SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT ON

“Overview Study of Stock Exchange Market of India”

Submitted By
ASHISH KUMAR
19DMB012

To

School of Management
Gautam Buddha University
Gautam Buddha Nagar- 201 312

1
 DECLARATION

I, Mr. ASHISH KUMAR student of the course, Bachelors in Management Studies at Gautam
buddha university, Greater Noida, hereby declare that this project report is the record of
authentic work carried out by me during the period from 1 st Sep to 31th Oct 2021, I am solely
responsible for any error found in this work.

Date: 1 September Ashish Kumar

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Internship in BBA is one of the initial paths for entering the corporate world. It helped
me to gain industry experience. The theoretical knowledge which we learnt in the
classrooms, are practically implemented by the firm and got an opportunity to test our
ability in the real environment. This industrial experience will polish the skills and the
way we approach towards anything further in our studies.

At the outset, I would like to thank Aceuvers for giving me an opportunity to train with
its employees and successfully complete my summer internship in their esteemed
organization and for their precious time and valuable guidance that they provided
during the training period.

For their unstinted and invaluable guidance, I would like to express my heartfelt
gratitude to my mentor Mr. Aditya Ohri gave me an excellent opportunity to work on
this project. I am grateful for their guidance and assistance. Their recommendations and
suggestions have been invaluable for the successful completion of this project.
Sr. No Content Pg. No

1. Introduction 7

2. Online Stock Exchange 9

3 Types of Stock 11

4. Importance and Role of Stock Exchange in Indian Market 13

5. Industry Profile - Indian Stock Market, BSE and NSE 17

6. Company Profile – Aceuvers 23

7 Overview of The Regulatory Framework of The Capital Market In 25

India
8 Trading with Stock Market 27

9 Capital Market Participants 29

10 Investment 30

11. Investment Types 34

12. Data Analysis & Interpretation 45

13 Findings of The Study 58

14 Conclusion 59

15 Bibliography / References 60
  INTRODUCTION

A stock exchange, share market or bourse is a corporation or mutual organization which

provides "trading" facilities for stock brokers and traders, to trade stocks and other securities.

Stock exchanges also provide facilities for the issue and redemption of securities as well as other

financial instruments and capital events including the payment of income and dividends. The

securities traded on a stock exchange include: shares issued by companies, unit trusts and other

pooled investment products and bonds. To be able to trade a security on a certain stock

exchange, it has to be listed there. Usually there is a central location at least for recordkeeping,

but trade is less and less linked to such a physical place, as modern markets are electronic

networks, which gives them advantages of speed and cost of transactions. Trade on an exchange

is by members only. The initial offering of stocks and bonds to investors is by definition done in

the primary market and subsequent trading is done in the secondary market. A stock exchange is

often the most important component of a stock market. Supply and demand in stock markets are

driven by various factors which, as in all free markets, affect the price of stocks (see stock

valuation). There is usually no compulsion to issue stock via the stock exchange itself, nor must

stock be subsequently traded on the exchange. Such trading is said to be off exchange or over-

the-counter. This is the usual way that bonds are traded. Increasingly, stock exchanges are part a

global market for securities. A stock exchange is simply a market that is designed for the sale

and purchase of securities of corporations and municipalities. A stock exchange sells and buys

stocks, shares, and other such securities. In addition, the stock exchange sometimes buys and

sells certificates representing commodities of trade. This article discusses:

 What is the principle behind the operation of stock exchanges?

 What are the functions and processes involved in stock exchanges?

 Know in detail about major stock exchanges

Understanding what a stock exchange is and how an online stock exchange works, can help you

make the right decisions when it comes to your investment. Being able to follow the NY stock

exchange and being able to understand the NASDAQ stock exchange numbers that appear on

your news every evening can help you become a better investor and can help you profit more

from the stock market.

History of Stock Exchanges:

In 11th century France the courtiers de change was concerned with managing and regulating the

debts of agricultural communities on behalf of the banks. As these men also traded in debts, they

could be called the first brokers.

Some stories suggest that the origins of the term "bourse" come from the Latin bursa meaning a

bag because, in 13th century Bruges, the sign of a purse (or perhaps three purses), hung on the

front of the house where merchants met.

However, it is more likely that in the late 13th century commodity traders in Bruges gathered

inside the house of a man called Vander Burse, and in 1309 they institutionalized this until now

informal meeting and became the "Bruges Bourse". The idea spread quickly around Flanders and

neigh boring counties and "Bourses" soon opened in Ghent and Amsterdam.
  Online Stock Exchange:

A stock exchange is simply a market that is designed for the sale and purchase of securities of

corporations and municipalities. A stock exchange sells and buys stocks, shares, and other such

securities. In addition, the stock exchange sometimes buys and sells certificates representing

commodities of trade. This article discusses:

 What is the principle behind the operation of stock exchanges?

 What are the functions and processes involved in stock exchanges?

 Know in detail about major stock exchanges

Understanding what a stock exchange is and how an online stock exchange works, can help you

make the right decisions when it comes to your investment. Being able to follow the NY stock

exchange and being able to understand the NASDAQ stock exchange numbers that appear on

your news every evening can help you become a better investor and can help you profit more

from the stock market.

How Does A Stock Exchange Work?

Buying and selling of stocks at the exchange is done on an area which is called the floor. All

over the floor are positions which are called posts. Each post has the names of the stocks traded

at that specific post. If a broker wants to buy shares of a specific company they will go to the

section of the post that has that stock. If the broker sees at the price of the stock is not the quite

what the broker is authorized to pay, a professional called the specialist may receive an order.

The specialist will often act as a go-between between the seller and buyer. What the specialist

does is to enter the information from the broker into a book. If the stock reaches the required

price, the specialist will sell or buy the stock according to the orders given to them by the
broker.
The transaction is then reported to the investor. If a broker approaches a post and sees that the

price of the stock is what they are authorized to pay, the broker can complete the transaction

themselves. As soon as a transaction occurs, the broker makes a memorandum and reports it to

the brokerage office by telephone instantly. At the post, an exchange employee jots down on a

special card the details of the transaction including the stock symbol, the number of shares, and

the price of the stocks. The employee then puts the card into an optical reader. The reader puts

this information into a computer and transmits the information of the buy or sell of the stock to

the market. This means that information about the transaction is added to the stock market and

the transaction is counted on the many stock market tickers and information display devices that

investors rely on all over the world. Today, markets are instantly linked by the Internet, allowing

for faster exchange.

How does a stock exchange operate and how a transaction is made there?

Most stocks are traded on exchanges, which are places where buyers and sellers meet and decide

on a price. Some exchanges are physical locations where transactions are carried out on a trading

floor. You've probably seen pictures of a trading floor, in which traders are wildly throwing their

arms up, waving, yelling, and signal to each other. The other type of exchange is virtual,

composed of a network of computers where trades are made electronically.

