4.

Introduction to Configuration

In this chapter you will learn

To make configuration changes to a computer
The importance of BIOS and UEFI BIOS
How to replace a motherboard battery
What system resources are and how to view/change them
Basics steps needed to install, configure, and verify common peripheral
devices and USB/FireWire cards
To troubleshoot configuration and device issues

CompTIA Exam Objectives

What CompTIA A+ exam objectives are covered in this chapter?
901-1.1 Given a scenario, configure settings and use BIOS/UEFI tools on
a PC.
901-1.2 Explain the importance of motherboard components, their
purpose, and properties.
901-1.4 Install and configure PC expansion cards.
901.1.6 Install various types of CPUs and apply the appropriate cooling
methods.
901-4.1 Given a scenario, troubleshoot common problems related to
motherboards, RAM, CPU, and power with appropriate tools.
902-4.1 Given a scenario, troubleshoot PC operating system problems
with appropriate tools.

Configuration Overview
Installing and configuring the motherboard, the processor, RAM, or other
devices can involve using the system BIOS Setup program or the operating
system. The system Setup program enables you to configure the motherboard,
power, and devices. It also enables you to set performance options.

BIOS Overview
The basic input/output system (BIOS) is an important motherboard component
that is commonly soldered to the motherboard, as seen in Figure 4.1. The BIOS
has the following functions:
Holds and executes power-on self-test (POST)—a program that identifies,
tests, and initializes basic hardware components.
Holds a basic routine called a bootstrap program that locates an operating
system and launches it, allowing the operating system to then control the
system.
Holds Setup, which is a program that allows settings related to the display,
date/time, processor, memory, and drives to be viewed and managed. Other
names used for Setup include BIOS Setup, System Setup, and CMOS
Setup.
Turns control over to an adapter’s onboard BIOS so that the card can
initialize during the computer boot process.

FIGURE 4.1 Motherboard BIOS

POST performs basic tests of individual hardware components, such as the
motherboard, RAM modules, keyboard, optical drive, and hard drive. When a
computer is turned on with the power switch, BIOS executes POST. An
indication that POST is running is that the lights on the keyboard momentarily
flash on and then off, or you will see the hard drive or optical drive light
momentarily flash. Turning the computer on with the power switch is known as
a cold boot. Users perform a cold boot every time they power on their computer.
A technician performs a cold boot when troubleshooting a computer and needs
POST to execute. BIOS can be configured to reduce the time and number of
devices checked by POST.
In contrast, a warm boot is when you restart the computer. Restart a Windows
computer with a traditional desktop by clicking on the Start button > right arrow
adjacent to the lock button and select Restart or press , select
the Up arrow in bottom right corner, and choose Restart from the menu. On
Windows 8 you can press the to access Settings (or move the pointer to
the far right corner) > Power > Restart. Warm booting causes any changes that
have been made to take effect without putting as much strain on the computer as
a cold boot does. A warm boot does not execute POST.
When assembling, troubleshooting, or repairing a computer, a technician must
go into a Setup program to configure the system. The Setup program is held in
BIOS, and through the Setup program, you can see and possibly configure such
things as how much RAM is in the computer, the type and number of drives
installed, where the computer looks for its boot files, the current date and time,
and so on. An error message is displayed if the information in the Setup program
fails to match the hardware or if a specific device does not work properly.

Tech Tip: Using Setup to disable integrated ports and connectors

Motherboards include connectors for hard drives, optical drives, and so
on. If any of these connectors fails, you can disable it through Setup and
obtain a replacement adapter just as you would if an integrated port fails.

There are two main ways to configure your system or an adapter: through the
Setup program held in system BIOS and through the operating system. Let’s
examine the Setup program first.

Tech Tip: How to access Setup

The key or keys used to access Setup are normally displayed briefly
during the boot process. Otherwise, look in the motherboard
documentation for the proper keystroke(s) to use.
The Setup Program
Computers have Setup software built into the system BIOS chip on the
motherboard that you can access with specific keystrokes determined by the
BIOS manufacturer. During the boot process, most computers display a message
stating which keystroke(s) will launch the Setup program. The message shown is
usually in one of the four screen corners. See Figure 4.2. The keystroke can be
one or more keys pressed during startup, such as the , , , ,
, or keys. Another key combination is some other key.

FIGURE 4.2 Setup keystrokes

Tech Tip: Accessing BIOS Setup in Windows 8 and Windows 10

To access BIOS Setup through Windows 8, point to the upper-right corner
of the screen, and then click > Settings > Change PC Settings > Update
and recovery > Recovery > Restart now button under Advanced startup >
Troubleshoot > Advanced options > UEFI Firmware Settings > Restart >
App Menu > Setup. To access BIOS Setup in Windows 10, click
Notification Area > Action Center > All Settings > Update and Security >
Recovery > Advanced startup > Restart now.
Flash BIOS
Flash BIOS is the most common type of BIOS; it allows changing the BIOS
without installing a new chip or chips. Common computer BIOS manufacturers
include AMI (American Megatrends, Inc.), Phoenix, Byosoft (Nanjing Byosoft
Co., Ltd), and Insyde Software. Many computer companies customize their own
BIOS chips or subcontract with one of these companies to customize them.
To determine the current BIOS version, you can do one of the following:
Watch the computer screen as it boots. Note that you might be able to press
the Pause/Break key.
Enter BIOS Setup using a particular keystroke during the boot process.
From within Windows 8 or 10, access BIOS Setup. A lab at the end of the
chapter demonstrates this process.
An upgrade of the BIOS normally involves removing all BIOS settings stored
in CMOS and the BIOS software. Some manufacturers provide utilities that
enable you to save the current CMOS settings before upgrading the BIOS. Two
things should be done before upgrading the flash BIOS if possible: back up
current CMOS settings and back up the current BIOS.

UEFI
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI), and sometimes known as
simply EFI, is the interface between the operating system and firmware, which
can be the traditional BIOS, or UEFI can replace the BIOS. The traditional BIOS
has roots in the original PC; the BIOS always checks for certain things, such as a
keyboard, before allowing the system to boot. A traditional BIOS made
configuring kiosks and other touch screen technologies difficult. UEFI fixed
these issues.
With UEFI, you can boot into the environment (which includes configuration
parameters), but unlike the original BIOS environment, you can use your mouse
and possibly do some of the following (depending on the manufacturer): connect
to the Internet, run applications, run a virus scan, have a GUI environment,
execute utilities, or perform a backup or a restore—a lot more configuration
options and in a much easier-to-use environment. Figure 4.3 shows an example
of such an environment.
 FIGURE 4.3 Sample UEFI main menu
Many manufacturers have moved to the UEFI type of BIOS for the following
reasons:
It is a graphical environment that provides mouse support.
It enables you to have a virus-scanning utility that is not operating system-
dependent.
It offers more BIOS software that is not just configuration screens.
It offers optional Internet access for troubleshooting or download
capabilities.
It offers better system support for cooling, voltage levels, performance,
and security.
It provides support for increased hard drive capacities and ability to divide
the hard drive into sections that did not have the limitations found with the
traditional BIOS.
 It commonly has monitoring data (temperature, voltage, CPU speed, bus
speed, and fan speed) prominently displayed.
It can have a boot manager instead of relying on a boot sector. See Chapter
7 for more information on a GUID partition table (GPT) and boot sector.
From the UEFI BIOS main menu, there might be icons you can use to access
utilities or more advanced configurations. Figure 4.4 shows the type of menu
options you might see if you had clicked on the Advanced button from the main
menu. Other manufacturers might have these category icons available from the
main menu.

