Visveswaraya Technology University: Electromagnetic Braking System"

Electromagnetic braking system
VISVESWARAYA TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

JANASANGAM, BELAGAVI-590018
A PROJECT REPORT
ON
“ELECTROMAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of degree in
Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Submitted by
THYAGARAJ M 1NH15EC435
SRUSTIK SUBHASH 1NH14EC132
HITHESH K B 1NH15EC034
Under the Guidance of

Mr ASHUTHOSH SRIVASTAVA
Assistant Professor
Electronics and Communication,
NHCE
Dept of Electronics and communication

Page 1
Outer Ring Road, Kadubisanahalli, Bellandur Post, Near Marathahalli, Bangalore – 560103
Department of Electronics and Communion Engineering
Certificate
Certified that the project work entitled “ELECTROMAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM” is a bona
fide students work carried out by Mr. THYAGARAJ M, USN 1NH15EC435,Mr. SRUSTIK
SUBHASH, USN 1NH14EC132 and Mr HITHESH K B,USN 1NH15EC034, in partial fulfillment
for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2018-2019. It is certified
that all correction/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in
the report deposited in the department library.
The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of
the project work for the said degree.
Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principle
Mr Ashuthosh Srivastava Dr. Sanjeev Sharma Dr.Manjunatha
External Viva
Name of the examiners Signature with date
1.
2.

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DECLARATION
We, Mr. THYAGARAJ M, USN 1NH15EC435, Mr. SRUSTIK SUBHASH, USN 1NH14EC132 and
Mr. HITHESH K B, USN 1NH15EC034 students of 8th semester in ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING, NEW HORIZON COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, Bangalore
hereby declare that the project work entitled “ELECTROMAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM”
submitted to the VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY during the academic year
2018-2019, is a record of an original work done by us under the guidance of Mr.
ASHUTHOSH SRIVASTAVA, Assistant professor Department of Electronics and
Communication, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bangalore. This project work is
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Electronics and Communication. The results embodied in the thesis have not
been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree.
THYAGARAJ M (1NH15EC435)
SRUSTIK SUBHASH (1NH14EC132)
HITHESH K B (1NH15EC034)
PLACE: BENGALURU
DATE:

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ABSTRACT
An Electromagnetic Braking framework utilizes Magnetic power to connect with the brake,
however the power required for braking is transmitted physically. The plate is associated
with a pole and the electromagnet is mounted on the edge .When power is connected to
the curl an attractive field is created over the armature in light of the present streaming
over the loop and makes armature get pulled in towards the curl. Subsequently it builds up
a torque and in the end the vehicle stops. In this task the upside of utilizing the
electromagnetic slowing mechanism in car is contemplated. These brakes can be joined in
overwhelming vehicles as a helper brake. The electromagnetic brakes can be utilized in
business vehicles by controlling the current provided to create the attractive transition.
Making a few upgrades in the brakes it very well may be utilized in cars in future. This task
intends to make an electromagnetic slowing mechanism model fit for applying brakes with
no erosion misfortune and without losing the vitality provided. It utilizes a two
electromagnets which keeps running by the supply of intensity from the circuit. Likewise,
there is a wheel which is joined to the engine so when the power the provided, by the
assistance of engine the wheel pivots. At that point a fan is connected close electromagnets
to cool the electromagnets from unnecessary warming. A metal bar is in the region of the
electromagnets and wheel so when the electromagnets produces vortex flows which stops
the pivoting wheel or rotor.This model encourages in a manner to be an utilized an
impediment gear in vehicles.

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It is discovered that electromagnetic brakes can build up a negative power which speaks to
about double the most extreme power yield of a commonplace motor, and something like
multiple times the braking intensity of a fumes brake. (Reverdin 1994). These execution of
electromagnetic brakes make them substantially more aggressive contender for elective
hindrance types of gear contrasted and different retarders. By utilizing by utilizing the
electromagnetic brakes are advantageous impediment hardware, the contact brakes can be
utilized less habitually, and in this manner essentially never achieve high temperatures. The
brake linings would last significantly longer before requiring upkeep and the possibly "brake
blur" issue could be dodged. In research led by a truck producer, it was demonstrated that
the electromagnetic brake accepted 80% of the obligation which would somehow or
another have been requested of the customary administration brake (Reverdin 1974).
Further more the electromagnetic brakes counteracts the risk that can emerge from the
delayed utilization of brake past their ability to scatter heat. This is well on the way to
happen while a vehicle diving a long slope at rapid. Ina contemplate with a vehicle with 5
axles and weighting 40 tones controlled by a fueled by a motor of 310 b.h.p going down an
angle of 6% at an unfaltering rate somewhere in the range of 35 and 40 m.h.p, it tends to be
determined that the braking power important to keep up this speed at the request of 450
hp. The brakes, in this way, would need to assimilate 300 hp, implying that each brake in the
5 axels must ingest 30 hp, that a grating brake can typically retain with implosion. The
attractive brake is divider fit to such conditions since it will

