Steam Tables: Determining H, U, V, T, and P Using

1/1/2021
Determining H, U, V, Tsat, and psat using
Steam Tables
Pure water may coexist as liquid and vapor only at temperature–pressure pairs that fall
on the vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) curve. At points above the VLE curve (but to
the right of the solid–liquid equilibrium curve), water is a subcooled liquid. At points
on the VLE curve, water may be saturated liquid or saturated steam (vapor) or a
mixture of both. At points below the VLE curve, water is superheated steam.
Psat
T >Tsat ➔ superheated
Tsat
Fig. 1: Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) curve
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Steam Tables
Ex. What is the saturation pressure of water at 310 K (37 oC)?
T (oC) P* (kPa)
𝒑∗? −𝒑𝟏∗ 𝒑∗ −𝒑∗
T1= 36 5.9398 = 𝑻𝟐 −𝑻𝟏 …….Interpolation
Tgiven= 37 ?
𝑻𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 −𝑻𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
T2=38 6.6235
𝒑∗𝟑𝟕− 𝟓. 𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟖 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟑𝟓 − 𝟓. 𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟖

=
𝟑𝟕 − 𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝟖 − 𝟑𝟔
𝒑∗𝟑𝟕 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝑷𝒂
OR by plot
P (kPa)
6.6235
6.2816
5.9398
T1=
T2=
T (K)
36 37 38
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Steam Tables
Ex. Determine the vapor pressure, specific internal energy, and specific enthalpy of
saturated steam at 134 oC.
From the steam table @ T=134 oC
𝒑∗ = 𝟑𝟎𝟒. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ෡ = 𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑱

𝑯
𝒌𝒈
𝒎𝟑
෡ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟖
𝑽 ෡ = 𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝑱
𝒌𝒈 𝑼
𝒌𝒈
Steam Tables
oC
Ex. Steam at 10 bar absolute with 190 of superheat is fed to a turbine at a rate 2000 kg/h. The
turbine operation is adiabatic, and the effluent is saturated steam at 1 bar. Calculate the work
output of the turbine in kilowatts, neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes.
𝑾ሶ 𝒔 = −𝜟𝑯ሶ = −𝒎( ෡ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑯

ሶ 𝑯 ෡ 𝒊𝒏 )
Inlet stream
At 10 bar Tsat = 179.87 oC < T

Therefore superheated steam table will be used
➔ 179.87 oC + 190 oC ≈ 370 oC
෡ 𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟎 𝒃𝒂𝒓, 𝟑𝟕𝟎 𝒐𝑪 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 (by interpolation)

𝑯
Outlet stream
෡ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 (𝟏 𝒃𝒂𝒓, 𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅) = 𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
𝑯
𝑾ሶ 𝒔 = −𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟓 − 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟏

= 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑱/𝒉
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9.3 Energy Balances for systems without chemical reactions

𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
= −
𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐭𝟏 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝟐 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝟐 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝟏
9.3.1. Unsteady-State, Closed Systems
∆𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 = ∆ 𝑼 + 𝑷𝑬 + 𝑲𝑬 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 = 𝑸+𝑾

Ex. Alkaloids are chemical compounds containing nitrogen that can be produced by plant cells.
In an experiment, an insulated closed vessel 1.673 m3 in volume was injected with a dilute water
solution containing two alkaloids: ajmalicine and serpentine. The temperature of the solution was
10°C. To obtain an essentially dry residue of alkaloids, all of the water in the vessel was
vaporized. Assume that the properties of water can be used in lieu of the properties of the
solution. How much heat had to be transferred to the vessel if 1 kg of saturated liquid water
initially at 10°C was completely vaporized to a final condition of 100°C and 1 atm? See Figure
E9.10. Ignore any air present in the vessel (or assume an initial vacuum existed).
Initial state (liquid) Final state (gas)

p Vapor pressure 1 atm
T 10 oC 100 oC
෡
𝑼 17.7 kJ/kg 2506 kJ/k
Basis: 1 kg of H2O evaporated
෡ = 𝒎(𝑼
𝑸 = ∆𝑼 = 𝒎∆𝑼 ෡ 2-𝑼
෡ 1)
𝑸 = 𝟏 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟔 − 𝟏𝟕. 𝟕 = 𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑱
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Ex. Ten pounds of CO2 at room temperature (80°F) are stored in a fire extinguisher that has a
volume of 4.0 ft3. How much heat must be transferred from the extinguisher so that 40% of the
CO2 becomes liquid?
The specific volume of the CO2 is 4.0/10 = 0.40 ft3/lb. The reference
state for the CO2 chart is –40°F, saturated liquid. You can locate
from the CO2 chart at = 0.40 and T = 80°F that CO2 in the
extinguisher is a gas at a pressure of 300 psia with the initial ΔĤ =
160 Btu/lb.
Basis: 10 lb of CO2
∆𝑬 = ∆𝑼 + ∆𝑷𝑬 + ∆𝑷𝑲 = 𝑸 + 𝑾
𝑸 = ∆𝑼 = ∆𝑯 − ∆(𝒑𝑽)
ΔĤfinal = 81 Btu/lb and pfinal = 140 psia
(𝟏𝟒𝟎)(𝟏𝟒𝟒)(𝟎. 𝟒) 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟒𝟒 (𝟎. 𝟒)

