Constructing The Roadbed (BSCE3-EC1)

Group Report: Constructing the Roadbed
Group Names: Cancel Arvie Jane, Catapan, Conie P. & Cerezo, Vince Lawrence B.
Year & Section: BSCE 3-EC1
Class Schedule: 9-10:30 TTh CE 315
Class Code: K3BEC1
Instructor: Dr. Marilou Tallador
Topic: Constructing the Roadbed

Soil as Structure- with the long study of the unending road failures, road agencies have established a more detailed
procedure regarding the kind of materials to be used on a particular condition, type and behaviour of the soil where
the road is to be constructed.
3 Major Structural Parts of Roadway:
1. Sub- grade or Sub- base -is the earth or soil beneath the road, properly arranges and graded, compacted and
stabilized.
2. The Base Course- is the materials laid on the top of the sub- grade of sub- base consisting of crushed stone or
gravel, sometimes mixed with asphalt binders.
3. The Pavement- is the materials laid over the base course consisting of Asphalt Concrete or Portland Cement
Concrete.
2 Types of Base Course:
1. The granular base course/ untreated soil mixture- it is in road surface of untreated soil mixture described as gravel
road.
2. Treated base course- in order to stabilize the base coarse either asphalt, lime Portland cement or other materials
are mixed with the aggregates base coarse.
a. Sand and Asphalt Base Coarse- composed either loose beach sand, dune pit or river sand cemented with
asphalt materials.
b. Fine Grain Asphalt Base- is an asphalt stabilized base and sub- grade constructed with fine grained has a
controlled Plastic Index of 6 to 10.
c. Soil and Base Coarse Stabilized with Cement- cement stabilization mixing natural materials and Portland
cement compacted at optimum moisture content and cured to hydrate the cement is considerably strong
and stable base.
Sub- grade or Sub- base Coarse Aggregates is classified by DPWH as:

1. Item 200, Item 201 & Item 202- which consist of furnishing placing and compacting aggregate sub- base coarse on
a prepared sub- grade that differ from the grading requirements and conditions of the DPWH standards.
2. Item 203 (Lime Stabilized Road Mix Base Coarse)- consist of foundation for a surface coarse composed of soil
aggregate, lime and water proportion mixed on site and constructed on a prepared sub- grade or sub- base.
3. Item 204 (Portland Cement Stabilized Road Mix Base Coarse)- consist of foundation of surface composed of soil
aggregate, Portland cement and water, proper proportions of road-mixed placed on a prepared sub- grade or sub-
base.
4. Item 205 (Asphalt Stabilized Road Mixed Base Coarse) - Asphalt materials should be Anionic Cationic Emulsion
asphalt of the slow setting type. The amount of asphalt material to be added to aggregate should be from 4 to 7 mass
percent of the dry aggregate.
5. Item 206 (Portland Cement Treated Plant Mix Base Coarse)
a. Travel Plant Mixing Method- new aggregate is pulverized at least 80 mass percent other than stone or
gravel.
b. Central Plant Mixing Method- the plant is equipped with feeding and metering devices that will introduce
the cement aggregate and water into the mixer in qualities specified.
c. Spreading, Compacting and Finishing- not more than 60 minutes should elapse from the start of mixing to
compaction of the laid mixture.
Clearing and Grubbing is Categorized by DPWH standard specifications as:

1. Item100 - which consist of clearing, grubbing, removing and disposing of all vegetable matter and debris except
those objects are designated to remain in place or are to be removed in consonance with other provisions of the
specifications.
2. Method of Measurement
a. Area Basis - by hectare and fractions thereof acceptably cleared and grubbed.
b. Lump Sum Basis - no measurement will be made.
c. Individual Unit Basis - selective clearing. Diameter of trees will be measured 1.4 meter above the
ground.
d. Pay item designation according to schedule of sizes:
-Over 15 cm to 90 cm. -Small
- Over 90 cm - Large
Excavation- is the process of loosening and removing earth or rock from its original position in a cut and transporting
it to a fill or to waste deposit.
Classification of Road Excavation:
1. Unclassified Excavation - is the excavation and disposal of all materials regardless of its nature or not classified
and included in the Bill of Quantities under the other pay item.
2. Rock Excavation - consist of rocks that cannot be excavated without blasting or use of rippers and all boulders or
other detached stones each having a volume of 1 cubic meter.
3. Common Excavation - not included in the Bill of Quantities under rock excavation or other pay items.
4. Muck Excavation - removal and disposal of saturated or unsaturated mixtures of soils and organic matter not
suitable for foundation materials regardless of moisture contents.
5. Borrow Excavation - is the excavation and utilization of approved materials for the construction of embankment.
The Use of Excavated Materials:
1. Embankment 4. Slope
2. Sub- grade 5. Bedding
3. Shoulders 6. Backfill for Structures
Pre- Watering and Pre- Splitting:

Pre- Splitting - is drilling and blasting procedure that may be employed to control over break and to give a uniform
face to bank slope or rock cuts.
Free Haul and Overhaul (Item 107)

Free Haul - is the specified distance wherein an excavated material will be hauled without additional cost, usually 600
meters unless in the contract.
Overhaul - is an authorized hauling in excess of free haul distance.
Construction of Fills and Embankment

Fill - refers to a volume of earthen material that is placed and compacted for the purpose of filling in a hole of
depression.
Embankment or Fills - are constructed of materials that usually consist of soil but may also include aggregate, rock or
crushed paving material.
Embankment Control
1. Specify the expected value and to ascertain from the fill density test that the specified amount is obtained.
2. Specify the manner and methods of constructing the embankment particularly the layer thickness, moisture control
and the number of passers by a roller of specified type and weight.
3. Use the proper spreading and compaction equipment.
Construction Requirement and Equipment

1. Density test requirements
2. Moisture control
3. Compaction equipment
Embankment of Swampy Areas

Method of Construction in Swampy Areas:
1. Surcharging Method - is applied on low fill over shallow muck up to 30 or 40 centimetres depth.
2. The Vertical Sand Drain Method - provides rapid consolidation of deep layer muck.
3. The Fabric Reinforcement Method - is covering the muck with permeable fabrics.
4. Weight Reduction Method - is installing a block of Styrofoam over the muck to reduce the weight of the fill.
DPWH Specifications on Embankment (Item-104)

1. Embankment shall be constructed of suitable materials.
2. Must follow the construction method as specified:
a. Sods and vegetable matters must be removed for embankment below 120 cm below the sub- grade.
b. Loose volume of soil must be compacted not exceeding 20 cm before the next layer is placed.
c. Remove rocks greater than the thickness of the layers prescribed.
d. Hauling and levelling equipment should be routed and distributed over each layer of the fill to make sure
of compaction efforts affording and to minimize rutting and uneven compaction.
3. Must conduct full- scale compaction trials on areas not less than 10 meters wide and 50 meters long, before any
work with the corresponding material is allowed to start.
4. Protection of Roadbed during construction it shall be maintained and drained at all times.
5. Rounding and Warping Slope - the top and bottom of all slopes including the slope drainage, ditches, are round as
planned. Warping slope in order to avoid injury to trees.
Compaction Equipment
1. Pneumatic Tire Roller - can be used effectively on all types of soils. It compacts by kneading available as self
propelled unit or as towed units. Load sizes vary from 20 tons to 200 tons of which, 50 tons is commonly used.
2. Tire Sheep's Foot Roller - is limited to cohesive soils. Its pressure varies from 700 kN/m˄2 to 4,200 kN/m˄2.
3. The Vibratory Compactor - is the most effective compactor on non-cohesive soils available as:
a. Vibrating drum type.
b. Vibrating pneumatic tire.
c. Vibrating plate equipment.
4. The Smooth Drum Roller - has limited depth of compaction this is not suited for compacting earth fill due to the
size of the drum and the large soil contact.
Sub- grade Preparation

Sub- grade preparation is categorized under Item 105 of the DPWH standard specifications:
Materials Requirements:
1. Depth of sub- grade materials should be 15 cm or more.
2. Prior to start of the sub- grade preparation, all culverts, cross drains and the like including the backfill,
ditches, drains and drainage outlets are thoroughly compacted.
Compaction and Stabilization

Materials placed in the sub- base should acquire the following properties:
1. The soil must have adequate strength.
2. The soil must be relatively incompressible to avoid insignificant future settlement.
3. The soil must be stable against volume change as water content or other factors vary.
4. The soil must be durable and save against deterioration.
5. The soil must possess proper permeability.
Source:
Website
● https://www.google.com/search?q=cement%20treated%20base&tbm=isch&hl=en-GB&client=ms-android-
vivo&prmd=isvn&sa=X&ved=0CBUQtI8BKABqFwoTCPiN-
e334uwCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAG&biw=360&bih=634#imgrc=nYkpgXnO6JskXM
● https://trid.trb.org/view/491847
● https://www.scribd.com/document/389250856/2-Constructing-the-Roadbed-wth-Assignments-pdf
Journal
● Elements of Roads and Highways 2nd Edition by Max B. Fajardo, Jr.

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Group Report: Constructing the Roadbed

Topic: Constructing the Roadbed

Sub- grade or Sub- base Coarse Aggregates is classified by DPWH as:

Clearing and Grubbing is Categorized by DPWH standard specifications as:

Pre- Watering and Pre- Splitting:

Free Haul and Overhaul (Item 107)

Construction of Fills and Embankment

Construction Requirement and Equipment

Embankment of Swampy Areas

DPWH Specifications on Embankment (Item-104)

Sub- grade Preparation

Compaction and Stabilization

● Elements of Roads and Highways 2nd Edition by Max B. Fajardo, Jr.

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