1Ql=10,-2, $aid

Example 20.1: An industrial three phase load bus draws power of (100+ i50) ks
auer of
(100+ j50)
is 400V (L-L. find the compensator rating per phase. What is the compensator.KVA. If
(2
the bus voltans
ator susceptance?
Solution: P+j2,= (100+j50) kVA
1S,I= 111.803 kVA
100
cos 111803 = 0.894
Compensator rating/phase is obtained from equation (20.7) as

ph 3
sin o111.803h-0.8942
3
=16.67 kVAR
The compensator susceptance is obtained using equation (20.6),

B -,16.67 x10
_6.67X0-j0.3125 mho (S) [capacitive compensator).
400
5
Example 20.2: In Example 20.1, let us assume that we need to compensate the load bus
demand partially, i.e., we now desire that the existing reactive
power factor of 0.894 (lag) improved to 0.98
be
(lag). What is the rating of compensator?
Solution: We have seen that the load demand in (100+
50 kVA, or 16.67 kVA/ph, the
j50) kVA, i.e. the reactive load demand is
power factor (p.f.) being 0.894 (lag). If we are to improve the power
factor to 0.98 (lag), the new reactive demand would
lessen and is obtained as
newP, tan oew : Q,= P,tan ¢,] = 100 x tan(cos- 0.98) 20.31 kVAR, i.e. 6.77 kVAR/ph
We need to compensate (16.67 6.77) kVAR or 9.9 kVAR/ph to improve the p.f. from 0.34 t0
0.98 (lag). Thus, the rating of the
compensator should be 9.9 kVAR/ph.
The compensator susceptance (capacitive) would be
B =j p 2 - 9 x I 0 :

-j0.186 mho.
400
 connected load is connected across a So t s
20.3: An unhalanced delta 50 Hz,3 phase,
Example
100kW resistive power
between lines a-b, 140 kw
KW at 0.855p.f
supply.The load draws
lead between lines c-a.
Obtain the susceptances
tances of lag between400V inAces
bC, 140 AW at 0.85 p.f. a purely
compensating
network which will
balance this load and improve the power foPurely rea
actor to reactive nedelta
unity. What
phase current? is the
Solution: (P + jO), i.e. V*,
Since load is

can write. P+jQ

V* V?Y*
= =
we

o.Y= i e . it is now possible to find equivalent susceptance of the connected 1.

100- j0)x10load load is connected,

For phase a-b, Ya A Vph=Vlin
400
Y=(0.625 + j0)S = Ga +jBa
L.e.

(140- j86.74) x 10
For phase b-c,
400
140 kW at0.85 pf. lag means 140/0.85 sin 31.78, ie. 86.74 kVAR].
Y= (0.875-j0.542)S = G,e +jBpe

(140+ j86.74) x 10*

For phase c-a,
Y 400
=
(0.875+ j0.542)S G +jBa
=

[Here, the load is leading).

Using equation (20.15), we can now write

BM-B+ pc)==-0+ (0.875-0.875) 0S =

3
belo)-et abu=-0.542) (0.625-0.875) =0.292S
+

cae)-B+ pegb 542+ (0,875-0.625) =-0.292d

Here suffix (c) indicates the
compensator susceptances.
Resultant G=G+G+G. =0.625 +0.875+ 0.875 =
2.375S.

x2735=548 548.498 A.
COIsu

nle 204: Four inductive reactances are placed at equal intervals in a three phase,
ample20.4: 400 kV, 100 km
efrical power transmission line operating at 50 Hz to control Ferranti effect such that the no load
mmetrical power
e profile
voltage profile is
is flat. The line interconnects two grids A (sending end) and B (receiving end) at both
es of the line and o
line and out of four reactors, one is at the sending end while the other is at the receiving end.
sides of the
Asuming the line to be lossless, and the grids do not contribute reactive power to the line, find the
lhes of the inductive reactances of the reactors. Assume the series inductive reactance of the line to be
0phase while shunt capacitive susceptance is 5x10° pS/phase. Whatis the maximum voltage in the
Compensated line at no load and where does it occur?
Solution: Usingequation (20.22), for V,I=1V,I
Sin
, (X, being the shunt inductor reactance).
1-cos (0)|
2
n

Here = NZY =50x 5x10 x10 [:: 0= M= yyz:forlossless line, 0= BL]

: 2=line inmpedance 50 /phase, resistance being neglected, and Y= 5 x 10 mS/phase]
=

50
ie,=0.5 rad (=28.66°), Z0= = 100 Q.
5x10
V5x10 xx10
10
 T104 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OPERATION AND
CONTROL
As explained in Section 20.4.1, to have shunt reactor of (2Xgh) at the ends and (x
intermediate sections, the reactors need to be placed at 33.33 km apart
(Xat the
1.e. (Fig. E20.1

