Office Hour: - Chu Chi Wing - Monday 2:30-3:30p.m - Chen Zirui - Tuesday 3:30-4:30p.m Thursday4:30-5:30p.m

Office hour
• Chu Chi Wing--

Monday 2:30-3:30p.m
• Chen Zirui–
Tuesday 3:30-4:30p.m
• Chan Lok Hang—
Thursday4:30-5:30p.m
STAT1011 Tutorial 1
Common Graphs
1. Histogram
2. Frequency Polygon
3. Cumulative Frequency Polygon (Ogive)
Histograms
Histograms
• A histogram is a graphical representation of
the distribution of numerical data.
• The histogram is a graph that displays the data
by using vertical bars of various heights to
represent the frequencies of the classes.
• The class boundaries are represented on the
horizontal axis.
Histogram: example
• Construct a histogram to represent the data
for the record high temperatures for each of
the 50 states.
Histograms
• Histograms use class boundaries and
frequencies of the classes.
Histograms
• Histograms use class boundaries and
Frequency Polygons
Frequency Polygons
• A frequency polygon is another way to show
the information in a frequency table. It looks
a little bit like a line graph.
• To make a frequency polygon, you just need to
plot a few points and then join the points by
straight lines.
Frequency Polygons
• The following is a frequency distribution of
miles run per week by 20 selected runners.
Frequency Polygons
• Use the class midpoints and the relative
Ogives
• Cumulative histograms, also known as ogives, are
graphs that can be used to determine how many
data values lie above or below a particular value
in a data set. The cumulative frequency is
calculated from a frequency table, by adding each
frequency to the total of the frequencies of all
data values before it in the data set. The last
value for the cumulative frequency will always be
equal to the total number of data values, since all
frequencies will already have been added to the
previous total.
Ogives
• An ogive is drawn by
• plotting the beginning of the first interval at
a y-value of zero;
• plotting the end of every interval at the y-
value equal to the cumulative count for that
interval; and
• connecting the points on the plot with straight
lines.
Ogives
• The following is a frequency distribution of
miles run per week by 20 selected runners.
Ogives
• Ogives use upper class boundaries and
cumulative frequencies of the classes.
Ogives
• Use the upper class boundaries and the
cumulative relative frequencies.
Shapes of Distributions
• Symmetric (bell shaped/normal)
• When graphed, a vertical line drawn at the center will
form mirror images, with the left half of the graph being
the mirror image of the right half of the graph. The most
typical symmetric histogram or dot plot has the highest
vertical column in the center. This shape is often referred
to as being a "normal curve" (or normal distribution).
• Skewed.
• The skewed distribution is asymmetrical because a natural
limit prevents outcomes on one side. The distribution’s
peak is off center toward the limit and a tail stretches away
from it.
• For example, a distribution of analyses of a very pure
product would be skewed, because the product cannot be
more than 100 percent pure. Other examples of natural
limits are holes that cannot be smaller than the diameter of
the drill bit or call-handling times that cannot be less than
zero.
• These distributions are called right – or left–skewed
according to the direction of the tail.
• Double-peaked or bimodal.
• The bimodal distribution looks like the back of a two-
humped camel. The outcomes of two processes with
different distributions are combined in one set of data.
• For example, a distribution of production data from a
two-shift operation might be bimodal, if each shift
produces a different distribution of results.
Stratification often reveals this problem.
Other Types of Graphs: Bar Graphs
Other Types of Graphs: Pareto Charts
Other Types of Graphs: Time Series Graphs
Other Types of Graphs: Pie Graphs
Other Types of Graphs: Stem and Leaf Plots
• A stem and leaf plot is a data plot that uses

part of a data value as the stem and part of
the data value as the leaf to form groups or
classes.
• It has the advantage over grouped frequency
distribution of retaining the actual data while
showing them in graphic form.
• At an outpatient testing center, the number of

cardiograms performed each day for 20 days is
shown. Construct a stem and leaf plot for the
data.
25 31 20 32 13
14 43 2 57 23
36 32 33 32 44
32 52 44 51 45
25 31 20 32 13 14 43 2 57 23
36 32 33 32 44 32 52 44 51 45

Office Hour: - Chu Chi Wing - Monday 2:30-3:30p.m - Chen Zirui - Tuesday 3:30-4:30p.m Thursday4:30-5:30p.m

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Office hour

• Chu Chi Wing--

• A stem and leaf plot is a data plot that uses

• At an outpatient testing center, the number of

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