The purpose of a stock market is to facilitate the exchange of securities between buyers and

sellers, reducing the risks of investing. Just imagine how difficult it would be to sell shares if you

had to call around the neighborhood trying to find a buyer. Really, a stock market is nothing more

than a super-sophisticated farmers' market linking buyers and sell

  Types Of Stock

There are different types of stocks to choose in the stock market. While you do not necessarily

have to be an expert on all the types of stocks available in stock market content, being able to

differentiate and choose stocks is crucial to stock market investing. This article helps you to

know more on:

What re the various types of stocks available?

 What are the features of preferred stocks?

 What are the characteristics of blue-chip stocks?

There are different types of stocks to choose in the stock market. While you do not necessarily

have to be an expert on all the types of stocks available in stock market content, being able to

differentiate and choose stocks is crucial to stock market investing. Depending on your goals and

your investment, you may simply find that some stocks are better suited to your needs than

others. At the very least, being able to tell the difference between preferred and common stocks

can help you get started in investing.

Preferred Stocks and Common Stocks

All stocks are generally designated as preferred or common. Common stocks are stocks that offer

you a bit of ownership of a company. Each common stock you have offers you a specific amount

of ownership, entitles you to some dividends and allows you one vote for each share you own in

electing directors or making key business decisions. Common stocks in this sense are different

from debentures or bonds, which are money given to a company as a loan in return for the

promise of specific interest. Preferred stock offers you preferential treatment when it comes to

paying out of dividends. If the company goes bankrupt, stocks holders holding preferred equities

get faster access to any assets not used towards paying debts. If you have preferred cumulative

stock, your position is secure. This type of stock allows unpaid dividends to be accrued. If a

company cannot pay dividends one year, your dividends accrue until the company can pay.
During such period all the money owed over the previous years will be paid. Those holding

preferred types of stock usually have no voting ability and these stocks only get their pre-

determined dividend and not more than that. This is to offset the other advantages of preferred

status.

Growth of Stocks

Growth stocks are stocks of companies that are experiencing rapid growth and are expected to

continue growing in the future. A company with growth stocks is generally a stable company that

is experiencing larger sales as well as incurring reasonable expenses. Such a company invests

money in new products. These stocks are attractive to investors since they allow investors to

make money from a growing and prospering company. However, these stocks can also be a risk.

These stocks are often expensive, and of course there is no guarantee that a company will

continue to grow and prosper as projected

Dividend Stocks

Dividend stocks are those stocks that pay a yearly dividend or cash amount in addition to having

an inherent buying and selling value. Having high dividend stocks means that you make money

each year that a company profit. This article takes you through: Dividend stocks are those stocks

that pay a yearly dividend or cash amount in addition to having an inherent buying and selling

value. Having high dividend stocks means that you make money each year that a company profit.

The best dividend stocks are used by wealthy people in order to create a passive income. Thanks

to the Internet, almost any investor can start investing in these stocks. It is easy to find a list of

dividends paying stocks and even get newsletters that feature monthly dividend stocks right in

your mailbox or email inbox.

  The Importance of the Stock Exchange:

Stock exchanges perform important roles in national economies. Most importantly, they

encourage investment by providing places for buyers and sellers to trade securities. This

investment, in turn, enables corporations to obtain funds to expand their businesses.

Corporations issue new securities in what is known as the primary market, usually with the help

of investment bankers (see Investment Banking). The investment bank acquires the initial issue

of the new securities from the corporation at a negotiated price and then makes the securities

available for its clients and other investors in an initial public offering (IPO). In this primary

market, corporations receive the proceeds of security sales. After this initial offering the

securities are bought and sold in the secondary market. The corporation is not usually involved in

the trading of its stock in the secondary market.

Stock exchanges essentially function as secondary markets. By providing investors the

opportunity to trade financial instruments, the stock exchanges support the performance of the

primary markets. This arrangement makes it easier for corporations to raise the funds that they

need to build and expand their businesses.

Although corporations do not directly benefit from secondary market transactions, the

managers of a corporation closely monitor the price of the corporation's stock in secondary

markets. One reason for this concern involves the cost of raising new funds for further business

expansion. The price of a company's stock in the secondary market influences the amount of

funds that can be raised by issuing additional stock in the primary market. Corporate managers

also pay attention to the price of the company's stock in secondary markets because it affects the

financial wealth of the corporation's owners—the stockholders. If the price of the stock rises,

then the stockholders become wealthier. This is likely to make them happy with the company's

management. Typically, managers own only small amounts of a corporation's outstanding shares.
If the price of the stock declines, the shareholders become less wealthy and are likely to be

unhappy with management. If enough shareholders become unhappy, they may move to replace

the corporation's managers. Most corporate managers also receive options to buy company stock

at a selected price, so they are motivated to increase the value of the stock in the secondary

market. Stock exchanges encourage investment by providing this secondary market. Stock

exchanges also encourage investment in other ways.

They protect investors by upholding rules and regulations that ensure buyers will be treated fairly

and receive exactly what they pay for. Exchanges also support state-of-the-art technology and the

business of brokering. This support helps traders buy and sell securities quickly and efficiently.

Of course, being able to sell a security in the secondary market increases the relative safety of

investing because investors can unload a stock that may be on the decline or that faces an

uncertain future.

The Role of Stock Exchanges:

Stock exchanges have multiple roles in the economy, this may include the following:

Raising capital for businesses:

The Stock Exchange provides companies with the facility to raise capital for expansion through

selling shares to the investing public.

Mobilizing savings for investment:

When people draw their savings and invest in shares, it leads to a more rational allocation of

resources because funds, which could have been consumed, or kept in idle deposits with banks,

are mobilized and redirected to promote business activity with benefits for several economic

sectors such as agriculture, commerce and industry, resulting in a stronger economic growth and

higher productivity levels and firms.

Facilitating company growth:

Companies view acquisitions as an opportunity to expand product lines, increase distribution

channels, hedge against volatility, increase its market share, or acquire other necessary business

assets. A takeover bid or a merger agreement through the stock market is one of the simplest and

most common ways for a company to grow by acquisition or fusion.

Redistribution of wealth:

Stocks exchanges do not exist to redistribute wealth. However, both casual and professional

stock investors, through dividends and stock price increases that may result in capital gains, will

share in the wealth of profitable businesses.

Corporate governance:

By having a wide and varied scope of owners, companies generally tend to improve on their

management standards and efficiency in order to satisfy the demands of these shareholders and

the more stringent rules for public corporations imposed by public stock exchanges and the

government. Consequently, it is alleged that public companies (companies that are owned by

shareholders who are members of the general public and trade shares on public exchanges) tend

to have better management records than privately-held companies (those companies where

shares are not publicly traded, often owned by the company founders and/or their families and

heirs, or otherwise by a small group of investors).

Creating investment opportunities for small investors:

As opposed to other businesses that require huge capital outlay, investing in shares is open to

both the large and small stock investors because a person buys the number of shares they can

afford. Therefore, the Stock Exchange provides the opportunity for small investors to own shares

of the same companies as large investors.