B
-33.33 km 33.33 km- 33.33 km-

2x
Four shunt inductors placed on a 100 km line.
Flg. E20.1

sin
28.66
100 598.36 2.
From equation (20.22), X=2 28.66°
1-cos 3
Thus, the intermediate reactors will be 598.36 2 each while the end reactors are (2 x 598.36.i
,i.e.
1196.72 2 each.
Maximum voltage is at the mid-point of the line, i.e. at 50 km length from each end. Usino
sing
cquation (20.21), this mid-point voltage is
V V for n sections with n=3,
(0
cos
400
ie. V 60T 401.4 kV (L-L), i.e. 1.0035 p.u.
COS
(28.66
2x3
Example 20.5: In the problem of Example 20.4, what is the network reactive power of the four
inductive reactors used to control the no load voltage?
Solution: System voltage = 400 kV (L-L)
Inductivereactance (X=598.36 ph
Since all these reactances are in parallel in the line, being connected at intermediate sections and
at ends,

2X sh XSh h XSh

s XSh98.30
3 198.79
Q

3x 400
Here 80.50 MVAR
Xshe 198.76
Virual IEn
Example 20.6: A 300 km lossless three phase, 50 Hz, 500 kV line transfers power of 1000
ends are maintained at 1 000Mwe MIW from
grid while the voltages at both
side A to side B in a he ssuming the ine
first. find the SIL. power angle and mid-point voltage. How these values
uncompensated are
due to distibuted shunt compensation (capacitive) ge profile
such that the voltage
remain profiles
flat at boh
changed
line even it the power demand increases by 25% a
ends. as well as at the centre of the SIL value?
inductive reactance of 0.35 S2km and shunt capacitiva
Assume that the line has series
5 microsiemens/km.
Sceptance of
Solution: From the given data for the line,
0.35x300
Z = L=
VB 5 x 10 x 300
264.57 Q2

B nle= X,B 0.35 x 300 x5x10 x 300o 1.32x 10 radkm

L 300
V,=V,= 1.0 500 kV (L-L)
=

BL=1.32 x 10-3 x 300 0.397 rad =22.76.

SIL =? 500 945 MW.
Z 264.57
P sin &
Also, =

SIL sin0

P V.V, sin y2
=
V, =V, V,SIL =and XL
Zg sin&
= =
Zg sine|
1000 sind
or,
945 sin 22.76
sin 8=041 giving 8= 24.20.
Considering one half the symmetrical line,
P V sin for the half line.
Z sin
 POWER SYSTEM COMPENSATION USING
PASSIVE AND FACTS
CONTROLLERS 1107
-1.0
1.0:and Po thus in p.u. terms
V, V,
=
=
we
express the above power
npu,

equation of the half

ine&

Isin
P(p.u.)= 2
Zo sin Vand Z, both are expressed in p.u.

V,sin
P Po
sin

p Sin

VPo sin
S i n . 7 6 °

In our case, Vp.u.) =1.058 2 =

0.995 : here, PIP= 1.058]
24.2°
Sin-
2
ie. V 497.95 kV.
Thus, it may be observed that for the
held at 1.0 p.u., the
given uncompensated line even if the
tenminal voltages are
mid-point voltage sags to 0.995 p.u.
Next, we study the case of mid-point shunt
alongwith V, and V capacitive compensation so that V is also 1.0 p.u.
On compensation, we have seen

As per
Pocomp)=-ksh
P
given data, on compensation the power flow increases by 25%.

Poccomp)=1.25
P
Hence, we can find the value of
k so that the voltage protile is flat although using the relation,
I-kSh =1.25
KSh0.5625.
Next, we find Z, and 0 for this mid-point compensated line.
Zo(comp)
-ksh
264.57211.66
+0.5625
comp)y1-kss =0.3971+0.5625 =0496 =28.45
 1108 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OPERATION AND CONTROL

Zy sin &
With compensation, using the relation PSIL Zocomp) sin&comp)
we get

Lo(comp) Sin 6comp) 1181.25 x 211.66 x sin 28.45°

sinS =. = 0.476
2 x SIL 264.57 x 945
[ 2 5 % increase of power flow from Po amounts to 1.25 Po = l181.25 Mw

. 8=28.45°.
The new SIL value is PCcomp)oyl-ksh =945/1 +0.5625 =1181.25 MW
The mid-point voltage is now
28.450
sin-(comp) 211.66 sin0.450

