Lecture-9 Unit-3 PMT-1803 Complex Analysis-I

Arti R Salat

Assistant Professor
St. Xavier’s College Ahmedabad, Gujarat

January 25, 2021

I NTRODUCTION OF INTEGRALS OF FUNCTIONS OF
COMPLEX VARIABLE f (z).

DEFINITE INTEGRALS OF FUNCTIONS w(t).

In order to introduce integrals of f (z) in a fairly simple way, we need to first
consider complex-valued functions w of a real variable t.
We write w(t) = u(t) + iv(t), where where u and v are real-valued, the definite
integral of w(t) over an interval a ≤ t ≤ b is defined as
Z b Z b
w(t) dt = (u(t) + iv(t)) dt
a a Z b Z b
= u(t) dt + iv(t) dt
Za b Za b
= u(t) dt + i v(t) dt
a a
When the individual integrals on the right exist. Thus
Z b Z b Z b
Re w(t) dt = u(t) dt = Re[w(t)] dt and
Za b Za b Za b
Im w(t) dt = v(t) dt = Im[w(t)] dt.
a a a
Definition: If f is continuous function f in a domain D. If there exists a function
0
F such that F (z) = f (z) for all z in D. then F is called antiderivative of a If f in a
domain D.
Note: The fundamental theorem of calculus, involving antiderivatives can be be
extended as ,
Suppose that the functions w(t) = u(t) + iv(t)and W(t) = U(t) + iV(t) are
continuous on the interval a ≤ t ≤ b.
0 0
If W (t) = w(t) when a ≤ t ≤ b ( W(t) is antiderivative of w(t) ) then U (t) = u(t)
0
and V (t) = v(t).
Z b Z b
0
Hence, w(t) dt = W (t) dt
a a Z b
0 0
= (U (t) + iV (t)) dt
Za b Z b
0 0
= U (t) dt + i V (t) dt
a a
= U(b) − U(a) + i (V(b) − V(a))
= U(b) + iV(b) − (U(a) + iV(a))
= W(b) − W(a)
This is extension of the fundamental theorem of Calculus for function complex
variable.
 Z b  Z b
 
P ROBLEM : P ROVE THAT  w(t) dt ≤
 |w(t)| dt.
a a

Solution: Case-i If a = b then the result is trivial, because

Z b Z a Z b Z a
w(t) dt = w(t) dt = 0 and |w(t)| dt = |w(t)| dt = 0.
a Z a Z b a a
 b 
∴  w(t) dt = |w(t)| dt.
a a
Z b
Case-ii If a < b then we may assume that the value of w(t) dt is a nonzero
a
complex number.
Z b
Take w(t) dt = r0 eiθ0
a Z b Z b
∴ r0 = e−iθ0 w(t) dt = e−iθ0 w(t) dt
a a Z b
Now the value of r0 is real number, so Re e−iθ0 w(t) dt = r0
a
 Z b Z b
We know that Re e−iθ0 w(t) dt = Re[e−iθ0 w(t)] dt
a a
Also, we know that Re[e−iθ0 w(t)] ≤ |e−iθ0 w(t)|
= |e−iθ0 | |w(t)|
= |w(t)| (∵ |e−iθ0 | = 1)
−iθ
∴ Re[e 0 w(t)] ≤ |w(t)|
Z b Z b
∴ Re[e−iθ0 w(t)] dt ≤ |w(t)| dt
a Z b a

∴ r0 ≤ |w(t)| dt
Z b a  Z b
 
∴  w(t) dt ≤
 |w(t)| dt
a a
 P ROBLEMS :

(1) Use the corresponding rules in calculus to establish the following rules when
w(t) = u(t) + iv(t) is a complex-valued function of a real variable t and w(t)
exists:
d 0
1 w(−t) = −w (−t)
dt
d 0
2 [w(t)]2 = 2w(t)w (t)
dt
(2) Evaluate the following integrals:
Z 2 2
1
1 −i dt.
1 t
Z π
6
2 e2it dt.
0
(3) Let w(t) = u(t) + iv(t) denote a continuous complex-valued function defined
on an interval −a ≤ t ≤ a.
1 Suppose that w(t) is even; that is, w(−t) = w(t) for each point t in the given
interval. Z a Z a
Show that w(−t) dt = 2 w(t) dt.
−a 0

Z one where w(−t) = −w(t) for each

Show that if w(t) is an odd function,
2
a
point t in the interval. Show that w(−t) dt = 0.
−a
Definition: Arc
A set of points z = (x, y) in the complex plane is said to be an arc if
x = x(t), y = y(t)(a ≤ t ≤ b), where x(t) and y(t) are continuous functions of the
real parameter t.
for example, z(t) = t + it2 , − 1 ≤ t ≤ 1.( Draw Figure)
We want to describe the points of arc C by means of the solution equation
z = z(t), a ≤ t ≤ b.
Definition: Simple arc or Jordan arc
If the arc C : z = z(t), a ≤ t ≤ b, does not cross itself; that is z(t1 ) 6= z(t2 ) when
t1 6= t2 . then arc C is called simple.(draw figure)
Definition: Simple closed arc
The simple arc C : z = z(t), a ≤ t ≤ b, is called if z(b) = z(a).
Examples:
(1) Draw the curve
(
t + it when 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
z = z(t) =
t+i when 1 ≤ t ≤ 2

(2) Draw the curve z = z(t) = eiθ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.

(3) Draw the curve z = z(t) = z0 + eiθ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
Notes: (1) The arc z = z(t) = eiθ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π is the circle which traversed in the
counter- clockwise direction.
(4) The arc z = z(t) = e−iθ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π is the circle which traversed in the
clockwise direction.
Definition: Arc length
Let C : z = z(t), a ≤ t ≤ b, be a arc then the arc length of C is defined as
Z b
0
L= |z (t)| dt.
a
Contour or piecewise smooth arc
A countor is the consisting of a finite number of smooth arcs joined end to end.
for example, the polygonal line
Definition: Simple closed contour
A contour C is called simple closed contour if the initial and final values of z(t)
are same.
for example, circle, triangle, rectangle.