FIGURE 4.4 Sample UEFI advanced menu

UEFI/BIOS Configuration Settings

UEFI/BIOS options vary according to manufacturer, but many options are
similar. Table 4.1 shows some common settings and briefly explains each. Most
Setup programs have help that can be accessed from within the Setup program to
explain the purpose of each option. Note that the highlighted items are on the
CompTIA A+ Certification.
 TABLE 4.1 Common Setup options

Tech Tip: Boots from wrong device

 If the computer tries or even boots from the wrong device, change the
Boot Sequence setting in UEFI/BIOS. Examples of boot devices include
USB, hard drive, optical, or PXE (network boot or image). You might
have also left an optical disc in the drive or a non-bootable USB drive
attached and that is the first boot option currently selected.

Figure 4.5 shows a sample UEFI BIOS screen where you can set the
administrator or user BIOS password. Note that this is not a Windows or
corporate network password.

FIGURE 4.5 Password security menu

You must save your changes whenever you make configuration changes.
Incorrectly saving the changes is a common mistake. The options available when
exiting BIOS depend on the model of BIOS being used. Table 4.2 lists sample
BIOS exit options.
 TABLE 4.2 Sample configuration change options

Tech Tip: Settings for CPU installations

When installing a processor, two BIOS settings can be important: CPU
bus frequency and bus frequency multiple. The CPU bus frequency
setting allows the motherboard to run at a specific speed. This speed is the
external rate at which data travels outside the processor. The bus
frequency multiple enables the motherboard to recognize the internal
processor speed.

CMOS Memory
Settings changed in system BIOS are recorded and stored in complementary
metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) found in the motherboard chipset (south
bridge or I/O controller hub). CMOS is memory that requires a small amount of
power, provided by a small coin-sized lithium battery when the system is
powered off. The memory holds the settings configured through BIOS. Part of
the BIOS software routine checks CMOS for information about what
components are supposed to be installed. These components are then tested as
part of the POST routine. POST knows what hardware is supposed to be in the
computer by obtaining the settings from CMOS. If the settings do not match, an
error occurs.
When working on a computer with a POST error code, ensure that the user or
another technician has not changed the configuration through the Setup program
or removed or installed any hardware without changing the Setup program or
updating the operating system. Correct system Setup information is crucial for
proper PC operation.

Tech Tip: Incorrect Setup information causes POST errors

 If you incorrectly input configuration information, POST error codes or
error messages that would normally indicate a hardware problem appear.

The information inside CMOS memory can be kept there for several years,
using a small coin-sized lithium battery known as the CMOS battery. When the
battery dies, all configuration information in CMOS is lost and must be re-
entered or relearned after the battery is replaced.

Motherboard Battery
The most common CMOS battery used today is a CR2032 lithium battery, which
is about the size of a nickel. Figure 4.6 shows a photo of a lithium battery
installed on a motherboard. If you cannot find the motherboard battery, refer to
the motherboard or computer documentation for the exact location.
 FIGURE 4.6 Motherboard battery

Tech Tip: Date and/or time loss

A first indication that a battery is failing is the loss of the date or time on
the computer.

No battery lasts forever. High temperatures and powering devices that use
batteries on and off shorten a battery’s life span. Computer motherboard batteries
last three to eight years. Today, batteries last longer, and people replace their
computers more frequently; therefore, replacing batteries is not the issue it once
was.
 Tech Tip: Using a battery recycling program
Many states have environmental regulations regarding battery disposal.
Many companies also have battery recycling programs. The earth911.com
website has information regarding recycling and disposing of batteries
and computer components by zip code or city/state.

Flashing the BIOS

The flash BIOS can be upgraded. The term used for this process is “flashing
the BIOS.” A computer may need a BIOS upgrade for a variety of reasons,
including the following:
To provide support for new or upgraded hardware such as a processor or a
faster USB port
To provide support for a higher-capacity hard drive
For increased virus protection
For optional password protection
To solve problems with the current version
To provide a security patch
To reduce the time a computer takes to boot
Viruses can infect the flash BIOS, so you should keep the BIOS write-
protected until you need to update it. Refer to the computer or motherboard
documentation to find the exact procedure for removing the write protection and
updating the flash BIOS. The following procedure is one example of flashing the
BIOS.
Step 1. After the system BIOS upgrade is downloaded from the Internet,
execute the update.
Step 2. Follow the directions on the screen or from the manufacturer.
Step 3. Reboot the computer.
At times, you might need to reset the BIOS and might come across the need to
change a jumper. A jumper is a small piece of plastic that fits over pins. A
jumper can be used to enable or disable a particular feature, such as resetting the
system Setup settings or write-protecting the BIOS. Figure 4.7 shows an
enlarged jumper; the pins and jumper are much smaller in real life than what is
shown.
 FIGURE 4.7 JP1 jumper block with pins 1 and 2 jumpered together
If flashing a laptop BIOS, ensure the laptop battery is fully charged or connect
the laptop to AC power. If the BIOS is downloaded (and not saved locally),
connect the laptop to a wired network to do the download to ensure connectivity
during the download process. See Chapter 14 for how to connect a device to a
wired network.
Table 4.3 contains some of the methods used to recover a BIOS. Keep in mind
that not all vendors provide a method of recovering a BIOS if a flash update
does not go well. A computer without an operational BIOS cannot boot and a
new motherboard must be purchased. For this reason, you should have a good
reason for flashing the BIOS and research the method the motherboard uses
before flashing the BIOS.
 TABLE 4.3 Flash BIOS recovery methods

Clearing CMOS
Sometimes BIOS Setup settings get all messed up and some folks would like to
start over. Resetting all BIOS settings to factory default is clearing the CMOS,
which can be done as a UEFI/BIOS menu option, a motherboard switch, a
motherboard push button, or a back panel (where the ports are located) push
button. Clearing the CMOS is not the same as flashing the BIOS.
One specific CMOS setting that is sometimes cleared is the power-on
password. Look at the computer or motherboard documentation for the exact
procedure to remove the power-on password. Some motherboards distinguish
between supervisor and user passwords. Another possible security option is
whether a password is needed every time the computer boots or only when
someone tries to enter the Setup program. The options available in Setup and
Advanced Setup are machine-dependent due to the different BIOS chips and the
different chipsets installed on the motherboard. Figure 4.8 shows a jumper that is
used only to reset the power-on password. If all else fails, you can try removing
and then replacing the motherboard battery, but then all saved BIOS settings
stored in CMOS would be reset. Not all power-on passwords can be reset this
way.
 FIGURE 4.8 A CMOS password jumper

Tech Tip: Don’t clear CMOS after a BIOS update

Do not clear the CMOS immediately after upgrading the BIOS. Power
down the system and then power it back on before clearing CMOS data.

