiftness of the frenzied pace of living. Students who rise up with artistic
awareness perceive the world from diverse viewpoints. This understanding
shape their behaviors, intrapersonal and interpersonal communication, and
performances. The artistic awareness is above any methodologies or
approaches. Creative sensibilities are to be developed and encouraged at
home, at school, in society, and finally, in the world.
In general, art has been important part of our society and should be fully
integrated into our lives, our community and education in general.
Art is derived from the Latin word “ars” which means ability or skills or
manmade, and from the Italian word “artis” meaning craftsmanship, mastery
and inventiveness. Because of the traces from the greatest works of human
activity anyone can argue that art is a product of man’s mastery and skills
rooted from his artistic creativity. Thus, all artworks express the artist’s
imagination, his emotions, ideas and things he wants and values in life.
(Estolas et al., 1995)
The word art covers, any meanings, including ability, process and product.
As ability, art is the human capacity to make things of beauty and things that
stir us; it is creativity. A process, art encompasses acts such as drawing,
painting, sculpting, designing buildings, singing, dancing and using camera to
create images or memorable works. As product, art is the completed work - an
etching, sculpture, a structure, a musical composition, choreography, or a
tapestry.
As Webster New Collegiate Dictionary says that "Art is the constant use of
skills and creative imagination especially in the production of aesthetic objects"
But in a more specific and straightforward way, we can define it in this way. Art
is painting, sculpture, music, dance, play, and the like. But there is more
beyond this definition. Art is the expression of man's experience, thoughts,
feelings, and observations that transforms something ordinary to
extraordinary.
This experience that exudes from man's inner voice can transform into
something functional, artworks that lift one's spirit, allow others to experience
aesthetic significance, pain or sorrow, confusion, and other emotional power or
even helps us appreciate beauty. Perhaps we can say that art is very human
and uniquely human.
Definitions of art vary in many ways, and sometimes it will depend on how
you have experienced and encountered art.
 Many personalities define art in various ways. According to Plato, “Art is
that which brings life in harmony with the beauty of the world.” For John
Dewey, “Art is an attitude of spirit, a state of mind-one that demands for its own
satisfaction and fulfilling, a shaping of matter ti new and more significant form.”
For Oscar Wilde, “Art is the most intense mode of individualism that the world
has known,” and fro Elbert Hubbard, “Art is not a thing - it is a way.” From the
various definitions above, Art has four essentials

Four Common Essentials of Art:

1. Art has to be man-made.
2. Art must be creative, not imitative.
3. Art must benefit and satisfy man.
4. Art is expressed through a certain medium or material by which that artist
communicates himself to his audiences.

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“Aesthetic Appreciation: What is Art?

Crash Course Philosophy #30”

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ASSUMPTIONS OF ART

Art is rooted in culture, and it ties our present from the past and connects us
to the future. As independent of one's culture, artworks serve as a form of
communication of ideas and emotions, perceptions, or even passion through
political, philosophical, and spiritual matters. Art binds the identity of one's
culture, which makes them unique from the rest. Art mirrors culture

Art is Universal. Art is as old as humans. In almost every country and within
the most primitive communities, there is always art in every era and locus. No
matter what period or location, art exists. That is why it is universal. People
from different countries worldwide respond to art for every other reason. The
ability to be moved by any art forms is undeniably versatile.
Art is not in Nature. Art is made by man using his skills, craftsmanship,
creativity, and imagination. It is far different from nature. A man may consider
nature as inspiration to create an artwork. A very distinctive characteristic of
man that differs from animals is that man can create art. A man may
incorporate his past experiences or influence from his environment to create
an artwork. Art represents what he sees, experiences, feels, smells, values,
etc., and presents them through artistic interpretation.

ART IS NOT NATURE

Uni v e.rsa l Agreeme nt; ART i.s NOT NATURE. Art is made by man. What is
art is not nature; what is nature is not art.

- There was a story of a woman looki ng at a pai nting by

Matisse sa id. "' I never saw a woman look like that!* and
Matisse replied,.., Madam, that Is not a woman ; that Is a
palntlng. • A woman must be looked at as a woman and
painting as a painting.

ART NATURE
,.Art is made by man uSing his Nature - Di v ine m ode l,
skrlls, crartsrna.nship,
creativity anO: l ma91~tlon
work of God, o r God
VERSUS
-Art 1.s a repre$entatlon of made. Nature w a s not
what we see, experience, d esigned by God to
rfft, smell, value, etc., and
present them th rough artistic represent and to
interpretation. express anything.

