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Robot Lab

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22 views6 pages

Robot Lab

Uploaded by

zhe ko
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Ministry of Higher Education and

Scientific Research
University of Technology
Dep. of Production Engineering and Metallurgy

Robotics LAB

Robotics
Robotics is the intersection of science, engineering and technology
that produces machines, called robots, that substitute for (or
replicate) human actions. Pop culture has always been fascinated
with robots. R2-D2. Optimus Prime. WALL-E. These
over-exaggerated, humanoid concepts of robots usually seem like a
caricature of the real thing...or are they more forward thinking than
we realize? Robots are gaining intellectual and mechanical
capabilities that don’t put the possibility of a R2-D2-like machine out
of reach in the future.

WHAT IS A ROBOT?
A robot is the product of the robotics field, where
programmable machines are built that can assist humans or
mimic human actions. Robots were originally built to handle
monotonous tasks (like building cars on an assembly line), but
have since expanded well beyond their initial uses to perform
tasks like fighting fires, cleaning homes and assisting with
incredibly intricate surgeries. Each robot has a differing level of
autonomy, ranging from human-controlled bots that carry out
tasks that a human has full control over to fully-autonomous
bots that perform tasks without any external influences.

5 Important Components of Robots


1. Manipulator:Just like the human arm, the robot consists of
what is called a manipulator having several joints and links.

2. Endeffector:The base of the manipulator is fixed to base


support and at its other free end, the Endeffector is attached.

The Endeffector is expected to perform tasks normally performed


by the palm and finger arrangements of the human arm.

3. The Locomotion Device:In the case of Human Beings the


power for the movement of the arm, the palm and fingers is
provided by muscles. For the robot the power for the movement
(locomotion) is provided by the motors. The motors used for
providing locomotion in robots are of three types depending on the
source of energy: Electric, Hydraulic or Pneumatic.

4. The Controller:The digital computer (both the hardware and


the software) acts as a controller to the robot. The controller
functions in a manner analogous to the human brain. With the help
of this controller, the robot is able to carry out the assigned tasks.
The controller directs and controls the movement of the
Manipulator and the Endeffector. In other words, the controller
controls the robot.

5. The Sensors:Without the data supplied by the sense organs,


the brain would be incapable of intelligence. In other words the
controller (the computer) of the robot cannot do any meaningful
task, if the robot is not with a component analogous to the sense
organs of the human body. Thus, the fifth and the most important
component of the robot is the set of sensors. Sensors are nothing
but measuring instruments which measures quantities such as
position, velocity, force, torque, proximity, temperature, etc.

Types of Robots

1. Pre-Programmed Robots
2. Humanoid Robots
3. Autonomous Robots
4. Teleoperated Robots
5. Augmenting Robots

2) Humanoid Robots
Humanoid robots are robots that look like and/or mimic human
behavior. These robots usually perform human-like activities
(like running, jumping and carrying objects), and are sometimes
designed to look like us, even having human faces and
expressions. Two of the most prominent examples of humanoid
robots are Hanson Robotics’ Sophia (in the video above) and
Boston Dynamics’ Atlas.

Servo Motors
A servo motor is a rotary actuator that allows for precise control of
angular position. It consists of a motor coupled to a sensor for
position feedback. It also requires a servo drive to complete the
system. The drive uses the feedback sensor to precisely control the
rotary position of the motor.

Stepper motor
A stepper motor is an electric motor whose main feature is that its
shaft rotates by performing steps, that is, by moving by a fixed
amount of degrees. This feature is obtained thanks to the internal
structure of the motor, and allows to know the exact angular
position of the shaft by simply counting how may steps have been
performed, with no need for a sensor.
This feture also makes it fit for a wide range of applications.

Difference between the servo motor and stepper motor


Servo motor feature
1. Half-turns or continuous
2. 3-wire connection(4.8-6.2v)
3. Control arm on drive shaft
4. PWM proportional control signal
5. Easy to use
6. PWM must be continuous
7. 90 degree center point and gain not guaranteed
8. Trimming normally required
9. Load dependent drive current
10. USB power may not be sufficient

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