VPo Loccomp)x-
Zo
2 = 2
1.25x 264.57 ^ , 28.45
sin O(new)
2
sin-
sin-
2
=
1.00002 p.u. (as expected).
Thus, without compensation, SIL 945 MW, 8= 24.2 and Vm 0.995 p.u. With mid-point shunt
= =

compensation, SIL =1181.25 MW, 6= 28.44° and V 1.00002 p.u. =

 the amount of power transfer; V=
m
(20.33)
line) and P are
where, P= SIL of the
L-L) transmission line is heavily
loadad
at its
Example 20.7: A long EHV (500 kV,
line series inductive
e reactance
reactance is 500
50 2 uhis
while
receiving e n receiving end, the
load being of
variable magnitude.
The
basis. The line length is 180 km km. fe
It is shunt capaciti
susceptance is 5 x 10 S on per phase
compensator such
that the terminal volto. at compensated the
mid-point by a dynamic capacitive of the reactance of this mid eiving end is
1.0 p.u. for all loading
conditions. Obtain the value
point compensator
1000 MW.
when the load is
we can write
Solution: Using equation (20.26),
2v2

P X

-sin-2
10002x500?
1000 -sin-
or, 50 2

sin0.1 =11.48°
or, 2
for this ß angle using equation
The susceptance of the mid-point compensator can be obtained

B D, derived in the text [equation (20.31a)].

11.48 5x10x10
Here, B
2 2
, for V, =
V,
ie. B -0.000401 +0.0025 = 0.0021 S.
Capacitive reactance of the compensator (X.m is obtained as

476.44 Wph.
comp 0.0021
 CONTROL
1118 PoWER SYSTEM ANALYSIs OPERATION AND

A 400 kV. 3 phase, 50 Hz, power line has natural impedance of 300 while the
whi
Example 20.8:
Obtain expression for and V (in p.u.) in terms of
power angle
electrical length is 0.5 radian.
of compensation being 40%
when the line is series capacitor compensated, the degree
Solution:
k=0.4
Mcomp)Z9v1-k) =3001-0.4) =232.38
ocomp)
1-k)=0.5(1-0.4)
=
0.387 rad =22.2°
com
2g sin & 300 sin
3.416 sin ;
Also, 232.38 sin 22.20°
o(comp) sin Gcomp)
Zo(comp)
thus,
L=3.416 sin 8

comp) P 232.38 Sin

22.2
Sin

V(comp) Po X Locomp) x- 3
Po 0
300
X
3
Zo sin
2

P 1
=0.149 P Sin
2

20.5 FACTS DEVICES

 A
ANALYSIS OPERATION
1134 POWER SYSTEM
increased.
is
two sub-grids
of tie lines connecting
Security
a certain limit.
increased.
Transient stability is be controlled up to
overloads can
and
Short circuit currents
Generation cost reduces.
reduces.
compensation requirement reactor) is connected
Passive to.
a 400 kv
delta connected
TCR (thyristor controlled active
Example 20.9: A power at rated
maximum reacr
The
a 10:1 step down
transformer.
of line current oe. voltag
transmission line through the
fundamental component
CR a
value of
would be the current in the thyristor?
is 100MVAR. What is the peak What
conduction angle
of 120°7
kV side for the of the TCR. Let find I. fe
400 inductive
reactance us
irst.
value of the
Solution: need to find the
We
100 x 10
= QnCR
3Vn
=

3 x 400x 10 x 10
1
10

current at LV side, n = turns ratiol

TCR line
TCR line voltage = 400 kV, 1, =

[V, =

1443.42= 833.38 A
= 1443.42 Aand 1ph 3
1
00 x10) 10
X=
48 Sph
Thus. 833.38
relation:
be obtained from the following
For TCR. the current per phase
can

ph -sin o
1phyca
XL
where O is the conduction angle (Fig. E20.2).

irCR fundamenta
(A),
kV ircR (full conduction angle a =0°)

90 120°
2709
180°
360

Radian or degree

-a 120°
TCR for a =

the
Fig. E20.2 Conduction of TCR at a =
0 and at a =
(n- 2) where ais the conduction angle and dis
triggering angle.
 CONTROLLERS
1135
1139
AND FACTS
COMPENSATION USING PASSIVE
POWER SYSTEM

120x - sin120° 400x 101.227 325.64 A

400x100' X -
180 -x
3.14
I phrcR 10x 48
Here 10x48

On the other
hand, I phw 325.6432.56 A at
10 side) or 56.39 A line current
current is 32.56 A (HV
TCR phase
Thus at firing angle of 60°, the
TCRR.
the HV side of find
From the given figure of conduction angle of 120°, we

120
=120°
a- 180 2

Peak current is obtained asS

400 x 103
2xx 400 589 A.
)2 x 10(cos 120° -

cos 180°) =
2VL-Lrms) (cos a - cos 48x 10
ith XL
is thus 589 A and
occurs at 180°
through the thyristor
Peak current

EXERCISES
correction?
What is the principle of power factor
ants of load compensation? 0 load hus whish is