Art Involves Experience. Experience is the actual doing of something. The

perfection of art appreciation will never be possible without experiencing art.
All art requires experience. The experience of art is subjective. Our judgment
of art is highly personal and individual. We should not expect others to agree
with our own experience with art. Another thing is that an emotional response
accompanies art experience. The initial reaction in such experience of art is
inevitable. We may either like or dislike it. We can say that it's beautiful or it's
not good at all.

What is Art Appreciation?

Art Appreciation is the capacity to understand art's works and experience a
certain enjoyment in creating art. It deals with our encounter with the artworks
and the artists and how we are affected by it. As we see, hear, or feel any
artwork, we realize that something in that artwork is also a part of our
experience, because art is the transmission of feelings the artist has
experienced or the expression of the ineffable emotion of the artist (Tolstoy).
Any artwork will prompt us with valuable aesthetic emotion, admiration and
inspiration.

What is creativity and its process?

The cognitive process of mind includes imagination, creativity and
thinking with innovation. Imagination is envisioning ideas that are not
present in reality. Imagination is visualizing the impossible or things that are
not present in our senses. Creativity uses imagination to represent new ideas
and create a physical embodiment which is beneficial and with value. It is the
unveiling of the impossible to possible. Through creativity, the production of
valuable products is involved (Mumford, 2003, p. 110). Or in another statement
from Robert Sternberg, the production of "something original and worthwhile."
The valuable result of creativity can either be intangible like new ideas and
musical composition, or tangible object like sculpture or painting. Expression
is making known ones thoughts or feelings. It means that the work of art
reflects the artist’s personality, background or even personal circumstances.
The central focus of any expression comes from within an individual and it
can be an expression of ideas or feelings through words, actions, or any
artistic activities. Thus all these things will make its way for brand new
innovation.

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:::, FOUNDATIONS OF ART
one

Lesson 2: Functions and Philosophical Perspectives on Arts

Duration: 3 hours

Introduction

What is art for? Aristotle a Greek philosopher once said that every
particular substance in the world has an end or telos (Greek word) which is
eventually translated into “purpose”. Substance is defined as a particular kind
of matter with uniform characteristic, for example a baby that will eventually
turn into a grown man or woman. The idea of Aristotle of telos has a
connection with function because for a thing to attain its purpose, it also has to
achieve its function.
In Aristotle view of reality, man is destined to attain a life of fulfilment
and happiness. Being rational is the key to man’s happiness and function, it
means that man can only be happy when he is rational, and when he is rational
he knows his function. Moreover, the function of things is both connected to
thing’s identity. For example, what makes a table a table is the fact that it does
meet its function, if a table does not have a surface on which we can put
objects then the table defeat its purpose. The same as for human being, what
makes a human being, human being is his capacity to think and that is his
function. Without his function human being fails to be a human being.
In contemporary life, function plays an important role because it
determines what kind of thing a thing is. For example, when someone sees a
new gadget in an electronic store, the first thing to do is to try to know what
functions that gadget has. After knowing the functions, then one can now claim
to know the purpose of the gadget and begins to realize what kind of gadget he
has.
What function does an artwork perform? Does it have any purpose?
Do all artwork have function? Does the function make an object a work of art?
These are the questions that this lesson attempt to clarify.

Learning Outcomes

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

 Differentiate directly functional and indirectly functional art,
 Identify the different functional arts
 Recognize the function of some art forms in daily life and
 Apply concepts of beauty in real scenarios
  Discuss the basic philosophical perspectives on the art

When it comes to function, different art form comes with a distinctive

function. Some art forms are more functional than the others. For example,
Architecture and Applied Arts the value of art in question lies in the practical
benefits one gains from it, obviously made for a specific purpose. On the other
hand Painting and Literature one can look at the value of the product of art in
and for it.
 Directly Functional Art
 It deals with the art that usually used daily such as tools,
architectural structures, furniture, cloth, accessories and a lot
more.
 Indirectly Functional Art
 It deals with the art that is “perceived through senses” such as
fine arts, paintings, music, sculpture, dance, literary piece,
theatrical performances and the likes.
It only means that most arts are functional, but we cannot avoid the fact
that there are still other arts that do not have direct function. We should always
remember that the value of art does not depend on its function but on the work
itself.

Different Function of Arts

1. Personal Function
 This function tries to convey the artist personal feelings through
his work of art. It is also used to give convenience, comfort and
happiness to human being.

https://images.app.goo.gl/XfMLCCk2DKRE34Dj6
2. Social Function
 This function connects people because art is usually used for
public display and celebration, it means it is used to influence
shared behaviour, that is why art conveys sense of family,
community or civilization.