Other Configuration Parameters

Other possible parameters contained and set via the Setup program or
operating system are interrupt requests (IRQs), input/output (I/O) addresses,
direct memory access (DMA) channels, and memory addresses. These
parameters are assigned to individual adapters and ports, such as disk
controllers, and the USB, serial, parallel, and mouse ports. Sometimes these
ports must be disabled through Setup in order for other devices or adapter ports
to work. No matter how the parameters are assigned, collectively they are known
as system resources. These are not the same system resources that we refer to
when we discuss Windows operating systems. Let’s take a look at three
important system resources: IRQs, I/O addresses, and memory addresses. Table
4.4 lists brief descriptions of these.
 TABLE 4.4 System resources

IRQ
Imagine being in a room of 20 students when 4 students want the teacher’s
attention. If all 4 students talk at once, the teacher is overloaded and unable to
respond to the 4 individuals’ needs. Instead, the teacher needs an orderly process
of acknowledging each request, prioritizing the requests (which student is first),
and then answering each question. The same thing happens when multiple
devices want the attention of the CPU. For example, which device gets to go first
if a key on the PS/2 keyboard is pressed and the PS/2 mouse is moved
simultaneously? The answer lies in what interrupt request numbers are assigned
to the keyboard and the mouse. Every device requests permission to do
something by interrupting the processor (which is similar to a student raising his
hand). The CPU has a priority system to handle such situations.

Tech Tip: How IRQs are assigned to multiple-device ports

Ports such as USB and FireWire that support multiple devices require
only one interrupt per port. For example, a single USB port can support
up to 127 devices but needs only one IRQ.

PCI/PCIe Interrupts
When a PC first boots, the operating system discovers what AGP, PCI, and PCIe
adapters and devices are present and the system resources each one needs. The
operating system allocates resources such as an interrupt to the adapter/device. If
the adapter or device has a ROM or flash BIOS chip installed that contains
software that initializes and/or controls the device, the software is allowed to
execute during the boot process.
PCI/PCIe devices use interrupts called INTA, INTB, INTC, INTD, and so on.
These interrupts are commonly referred to as PCI interrupts. Some motherboard
documentation uses the numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 to replace the letters A, B, C, and
D. Devices that use these interrupts are allowed to share them as necessary.

Tech Tip: What to do when a conflict occurs

If you suspect a resource conflict with a card, reboot the computer. The
BIOS and operating system will try to work things out. This may take
multiple reboots. If an adapter is installed, move it to another slot.

PCI interrupts are normally assigned dynamically to the USB, PCI, PCIe, and
SATA devices as the interrupts are needed. When an adapter needs an interrupt,
the operating system finds an available interrupt (which may be currently used
by another device that does not need it) and allows the requesting device to use
it. During the boot process, the system BIOS configures adapters. Windows
examines the resources assigned by the BIOS and uses those resources when
communicating with a piece of hardware. Table 4.5 shows an example of how a
motherboard might make PCI IRQ assignments.

TABLE 4.5 Sample PCI/PCIe interrupt assignments

Starting with PCI version 2.2 and continuing on with PCIe, an adapter can use
a different type of interrupt method called MSI or MSI-X. Message signaled
interrupt (MSI) allows an interrupt to be delivered to the CPU using software
and memory space. MSI-X supports more interrupts. This method was optional
with PCI, but PCIe cards are required to support MSI and MSI-X.
 Tech Tip: How to get to a command prompt
To get to a command prompt in Windows, type command from the
Search textbox. Review Labs 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3 for locating the Search
textbox.

Interrupts for integrated ports and some devices can be set through a system’s
Setup program. Other adapter and device interrupts are set by using Device
Manager in Windows or using various Control Panels. Device Manager is an
important tool for a technician to know how to use because it shows the status of
installed hardware. Figure 4.9 shows the various methods used to access Device
Manager.
 FIGURE 4.9 Methods used to access Device Manager
Figure 4.10 shows how IRQs appear in Device Manager > View > Resources
by type. In Figure 4.10, notice that some interrupts have multiple entries.
Multiple entries do not always indicate a resource conflict. They are allowed
because devices may share IRQs. The next section goes into more detail on this
issue.

FIGURE 4.10 IRQs in Device Manager

In order to access specifics in Device Manager, use the View > Devices by
Type option. Expand any specific section such as Network adapters. Right-click
on a particular device or adapter and select Properties. Figure 4.11 shows an
integrated network card’s properties that cannot be changed through Device
Manager as denoted by the Change Setting button being grayed out. (However,
properties might be able to be modified through the system BIOS Setup
program.)
 FIGURE 4.11 Resources tab in Device Manager

I/O (Input/Output) Addresses

An I/O address, otherwise known as an input/output address or port address,
enables a device and a processor to exchange data. An I/O address is like a
mailbox number; it must be unique, or the postal worker gets confused. The
device places data (mail) in the box for the CPU to pick up. The processor
delivers the data to the appropriate device through the same I/O address
(mailbox number). I/O addresses are simply addresses for the processor to
distinguish among the devices with which it communicates. Remember that you
cannot deliver mail without an address.

Tech Tip: When is an I/O address needed?

Remember that every device must have a separate I/O address. Otherwise,
 the CPU cannot distinguish between installed devices.

I/O addresses are shown in hexadecimal format (base 16), from 0000 to FFFF.
Some outputs are shown with eight positions, such as 00000000 to FFFFFFFF.
Hexadecimal numbers are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 just as the decimal
numbers we use, but hexadecimal numbers also include the letters A, B, C, D, E,
and F. Table 4.6 shows decimal numbers 0 through 15 and their hexadecimal and
binary equivalents.

TABLE 4.6 Decimal, binary, and hexadecimal numbers

An example of an I/O address is 390h. Normally, devices need more than one
hexadecimal address location. The number of extra addresses depends on the
individual device and what business it does with the processor. In manuals or
documentation for a device or an adapter, a technician might see just one I/O
address listed. I/O addresses can be set for some devices and ports through the
BIOS system Setup program, Device Manager, or through various Windows
Control Panels.