Government capital-raising for development projects:

Governments at various levels may decide to borrow money in order to finance infrastructure

projects such as sewage and water treatment works or housing estates by selling another category

of securities known as bonds. These bonds can be raised through the Stock Exchange whereby

members of the public buy them, thus loaning money to the government. The issuance of such

bonds can obviate the need to directly tax the citizens in order to finance development, although

by securing such bonds with the full faith and credit of the government instead of with collateral,

the result is that the government must tax the citizens or otherwise raise additional funds to make

any regular coupon payments and refund the principal when the bonds mature.

Barometer to the Economy

At the stock exchange, share prices rise and fall depending, largely, on market forces. Share

prices tend to rise or remain stable when companies and the economy in general show signs of

stability and growth. An economic recession, depression, or financial crisis could eventually lead

to a stock market crash. Therefore, the movement of share prices and in general of the stock

indexes can be an indicator of the general trend in the economy.

  Indian Stock Market

Indian Stock Markets is one of the oldest in Asia. Its history dates back to nearly 200 years ago.

The earliest records of security dealings in India are meager and obscure. The East India

Company was the dominant institution in those days and business in its loan securities used to be

transacted towards the close of the eighteenth century. By 1830's business on corporate stocks

and shares in Bank and Cotton presses took place in Bombay. Though the trading list was

broader in 1839, there were only half a dozen brokers recognized by banks and merchants during

1840 and 1850. The 1850's witnessed a rapid development of commercial enterprise and

brokerage business attracted many men into the field and by 1860 the number of brokers

increased into 60. In 1860-61 the American Civil War broke out and cotton supply from United

States to Europe was stopped; thus, the 'Share Mania' in India began. The number of brokers

increased to about 200 to 250.

At the end of the American Civil War, the brokers who thrived out of Civil War in 1874,

found a place in a street (now appropriately called as Dalal Street) where they would

conveniently assemble and transact business. In 1887, they formally established in Bombay,

the "Native Share and Stock Brokers' Association”, which is alternatively known as “The

Stock Exchange". In 1895, the Stock Exchange acquired a premise in the same street and it

was inaugurated in 1899. Thus, the Stock Exchange at Bombay was consolidated. The Indian

stock market has been assigned an important place in financing the Indian corporate sector.

The principal functions of the stock markets are:

 enabling mobilizing resources for investment directly from the investors

 providing liquidity for the investors and monitoring.

 Disciplining company management.

 The two major stock exchanges in India are: -

 National Stock Exchange (NSE)

 Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)

National Stock Exchange

With the liberalization of the Indian economy, it was found inevitable to lift the Indian stock

market trading system on par with the international standards. On the basis of the

recommendations of high powered Pherwani Committee. The National Stock Exchange was

incorporated in 1992 by Industrial Development Bank of India, Industrial Credit and

Investment Corporation of India, Industrial Finance Corporation of India, all Insurance

Corporations, selected commercial banks and others.

The National Stock Exchange (NSE) is India's leading stock exchange covering various cities

and towns across the country. NSE was set up by leading institutions to provide a modern, fully

automated screen-based trading system with national reach. The Exchange has brought about

unparalleled transparency, speed & efficiency, safety and market integrity. It has set up

facilities that serve as a model for the securities industry in terms of systems, practices and

procedures.
Trading at NSE can be classified under two broad categories:

 Wholesale debt market

 Capital market

Wholesale debt market operations are similar to money market operations - institutions and

corporate bodies enter into high value transactions in financial instruments such as

government securities, treasury bills, public sector unit bonds, commercial paper, certificate of

deposit, etc.

Capital market: A market where debt or equity securities are traded.

There are two kinds of players in NSE:

 Trading members

 Participants

Recognized members of NSE are called trading members who trade on behalf of themselves

and their clients. Participants include trading members and large players like banks who take

direct settlement responsibility.

Trading at NSE takes place through a fully automated screen-based trading mechanism which

adopts the principle of an order-driven market. Trading members can stay at their offices and

execute the trading, since they are linked through a communication network.

The prices at which the buyer and seller are willing to transact will appear on the screen. When

the prices match the transaction will be completed and a confirmation slip will be printed at the

office of the trading member.

 NSE has several advantages over the traditional trading exchanges. They are as follows:

 NSE brings an integrated stock market trading network across the nation.

 Investors can trade at the same price from anywhere in the country since inter-market

operations are streamlined coupled with the countrywide access to the securities.

 Delays in communication, late payments and the malpractice’s prevailing in the traditional

trading mechanism can be done away with greater operational efficiency and informational

transparency in the stock market operations, with the support of total computerized network.

NSE Nifty

S&P CNX Nifty is a well-diversified 50 stock index accounting for 22 sectors of the

economy. It is used for a variety of purposes such as benchmarking fund portfolios, index

based derivatives and index funds.

NSE came to be owned and managed by India Index Services and Products Ltd. (IISL), which is

a joint venture between NSE and CRISIL. IISL is India's first specialized company focused upon

the index as a core product. IISL have a consulting and licensing agreement with Standard &

Poor's (S&P), who are world leaders in index services. CNX stands for CRISIL NSE Indices.

CNX ensures common branding of indices, to reflect the identities of both the promoters, i.e.

NSE and CRISIL. Thus, 'C' Stands for CRISIL, 'N' stands for NSE and X stands for Exchange or

Index. The S&P prefix belongs to the US-based Standard & Poor's Financial Information

Services.
  Bombay Stock Exchange

The Bombay Stock Exchange is one of the oldest stock exchanges in Asia. It was established

as "The Native Share & Stock Brokers Association" in 1875. It is the first stock exchange

in the country to obtain permanent recognition in 1956 from the Government of India under

the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956. The Exchange's pivotal and pre-eminent role

in the development of the Indian capital market is widely recognized and its index, SENSEX,

is tracked worldwide. India’s economy has been one of the talks of the business world.

Starting with the information technology and moving rapidly to outsourcing, this foreign

market has truly emerged in the past two years. With globalization on the rise and a strong

demand for information technology and outsourcing, India will look attractive not only for

investors but for businesses looking to go overseas. This expansion will not only help India’s

economy as money is invested into the country, but companies will benefit due to lower

operating costs and higher revenue. India is benefiting from this shift of home front to the idea

of outsourcing. With India surging, so is the Bombay Sensex, as it reflected the state of the

economy.

The Bombay Stock Exchange is known as the oldest exchange in Asia. It traces its history to

the 1850s, when 4 Gujarati and 1 Parsi stockbroker would gather under banyan trees in front

of Mumbai's Town Hall. The location of these meetings changed many times, as the number

of brokers constantly increased. The group eventually moved to Dalal Street in 1874 and in

1875 became an official organization known as 'The Native Share & Stock Brokers

Association'. Later the name changed to Bombay Stock Exchange or the BSE.
  SENSEX

The Stock Exchange, Mumbai (BSE) in 1986 came out with a stock index that subsequently

became the barometer of the Indian stock market.