Visiting the Famous Calle Crisologo Vigan City, Ilocos Sur

3. Cultural Function
 This function helps art to preserve, share and transmit culture of
people from one generation to another. Art also serves as
passage towards people’s knowledge, skills, attitudes, customs
and traditions of different group.

Singkaban Festival Bulacan 2019

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4. Spiritual Function
 This function of art strengthens the artist work in terms of
religious and Spiritual support to the culture.

Architectural Structure of San Agustin Church, Intramuros, Manila

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ustin_Church_(Manila)

5. Aesthetic Function
 This function of art helps people to have the real attitude of
gratefulness to nature’s beauty, the feeling of appreciation that is
established through enjoyment when in touch with the artwork.

Panoramic view of Shercon Ecology Park

Other Function of Art

 Physical Function
 This function of art deals with art that fulfills and satisfy man’s
physical needs.

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 Political Function
 This function of art deals with campaign art such as promotion of
political agenda.

Political Campaign Ad Material

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  Economic Function
 This function of art deals with the involvement of money. Every
reproduction of arts money plays a big role in it.

Movie
https://images.app.goo.gl/1qH79WjZPYxBGKLx5

 Historical Function
 Visual Category of Art such as painting, sculpture, architectural
work serves as record to historical figures and events.

Barasoain Church
https://images.app.goo.gl/6fBGnPWt3jbyXRhbA

We should always remember that not all products of art has function, this
should not weaken the value of any art. Nevertheless, a functional object
cannot be claimed to be beautiful unless it can perform its function.
Philosophical Perspectives on Art
Art as Mimesis (Plato)
 According to Plato, art is an imitation of the real
and an artist is an imitator, for him everything that
we see in this world is just a copy of the original.
 He believes that true entity an only be found in the
world of forms.
 The argument of Plato is that non-physical forms
or idea represent the most accurate reality.

https://images.app.goo.gl/Cuc4d74a8RNEPFQ39

Art as a Representation (Aristotle)

 According to Aristotle, art is a representation of
a possible version of reality.
https://images.app.goo.gl/ZsgJcak4uCmZV1tv7
 He believes that the true representation of art
is not just about its outward appearance but its
inward significance.
 The argument of Aristotle is that art may not
represent reality as it is but to provide a vision
of possible reality.

https://images.app.goo.gl/ZsgJcak4uCmZV1tv7

Art for art’s Sake (Kant)

 According to Kant, art is innately
autonomous from specific interest.
 He believes that art has its own reason
for being.
 The argument of Kent is that the
judgment of beauty is the vital element
of art, as something that can be broad
despite its subjectivity.
 References:
Caslib, B.N., Garing D, C., & Casaul JA, R., (2018). Art Appreciation,
Rex Bookstore Inc.

Panisan, W.K., Ipan-Bongabong, M.L.,Boongaling, C.G., Trinidad, M.B.,

(2018) . Art Appreciation, Mutya Publishing House, Inc.

Punzalan, J.F., Bernardo R.P.,& Caberos C.E., (2019). Art Appreciation,

St. Andrew Publishing House

Online and links for images:

www.slideshare.net/JanrilDelaCruz
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/422894931/Lesson-3-Functions-and-Philosophical-Per
spectives-on-Art
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---
 SUBJECT AND CONTENT AND
ARTISTIC ELEMENTS/PRINCIPLES
OF ART

Lesson 1: The Subject and Content of Art

Duration: 3 hours

Introduction

Do all works of art have a subject matter? The answer to this depends on
what is meant by the term subject matter, which signifies basically what the
work is about. There are several senses of being “about” that may be referred
to. This topic tackles heart and soul of an artwork which is the subject or art.
Oftentimes beginners in art appreciation failed to understand an artwork
because they focus themselves all at once with all the factors behind it.
Looking at an artwork is the first step to understand a certain artwork, first is to
focus on subject, form and content. Deepening of understanding will follow
because looking and appreciating an art work is always subjective.

Learning Outcomes

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

 Differentiate representational art and non-representational art;
 Discuss the difference between an artwork’s subject and its content;
 And identify the main kinds of subject and the levels of meaning of art.