𝑸= 𝟖𝟏 − 𝟏𝟔𝟎 − − 𝟏𝟎 = −𝟔𝟕𝟐 𝑩𝒕𝒖
𝟕𝟕𝟖. 𝟐 𝟕𝟕𝟖. 𝟐
(𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅)
9.3.2. Steady-State, Closed Systems

Recall that steady-state the accumulation in the system is zero, and that closed means
that no mass flow occurs across the system boundary. Only Q and W may occur during
a time interval.
∆𝑲𝑬 = 𝟎, ∆𝑷𝑬 = 𝟎, ∆𝑼 = 𝟎, 𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 ∆𝑬 = 𝟎
So that Q+W=0
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9.3.3. General Energy Balance for Open Systems
ΔE=Q+W− Δ(H+KE+PE)
9.3.4. Steady-State, Open Systems
Energy Balance for open systems

Ex. Five hundred kilograms per hour of steam drives a turbine. The steam enters the turbine at 44
atm and 450 C at a linear velocity of 60 m/s and leaves at a point 5 m below the turbine inlet at
atmospheric pressure and a velocity of 360 m/s. The turbine delivers shaft work at a rate of 70
kW, and the heat loss from the turbine is estimated to be 10 kcal/h. Calculate the specific
enthalpy change associated with the process.
∆𝑯ሶ = 𝑸ሶ − 𝑾ሶ 𝒔 − ∆𝑬ሶ 𝒌 − ∆𝑬ሶ 𝒑

𝒌𝒈
𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝒎ሶ = 𝒉𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟗 𝒌𝒈
𝒔 𝒔
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝒉𝒓
𝒎ሶ 𝟎.𝟏𝟑𝟗
∆𝑬ሶ 𝒌 = 𝒖𝟐𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟐 − 𝟔𝟎𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑾
𝟐 𝟐
∆𝑬ሶ 𝒑 = 𝒎𝒈
ሶ 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟗 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 −𝟓 = −𝟔. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒌𝑾
𝒌𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝑸ሶ = −𝟏𝟎 = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟔 𝒌 𝑾
𝒉
ሶ
𝑾𝒔 = −𝟕𝟎 𝒌 𝑾
∆𝑯ሶ = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟔 − 𝟕𝟎 − 𝟖. 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟔. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = −𝟗𝟎. 𝟑 𝒌𝑾
∆𝑯ሶ −𝟗𝟎. 𝟑 𝒌𝑱
෡=
∆𝑯 = = −𝟔𝟓𝟎
𝒎ሶ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟗 𝒌𝒈

Steam Tables: Determining H, U, V, T, and P Using

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1/1/2021

Determining H, U, V, Tsat, and psat using

Fig. 1: Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) curve

𝒑∗𝟑𝟕− 𝟓. 𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟖 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟑𝟓 − 𝟓. 𝟗𝟑𝟗𝟖

𝒑∗𝟑𝟕 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝑷𝒂

𝒑∗ = 𝟑𝟎𝟒. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 𝒃𝒂𝒓 ෡ = 𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑱

𝑾ሶ 𝒔 = −𝜟𝑯ሶ = −𝒎( ෡ 𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑯

At 10 bar Tsat = 179.87 oC < T

෡ 𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟎 𝒃𝒂𝒓, 𝟑𝟕𝟎 𝒐𝑪 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟏 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈 (by interpolation)

𝑾ሶ 𝒔 = −𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟓 − 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟏

9.3 Energy Balances for systems without chemical reactions

9.3.1. Unsteady-State, Closed Systems

∆𝑬𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 = ∆ 𝑼 + 𝑷𝑬 + 𝑲𝑬 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 = 𝑸+𝑾

9.3.1. Unsteady-State, Closed Systems

Initial state (liquid) Final state (gas)

Basis: 1 kg of H2O evaporated

𝑸 = 𝟏 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟔 − 𝟏𝟕. 𝟕 = 𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑱

9.3.1. Unsteady-State, Closed Systems

ΔĤfinal = 81 Btu/lb and pfinal = 140 psia

(𝟏𝟒𝟎)(𝟏𝟒𝟒)(𝟎. 𝟒) 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟒𝟒 (𝟎. 𝟒)

9.3.2. Steady-State, Closed Systems

∆𝑲𝑬 = 𝟎, ∆𝑷𝑬 = 𝟎, ∆𝑼 = 𝟎, 𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 ∆𝑬 = 𝟎

9.3.3. General Energy Balance for Open Systems

9.3.4. Steady-State, Open Systems

Energy Balance for open systems

∆𝑯ሶ = 𝑸ሶ − 𝑾ሶ 𝒔 − ∆𝑬ሶ 𝒌 − ∆𝑬ሶ 𝒑

∆𝑯ሶ = −𝟏𝟏. 𝟔 − 𝟕𝟎 − 𝟖. 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟔. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = −𝟗𝟎. 𝟑 𝒌𝑾

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