SENSEX is not only scientifically designed but also based on globally accepted construction

and review methodology. First compiled in 1986, SENSEX is a basket of 30 constituent

stocks representing a sample of large, liquid and representative companies. The base year of

SENSEX is 1978-79 and the base value is 100. The index is widely reported in both domestic

and international markets through print as well as electronic media.

Due to is wide acceptance amongst the Indian investors; SENSEX is regarded to be the pulse

of the Indian stock market. As the oldest index in the country, it provides the time series data

over a fairly long period of time. Small wonder, the SENSEX has over the years become one

of the most prominent brands in the country The SENSEX captured all these events in the

most judicial manner. One can identify the booms and busts of the Indian stock market

through SENSEX. The launch of SENSEX in 1986 was later followed up in January 1989 by

introduction of BSE National Index (Base: 1983-84 = 100). It comprised of 100 stocks listed

at five major stock exchanges. The values of all BSE indices are updated every 15 seconds

during the market hours and displayed through the BOLT system, BSE website and news wire

agencies.

All BSE-indices are reviewed periodically by the “index committee” of the exchange.
  Company Profile

Acuevers is a managed web hosting, website design & development, logo designing, digital marketing, and e-
commerce photography service provider. Along with this, it also has its base in finances and stocks. Acuevers stands
to provide its extensive customer base with innovative products and services designed to complement their existing
businesses.

We serve customers ranging from individual freelancers to startups and businesses existing for influential years. We
take tremendous pride in our commitment to ensure security, reliability, and technical expertise for each individual
customer. We provide everything you need to build, host, and manage a website. We provide website design &
development, social media marketing, web hosting & domains, and product photography services.
To outsiders, the stock exchange automatically evokes images of floor trading and traders who communicate and
make deals via hand signals and shouting.

The open outcry system which was the symbol of Indian stock market has been preserved in BSE for more than 100
years. With more than 5000 listed companies which makes BSE second largest exchange in the world in terms of
listed companies, the feel of the visit to BSE makes the experience worth.
Although today 100% percent of exchange turnover is handled via the fully electronic and location-independent
trading system BSE Online Trading (BOLT), it is still worth taking a look at BSE International Convention Hall (the
legendary trading floor)

With the country seeing and experiencing an economy so dynamic and ever-changing Brokers’ Forum is acting as a
facilitator in filling the gaps so that the business may shore up their competitiveness and enhance their global reach.
Objective of these seminars is to increase the number of retail investors in the market. During these sessions
knowledge about working of the global economy, Indian economy and the stock
  Overview Of The Regulatory Framework Of The Capital Market In

India

India has a financial system that is regulated by independent regulators in the sectors of

banking, insurance, capital markets and various service sectors. The Indian Financial system

is regulated by two governing agencies under the Ministry of Finance. They are

1. Reserve Bank of India

The RBI was set up in 1935 and is the central bank of India. It regulates the financial

and banking system. It formulates monetary policies and prescribes exchange control

norms.

2. The Securities Exchange Board of India

The Government of India constituted SEBI on April 12, 1988, as a non-statutory body

to promote orderly and healthy development of the securities market and to provide

investor protection. Department Economic Affairs: The capital markets division of

the Department of Economic Affairs regulates capital markets and securities

transactions The capital markets division has been entrusted with the responsibility of

assisting the Government in framing suitable policies for the orderly growth and

development of the securities markets with the SEBI, RBI and other agencies. It is also

responsible for the functioning of the Unit Trust of India (UTI) and Securities and

Exchange Board of India (SEBI).

The Capital Market is governed by:

 Securities Contract (Regulation) Act, 1956

 Securities Contract (Regulation) Rules, 1957

 SEBI Act, 1992

 Companies Act 1956

 SEBI (Stock Brokers and Sub Brokers) Rules, 1992

 Exchange Bye-Laws Rules & Regulations

Self-regulating Role of the Exchange

The exchange functions as a Self Regulatory Organization with the parameters laid down by

the SCRA, SEBI Act, SEBI Guidelines and Rules, Bye-laws and Regulations of the Exchange.

The Governing Board discharges these functions. The Executive Director has all the powers of

the governing board except discharging a member indefinitely or declaring him a defaulter or

expelling him. The Executive Director takes decisions in the areas like surveillance,

inspection, investigation, etc. in an objective manner as per the parameters laid down by the

governing board or the statutory committees like the Disciplinary Action Committee.
  Trading With Stock Market

This section will introduce us about the process and instruments used to help a customer or a

client to trade with arcadia securities. This process is almost similar to any other trading firm

but there will be some difference in the cost of brokerage commission.

Trading: It is a process by which a customer is given facility to buy and sell share this buying

and selling can only be done through some broker and this is where Arcadia helps its customer.

A customer willing to trade with any brokerage house need to have a demat account, trading

account and saving account with a brokerage firm. Anyone having following document can

open all the above-mentioned account and can start trading.

Document Required

 3 photographs (signed across)

 Photo Identification Proof - any of the following - Voter ID/Driving License/Passport.

 Address Proof any of the following - Voter ID/Driving License/ Passport/ Bank statement

or pass book sealed and attestation by bank official/ BSNL landline bill.

 A crossed Cheque favoring “Karvy Stock Broking”. Of the required amount. The amount

for Demat as well as trading will be Rs. 900/-(free Demat +900 Trading Account) the

minimum amount being Rs. 900 a cheque can be given for a larger amount.

 Copy of PAN Card is mandatory.

 Registration Kit

 CDSL Demat Kit

 Bank and address proof declaration.

 PAN name discrepancy form.

 These documents may not be consumer friendly but it is to avoid illegal transaction and to

prevent black money this ensures that money invested is accounted.

Techniques and Instruments for Trading - The various techniques that are available in the

hands of a client are: -

1. Delivery

2. Intraday

3. Future

4. Forwards

5. Options

6. Swaps

Basic Requirement for doing Trading

Trading requires Opening a Demat account. Demat refers to a dematerialized account. You

need to open a Demat account if you want to buy or sell stocks. So, it is just like a bank

account where actual money is replaced by shares. We need to approach the Depository

Participants (DP, they are like bank branches), to open Demat account. A depository is a

place where the stocks of investors are held in electronic form. The depository has agents who

are called depository participants (DPs). Think of it like a bank. The head office where all

the technology rests and details of all accounts held is like the depository. And the DPs are the

branches that cater to individuals. There are only two depositories in India –

 The National Securities Depository Ltd (NSDL) and the

 Central Depository Services Ltd (CDSL).