Memory Addresses
A memory address is a unique address assigned to memory chips installed
anywhere in the system. The memory address is used by the CPU when it
accesses information inside the chip. Memory addresses are shown as a range of
hexadecimal addresses in Device Manager, as seen in Figure 4.12. Exercises at
the end of the chapter help to identify IRQs, I/O addresses, and memory
addresses for various devices and operating systems.
 FIGURE 4.12 Memory addresses in Device Manager

Tech Tip: An IEEE 1394 port uses the same system resources to access
any devices attached to the same port
If one or more FireWire devices connect to a FireWire port (integrated or
on an adapter), the devices use the same system resources that are
assigned to the port.

Hardware Configuration Overview

Configuration of adapters and other hardware is easy if you follow the
documentation and know how to obtain device drivers. Documentation for
installation is frequently available through the Internet, as are many device
drivers. Device drivers are also provided as part of the Windows update process.
The system BIOS plays an important role as part of the startup routine. Not
only does it check hardware for errors as part of POST, but it also detects
installed adapters and devices. The BIOS, along with the operating system,
determines what resources to assign to a device or adapter. This information is
stored in a part of CMOS known as the Extended System Configuration Data
(ESCD) area. After information is configured in the ESCD area, the information
stays there and does not have to be recomputed unless another device is added.
After resources are allocated, the BIOS looks in the saved settings of CMOS
to determine which device it should look to first for an operating system. This
part of the BIOS routine is known as the bootstrap loader. If BIOS cannot locate
an operating system in the first location specified in the saved settings, it tries
the second device and continues on, looking to each device specified in the
saved settings for an operating system. Keep in mind that once an operating
system is found, the operating system loads.

Tech Tip: What to do if a new adapter is not recognized by the system

Plug and play (and sometimes a configuration utility supplied with a
device) is used to configure system resources. Sometimes, a reboot is
required for the changes to take effect. If the device does not work after
the reboot, reboot the computer again (and possibly a third time) to allow
the operating system to sort out the system resources. You can manually
make changes if this does not work.

Installing Drivers
When installing hardware or an adapter in the Windows environment, a driver is
required. Remember that a driver is software that allows the operating system to
control hardware. The operating system detects the adapter or hardware
installation and adds the device’s configuration information to the registry. The
registry is a central database in Windows that holds hardware information and
other data. All software applications access the registry for configuration
information instead of going to the adapter.
Windows comes with many drivers for common devices such as keyboards,
mice, printers, and displays. Here are some processes used to install a driver:
For a standard keyboard or mouse, Windows commonly includes the
driver. When the device is attached, the driver loads and the device
configuration is added to the registry.
Windows updates include updated device drivers. To determine if the latest
Windows Vista, 7, or 8 updates are installed, search for and open the
Windows Update Control Panel. Select the link to check for updates.
Windows 10 does not have such a link.
 You might be prompted to install or search for the driver as part of the
installation process. You may have to designate where the driver is located
such as on a CD that comes with the hardware. You might also be required
to download it and designate where the downloaded file is located.
Use Device Manager to install a driver. Open Device Manager > expand
the relevant particular hardware category > locate the device and right-
click on it > Update Driver Software as shown in Figure 4.13.

FIGURE 4.13 Update Driver Software option in Device Manager

Use Windows Explorer (Windows Vista or 7) or File Explorer (Windows 8
or 10) to locate an executable file that comes with the hardware. Double-
click on the Setup file provided to install software and/or a driver.
Use the Add a device (in Windows Vista, 7, or 8) or Add devices (in
Windows 10) link.
Use the Add Hardware Wizard by typing hdwwiz in the Windows Start
 Search (Vista), Search programs and files (7), Search (8), or Search the
web and Windows (10) textbox.

Installing a USB Device

To install a USB device, perform the following steps:
Step 1. Power on the computer.
Step 2. Optionally, install the USB device’s software. Note that some
manufacturers require that software and/or device drivers be installed
before the USB device is attached.
Step 3. Optionally, power on the device. Not all USB devices have external
power adapters or a power button because they receive power from
the USB bus.
Step 4. Locate a USB port on the rear or front of the computer or on a USB
hub. Plug the USB device into a free port. The operating system
normally detects the USB device and loads the device driver. You
may have to browse to the driver.
Step 5. Verify installation in Device Manager. Refer back to Figure 4.13 and
notice that the USB headset did not have any unusual symbols beside
it in Device Manager (which would indicate no issues with the
installation).

Tech Tip: Ignoring manufacturer’s advice gets you in trouble

If the manufacturer recommends installing the device driver before
attaching the USB device, follow the instructions! Failure to do so may
require you to uninstall a driver and then reinstall using recommended
procedures in order for the device to work properly.

Installing/Configuring USB Cards

Additional USB ports can be added by using a USB hub, or connecting a metal
plate that has additional USB ports to motherboard pins. The plate inserts where
an expansion card goes, but does not have connectors that fit into an expansion
slots. The metal plate simply slides into the spot where a card would normally
go. Figure 4.14 shows one of these plates that has two USB ports and an eSATA
port.
 FIGURE 4.14 USB ports that connect to motherboard pins
How to install and connect these ports to the motherboard is explained in
Chapter 5. Keep in mind that if a motherboard does not have any pins, you can
add more USB ports by purchasing a PCI or PCIe USB adapter with multiple
ports. The adapter might not have the capability of providing power unless the
adapter supports having a power cable from the power supply attached to the
card.
Install a USB card to add additional USB ports to a computer. USB ports are
powered; therefore, a USB card normally has a place to connect power. If the
power supply does not have the appropriate power connector, a power adapter
may have to be purchased. Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions when
installing an adapter to provide additional USB ports. Generic instructions
follow:
Step 1. Power down the computer and remove the power cord.
Step 2. Remove the computer cover. Locate an empty expansion slot. You
may have to remove a screw or raise a retaining bar to be able to use
the expansion slot. See Figure 4.15.
 FIGURE 4.15 Adapter screw or retainer bar
Step 3. Using proper anti-static procedures (see Chapter 5), ground yourself,
or use anti-static gloves.
Step 4. Optionally, attach a power connector to the adapter.
Step 5. Ensure the proper expansion slot is being used and insert the card
firmly into the expansion slot. See Figure 4.16. Ensure the card is
fully inserted by pressing firmly down on the adapter and visually
inspecting it afterward. The card should be at a 90° angle from the
PC. It should not tilt at either end. Ensure the card fits snuggly in the
expansion slot.
 FIGURE 4.16 Insert adapter directly into expansion slot
Step 6. Lower the expansion bar or attach a screw.
Step 7. Reinstall the computer cover, reattach the power cord, and power on
the computer. Install drivers as necessary.
Step 8. Test by attaching a USB device to each port.

