SERIAL AND PARALLEL COMMUNICATION

2
SERIAL BUS COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS(I C,CANandUSB)

1. Interconnecting number of
device circuits,
• I²C (Inter-Integrated Circuit), pronounced I-squared-C, is a multi-
master, multi-slave, single-ended, serial computer bus invented by
Philips Semiconductor (now NXP Semiconductors). It is typically
used for attaching lower-speed peripheral ICs to processors and
microcontrollers. ICs mutually network through a common
synchronous serial bus I2C.

• An 'Inter Integrated Circuit' (I2C) is a serial bus for interconnecting

the ICs.
• I2C Bus communication− use of only simplifies the number
of connections and provides a common way (protocol) of
connecting different or same type of I/O devices using
synchronous serial communication.

• Any device that is compatible with a I2C bus can be added

to the system (assuming an appropriate device driver
program is available), and a I2C device can be integrated
into any system that uses that I2C bus.
• The Bus has two lines that carry its signals—
one line is for the clock and one is for bi-
directional data.
• There is a standard protocol for the I2C bus.

Device Addresses and Master in

the I2C bus
• Each device has a 7-bit address using which the
data transfers take place.
• Master can address 127 other slaves at an
instance.
• Master has at a processing element functioning
as bus controller or a microcontroller with I2C
(Inter Integrated Circuit) bus interface circuit.
• The before mentioned reference design is a bus with a clock and data
lines with 7-bit addressing. The bus has two roles for nodes: master and
slave:
– Master node — node that generates the clock and
initiates communication with slaves
– Slave node — node that receives the clock and responds
when addressed by the master
• The bus is a multi-master bus which means any number of master
nodes can be present. Additionally, master and slave roles may be
changed between messages (after a STOP is sent).
• There may be four potential modes of operation for a given bus
device, although most devices only use a single role and its two
modes:
– master transmit — master node is sending data to a slave
– master receive — master node is receiving data from a slave
– slave transmit — slave node is sending data to the master
– slave receive — slave node is receiving data from the master
• Time taken by algorithm in the hardware that
analyses the bits through I2C in case the slave
hardware does not provide for the hardware
that supports it.
• Certain ICs support the protocol and certain
do not.

2. CAN Bus
• CAN bus (for controller area network) is a vehicle bus standard
designed to allow microcontrollers and devices to communicate
 with each other within a vehicle without a host computer.
• CAN bus is a message-based protocol, designed specifically for
automotive applications but now also used in other areas such as
aerospace, maritime, industrial automation and medical
equipment.
• Development of the CAN bus started in 1983 at Robert Bosch
GmbH. The protocol was officially released in 1986 at the Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE) congress in Detroit, Michigan. The first
CAN controller chips, produced by Intel and Philips, came on the
market in 1987.
Automotive

The modern automobile may have as many as 70 electronic control units

(ECU) for various subsystems. Typically the biggest processor is the engine control
unit. Others are used for transmission, airbags, antilock braking/ABS, cruise control,
electric power steering, audio systems, power windows, doors, mirror adjustment,
battery and recharging systems for hybrid/electric cars, etc. Some of these form
independent subsystems, but communications among others are essential. A
subsystem may need to control actuators or receive feedback from sensors. The CAN
standard was devised to fill this need.

Industrial

Today the CAN bus is also used as a fieldbus in general automation

environments, primarily due to the low cost of some CAN controllers and processors.
 3. Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals
(including keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers,
portable media players, disk drives and network adapters) to personal
computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power.

• It has become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones,

PDAs and video game consoles.

• USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial

and parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable
devices.

• Variations like USB 1.X, USB 2.X, USB 3.X

 PARALLEL BUS COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS (ISA,PCI and PCI/X)

Introduction

• Parallel bus enables a host computer or

system to communicate simultaneously
32-bit or 64-bit with other devices or
systems, for example, to a network
interface card (NIC) or graphic card.
 1. ISA Bus

• Industry Standard Architecture

• History
– Originally introduced in the IBM PC (1981) as an 8
bit expansion slot
• Runs at 8.3 MHz with data rate of 7.9 Mbytes/s
– 16-bit version introduced with the IBM PC/AT
• Runs at 15.9 MHz with data rate of 15.9 Mbytes/s (?)
• Sometimes just called the “AT bus”
– Today, all ISA slots are 16 bit
• Configuration
– Parallel
• Used for…
– Just about any peripheral (sound cards, disk drives, etc.)
• PnP ISA
– In 1993, Intel and Microsoft introduced “PnP ISA”, for
plug- and-play ISA
– Allows the operating system to configure expansion
boards automatically
• Form factor
– Large connector in two segments
– Smaller segment is the 8-bit interface (36 signals)
– Larger segment is for the 16-bit expansion (62 signals)
– 8-bit cards only use the smaller segment
• Advancements
– EISA
• Extended ISA
• Design by nine IBM competitors (AST, Compaq, Epson, HP,
NEC, Olivetti, Tandy, WYSE, Zenith)
• Intended to compete with IBM’s MCA
• EISA is hardware compatible with ISA
– MCA
• Micro Channel Architecture
• Introduced by IBM in 1987 as a replacement for the AT/ISA bus
– EISA and MCA have not been successful!
 2. Bus PCI

• PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect.

• This bus is made by Intel.
• It is used today in all PCs and other computers for
connecting adapters, such as network-controllers, graphics
cards, sound cards etc.
• The PCI bus is the central I/O bus, which you find in all
PCs!
• PCI is a computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a
computer.
• These devices can take either the form of an integrated
circuit fitted onto the motherboard itself or an expansion
card that fits into a slot.
• Typical PCI cards used in PCs include: network cards, sound
cards, modems, extra ports such as USB or serial, TV tuner
cards and disk controllers.
• Peripheral Component Interconnect
– Also called “Local Bus”
• History
– Developed by Intel (1993)
– Very successful, widely used
– Much faster than ISA
– Gradually replacing ISA
• Configuration
– Parallel
• Used for…
– Just about any peripheral
– Can support multiple high-performance devices
– Graphics, full-motion video, SCSI, local area networks, etc.
• Specifications
– 64-bit bus capability
– Usually implemented as a 32-bit bus
– Runs at 33 MHz or 66 MHz
– At 33 MHz and a 32-bit bus, data rate is 133 Mbytes/s
• PCI-X, short for Peripheral Component Interconnect

extended, is a computer bus and expansion card standard

that enhances the 32-bit PCI Local Bus for higher
bandwidth demanded by servers.
• It is a double-wide version of PCI, running at up to four
times the clock speed, but is otherwise similar in electrical
implementation and uses the same protocol.