  Capital Market Participants

 Banks

 Exchanges

 Clearing Corporations

 Brokers

 Custodians

 Depositories

 Investors

 Merchant Bankers

Types of Investors

 Institutional Investors- MFs / FI / FIIs / Banks

 Retail Investors

 Arbitrageurs / Speculators

 Hedgers

 Day traders/Jobbers

Parameters Of Investment : The nature of investment differs from individual to individual

and is unique to each one because it depends on various parameters like future financial goals,

the present & the future income model, capacity to bear the risk, the present requirements and

lot more. As an investor progresses on his/her life stage and as his/her financial goals change,

so does the unique investor profile. Economic development of a country depends upon its

investment
  INVESTMENT

The word "investment" can be defined in many ways according to different theories and

principles. It is a term that can be used in a number of contexts. However, the different meanings

of "investment" are more alike than dissimilar.

Generally, investment is the application of money for earning more money. Investment also

means savings or savings made through delayed consumption.

According to economics, investment is the utilization of resources in order to increase income or

production output in the future. An amount deposited into a bank or machinery that is purchased

in anticipation of earning income in the long run are both examples of investments. Although

there is a general broad definition to the term investment, it carries slightly different meanings to

different industrial sectors. According to economists, investment refers to any physical or

tangible asset, for example, a building or machinery and equipment. The most important feature

of financial investments is that they carry high market liquidity. The method used for evaluating

the value of a financial investment is known as valuation.

According to business theories, investment is that activity in which a manufacturer buys a

physical asset, for example, stock or production equipment, in expectation that this will help the

business to prosper in the long run.

Characteristics of an investment decision:

1. It involves the commitment of funds available with you or that you would be getting in

the future.

2. The investment leads to acquisition of a plot, house, or shares and debentures.

3. The physical or financial assets you have acquired are expected to give certain benefits in the

future periods.
Essentials of Investment

Essentials of investment refer to why investment, or the need for investment, is required. The

investment strategy is a plan, which is created to guide an investor to choose the most

appropriate investment portfolio that will help him achieve his financial goals within a particular

period of time.

An investment strategy usually involves a set of methods, rules, and regulations, and is designed

according to the exchange or compromise of the investor's risks and returns.

A number of investors like to increase their earnings through high-risk investments, whilst others

prefer investing in assets with minimum risk involved. However, the majority of investors

choose an investment strategy that lies in the middle.

Investment strategies can be broadly categorized into the following types:

 Active strategies: One of the principal active strategies is market timing (an investor

is able to move into the market when it is on the low and sell the stocks when the

market is on the high), which is applied for maximizing yields.

 Passive strategies: Frequently implemented for reducing transaction costs.

The idea behind this is that stock markets yield a commendable rate of return in spite

of stages of fluctuation or downfall. Indexing is a strictly passive variable of the buy

and hold strategy and, in this case, an investor purchases a limited number of every

share existing in the stock market index, for example the Standard and Poor 500

Index, or more probably in an index fund, which is a form of a mutual fund.

Additionally, as the market timing strategy is not applicable for small-scale investors,

it is advisable to apply the buy and hold strategy, because the holding period is

normally equal to the total span of the mortgage loan.

Principles Of Investment

Five basic principles serve as the foundation for the investment approach. They are as follows:

 Focus on the long term

There is substantive empirical evidence to suggest that equities provide the maximum risk

adjusted returns over the long term. In an attempt to take full advantage of this phenomenon,

investments would be made with a long-term perspective.

 Investments confer proportionate ownership

The approach to valuing a company is similar to making an investment in a business.

Therefore, there is a need to have a comprehensive understanding of how the business

operates.

 Maintain a margin of safety

The benchmark for determining relative attractiveness of stocks would be the intrinsic value

of the business. The Investment Manager would endeavor to purchase stocks that represent a

discount to this value, in an effort to preserve capital and generate superior growth.

 Maintain a balanced outlook on the market

The investment portfolio would be regularly monitored to understand the impact of changes

in business and economic trend as well as investor sentiment. While short-term market

volatility would affect valuations of the portfolio, this is not expected to influence the

decision to own fundamentally strong companies.

 Investment Process

Figure no. 5.3. Investment Process

Framing of investment policy

Investment Analysis

Valuation

Portfolio
construction

Portfolio evaluation
  Investment Types

A particular investor normally determines the investment types after having formulated the

investment decision, which is termed as capital budgeting in financial lexicon. With the

proliferation of financial markets there are more options for investment types.

According to the financial terminology investment means the following:

 Purchasing Securities in Money or Capital Markets

 Buying Monetary or Paper Financial Assets in Money or Capital Markets

 Investing in Liquid Assets like Gold, Real Estate and Collectibles

investors assume that these forms of investment would furnish them with some revenue by way

of positive cash flow. These assets can also affect the particular investor positively or negatively

depending on the alterations in their respective values.

Investments are often made through the intermediaries who use money taken from individuals to

invest. Consequently, the individuals are regarded as having claims on the particular

intermediary. It is common practice for the particular intermediaries to have separate legal

procedures of their own. Following are some intermediaries:

 Banks

 Mutual Funds

 Pension Funds

 Insurance Companies

 Collective Investment Schemes

 Investment Clubs
Investment in the domain of personal finance signifies funds employed in the purchasing of

shares, investing in collective investment plans or even purchasing an asset with an element of

capital risk. In the field of real estate, investments imply buying of property with the sole

purpose of generating income. Investment in residential real estate could be made in the form of

buying housing property, while investments in commercial real estate is made by owning

commercial property for corporate purposes that are geared to generate some amount of revenue.

Investment

The money you earn is partly spent and the rest saved for meeting future expenses. Instead of

keeping the savings idle you may like to use savings in order to get return on it in the future. This

is called Investment.

Why should one invest?

One needs to invest to:

 earn return on your idle resources

 generate a specified sum of money for a specific goal in life

 make a provision for an uncertain future

Various Options Available for Investment

One may invest in:

 Physical assets like real estate, gold/jewelry, commodities etc. or

 Financial assets such as fixed deposits with banks, small saving instruments with post

offices, insurance/ provident/

 Pension fund etc. or securities market related instruments like shares, bonds, debentures

etc.
Various Short-term financial options available for investment

Broadly speaking, savings bank account, money market/liquid funds and fixed deposits with

banks may be considered as short-term financial investment options.

Savings Bank Account is often the first banking product people use, which offers low interest

(4%-5% p.a.), making them only marginally better than fixed deposits.

Fixed Deposits with Banks are also referred to as term deposits and minimum investment

period for bank FDs is 30 days. Fixed Deposits with banks are for investors with low risk

appetite, and may be considered for 6-12 months investment period as normally interest on less

than 6 months bank FDs is likely to be lower than money market fund returns.

Various Long-term financial options available for investment

Post Office Savings: Post Office Monthly Income Scheme is a low risk saving instrument,

which can be availed through any post office. It provides an interest rate of 8% per annum,

which is paid monthly.