Installing/Configuring FireWire Cards

When connecting a FireWire device, always follow the manufacturer’s
instructions. Attach the device to an available port on the motherboard or an
adapter, another IEEE 1394 device, or an IEEE 1394 hub port. The following are
generic steps for installing a FireWire adapter:
Step 1. Power off the computer and remove the AC power cord.
Step 2. Remove the computer case so you can access the computer interior.
Step 3. Locate an available expansion slot and optionally remove the slot
cover and retaining screw. Not all computer cases have this now.
Step 4. Firmly insert the FireWire adapter into the expansion slot.
Step 5. Reinsert the retaining screw, if necessary.
Step 6. Replace the computer cover and reattach the power cord.
Step 7. Power on the computer. The operating system normally detects the
 newly installed hardware.
Step 8. Insert the driver disc that ships with the adapter and browse to the
location of the driver. Follow the prompts for installing the driver.
Note that Windows normally detects the correct driver for the
FireWire adapter, but the computer may have to be rebooted to
recognize the adapter.
Step 9. Use Device Manager (IEEE 1394 Bus host controllers section) to
verify installation.

Troubleshooting Configurations
Indications of a resource conflict (including IRQ, DMA, I/O address, and
memory address conflict) are as follows:
The new device is installed and the new device or a previously installed
device does not work.
The computer locks up or restarts when performing a specific function,
such as when playing or recording audio.
The computer hangs during startup or shutdown.
A device does not work properly or fails to work at all.

Tech Tip: Verifying hardware with Device Manager

A small down arrow on the device icon means disabled, and an
exclamation point (!) on a yellow field usually indicates a resource
conflict or driver problem. An “i” indicates that the Use Automatic
Settings feature is not being used for the device, and resources were
manually configured.

In Device Manager, if an exclamation point (!) appears, the hardware device is

not working properly. Check for cabling issues, resource conflicts, and
configuration issues. If a yellow question mark appears, Windows does not
recognize the device. Try one of the following:
See if there is a Windows update that might contain updated drivers.
Manually update the driver: Right-click the device in Device Manager >
Properties > Driver tab > Update Driver. You can download this driver
from the device manufacturer website or let Windows try to find the driver.

Tech Tip: Use the General tab for troubleshooting

 On the General tab of any adapter or port properties, check the Device
status section for any error codes, including those for resource conflicts.

With any Device Manager issue, you can right-click the device and select
Properties. On the General tab, notice whether there are error codes. Table 4.7
lists some Device Manager codes and descriptions. You can review all the codes
at Microsoft’s TechNet website.

TABLE 4.7 Device Manager error codes

Configuration problems can also be associated with specific BIOS/UEFI
settings. Table 4.8 lists some problems and what might help.
 TABLE 4.8 Troubleshooting UEFI/BIOS-related issues

Troubleshooting USB
To troubleshoot USB device problems, check the obvious first: the cabling and
power. Verify whether any USB device that plugs into a USB hub works. If no
devices work, swap the hub or attach to a different USB port. If some hub ports
work and some do not, attach an external power source to the hub, change its
configuration if necessary, and retest the devices. Restart the computer and retest
the USB device.
USB 3.1 ports can provide power at different levels: 2A at 5V (10W), 5A at
12V (60W), and 5A at 20V (100W). USB 3.0 ports can provide 900mA (4.5W)
of 5V power—both 3.x versions provide more power than the previous USB
versions (500mA/2.5W). Note that a 3.x port can go into low-power mode when
the port isn’t being used. You can verify how much power a USB device is using
by examining the device in Windows Device Manager, following these steps:
Step 1. Open Device Manager using the following operating system–
dependent Control Panel.
Windows Vista: System and Maintenance Control Panel
Windows 7: System and Security Control Panel
Windows 8: Hardware and Sound Control Panel
 Windows 10: Settings > type Device Manager in the Find a
setting textbox.
Step 2. Locate and select Device Manager.
Step 3. Expand the Universal Serial Bus Hub Controllers section.
Step 4. Right-click on each Generic USB Hub option and select Properties.
Step 5. Access the Power tab.
Step 6. Locate the USB device and note how much power is being
requested of the USB port/hub, as shown in Figure 4.17.

FIGURE 4.17 USB hub power requirements

A USB device could be drawing more power than is allowed. If this is the
case, the computer can disable the port. The only way to re-enable the port is to
restart the computer. If a device is using less than 50mA of power, the USB port
never becomes active. Try plugging the USB device into a different USB port or
verifying the device works on another computer.
A USB device requires a driver that may be loaded automatically. An incorrect
or outdated driver could be loaded and causing problems. The following list can
also help when troubleshooting USB devices:
Use Device Manager to ensure that a hub is functioning properly.
Ensure that the UEFI/BIOS firmware is up-to-date.
Use Device Manager to ensure that no USB device has an IRQ assigned
and shared with another non-USB device.
USB devices sometimes do not work in safe mode and require hardware
support configured through the UEFI/BIOS.
Sometimes a USB device stops working on a hub that has an external
power source. In such a case, remove the hub’s external power source and
retest.
If a self-powered USB hub gets its power disconnected, the hub becomes a
bus-powered hub and outputs only lower power on each port. Reattach the
power cord or remove the hub and then reattach it.
If a newly attached USB device reports that it is attached but does not
work properly, upgrade the driver.
Do not connect USB devices to a computer that is in standby mode or
sleep mode. Doing so may prevent the computer from coming out of
standby mode.
For intermittent USB device problems, disable power management to see
if this is causing the problem.
Test a device connected to a USB hub by connecting it directly to a USB
port that has nothing else attached. The problem may be caused by other
USB devices or a USB hub.
Remove the USB device’s driver and reinstall. Sometimes you must reboot
the computer to give the new drivers priority over the general-purpose
drivers.
If a USB device is running slowly, try attaching it to a different port that
has fewer devices connected to the same port.
Verify that the USB port is enabled in BIOS if integrated into the motherboard
or attached to the motherboard through an adapter cable. Always refer to the
USB device manufacturer’s website for specific troubleshooting details.

IEEE 1394 Troubleshooting

Use Device Manager to verify the correct installation for an IEEE 1394 device
or port. To verify installation in Windows, open Device Manager and double-
click the 1394 Bus Controller option to verify that an IEEE 1394 host controller
is present.

Tech Tip: What if IEEE 1394 is not working properly?

If a question mark appears by the IEEE 1394 host controller in Device
Manager, remove or delete the driver and reinstall it. You may need to
download a newer driver from the adapter manufacturer’s website. If this
does not work, change the adapter to a different expansion slot. If a
yellow symbol appears by the FireWire controller, check the cabling,
ensure that the device is not disabled, replace the driver, and check for a
system resource conflict.