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and exhilaration that accompany the successful completion of our task
would be incomplete without the mention of people who made it possible, whose
consistent guidance and encouragement crowned our efforts with success. We consider it
as our privilege to express our gratitude to all those who guided in the completion of our
project work.
First and foremost, we wish to express our profound gratitude to our respected Principal
Dr.Manjunatha, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bengaluru, for providing us with a
congenial environment to work in.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr.Sanjeev Sharma, the HOD of Electronics
and Communication, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bengaluru, for his continuous
support and encouragement. We are greatly indebted to our guide Mr. Ashuthosh
Srivastava, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication, New Horizon
College of Engineering who took great interest in our project. She motivated and guided us
throughout the accomplishment of this goal. We express our profound thanks for her
meticulous guidance. Last but not the least, heartfelt thanks to our parents and friends for
their direct and indirect support. Above all, we thank the lord Almighty for his grace on us to
succeed in this endeavor.
THYAGARAJ M
SRUSTIK SUBHASH
HITHESH K B

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page No
1. Introduction 11
1.1 Overview of project 12
1.2 Objective 13
1.3 Significance of scope 13
2. Literature Survey and Background
2.1 Literature Survey 14-19
2.2 Background and Rational 19-20
2.3 History 20-22
3 Magnetism basic Aspects
3.1Magnet 23
3.2 Types of magnet 23-29
3.3 Magnetic field 26-27
4 Breaking system
4.1 Principle of braking system 28
4.2 Types of braking system 29
5 Electromagnetic braking system
5.1 Working principle 30-32

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5.2 Electromagnetic brakes 32-33
5.3 Working of electromagnetic brakes 33-36
6 Design and fabrication
6.1 Design and calculation 37-40
6.2 Fabrication 41-44
6.3 Final structure of the project 45
7 Merits and Demerits
7.1 Merits 46-47
7.2 Demerits 47
7.3 Application 47-48
8 Conclusion and future scope
8.1 Conclusion 49-50
8.2 Future scope 50-51
9 Reference 52

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page No
Figure 1 : Concept of Electromagnetic Braking System 12
Figure 2: Magnets 23
Figure 3 : Magnetic field lines 30
Figure 4 : Electromagnets 31
Figure 5 : Block diagram of Electromagnetic Braking System 33
Figure 6 : Flowchart of Electromagnetic Braking System 34
Figure 7 : Fabricated design 41
Figure 8 : Final structure of project 45

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A brake is a device which hinders movement. Its contrary part is a clutch.Most ordinarily
brakes use rubbing to change over active vitality into warmth, however different techniques
for vitality transformation might be utilized. For instance regenerative braking changes over
a significant part of the vitality to electrical vitality, which might be put away for later use.
An electromagnet is a sort of magnet in which the attractive field is delivered by an electric
flow. Electromagnets as a rule comprise of wire twisted into a curl. A current through the
wire makes an attractive field which is gathered strapped in the focal point of the loop. The
attractive field vanishes when the current is killed. The wire turns are regularly twisted
around an attractive center produced using a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic material, for
example, iron; the attractive center thinks the attractive motion and makes an all the more
dominant magnet.
The principle favorable position of an electromagnet over a perpetual magnet is that the
attractive field can be immediately changed by controlling the measure of electric flow in
the winding. In any case, dissimilar to a lasting magnet that needs no power, an
electromagnet requires a persistent supply of current to keep up the attractive field.
Electromagnets are broadly utilized as segments of other electrical gadgets, for example,
engines, generators, electromechanical solenoids, transfers, amplifiers, hard circles, MRI
machines, logical instruments, and attractive partition gear. Electromagnets are likewise
utilized in industry for grabbing and moving substantial iron articles, for example, scrap iron
and steel.