THE SUBJECT OF ART

The subject of art is usually anything that is represented in the artwork. It
may be a person, object, scene or event. Not all arts have subjects. Those art
without subject are called “non-objective” they do not represent anything. They
are what they are without reference to anything in the natural world.
Architecture is not representational because it does not represent any subject
in this world. Traditionally sculpture usually have subject.
The subject is the visual focus or the image that may be extracted from
examining the artworks. We can identify an artwork by its subject.
https://thee ultu re trip.eom/e urope/fra nee/pa ris/articles/top-10-eats-i n-art/

A cat catching a bird is the subject of both works above. However, the
artist have used form very differently. Picasso’s painting on the left has
exaggerated proportions to create a highly emotional content. Conversely, the
harmonious rhythms and more naturalistic proportions in the ancient Egyptian
sculpture create a very different feeling. The differences in content were
created by the difference in form, not the subject matter. The decisions you
make regarding form (type of line and shape; selection of value and color; size
of the work; type of balance, etc.) shape the work’s impact and meaning.

Two kinds of Art as to Subject

1. Representational or Objective Art
They are those arts that depict objects that are commonly recognized by
most people. They attempt to copy, even if in subjective manner, something
that is real. They use “form” and is concerned with “what” is to be depicted in
the artwork.
The attempt to portray the subject as it is. The artists would try to be as
objective as possible.
Examples:
A. Still life is a work of art depicting mostly animate subject matter, typically
common place objects, which may either natural (food, flower, plants, rocks or
shells) or man-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins and so on)
in an artificial setting.
B. Portrait is a painting, photograph, figure, or any other art forms in which the
face and its expression is predominant. The purpose may be to show the
resemble, personality, or disposition of the individual.

C. Landscapes, seascapes, moonscapes, and cityscape.

D. Mythology and religion, dreams and fantasies.

2. Non-representational or Non-objective Art
They are those arts without any reference in anything outside itself
(without representation). This kind or art is non-objective because it has no
recognizable object. It is abstract in the sense that it does represent real
objects in our world. It uses “content’ and it is concerned with “how” the
artwork is depicted. The artist attempts only to show his ideas and feelings not
as objective as the realist or the representational artist.
Some contemporary painters have shifted their interest to the work of art
as an object itself, an exciting combination of shapes and colors that fulfills the
aesthetic needs without having to represent images or tell a story. Many
modern painting have a purely visual appeal, so difficult that literal-oriented
spectators cannot appreciate them.

Sources of the Subject

1. Nature
2. History
3. Greek and Roman Mythology
4. Religion
5. Sacred Oriental Text

THE CONTENT OF ART

The content of art is the meaning, message, and/or feeling imparted by a
work of art. This is not the same thing as subject matter the work depicts.
Content is inextricably linked with form, which refers to the pictorial aspects of
art. It is the mass of ideas associated with each artwork and communicated
through the following:
1. The art’s imagery
2. The symbolic meaning
3. Its surroundings where it is used or displayed
4. The customs, beliefs and values of the culture that uses it
5. Writing that help explain the work.
In an artwork, the subject matter is what the image literally depicts.
The content of the artwork is what the image means. This may be far more
complicated than the subject matter.
For someone to better understand the content of art, there are three levels
of meaning. The most common is the:
Factual meaning - the literal statement or narrative content in the work that
can be directly apprehended because the objects presented are easily
recognized.
Conventional meaning - which refers to the special meaning that the certain
object or color has for a particular culture or group of people when it is shown
in an artwork.
Subjective meaning - which refers to the individual meaning deliberately and
instinctively expressed by the artist using personal symbolism that stems from
his own alliance with certain objects, actions, or colors with past experiences.
It becomes fully understandable if the artist gave details of what he really
means, otherwise, it would be interpreted differently by the viewers, or it would
communicate multiple meanings to its varied audience.
 KEEPING ART
A country, society and individual may hold on to an artwork often beyond
its usefulness, which may involve various considerations, including meaning
and its economic value. Public and private museums and galleries, are also
designed for keeping art, and issues around preserving or restoring it.
1. National Pride and Glory
Nations keep art for several reasons. Consider the San Agustin Church
built from 1586-1607 which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
In addition, nations keep art because it is good for the economy and for the
business. The presence of the major archaeological, religious or architectural
sites stimulates the entire economy, attracts tourists and generates thousands
of local arts.
2. Museums and Private Collections
Museums are the repositories of much of the art in most countries and
make them available for public viewing through either permanent or temporary
exhibition. A museum does not sell works of arts, but it essentially holds them
in public trust and engages in varying levels of education and conservation
practices. Private Collection are older than museums. Since the earliest
times, rulers, nobles, and the priest have collected art and kept it in palaces or
temples for aesthetic pleasure, personal or ritual use or display of power.
Museums often reflect the cultural milieu of their founding.
3. Preservation and Restoration
Because art is valuable, enormous human efforts and financial resources
are devoted to preserving art from the ravages of time, the environment,
industrial-by-product, and even any other human being.

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the video presentation. Go to YouTube and type the title of the video or type
the URL.