Like USB hubs, FireWire hubs can be self-powered or bus powered. A slide
switch may be used to select the appropriate power mode. Most FireWire hub
manufacturers recommend powering the hub only during installation. Once
installed, test the FireWire devices, remove the hub power, and retest the
devices. If all devices operate properly, leave the hub power adapter
disconnected. With a cable that has a 6-pin connector at each end, connect the
hub to the computer’s FireWire port. Attach FireWire devices to the hub as
needed.

Soft Skills—A Good Technician Quality: One Thing at a Time

The least effective type of computer technician is a “gun slinger.” The term gun
slinger brings to mind images of Wild West ruffians who had shooting matches
with other gangsters in the town’s main street. Gun slingers drew their guns
frequently and with little provocation. They did not put much thought into their
method or consider other possible resolutions. You must strive not to be this type
of technician.
A gun slinger technician changes multiple things simultaneously. For example,
if there is no display on the output, the technician might swap out the monitor,
disable the onboard video port, add a new video adapter, power on the computer,
and, when output appears, call the problem “solved.” If a computer problem is
repaired using such a technique, the technician never knows exactly what solved
the problem. A gun slinger technician might get frustrated easily because it is
easy to forget what has been tried when multiple things have been tried
simultaneously (see Figure 4.18).
 FIGURE 4.18 A gun slinger technician in action
A good technician, on the other hand, makes a list of symptoms (even if it is
simply a mental list) followed by a list of things to try. Then the technician tries
the possible solutions, starting with the simplest one (the one that costs the least
amount of time to the computer user). The technician documents each step. After
each approach that does not fix the problem, the technician puts the system back
to the original configuration before attempting the next possible solution. This
method keeps the technician focused on what has been tested, and if another
technician takes over, the steps do not have to be repeated. Best of all, when one
of the possible solutions fixes the problem, the exact solution is known.
Gun slinger technicians do not learn as fast as other technicians because they
do not determine the real causes of problems. Each time they are presented with
a problem similar to one they have seen in the past, gun slinger technicians use
the same haphazard troubleshooting method. These technicians are actually
dangerous to an organization because they are not good at documenting what
they have done and determining exactly what fixes a particular problem. A good
computer technician should methodically troubleshoot a problem by making
only one change at a time and reverting the change if the change did not solve
the problem. Furthermore, the technician documents the issue and its resolution
for future problems.

Chapter Summary
The UEFI/system flash BIOS is used to enable/disable, configure, and
troubleshoot motherboard components, expansion slots, and ports, and it
sets power-on and BIOS passwords. When the computer is off, a
motherboard battery holds saved settings in CMOS.
An updated type of BIOS is UEFI BIOS, which allows the use of a mouse
and a graphical environment. Security options, support for larger hard
drives, antivirus software, remote management, and utilities may also be
included.
Each port and card uses system resources such as interrupts, I/O addresses,
and memory addresses.
System resources can be viewed and changed using Device Manager.
Specific Device Manager codes and messages help in troubleshooting
conflicts.
A USB or IEEE 1394 FireWire adapter can be added to provide additional
ports.
Drivers can be installed/updated using Device Manager or by using the
Add New Hardware wizard (hdwwiz).
USB device drivers and/or software may have to be installed before
installing a USB device. USB ports can provide power (2A at 5V [10W],
5A at 12V [60W] or 20V[100W] version 3.1; 900mA/4.5W version 3.0;
and 500ma/2.5W for lower versions). Verify installation and power usage
through Device Manager.

A+ Certification Exam Tips

A lot of questions from both exams can come from this chapter, especially
in the troubleshooting areas. Review the troubleshooting bullets. Research
issues on the Internet and read people’s postings. Their stories and
frustration (and successes) will stick in your mind and help you with the
exam.
Go to at least one computer and go through the BIOS/UEFI menus.
Review what types of things can be configured through BIOS/UEFI.
Review Table 4.1 blue-colored options.
Review the many differences between a BIOS and a UEFI BIOS.
 Review different sections of Device Manager. Device Manager is a critical
tool for troubleshooting computer issues. Know how to determine what
driver is installed. Practice finding drivers on Internet sites.
Know reasons you would upgrade the BIOS.
Review the key terms in Table 4.1 and what each of those settings control.

Key Terms
boot sequence 134
built-in diagnostics 136
bus speed 135
clock speed 135
CMOS 137
CMOS battery 137
date/time 134
Device Manager 142
disable execute bit 135
drive encryption 135
enabling/disabling devices & ports 135
ESCD 146
fan speed 135
flash BIOS 132
I/O address 141
intrusion detection/notification 135
IRQ 141
jumper 139
LoJack 135
memory address 141
MSI 142
MSI-X 142
passwords 134
POST 130
registry 146
 secure boot 136
Setup 130
system resources 140
temperature monitoring 135
TPM 135
UEFI 132
virtualization support 135
voltages 135