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1.1 Overview of project
 This projects intends to the design and implementation of new system of
retardation (braking) for automobiles
 The design of the new brakes relies upon the development of
electromagnetic induction and eddy currents
 The design primarily consists of terribly robust magnet and rotating
wheel
 The wheel develops eddy currents because of the amendment in magnetic flux
associated to the wheel due to its rotation
 The current successively dissipates the motion energy of the wheel as heat
bringing the wheel to a stop
 The eddy current development obeys maxwell's law of electromagnetic indiuction
and lenz's law of direction of induced current
Figure 1: Concept of Electromagnetic braking system

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1.2 Objectives
Primary Objective
 The mainaobjectiveaofaour project is toadesign and fabricate an
Electromagnetic Braking System model.
Secondary Objective
Besides the main objective, following are our secondary objectives:
 To understandaproject planningaand execution
 Toaunderstand the fabricationatechniques in a mechanicalaworkshop
 Toaunderstand the usageaof various mechanicalamachine
tools and also measuring tools
 To make day to dayahuman life moreaeasier by proper use of technology
1.2 Significance of Scope
The following are the significances:
Electromagnetic brakes satisfy all the energyarequirements of brakingawithout the use
of friction. They have better heat dissipationacapability to avoid problems that friction
brakes faces times.
 They can also be used as a supplementaryaretardation equipment in addition to the
regular frictionabrakes on heavy vehicles.
 These brakes’s componentacost is less so theseabrakes are cheap.
 They can be used as an alternativeamethod for the futureacrisis of the crude
oils.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY AND BACKGROUND
2.1 Literature survey
The suitable foundation of writing and idea of electromagneticinterference and
electromagnetic-similarity are surveyed in the accompanying part.
Won-Sec-Cho, Moto-hisa-kanda, Ho-Jung-Hwang, and Michael W. Howard, distributed a
paper titled "A Disk-stacked Thick Cylindrical dipole-Antenna for Validation of an
Electromagnetic-similarity test site from 30-300MHz" [26]. The proposed broadband short
80Cm-long plate stacked thick barrel shaped dipole recieving wire, which plot that the range
is 30MHz-300MHz utilizing the tube shaped co-ordinates framework and M0M as the
numerical apparatus and its finding as 8dB-26dB. There is dependably a route for future
extension, past the planned range we can't play out the validation.(IEEE Transactions, May
2000)[26].
Bhattacharya, Guptha and A Chakraborty displayed idea utilizing Wave control
titled "Investigation of rectangular-waveguides and thick-windows as EMI sensors" [27].
Utilizations Rectangular co-ordinates framework and M0M Technique, executed utilizing
programming device FORTRAN 77 for far field examination and its impediments are for low
field impedance.( Advancement in Electromagnetic research, PIER, 1999)[27] .

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Florian-Krug, Peter-Russer contributed for EMI titled, " The Time-Domain
Electromagnetic Interference Measurement system"[28] Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) is
the numerical apparatus and broadband recurrence examination running 400MHz-500MHz
is conveyed. The work is limited for broadband frequencies. (IEEE Transactions, May
2003)[28]
R Giannetti, M Macucci and B Tellini proposed as "EMI Measurements in LinePantograph
Contact Discontinuity in Railway-Transportation-Systems" [29]. The idea is identified with
0.5MHz-1MHz frequencies and damped motions around 20MHz utilizing the fourier change
method for Line-Pantograph alone.(11th IMEKO TC-4 Symp, Sep 2001)[29].
Mohammed-Serhir, Philippe-Besnier and M'hamed Drissi distributed the paper on
"Recieving wire Modeling Based on a Multiple-Spherical Wave Expansion Method:-
Application to an Antenna-Array" [37] work is 3D complex portrayal of recieving wire
surroundings utilizing the round directions framework which is an utilization of circular
organizes. (IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2010)[37].
Liuping-Wang, Yougang-Gao, Yuanmao-Shen and Fangming-Ruan chipped away at
"Examination of Shielding Effectiveness of Rectangular-Cavity With Improved
ApertureModel" [41]. Conveyed the investigation utilizing TML, M0M and FDTD numerical
strategies for the rectangular organize framework.( 1-4244-1372-9/07/$25.00
©IEEE,2007)[41].
Horacio-Vasquez, Laura-Espinoza, Karen-Lozano, Heinrich-Flotz and ShuyingYang proposed
work as "Clear Device for Electromagnetic-Interference ShieldingEffectiveness