Minimum amount, which can be invested, is Rs. 1,000/- and additional investment in multiples

of 1,000/-. Maximum amount is Rs. 3, 00,000/- (if Single) or Rs. 6, 00,000/- (if held jointly)

during a year. It has a maturity period of 6 years.

A bonus of 10% is paid at the time of maturity. Premature withdrawal is permitted if deposit is

more than one year old. A deduction of 5% is levied from the principal amount if withdrawn

prematurely; the 10% bonus is also denied.

Public Provident Fund: A long term savings instrument with a maturity of 15 years and interest

payable at 8% per annum compounded annually. A PPF account can be opened through a

nationalized bank at any time during the year and is open all through the year for depositing

money. Tax benefits can be availed for the amount invested and interest accrued is tax-free. A

withdrawal is permissible every year from the seventh financial year of the date of opening of the

account and the amount of withdrawal will be limited to 50% of the balance at credit at the end
of the 4th year immediately preceding the year in which the amount is withdrawn or at the end of

the preceding year whichever is lower the amount of loan if any.

Company Fixed Deposits: These are short-term (six months) to medium-term (three to five

years) borrowings by companies at a fixed rate of interest which is payable monthly, quarterly,

semi-annually or annually.

They can also be cumulative fixed deposits where the entire principal along with the interest is

paid at the end of the loan period. The rate of interest varies between 6-9% per annum for

company FDs. The interest received is after deduction of taxes

Bonds: It is a fixed income (debt) instrument issued for a period of more than one year with the

purpose of raising capital.

The central or state government, corporations and similar institutions sell bonds. A bond is

generally a promise to repay the principal along with a fixed rate of interest on a specified date,

called the Maturity Date.

Mutual Funds: These are funds operated by an investment company which raises money from

the public and invests in a group of assets (shares, debentures etc.), in accordance with a stated

set of objectives. It is a substitute for those who are unable to invest directly in equities or debt

because of resource, time or knowledge constraints. Benefits include professional money

management, buying in small amounts and diversification. Mutual fund units are issued and

redeemed by the Fund Management Company based on the fund's net asset value (NAV),

which is determined at the end of each trading session. NAV is calculated as the value of all the

shares held by the fund, minus expenses, divided by the number of units issued.
Equity Investment

Equity investment refers to the trading of stocks and bonds in the share market. It is also referred

to as the acquisition of equity or ownership participation in the company. An equity

investment is typically an ownership investment, where the investor owns an asset of the

company. In this kind of investment there is always a risk of the investor not earning a specific

amount of money. Equity investment can also be termed as payment to a firm in return for partial

ownership of that firm. An equity investor, in some cases, may assume some management

control of the firm and may also share in future profits. In order to understand equity investment

properly, it is necessary to see the technical and fundamental analysis. The technical analysis of

equity investment is primarily the study of price history of the shares and stock market. A

fundamental analysis of equity investment involves the study of all available information that is

relevant to the share market in order to predict the future trends of the stock market. The annual

reports, industry data and study of the economic and financial environment are also included in

the fundamental information of equity investment.

Mutual Funds and Segregated Funds

Mutual funds or other forms of pooled investment measures are equities held by private

individuals but managed and governed by prominent management firms. These types of financial

holdings allow individual investors to diversify their holdings and avoid potential loss.

Segregated funds, on the other hand, are used by large private investors who wish to hold their

shares directly rather than in a mutual fund.

The prime advantage in investing in a pooled fund is that it gives the individual access to

professional advice through the fund manager. The major disadvantages involved are that the

investors must pay a fee to the fund managers and that the diversification of the fund may not be

appropriate for all investors.

Mutual funds

are supposed to be the best mode of investment in the capital market since they are very cost

beneficial and simple, and do not require an investor to figure out which securities to invest into.

A mutual fund could simply be described as a financial medium used by a group of investors to

increase their money with a predetermined

Investment The responsibility for investing the pooled money into specific investment channel

lies with the fund manager of said mutual fund.

Therefore, investment in a mutual fund means that the investor has bought the shares of the

mutual fund and has become a shareholder of that fund. Diversification of investment Investors

are able to purchase securities with much lower trading costs by pooling money together in a

mutual fund rather than try to do it on their own. However, the biggest advantage that mutual

funds offer is diversification which allows the investor to spread out his money across a wide

spectrum of investments. Therefore, when one investment is not doing well, another may be

doing taking off, thereby balancing the risk to profit ratio and considerably covering the overall

investment. The best form of diversification is to invest in multiple securities rather than in just

one security. Mutual funds are set up with the precise objective of investing in multiple securities

that can run into hundreds. It could take weeks for an investor to investigate on this kind of scale,

but with investment in mutual funds all this could be done in a matter of hours.
Debentures

In financial context, Debentures are Debt Instruments issued for a long term by governments and

big institutions for rising funds. The Debenture has some resemblances to bonds but the

securitization terms and conditions are different for Debentures compared to a bond.

A Debenture is commonly considered as insecure because there is no pledge or lien on particular

assets. Nevertheless, a Debenture is secured by all the assets which are otherwise not pledged. If

there is a bankruptcy, Debenture holders will be counted as general creditors. The

benefit that the issuer enjoys from issuing a debenture is that they keep particular assets free of

encumbrances so the option is open to issue them for future financing. Usually,

Debentures are freely negotiable debt instruments. The Debenture holder works as a lender to the

Debenture issuer. In return, the Debenture issuer pays interest to the Debenture holders as it is

paid in case of a loan. In practical application, the difference between a Bond and a Debenture is

not always kept. In some instances, Debentures are also referred to as Bonds and vice-versa.

Types Of Debentures

 Convertible Debenture

 Non-Convertible Debenture

 Participative Debenture

 Non- Participative Debenture

 Redeemable Debenture

 Irredeemable Debenture
BOND MARKET

The bond market is a financial market that acts as a platform for the buying and selling of debt

securities. The bond market is a part of the capital market serving platform to collect fund for the

public sector companies, governments, and corporations. There are a number of bond indices that

reflect the performance of a bond market.

The bond market can also call the debt market, credit market, or fixed income market. The size

of the current international bond market is estimated to be $45 trillion. The major bond market

participants are: governments, institutional investors, traders, and individual investors.

According to the specifications given by the Bond Market Association, there are five types of

bond markets.

They are:

 Corporate Bond Market

 Municipal Bond Market

 Government and Agency Bond Market

 Funding Bond Market

 Mortgage Backed and Collateralized Debt Obligation Bond Market

Share Market Investment

Shares are purchased and sold on the primary and secondary share markets. To invest in the

share market, investors acquire a call option, which is the right to buy a share, or a put option,

which is the right to sell a share. In general, investors buy put options if they expect prices to

rise, and call options if they expect prices to fall.. The value of a derivative depends on the value

of the underlying asset.

The various classifications of derivatives relevant to share market investment are:

 Swap

 Futures Contract

 Forward Contract

 Option Contract

A forward contract is agreements between two parties purchase or sell a product in the future,

at a price determined now. This mutual agreement satisfies the profit motive of both the

buyer and seller, and the uncertainties and risks of price fluctuations in the future are aborted.