Review Questions
1. When would a technician flash a BIOS?
a. When the date and time start to be incorrect
b. When a port or motherboard component does not perform at its
maximum potential
c. When the driver for a motherboard port is out of date
d. When the motherboard has an upgrade such as a new processor, extra
RAM, or an additional adapter installed into an expansion slot
2. What is the effect of setting an administrator password in BIOS?
a. It prevents the computer from having multiple devices that can boot the
system.
b. It prevents the BIOS from being infected with a virus.
c. It prevents a user from accessing the computer operating system.
d. It prevents a user from changing system Setup settings.
3. Which program is used to determine the driver version being used for a
specific component?
[ BIOS | CMOS | Task Manager | Device Manager | system Setup ]
4. Which program is commonly used to verify a new piece of hardware is
recognized by the operating system, functions, and the system resources
assigned?
[ BIOS | CMOS | manufacturer-provided application | Device Manager ]
5. Where would a CR2032 lithium battery most likely be used in a
computing device?
a. As a laptop battery
 b. Inside the processor
c. As a component on the motherboard
d. In the CMOS
6. Which BIOS/UEFI option might need to be modified in order to boot a
Windows computer from a flash drive that contains Ubuntu, a Linux-based
operating system? [ Lojack | Secure Boot | Virus Protection | USB
Configuration | HyperThreading ] _______________________
7. [ T | F ] If a power failure occurs during a BIOS update, the motherboard
might have to be replaced.
8. What is the result of attaching a USB 2.0 device and a USB 3.0 device to a
USB hub attached to a motherboard USB 3.0 port?
a. The devices share system resources.
b. The 3.0 device gets a higher-priority IRQ.
c. If either of the devices is an externally powered device, that particular
device gets a higher-priority IRQ. Otherwise, the two devices share an
interrupt.
d. The 3.0 device always has a higher-priority I/O address.
9. Which device properties tab has a Device status section that might contain
helpful troubleshooting information or the status of the device?
[ General | Advanced | Driver | Details | Management ]
10. A technician receives a complaint about a computer being slow to respond
to typed keystrokes. The technician installs more memory and a new
keyboard. The customer is happy. What, if anything, could have been done
better? __________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
11. What is the maximum wattage that can be provided by a USB3.1 port?
[ 100 | 5 | 2.5 | 4.5 ]
Consider the following BIOS configuration menu options for answering
Questions 12–15.
12. Which menu item would you use to determine whether the system should
be flashed?
a. Main Menu
b. Onboard Devices
c. Boot Device Priority
13. A computer is mounted inside a cabinet, and you want to know if an IEEE
1394 port is available. Which menu item would you use?
a. Main menu
b. Onboard Devices
c. Boot Device Priority
14. [ T | F ] The system date and time must be configured through the system
BIOS.
15. A technician wants to boot from an eSATA external hard drive. Which
submenu item is used?
[ OnChip SATA controller | SATA | PCIE training | 1st Boot Device ]
16. A technician keeps having to configure the date and time. What
component is suspect?
[ CPU | BIOS | battery | chipset | CMOS ]
17. What are three ways to get more USB ports? (Choose three.)
a. Connect a USB hub to an existing USB port.
b. Connect an IEEE 1394 hub to an existing USB port.
 c. Install a PCI or PCIe adapter that has USB ports.
d. Install an AGP adapter that has USB ports.
e. Install a USB plate that has USB ports and attaches to motherboard
pins.
f. Use a USB port multiplexer.
18. When would a technician use UEFI?
a. When managing configuration through Device Manager
b. When the date and/or time continues to be wrong
c. When an adapter has just been installed
d. When replacing a motherboard
19. A computer is being used in a medical office. For security reasons, the
technician has been asked to reasonably ensure that no one attaches any
external media. What would the technician probably do?
a. Password protect the BIOS and disable unused ports.
b. Swap out the motherboard for one that doesn’t have extra ports.
c. Assign user rights through user passwords on the computer.
d. Encrypt the hard drive.
e. Flash the chipset.
20. A technician for a small company set a BIOS password on every
computer. The technician leaves the company, and the replacement
technician needs to access the BIOS. What should the new technician do?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Activities

Internet Discovery

Objective:
To obtain specific information on the Internet regarding a
computer or its associated parts
Parts:
Computer with Internet access
Procedure:
Use the Internet to answer the following questions. Assume that
the customer owns a Lenovo A740 all-in-one computer when
answering Questions 1 and 2.
Questions:
1. A customer owns a Lenovo A740 all-in-one computer. Determine the
procedure for accessing the computer’s Setup program. Write the key(s) to
press and the URL where you find this information.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What is the latest BIOS version for the Lenovo A740?
_______________________________
3. A Windows 8 HP computer owner just updated the BIOS, but after the
upgrade, the following message appeared on the screen: Error: CMOS
Checksum bad. What should the customer do next if the BIOS version is
7? Provide the URL where you found this information. _________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
4. A customer owns a Tyan S7025 motherboard. How many and which type
of PCIe slots does this motherboard have? Write the answer and the URL
where you find the answer. _________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
5. On the same Tyan S7025 motherboard, which motherboard jumper is used
to clear CMOS? Write the answer and the URL where you find the
information. _______________________
_______________________________________________________________________
6. On the same Tyan S7025 motherboard, which BIOS menu option is used
to configure the order in which the system looks for devices to boot the
 computer? Write the answer and the URL where you find the answer.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Soft Skills

Objective:
To enhance and fine-tune a future technician’s ability to listen,
communicate in both written and oral form, and support people
who use computers in a professional manner
Activities:
1. In teams, come up with a troubleshooting scenario that involves a
computer technician who uses gun-slinging techniques and the same
scenario involving a technician who is methodical. Explain what each
technician type does and how they solve the problem. Also, detail how
they treat the customer differently. Determine ways of how a gun-slinging
technician might be harmful to a computer repair business. Either
demonstrate or report on your findings.
2. After exploring the BIOS options, turn to a fellow student, pretend he or
she is a customer over the phone, and walk the student through accessing
Setup. Explain the purposes of at least five of the options. Reverse roles
and cover five other options. Be sure to act like a typical computer user
when playing the customer role.
3. Brainstorm a troubleshooting scenario in which you fix the problem that
involves accessing the Setup program and/or an adapter. Document the
problem using a word processing application. Create an invoice using
either a word processing or spreadsheet application. Share your documents
with others in the class.

Critical Thinking Skills

 Objective:
To analyze and evaluate information as well as apply learned
information to new or different situations
Activities:
1. Why do you think so few computers today have very few PCI adapters or
slots? __________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Compare and contrast a post office with IRQs, I/O addresses, and memory
addresses shown in Device Manager. For example, how might something
that happens in a post office relate to an IRQ in a PC (or I/O address or
memory address)? __________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Your parents want to buy you a new computer, and they are doing
research. They ask you to explain whether they should buy a PCIe 3.1 or
2.1 video adapter. Explain to them (either verbally or in writing) the
differences between them and your recommendation.
____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Labs
Lab 4.1 Configuration Method Exercise and Review
Objective:
To determine which configuration method a computer uses
Parts:
A computer and Internet access
Procedure:
Complete the following procedure and answer the accompanying
questions.
1. Open the computer and look at the motherboard. Note that you may have
to use the computer model number and the Internet to do research for parts
of this lab or to answer some of the questions. Verify any information
found on the Internet with what you see in the computer.
Document (write down) the location, name, and purpose of all
motherboard jumpers.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Locate the motherboard battery and document the battery type.
What type of battery is installed?
_______________________________________________________________________
How can you tell the purpose of the jumper(s)?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
What is one of the first indications of a failing battery?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
What is the keystroke(s) required to access the Setup program?
_______________________________________________________________________

Lab 4.2 Examining BIOS options

Objective:
To examine BIOS features
Parts:
A computer
Note:
Internet access may be required.
Procedure:
Complete the following procedure and answer the accompanying
questions.
1. Power on the computer and watch the screen closely for directions for
how to access the BIOS. Press the appropriate key before the operating
system boots. Note that you may have to restart the computer, or power it
down and then power it back on in order to access it. This may take several
tries. You may also be required to research the computer brand and model
on the Internet to determine which keystroke is required.
Which keystroke is required to access BIOS?
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Examine the main menu.
List at least three main menu options.
_______________________________________________________________________
Which keystroke(s) allow(s) you to save settings and exit BIOS?
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Explore various menus in order to answer the following questions.
List the boot devices in the order that they are currently configured
through BIOS.
1st boot device __________________
2nd boot device __________________
3rd boot device __________________
On which menu screen can you set a power-on password?
_______________________________________________________________________
List the options you can set for any integrated motherboard port.
_______________________________________________________________________
The BIOS enables which type of monitoring? Select all that apply and add
any that are not listed.
[ power | fan | CPU | HDD (hard disk drive) | temperature ]
_______________________________________________________________________
What diagnostics, if any, are available through BIOS?
 _______________________________________________________________________
Which power save options, if any, are available through BIOS?
_______________________________________________________________________
Through which menu option is virtualization support enabled or disabled?
_______________________________________________________________________
Which tool would a technician use for troubleshooting?
_______________________________________________________________________
Which setting(s) would you choose to make the computer boot faster?
_______________________________________________________________________
What is the BIOS version?
_______________________________________________________________________
Which keystroke(s) allow(s) you to exit BIOS without saving any
changes?
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Using whatever keystroke(s) you documented in the previous question of
Step 3, exit BIOS without saving any changes.