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 SUBJECT AND CONTENT AND
ARTISTIC ELEMENTS/PRINCIPLES
OF ART

Lesson 2: The Methods of Presenting the Subject of Art

Duration: 3 hours

Introduction
Methods of presenting the art subject

1. Realism
It is the attempt to portray the subject as is.
The artist selects, changes, and arranges
details to express the idea he wants to make
clear. The artist's main function is to
describe accurately what is observed
through the se nses.

Realism is a common way of presenting the

art subject. One example of this is
Amorsolo's painting. Realism as a weren't program of literary aesthetics emerged in Western
Literature in 1980 in reaction against the idealism of the narrow social range of earlier literary
attitudes. Realism tended to stress the daily life of a common man, often concentrating on the
sordid and disagreeable.

Jean-Franr;ais Millet, "The Gleaners" (1857)

(Phata: Gaagle Arts & Culture via Wikimedia

2. SURREALISM
Founded in Paris in 1924 by French poet
Andre Breton . It tries to reveal a new and higher reality
than that of daily life. They claim to create a magical world
more beautiful than the real one through art. It came from
the slang of super realism .

Example:
Max Ernst, The Elephant Celebes, 1921

3. CUBISM
Highly influential visual arts style of the 20th century that
was created principally by the artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in Paris between 1907
and 1914. The Cubist style emphasized the flat, two-dimensional surface of the picture plane,
rejecting the traditional techniques of perspective, foreshortening, modeling, and chiaroscuro
and refuting time-honored theories that art should imitate nature. Cubist painters were not
bound to copying form, texture, color, and space. Instead, they presented a new reality in
paintings that depicted radically fragmented objects.
 4. IMPRESSIONISM
A 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes,
open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often
accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement
as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles.
Impressionism originated with a group of Paris-based artists whose independent exhibitions
brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s.

Claude Manet, Impression, soleil levant {Impression, Camille Pissarra, Boulevard Montmartre, 1897,
Sunrise), 1872, oil on canvas, M usee Marmottan t he Hermitage, Saint Petersburg
Monet, Paris.

5. MINIMALISM
In visual arts, music, and other mediums, minimalism is
an art movement that began in post-World War II
Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in
the 1960s and early 1970s. The movement is often
interpreted as a reaction against abstract expressionism
and modernism; it anticipated contemporary post-
minimal art practices, which extend or reflect on
minimalism's original objectives.

Minimalism in music often features repetition and Donald Judd "Untitled''. concrete sculpture, 1991, Israel

gradual variation. The term minimalist often Museuml Jerusalem

colloquially refers to anything that is spare or stripped

to its essentials.

In software and user interface design, minima lism describes

the usage of fewer design elements, flat design, fewer 2010 2010
options and features, and tendentially less occupied screen
space.
2011 2016-now

https ://1000 logos. net/instag ram -logo/

6. DADAISM or DADA
The Dada movement consisted of artists who rejected the logic, reason, and aestheticism of
modern capitalist society, instead expressing nonsense, irrationality, and anti-bourgeois protest
in their works. The art of the movement spanned visual, literary, and sound media, including
collage, sound poetry, cut-up writing, and sculpture. Dadaist artists usually expressed their
discontent toward violence, war, and nationalism, and maintained political affinities with the
radical far-left.
 Raoul Hausmann, Mechanical Head (The HANNAH HOCH (1889-1978)

Spirit of our Time), 1920

'Incision With The Dodo Kitchen Knife Through Germany's Lost
Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch' 1920 {Co/lo ge)

7. SYMBOLISM
Symbolism was a late 19th century movement whose artists communicate ideas through
symbols instead of bluntly depicting reality. It was created as a reaction to art movements that
depicted the natural world realistically, such as Impressionism, Realism, and Naturalism.

Instead of depicting their immediate reality, the Symbolists expressed emotions, thoughts and
fantasies. Symbolists were looking for an escape from their everyday life. They found a
sanctuary in their personal beliefs, fantasies, mythical and biblical stories. Love, erotism, sex,
but also fear, decadence, death, and the occult are often featured in the Symbolists works.

Gustave Moreau: Jupiter and Semele (1895)

One of the most famous artworks of Gustave Moreau portrays the love
affair between Greek god Jupiter and Semele.

As Semele makes love to Jupiter, she becomes consumed by his light thm
represented on the piece by the crown with thunderbolts.

The artwork symbolizes the human merging with the divine that happen.
after death.

The composition that's rich in detail and colors skilfully interweaves the
themes of death, lust and resurrection.

