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Module 04-2

This document discusses various laboratory test methods for evaluating the smoke and toxicity of materials when exposed to fire conditions, including ASTM and NIST test standards. It provides details on smoke measurement tests, room-scale tests, and animal toxicity tests and test apparatus.

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John A
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55 views26 pages

Module 04-2

This document discusses various laboratory test methods for evaluating the smoke and toxicity of materials when exposed to fire conditions, including ASTM and NIST test standards. It provides details on smoke measurement tests, room-scale tests, and animal toxicity tests and test apparatus.

Uploaded by

John A
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principles of Fire Protection

Engineering

Module 4: Materials Application


PART II
4-1
Laboratory Tests - Smoke

‰ASTM D-2843 (Rohm & Haas XP-2 Chamber)


1962
ƒ 1”x1” specimen
ƒ flaming exposure
ƒ 12”x12”x30” chamber
ƒ horizontal 12” light beam
ƒ 4 min. exposure.

4-2
ASTM D-2843

4-3
4-4
Laboratory Tests - Smoke

‰ASTM E-662 (NBS Smoke Chamber) 1966


ƒ 3”x3” specimen
ƒ flaming & radiant exposure
ƒ 3x3x2 ft.
ƒ 3 ft. vertical light beam
ƒ 20 min. exposure

4-5
4-6
ASTM E-662 Exposed Sample

4-7
Laboratory Tests - Smoke

‰ASTM E-906 (OSU Rate of Heat Release)


1983.
‰ASTM E-1995 (Cone Smoke Chamber) 1998
ƒ 3”x3” specimen
ƒ 25 kW/m² non-flaming exposure
ƒ 50 kW/m² flaming exposure

4-8
ASTM E-1995 Cone Smoke Chamber

4-9
Room Tests - Smoke

‰LAFD, 3,700 ft3 room with personnel. E-84


50 & less, personnel stayed less than 10 min.
‰Underwriters Laboratories, Personnel
shielded from physical effects, visual
observation. 12 ft. from lighted exit signs at 3
levels.

4-10
UL, E-84 Obscuration Test

4-11
Average Smoke Density
Time Relationships

4-12
Toxicity Evaluation

‰ASTM E-800 “Analytical Tests”


ƒ Guide for measurement of gases present or
generated during fires.
ƒ Does NOT provide an estimate of the total amount
of fire gases generated in a fire.

4-13
Toxicity Evaluation

‰NIST Cup Furnace Toxicity Protocol


ƒ 200 Liter closed chamber, 6 rats, head exposure.
ƒ Potts cup furnace, 1000 mL quartz beaker.
Determine auto-ignition temperature.
ƒ Non-flaming – 25 °C below auto-ignition
temperature.
ƒ Flaming – 25 °C above auto-ignition temperature

4-14
Toxicity Evaluation

‰NIST Cup Furnace Toxicity Protocol (cont’d)


ƒ 30 min. test + 14 day post-exposure.
ƒ LC50=mass loading (mg/L) at which 50% of the
animals die.

4-15
NIST Cup Furnace Apparatus

4-16
NIST Toxicity Analysis Apparatus

4-17
Toxicity Evaluation

‰NIST Radiant Furnace Toxicity Protocol


ƒ 200 L closed chamber: 6 rats, head exposure.
ƒ Radiant heater - 50kW/m² on 3x6x1.5 inch specimen.

ƒ 30 min. test + 14 day post exposure.


ƒ Ct = concentration x time for CO, CO2, HCN & HCL
(optional).

4-18
NIST Radiant Furnace Apparatus

4-19
Toxicity Test Apparatus
ASTM E-1678 (1995)

4-20
Toxicity Evaluation

‰Pittsburgh Toxicity Protocol


ƒ 20 L/min. (9 L/min air, 11 L/min gas) pass through
system, 4 mice head exposure.
ƒ 10 g specimen in tube furnace at 20 °C/min. Combustion
gas diluted & cooled with air before entering animal
exposure chamber.

4-21
Toxicity Evaluation

‰Pittsburgh Toxicity Protocol (cont’d)


ƒ Test begins at 10% mass loss, 30 min. test + 10
min. post-exposure.
ƒ LC50 mass loading (g) at which 50% of animals
die. ABS=6.3, PVC=7.0.

4-22
Pittsburgh Toxicity Test
Apparatus

4-23
Comparison of Toxicity Test Methods for
Assessment of Combustion Products
Parameter NBS Univ. of Pittsburgh
Furnace Temp. Fixed, 25 °C above
and below Ramped 20 °C/min
autoignition temp.
Furnace Cup Lindberg
Exposure
200 L 2L
Chamber
Air Flow Dynamic, flow rate –
Static 11 L/min, diluted with
cold air at 9 L/min

4-24
Comparison of Toxicity Test Methods for
Assessment of Combustion Products
(cont’d)
Parameter NBS Univ. of Pittsburgh
Animal Species
Rats Mice
(no. per test)

LC50 (30 min. LC50 (30 min.


Biological Endpoint exposure plus 14 exposure plus 10
day post-exposure) min. post-exposure)

LC50 Units mg/L Grams


CO, CO2, HCN, O2,
Chemical Analysis CO, CO2, HCN, O2
COHb

4-25
Toxicity Evaluation

‰Pittsburgh Toxicity Protocol (cont’d)


ƒ New York State Data Bank
ƒ Reporting of Pittsburgh Toxicity Protocol data
for construction materials.

¾Dec. 1987 - Electric wire & cable


¾Dec. 1988 - Pipe, conduit & thermal insulation
¾Dec. 1989 - Interior finishes & flooring

4-26

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