Lab 4.3 Accessing BIOS/UEFI through Windows 8 or 10

Objective:
To access BIOS/UEFI through the operating system
Parts:
A working Windows 8 or 10 computer
Note:
Refer to Labs 1.2 or 1.3 for directions on basic Windows 8 or 10
usage.
Procedure:
Complete the following procedure and answer the accompanying
questions.
1. Power on the computer and log in as required.
2. With newer devices that have fast-booting hard drives, accessing BIOS
setup is a challenge. Windows 8 and 10 support accessing BIOS through
Windows.
Windows 8: Point to the upper-right corner of the screen or access Settings
 > Change PC Settings link > Update and recovery > Recovery > Restart
now button under Advanced startup > Troubleshoot > Advanced options >
UEFI Firmware Settings > Restart button
Windows 10: Access Settings > Update and security > Recovery > Restart
now button under Advanced startup > Troubleshoot > Advanced options >
UEFI Firmware Settings > Restart button
Describe a situation where you think a technician would use this
technique?
_______________________________________________________________________
What BIOS options are available on the main screen?
_______________________________________________________________________
What option or keystroke(s) allow you to exit BIOS?
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Using whatever keystroke(s) you documented in the last question of Step
2, exit BIOS without changing any settings.

Lab 4.4 System Resource Configuration through the Setup

Program
Objective:
To access the system resources through the Setup program
Parts:
A computer
Procedure:
Complete the following procedure and answer the accompanying
questions.
1. Power on the computer.
2. Press the appropriate key(s) to enter the Setup program.
3. Go through the various menus or icons until you find an interrupt (IRQ)
setting for a particular device or port.
Write the device or port and the associated IRQ in the space below.

Why do different devices generally not have the same interrupt?

 _______________________________________________________________________
4. Go through the various menus or icons until you find an I/O address
setting for a particular device or port.
Write the device or port in the space provided, along with the associated
I/O address.

Why must each device and port have a separate and unique I/O address?
_______________________________________________________________________
How do I/O addresses, interrupts, and memory addresses get assigned to
an installed adapter?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
What is the best source for viewing interrupts, I/O addresses, and memory
addresses that have been assigned?
_______________________________________________________________________
5. Exit the Setup program.
6. Go to Device Manager and determine whether the information collected in
Steps 3 and 4 is the same.
Instructor initials: _____________

Lab 4.5 Examining System Resources by Using Windows

Objective:
To be able to view and access system resources by using
Windows
Parts:
A computer with Windows loaded
Procedure:
Complete the following procedure and answer the accompanying
questions.
1. Power on the computer and verify that Windows loads. Log on to the
computer, using the user ID and password provided by the instructor or lab
assistant.
2. Locate and access Device Manager. If necessary, refer to Labs 1.1
(Windows 7), 1.2 (Windows 8), or 1.3 (Windows 10) for basic Windows
usage.
3. Click the View menu option and select Resources by type.
Which types of system resources are shown?
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Click the plus sign (or arrow) or Interrupt request (IRQ) to expand the
section.
Scroll through the list to determine whether there are any interrupts in use
by multiple devices (the same number used by two things)? If so, list one.
_______________________________________________________________________
What device, if any, is using IRQ8?
_______________________________________________________________________
Is this the standard IRQ for this device?
_______________________________________________________________________
Instructor initials: _____________
5. Collapse the Interrupt request (IRQ section). Expand the Input/output (IO)
section.
What is the first I/O address range listed for the first occurrence of the
Direct Memory Access controller?
_______________________________________________________________________
6. Collapse the Input/output section. Expand the Direct memory access
(DMA)section.
Are any DMA channels being used? If so, list them.
_______________________________________________________________________
7. Collapse the DMA section. Expand the IRQ section again. Click to select
any device listed in the IRQ section. Move your mouse slowly over the
icons at the top until you locate the Update Driver Software icon. When
the mouse is moved slowly enough, a description of the icon appears.
In what position is the Update Driver Software Icon located?
[ first | last | second | third from the right | answer not listed ]
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
 8. Move your mouse slowly over the icons at the top until you locate the
Uninstall icon. Do not click this icon. Now locate the Disable icon. Both
options can be used to troubleshoot problem devices.
In what situation do you think a technician would use either option?
_______________________________________________________________________
9. From the main menu, View > Devices by type. Expand any section and
select a particular device. Select the Action menu item and select
Properties. The Properties window opens. The General tab shows you the
status of the device and whether it is working properly or not.
What device was chosen?
_______________________________________________________________________
What is the status of the device?
_______________________________________________________________________
10. Click the Driver tab. The Driver tab shows information about the device
driver.
What is the device driver version being used by the device chosen?
_______________________________________________________________________
What other important button is found on this tab that you think might be
used if a device is not performing exactly as expected?
_______________________________________________________________________
11. Click the Resources tab. The Resources tab shows what system resources
a particular device is using.
What resources are being used?
_______________________________________________________________________
What message displays in the conflicting device list section?
_______________________________________________________________________
Is the Use automatic settings checkbox enabled?
_______________________________________________________________________
Instructor initials: _____________
12. Click the Cancel button to return to Device Manager. Close the Device
Manager window.

Lab 4.6 Device Drivers

Objective:
To become familiar with finding driver, driver information, and
current driver version
Parts:
A computer with access to the Internet
Procedure:
Use the Internet and a computer to answer the accompanying
questions.
1. A customer is looking to upgrade to Windows 10. She has a Creative Labs
Sound Blaster Z PCIe sound card installed.
Is there a device driver for this card if the customer decides to upgrade?
Provide the URL where you find the answer.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
What is the latest device driver version for a PNY NVIDIA GeForce
GT610 video adapter for a Windows 7 64-bit computer? Also provide the
URL where you find this information.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
What are the device driver version and date for any USB Root Hub on the
computer?
_______________________________________________________________________
Locate a USB Enhanced Host Controller in Device Manager. Use the
Driver tab and update the driver if possible. Record your results.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
What is the latest Windows driver revision for a StarTech PCIe 1000Mbps
fiber network card that has the part number ST1000SPEX?
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