8. ABSTRACT or ABSTRACTION
Its etymology is derived from Latin "abstractus "drawn away," or Latin

past participle "abstrahere :" from ab(s)- "away"+ trahere "draw," which means

"withdrawn or separated from material objects or practical matters." It is totally the

opposite of realism .
 In abstract art, the artist does not show the subject at all as an objectively reality,

but only his idea, or his feeling about it (exaggerated emotionalism). It is all about

what the artists feel and what mood they might want to portray. Abstract art is all

shapes, no real-life images, scenery, or objects

Example is the painting of Constantin Brancusi's " Bird

in Space." He was so impressed by the grace of a

bird in flight, by the sweep of its body as it flew

through the air. His sculp tural work does not look like

Forms of Abstraction:

Distortion. This is clearly manifested when the subject is in misshapen

condition, or the

regular shape is twisted out. It is a form of emphasizing detail to the point

that something is no longer "correctly" depicted. Example is Pablo
Picasso's The Old Guitarist. See how the left shoulder is hitched up so high
and the other shoulder barely exists; how spidery his hands are; and how
his head is twisted around unnaturally. Another is Henry Moore's
sculptural works and the ancient Egyptian paintings and sculptural works
are good examples of this kind.

Elongation._lt refers to that which is being lengthened, a protraction or

Pablo Picasso's '7he Old
an extension.
Guitarist"

El Greco "Christ Crucified," a sculpture by Giambologna from around

1588, an elegant but somewhat formulaic work in which the
elongated body of Christ seems to float almost birdlike off the cross,
is an examole of this.

Mangling. This may not be a commonly used way of presenting an abstract subject, but there
are few artists who show subject or objects which are cut, lacerated, mutilated, torn, hacked or
disfigured.
Abstract Expressionism. Abstract Expressionism is a modern art movement that
flowered in America after the Second World War and held sway until the dawn of Pop Art in the
1960's. With this movement New York replaced Paris as the center of the art world. In a
painting, the artists applied paint rapidly, and with force to their huge canvases in an effort to
show feelings and emotions, painting gesturally, non -geometrically, sometimes applying paint
with large brushes, sometimes dripping or even throwing it into the canvas. Abstract
Expressionism was influenced by the Existentialist philosophy, which emphasized the
importance of the act of creating, not of the finished object. What matters for the artist are the
qualities of the paint itself and the act of painting itself.

Jackson Pollack "Convergence" Jackson Pollock "Autumn Rhythm "

REFERENCES:

Morris, Pam (2003). Realism. London: Routledge.

Rachel Barnes (2001). The 20th-Century art book (Reprinted . ed.). London: Phaidon Press.

Trachtman, Paul. "A Brief History of Dada" . Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 14 January 2017.

Fried, M . "Art and Objecthood", Artforum, 1967

Rudolph Arnheim, Visual Thinking, University of California Press, 1969

ONLINE SOURCE:

https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/su rr /hd_su rr. htm

https://www. mom a. org/lea rn/ mom a_learning/the mes/dad a/

https://www.metmuseum.org/press/exhibitions/2014/cubism-the-leonard-lauder-collection

https://libmma .contentdm .oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/78485

http://www.theartstory.org/movement-minimalism.htm
 SUBJECT AND CONTENT AND
ARTISTIC ELEMENTS/PRINCIPLES
OF ART

Lesson 3: Artist and Artisan

Duration: 3 hours

Introduction

The discussion focuses on the most important element and creator in

any work of art, which is the artist or the artisan. The artists’ or artisans
medium and technique, and process in their arts stem from their urge to create
which is universal and widespread. Artists and artisans are driven by their
sense of wonder and curiosity. The stages in the creative process would reflect
the notable works from the different artists and artisans who were given the
highest recognition from our country.

Objectives
By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. Define the artist’s or artisan’s medium and technique;
2. Define the role of managers, curators, buyers, collectors, and art dealers in
the art world;
3. Differentiate between the artist and artisan’s approach/technique toward a
particular medium;
4. Identify National and GAMABA artists’ notable works and their contibutions
to society; and
5. Explain the three stages in the creative porcess.