A future contract is different from a forward contract in the sense that the former requires the

presence of a third party and the commitment for trade is simply notional.

Before a share is chosen for investment, a technical analysis of the share is performed. The

price and volume of a share over a period of time are tracked and then a business plan is

constructed. A fundamental analysis involves a close study of the company associated with

the share, and its performance over time. The fundamental analysis is important for the share

market

The price levels of a traded share are as follows:

 Opening Price: This is the price at which the market opens. In other words, it is the price

of the first transaction.

 Closing Price: This is the price at the time of closing of the market or the price of the last

trade.

 Intra-Day High: This denotes the maximum price at which the share was traded in the

day.

 Intra-Day Low: This is the minimum price at which the share traded in the day.
Debt Investments:

Debt securities (in the form of non-convertible debentures, bonds, secured premium notes, zero

interest bonds, deep discount bonds, floating rate bond / notes, securitized debt, pass through

certificates, asset backed securities, mortgage backed securities and any other domestic fixed

income securities including structured obligations etc.) include, but are not limited to:

o Debt obligations of the Government of India, State and local Governments,

Government Agencies and statutory bodies (which may or may not carry a state /

central government guarantee),

o Securities that have been guaranteed by Government of India and State

Governments,

o Securities issued by Corporate Entities (Public / Private sector undertakings),

o Securities issued by Public / Private sector banks and development financial

institutions.

 Money Market Instruments Include

o Commercial Papers

o Commercial bills

o Treasury bills

o Government securities having an unexpired maturity up to one year

o Call or notice money

o Certificate of deposit

o Usance bills

o Permitted securities under a repo / reverse repo agreement

 o Any other like instruments as may be permitted by RBI / SEBI from time to time

Investments will be made through secondary market purchases, initial public

offers, other public offers, placements and right offers (including renunciation)

and negotiated deals. The securities could be listed, unlisted, privately placed,

secured / unsecured, rated / unrated of any maturity.

Pursuant to the SEBI Regulations, the Scheme shall not make any investment in:

 any unlisted security of an associate or group company of the Sponsor; or

 any security issued by way of private placement by an associate or group company of the

Sponsor; or

 the listed securities of group companies of the Sponsor which is in excess of 25% of the

net assets.

The Scheme may invest in other schemes managed by the AMC or in the schemes of any other

mutual funds, provided it is in conformity with the investment objectives of the Scheme and in

terms of the prevailing SEBI Regulations. As per the SEBI Regulations, no investment

management fees will be charged for such investments and the aggregate inter Scheme

investment made by all the schemes of HDFC Mutual Fund or in the schemes of other mutual

funds shall not exceed 5% of the net asset value of the HDFC Mutual Fund.
  Data Analysis And Interpretation

6.1 Demographic Profile of investors

Table 6.0: Demographic Profile of investors

Demographics No. of respondents Percentage of respondents

Age

Less than 20 years 0 0

20-40 20 40

Greater than 40 30 60

Total 50 Total 50

Qualification

Matric 0 0

Under Graduate 25 50

Post Graduate 25 50

Total 50 Total 100

Occupation

Service 19 38

Profession 6 12

Business 15 30

Student 10 20

Total 50 Total 100

Income (per month)

Less than Rs.20000

Rs.20000-40000 10 20

Greater than 40000 25 50

15 30

Total 100 Total 100

Analysis & Interpretation: It was found that the major population of investors was greater than

40yrs and 60% was of 20-40 yrs. And 50% respondents were under graduate and 50% were post

graduate. 35% of respondents were doing service. And majority of respondents i.e. 50% earn

income between Rs.20000-40000 per month. It means majority of investors was greater than 40

years having income in between Rs 20000-40000.

 Statement 1. Awareness regarding types of Investment Instruments

Table No. 6.1 Type of investment option the person is aware of

Types of No. of Percentage of

Investment Respondents Respondents

Instruments

Shares 15 30%

Mutual Funds 23 46%

Debentures 5 10%

Bonds 5 10%

Derivatives 2 4%

Total 50 100%

Figure No.6.1 Type of investment option the person is aware of

Shares 10% 4%
30%
10%
Mutual Funds

Debentures

Bonds 46%
Derivatives

Analysis & Interpretation Above pie-chart shows that 45% investors were aware of the mutual

fund, 25% investors were aware of shares, 15% investors were aware of debentures, 10%

investors were bonds. It means majority of persons aware about mutual fund whereas shares and

debentures were of second importance.

 Statement 2. To know the type of investment option the person has been investing

Investment alternative No. of Respondents Percentage of Respondents

Shares 15 30%

Mutual Funds 15 30%

Debentures 10 20%

Bonds 5 10%

Derivatives 5 10%

Total 50 100%

Table No.6.2 Type of investment option the person has been investing

Figure No.6.2 Type of investment option the person has been investing

Shares Mutual Funds DebenturesBondsDerivatives

10%
10% 30%

20%

30%

Analysis & Interpretation: From the survey it was found that 30% respondents invest in

Mutual funds, 25% invest in Shares and 20% invest in Debentures. Thus, it can be stated that

maximum people invest in Mutual Funds whereas shares are having 2nd importance.
 Statement 3. To know the frequency of investment by the Respondents.

Table No. 6.3 Frequency of investment

Frequency of Investment No. of Respondents Percentage of Respondents

Daily 0 0%

Weekly 10 20%

Monthly 24 48%

Yearly 16 32%

Total 50 100%

Figure No.6.3 Frequency of Investment

Daily Weekly MonthlyYearly

0%

20%
32%

48%

Analysis & Interpretation:

From the above table & chart it was found that 45 respondents invest monthly, 35 invest yearly

and there were 20 respondents who invest daily. Thus, it can be stated that majority of the

investors invest monthly in stock market

 Statement 4.To know the percentage of income that respondent invest annually

Table No. 6.4 The percentage of income that respondent invest annually

Annual Income No. of Respondents Percentage of

Invested Respondents

Up to 10% 7 14%

10-15% 11 22%

15-20% 20 40%

More than 20% 12 24%

Total 50 100%

Figure No. 6.4 The percentage of income that respondent invest annually

14%
24%

22%

40%

Up to 10% 10-15% 15-20% More than 20%

Analysis & Interpretation:

From the above table & chart, it was found that 40 respondents invest 15-20% of their annual

income, 24 respondents invest more than 20% of their annual income, 22 respondents invest up

to 10-15% of their income and 14 respondents invest up to 10% of their income in different

investment avenues. Thus, it can be concluded that majority of investors invest 10% to 20% of

their monthly income.

 Statement 5. To know the respondent’s influence on Investment decision.