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Measurement" [31-43]. Work was passed on for flanged coaxial electromagnetic impedance
of repeat band upto 1.5GHz.( ©IEEE,2009)[ 31-43].
Min-Li, James, Hubing, Richard-DuBroff, Thomas Proposed " Electromagneticinterference
Reduction from Airflow Aperture Arrays Using Dual Perforated Screens and Loss"[27].
planned for the reduction of Electromagnetic-impedance past the 20dB, the rectangular co-
ordinates system, uses M0M Technique. Bound to rectangular wave guides.(IEEE
Transactions, May 2000)[27].
Siemens AG, Siemens Wind Power passed on work entitled " ElectromagneticInterference
on huge Wind Turbines"[29]. The interpretive treatment relies upon M0M framework and
for fields of GSM 900MHz are managed. This examination is confined to Electromagnetic-
impedance on account of lighting alone.(energies,2009)[29].
S Ghosh, A Roy, and A Chakraborty contributed as " Estimation of radio wire factor of
microstrip-fix recieving wire as EMI-sensor"[30]. This work relies upon M0M numerical
procedure, uses CST microwave studio and for the rectangular headings system. Work is
bound upto 2.8GHz repeat band and evaluated for scene EM radiations from distint
recieving wire.( Progress in Electromagnetics ask about letters,2008)[30].
S Sanyal and S Ghosh contributed paper titled " Loaded-Wire-Antenna as EMIsensor"[33]
here M0M with heartbeat expansion limit and point-organizing framework are
the numerical mechanical assemblies and FORTRAN 77 and IE3D by Zealand are the
programming ventures. The execution examination is constrained to rectangular bearings
structure.( Progress in Electromagnetics research,2005)[33].

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Koichi-Ishida, Takao-Someya, Takayasu-Sakurai developed an examination and displayed a
paper as " Stretchable EMI-Measurement Sheet With 8x8 Coil-Array, 2VOrganic CMOS
Decoder, and 0.018µm Silicon CMOS-LSIs for Electrical and MagneticField Detection"[33] the
repeat extent of 30MHz-1GHz using the rectangular masterminds system and the relating
numerical methodology is M0M.(IEEE journal of solid state circuits, Jan 2010)[33].
Stefan-Niska passed on work in titled "Estimations and Analysis of Electromagnetic-
Interference in the Swedish-Railway-Systems"[34] the voltage measurement of the structure
was seen to be 100v yet the real voltage accept to be is 27v. The purpose behind coming up
short of the system was traced.(Doctoral thesis,Dec 2008)[34].
Hung-Loui conveyed fill in as " 1D-FDTD Using MATLAB"[35]. The work is passed on to clear
up the possibility of Finite Difference Time Domain numerical methodology. The work relies
upon the rectangular bearings system and use using MatLab tool.(ECEN-6006 Numerical
procedures in photonics adventure 1, sep 2004)[35].
Salam-K-Khamas proposed " Electromagnetic-Radiation by Antennas of Subjective Shape in
a Layered-Spherical-Media"[36]. Work relies upon M0M numerical strategy and the
roundabout bearings came into picture, where in which radiations of recieving wires are
analysed.(IEEE Transations on Antennas and Propagation, Dec 2009)[36] .
M D Huang and S Y Tan work was circulated under the title " An Improved ound Antenna-
Array for Wideband Phase Mode Processing"[38]. The examination is
related to far field radiations using roundabout bearings structure.( Progress in
Electromagnetics look at, PIER, 2006)[38].

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Levent-Sevgi circulated his work titled, " A Ray-Shooting Visualization Matlab
Pack For 2D-Ground-Wave Propagation Simulation"[39]. This paper clear up the duties to
Matlab pack in 2-dimensional examination called LS_Snell.Zip.(IEEE Recieving wires and
Propagation, magazine, Aug 2004)[39].
P Argus, P Fischer, A Konrad and A J Schwab passed on work titled " Efficient
Showing of Apertures in Thin Conducting Screens by the TLM-Method"[40]. The work
relies upon Transmission line structure numerical methodology which is used evaluate the
securing ampleness of slight driving screens in the rectangular compose system.(0-7803-
56677-2/00/$10.00 ©IEEE, 2000)[40].
Richard-J-Mohr performed tackle " Fundamental Models for Near-Field
Shielding"[42]. Examination carried on the stream circle and electric dipole exuded
electricfield and magneticfield.(978-1-4244-1699-8/08/$25.00 ©IEEE,2008)[42].
P V Y Jayasree, V S N Srinivasa Babu, B Prabhakara Rao and P Lakshman
developed a thought and appropriated paper " Analysis of Shielding Effectiveness of Single,
Twofold and Laminated Shields for Oblique-Incidence of EM-Waves"[43]. A sideways
wave of repeat 300MHz of an edge expanding 00-890 for different
polarization.(Progress in Electromagnetics investigate B, Vol.22, 2010)[43].
K M Muttaqi and M E Haque proposed "Electromagnetic-Interference Generated from Fast
Switching Power-Electronics-Devices"[45]. Examination was practiced for MOSFET what's