Artist is generally defined as an art practitioner, such as a painter, sculptor,

choreographer, dancer, writer, poet, musician, and the like, who produces or
creates indirectly functional arts with aesthetic value using imagination. Thus,
artist provide us with paintings, sculptors, dances, music, literary pieces and so
on, as a means of provoking our thoughts, ideas, and emotions that are
necessary to discover ourselves and our beings.
Artist are creative indivisuals who use imagination and skills to
communicate in an art form. They use the materials of an art to solve visual
problems. Artist look to many sources for inspiration and Exhibit the courage to
take risks.
Some artist are self-taught and have been called folk -artists because they
are not educated in traditional aritistic methods. Just like the artists, the
artisans learn skills and techniques from some other artists but eventually,
both artists and artisans develop their own unique styles.
Artisan is a craftsman such as carpenter, carver, plumber, blacksmith, weaver,
embroiderer, and the like, who produces directly functional and/or decorative
arts. Artisans help us in meeting our basic needs such as food, clothing,
dwelling, furniture and kitchen utensils; everything that makes our life easy.
The artisan’s works are useful, relevant, and essential in our everyday life.
They serve us for a long time, supplying us directly functional arts.
The artisan is basically a physical worker who makes object with his or her
hands, and who through skill, experience, and ability can produce things of
great beauty as well as usefulness. The artist, on the otherhand, is someone
devoted only to the creative part, making visually pleasant work only for the
gratification and appreciation of the viewer but with no practical value.

Key Components of the Market

The art market is an economic ecosystem that relies not only on supply
and demand but also on the fabrication of a work’s predicted, future monetary
and/or cultural value.

Players in the market

1. Curator - A manager or overseer, and usually a keeper of a cultural
heritage institution.
2. Art Buyer - Knowledgeable in art who may scout talent for an advertising
agency seeking to employ an art director, or who may look for an art for a
collector or a company.
3. Art Dealer - Person or company that buys and sells works of art.
- They figure out how much they should pay a piece and then estimate the
resale price.
4. Private Collection - Privately owned collection of works, usually a
collection of art.

Three Stages in the Creative Process

“Creating is a skill that can be leared and develop.”

- Robert Fritz

1. Germination - Initial moment when you concieve a new project in your life.
In this stage you are conceiving the result you want to create. You need a
vision - individual or collective - that you want to realize. You should know
what currently exist. This is the most important and difficult thing in this is
choosing.
2. Assimilation - Crucial step in creative process. During this phase you will
internalize and assimilate or incorporate the idea you want to create. You
should develop your creativity at this stage and learn the rhythm of
creative process.
3. Completion - The time to finish your project, to give it the final shape
before you present to the audience.

Medium and Technique

Medium - refers to materials that are used by the artist to create a work of art.
The plural of medium is media. and transform it from its raw state.
Technique - refers to the artist ability and knowledge or technical know-how in
manipulating the medium. Making an artwork requires technical competence.
The ability to manipulate is the driving force in the birthing of a new form or
idea.

Recognitions and Awards

a. Gawad sa Manlilikhang Bayan (GAMABA) - NAtional Living Treasures
Award
Institutionalized in 1992 through Republic Act No. 7335. The National
Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA), which is the highest
policy-making and coordinating body of the Philippines for culture and the arts,
was tasked with the implementation.
The award is conferred upon a Filipino citizen or group of Filipino citizens
engaged in any traditional art uniquely Filipino.

b. National Artists of the Philippines

The order of National Artists is considered to be the highest national
recognition for individuals who contributed to the development of the Philippine
arts. The National Commission for Culture and the Arts and the Cultural Center
of the Philippines together administer this award. The President of the
Republic of the Philippines grants this ward to an artist after both institutions
give recommendations for this particular artist.
This began in 1972 when Presidential Proclamation No. 1001, s. 1972 was
enacted to recognize Filipinos who made exceptional contributions to the
Philippine arts and letters. Painter Fernando Amorsolo was awarded was
awarded the same year, amking him the first National Artist of the Philippines.
Truly the Order of National Artists plays a vital role in the development of
Philippine arts in the contemporary setting.
To date, there are a total of 73 awardees from the various art forms. Some
of them were awarded posthumous (after death) while others were able to
receive their award while still living.

Reference:

Panisan, W.K., Ipan-Bongabong, M.L., Boongaling, C.G., Trinidad, M.B.,

(2018). Art Appreciation, Mutya Publishing House, Inc.
 SUBJECT AND CONTENT AND
ARTISTIC ELEMENTS/PRINCIPLES
OF ART

Lesson 4: Elements and Principles of Art

Duration: 6 hours
 ELEMENTS OF ART

LINE is a mark between two points. There

are various types of lines from
straight to curve to diagonal and
more. Lines indicates direction,
orientation, movement. and energy. It
is considered as the oldest, simplest,

Shape

..... --
Geon,etric Shape•
universal element.
Shape is an enclosed area or surface.

.-.-•.
■ •• It can be easily identified because

-- .-
when a line crosses itself or intersects
with other lines to enclose a space it
creates a shape
- -
Form It describes the structure of shape and
object from the different perspective.
Form is considered three-dimensional
showing height, width and depth.