Sources No. of Respondents Percentage of Respondents

Self 24 48%

Friends & Relatives 10 20%

Service providers & consultants 6 12%

Newspapers & Advertisement 5 10%

Agents 3 6%

Workshops & Seminars 2 4%

Total 50 100%

Table No.6.5 The respondent’s influence on Investment decision

Figure No.6.5 The respondent’s influence on Investment decision

Self Friends & Relatives

Service providers & consultants
Newspapers & Advertisement Workshops & Seminars
Agents 4%
6%
10%
48%
12%

20%

Analysis & Interpretation:

From the above table & chart, it was found that multiple aspects for investing influenced

respondents.48% respondents take investment decision on the basis of their personal evaluation

where as 20% respondents invest because of influence of friends & relatives, the consultants

influences 12% respondent and the advertisement influences 10% respondents. It can be stated

that majority of the persons are influenced by their own while opting for investment tool.
 Statement 6. To Know The Factors That Were Considered While Investing.

Investment Factors No. of Respondents Percentage of Respondents

Return on 15 30%

investment

Tax benefits 9 18%

Capital appreciation 7 15%

Maturity period 3 6%

Risk 6 12%

Safety of principal 3 6%

Liquidity 7 14%

Total 50 100%

Table No. 6.6 The Factors That Were Considered While Investing

Figure No. 6.6 The Factors That Were Considered While Investing

Return on investment Tax benefits Capital appreciation

Maturity period Risk Safety of principal

6% 14% 30%
12%

18%
14%
6%

Analysis & Interpretation:

From the survey it was found that the maximum respondents considered return on investment

was most important factor, 18% respondents considered tax benefits as an important factor and

14% respondents considered capital appreciation as an important factor.

 Statement 7. To Know Investor’s Action In Case Of Stock Market drop.

Table No. 6.7 The Investor’s Action In Case Of Stock Market drop

Investor’s preference in case No. of Respondents Percentage of Respondents

of losses

Transfer funds into secure 15 25%

investment

Wait to see if investment 20 40%

improves

Invest more funds 13 30%

Withdraw funds & stop 2 5%

investing

Total 50 100%
 Figure No. 6.7 The Investor’s Action In Case Of Stock Market Drop

Transfer funds into secure investment Wait to see if investment improves

Invest more funds Withdraw funds & stop investing

4%
30%
26%

40%

Analysis & Interpretation:

From the survey it was found that maximum respondents would wait to see if their investment

improves and start generating funds, 30% respondents would invest more funds, 25%

respondents would transfer funds into secure investment and 5% respondents would stop

investing. It can be stated that majority of investors would like to wait to see whether investment

improves or they can invest more funds.

 Statement 8. To Know The Decision Regarding Other Investment Policy

Table no. 6.8 The Other Investment Policy

Investment Decision No. of Respondents Percentage of Respondents

Yes 49 98%

No 1 2%

Total 50 100%

Figure 6.8 The Other Investment Policy

YesNo
2%

98%

Analysis & Interpretation:

From the survey it was found that 98% respondents have the other investment policy where as

2% respondents do not have the other investment policy.

 Statement 9. To Know the Satisfaction Level Of Respondents With Their Investment

Option

Table no. 6.9 Important Factors for Choosing The Investment Option

Particulars Highly Dissatisfie Neutral Satisfied Highly Summated

Dissatisfied d Satisfied Score

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Shares 10 6 14 30 40 384

Mutual funds 12 15 20 35 18 332

Bonds 20 18 35 19 8 277

Debentures 15 10 15 40 20 340

Derivatives 30 10 20 30 10 280

Range

Max. Score=100*5=500 (Highly Satisfied)

Avg. Score=100*3=300 (Neutral)

Min. Score=100*1=100 (Highly Dissatisfied)

Analysis & Interpretation:

Most of the respondents have given the highest summated score to shares. And the second

most important investment option is debentures which influenced the decision regarding

investment. Other important factor is mutual fund coverage which has the 332 summated

score. Return on derivatives get the 280 summated score.

 Statement 10. Important Factors That Was Considered While Investing

Table No. 6.10 Important Factors That Was Considered While Investing

Particulars Highly Dissatisfied Neutral Satisfied Highly Summated

Dissatisfied Satisfied Score

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Return on 0 0 4 30 66 462

investment

Tax benefits 0 0 18 48 34 416

Capital 0 0 20 40 40 420

appreciation

Maturity 5 5 40 30 20 355

period

Risk 5 10 20 35 30 375

Safety of 10 20 40 20 10 300

principal

Liquidity 15 15 20 30 20 325

Range:

Max. Score=100*5=500 (Highly Satisfied)

Avg. Score=100*3=300 (Neutral)

Min. Score=100*1=100 (Highly Dissatisfied)

Analysis & Interpretation:

Most of the respondents have given the highest summated score to Return on investment. And

the second most important factor is Capital appreciation which influenced the decision

regarding investment. Other important factor is Tax benefit which has the 416 summated score.
  Findings Of The Study

Following findings were generated from the study: -

1. Maximum investors are aware of all the investment options.

2. Investors do not invest in a single avenue. They prefer different avenues and maximum

investors prefer to invest in shares, mutual funds & debentures.

3. Maximum investors want their investment grow at fast rate.

4. The investment decision of investors is influenced by their own decision and through

friends & relatives.

5. Different factors considered by investors while investing is return, risk, tax benefits,

capital appreciation and the most prominent factor is the return on any investment

avenue.

6. Majority of investors invest 15-20% of their annual income.

7. Maximum investors invest on monthly basis.

8. The investors investing in different avenues are highly satisfied with the return generated

by their investment option.

9. Maximum investors have other investment policies.

10. The most important factor is Return which influenced the decision regarding investment.
  Conclusion

Indian Stock Markets is one of the oldest in Asia. Its history dates back to nearly 200 years ago.

The earliest records of security dealings in India are meager and obscure. The East India

Company was the dominant institution in those days and business in its loan securities used to

be transacted towards the close of the eighteenth century. The nature of investment differs from

individual to individual and is unique to each one because it depends on various parameters like

future financial goals, the present & the future income model, capacity to bear the risk, the

present requirements and lot more. As an investor progresses on his/her life stage and as his/her

financial goals change, so does the unique investor profile. Maximum investors are aware of all

the investment options. Investors do not invest in a single avenue. They prefer different avenues

and maximum investors prefer to invest in shares, mutual funds & debentures. The investment

decision of investors is influenced by their own decision and through friends & relatives.

Majority of investors invest 15-20% of their annual income. The most important factor is Return

which influenced the decision regarding investment.

  References

 Economic Policy, The Size Effect in Equity Returns. :

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/results.cfm

 Performance Corporate Governance as a Determinant of External Finance in Transition

Economies: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/results.cfm

 Introduction on Indian Stock Market: http://www.banknetindia.com/

 Introduction on Online Investors & Traders: http://www.traderji.com/

 Introduction on Types of investment: http://finance.mapsofworld.com/investment/types/

 Misc. Findings: www.wikipedia.org