Space Space is the surface or the area within

the artwork. It constitutes the area or
distance, between, around, above or
within things Tlls example highlights
the importance that both negative and
positive space can have within a
desi n
Color Color can be considered as the most
expressive of all the elements of art.
Colors can be easily recognize in any
visual experience. The primary source
of colors is light.
Properties Hue- is the name of a color and the
of Color
■■ • •• H..
property which distinguishes one color
from another.
Value - is the lightness or darkness of
■■■■■ value a hue (color}.
Intensity- is the brightness or
■■■■■■■ Saru...on dullness of a hue color .
Primary Colors - are hues which can
C lassifi-
cation of ·-
Y«l'-1.,._ be mixed to create all other colors, like
yellow, red and blue
Color
Secondary Colors- are a combination
of equal amount of two primaries.
Orange.violet and green
Intermediate Colors- are created by
mixing a secondary color with a
primary color like red-orange, red-
violet and the like
Warm and Color can be associated with warmth
Cool and coldness in which the artist
Colors considers in any composition. All
colors can be grouped as cool colors
and warm colors. Warm colors
express warmth; they are red, yellow
and orange like sun, fire and golden
fields. Warm colors are vivid and
energetic, and tend to advance in
s ace.
Color In color theory, a color scheme is the
Scheme choice of colors. Color schemes are
used to create style and appeal. A
basic color scheme will use two colors
that look appealing together.

Complementary Color Scheme -

Colors that are opposite each other on
the color wheel are considered to be
complementary colors (example: red
and green)

Analogous Color Scheme

Analogous color schemes use colors
that are next to each other on the color
wheel.

Triadic Color Scheme - A triadic color

scheme uses colors that are evenly
spaced around the color wheel.

■■□

Split-Complementary Color Scheme -

is a variation of the complementary color
scheme. In addition to the base color, it
uses the two colors adjacent to its
complement

Rectangle or Tetradic Color Scheme -

uses four colors arranged into two
complementary pairs.

Square Color Scheme - The square color

scheme is similar to the rectangle, but
with all four colors spaced evenly around
the color circle.

Value Right next to color, value can suggest

emotional and dramatic impression by
using lightness and darkness in a
composition. Value is referred to
Chairoscuro meaning lightness and
darkest (from the Italian word chiaro
"clear• and oscoro "dark".
Texture Texture- is found in all visual arts. It is the
element that deals primarily with the
Real sense of touch or the tactile sensation or
and stimuli. It is how the surface in a certain
Implied composition feels.
Texture
1. Actual Texture - It refers to the real feel and look of the surface of the
object. This usually is a characteristic of three-dimensional artworks.

2. Simulated Texture - It refers to a surface character that looks real but is

not. It is a skill of the artist to exactly copy reality.

3. Abstract Texture - In this type of texture, the artist would focus on one
aspect of the real texture and emphasize it - modifying the texture of the
whole composition.

4. Inventive Texture - It is the product of the artist’s imagination. This

presentation is usually seen in abstract artworks.
Principles of Art
Principles of art is used to organize the elements of art in a certain
composition. Basically, it is strategies in creating a good and beautiful design,
It is the proper arrangement of different elements to come up with a
pleasurable art experience for the viewers. The effectiveness of elements of
art will depend on the proper usage and manipulation of the principles of
design which is the guiding principles and rules in art. The principles of art and
design are the following:

1. Balance - It is one of the principles of design; it is classified into three:

symmetrical, asymmetrical and radial.

--- .. ~

 Symmetrical - also known as formal balance, as two equal parts of the

pictorial plane of an artwork placed like mirror images of each other. The
similarity is so precise that each half is seen one and the same.

SYMMETRIC ASYMMETRIC

 Asymmetrical - also known as informal balance, where elements on

iether side of a composition do not reflect one another or when several
smaller items on one side are balances by a latge ityem on the other side.
 Radial Symmetry - balance where all elements radiate out from a center
point in a circular fashion to all four quadrants of the shape’s constraining
plane.
2. Harmony - can be described as sameness, the belonging of one thing with
another.

3. Proportion - the size of the relationship of forms and shapes.

4. Dominance/Emphasis - this happens when the artist creates an area of

the composition that is visually dominant and commands the viewer’s
attention. This is often achieved by contrast.

5. Variety - refers to a way of combining visual elements to achieve intricate

and complex relationships.
6. Movement - this is the result of using the elements of art such as that they
move the viewer’s eye around and within the image.

7. Rhythm - this is a ontinuance, a flow or feeling of movement achieved by

the repetition of regulated visual information.