Page 18
more, IGBT snappy trading contraptions in the repeat space of range 30MHz-
1GHz.(International journal of improvements in Energy Systems and Power, April 2008)[45].
Davide-Micheli, Roberto-Pastore, Carmelo-Apollo, Mario-Marchetti, Gabriele-Gradoni,
Valter-Mariani-Primiani and Franco-Moglie figured as " Broadband
Electromagnetic Absorbers Using Carbon-Nanostructure-Based Composites"[46].
Analyzed for broadband frequencies expand 8.2 GHz-12.4GHz, for multilayer EM
obserbers.(IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Oct 2011)[46].
K Brahmananda-Reddy, JVS Srikanth-Prasad, Ande-Srikanth and K Ajit-Kishan developed a
paper "Reduction of EMI for Oblique-Incidence of EM Waves-A Case Study"[47]. The
examination is performed for an event point extent of 00-890.(Proceeding of the 2011 IEEE
understudies 'Development Symposium' IIT Kharagpur, Jan 2011)[47].
2.2 Background and Rational
Electromagnetic brakes (likewise called electro-mechanical brakes or EM brakes) moderate
or stop movement utilizing electromagnetic power to apply mechanical opposition
(contact). The first name was "electro-mechanical brakes" however throughout the years
the name changed to "electromagnetic brakes", alluding to their activation strategy. Since
getting to be mainstream in the mid-twentieth century particularly in trains and cable cars,
the assortment of uses and brake structures has expanded drastically, however the
fundamental activity continues as before. Electromagnetic brakes are the brakes taking a
shot at the electric power and attractive power. They takes a shot at the rule of

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electromagnetism. These brakes are a superb substitution on the convectional brakes
because of their numerous points of interest. The purpose behind executing this brake in
autos is to decrease wear in brakes as it frictionless. Electromagnetic brakes are of the
present cars. The working rule of this framework is that when the attractive motion goes
through and opposite to the pivoting wheel the swirl current streams inverse to the turning
wheel/rotor bearing. This vortex current endeavoring to stop the pivoting wheel or rotor.
This outcomes in the turning wheel or rotor stops/unbiased.
2.3 History
It is discovered that electromagnetic brakes can build up a negative power which speaks to almost
double the most extreme power yield of a normal motor, and no less than multiple times the braking
intensity of a fumes brake. (Reverdin 1994). These execution of electromagnetic brakes make them
considerably more aggressive contender for elective hindrance types of gear contrasted and
different retarders. By utilizing by utilizing the electromagnetic brakes are advantageous
impediment hardware, the grating brakes can be utilized less much of the time, and subsequently
for all intents and purposes never achieve high temperatures. The brake linings would last
significantly longer before requiring support and the conceivably "brake blur" issue could be stayed
away from. In research directed by a truck maker, it was demonstrated that the electromagnetic
brake accepted 80% of the obligation which would somehow or another have been requested of the
standard administration brake (Reverd in 1974). Further more the electromagnetic brakes avoids the
risk that can emerge from the drawn out utilization of brake past their capacity to scatter heat. This
is well on the way to happen while a vehicle slipping a long slope at rapid. Ina ponder with a vehicle
with 5 axles and weighting 40 tones fueled by a controlled by a motor of 310 b.h.p going down an
angle of 6% at a consistent speed somewhere in the range of 35 and 40 m.h.p, it very well may be
determined that the braking power important to keep up this speed ot the request of 450 hp. The

Page 20
brakes, along these lines, would need to assimilate 300 hp, implying that each brake in the 5 axels
must ingest 30 hp, that a contact brake can regularly retain with implosion. The attractive brake is
divider fit to such conditions since it will freely retain in excess of 300 hp (Reverdin 1974). It
consequently can surpass the necessities of constant continuous braking, leaving the erosion brakes
cool and prepared for crisis braking in all out security. The establishment of an electromagnetic
brake isn't very trouble if there is sufficient space between the gearbox and the back pivot.
Whenever did not require an auxiliary cooling framework. It hand-off on the effectiveness of motor
segments for its utilization do as well, exhaust and hydrokinetic brakes. The fumes brake is an on/off
gadget and hydrokinetic brakes have complex control framework. The electromagnetic brake control
framework is an electric exchanging framework which gives it unrivaled controllability.
Danish researcher Hans Christian Ørsted found in 1820 that electric flows make attractive fields.
English researcher William Sturgeon designed the electromagnet in 1824. His first electromagnet
was a horseshoe-molded bit of iron that was wrapped with around 18 turns of uncovered copper
wire (protected wire didn't exist yet). The iron was varnished to protect it from the windings. At the
point when a current was gone through the loop, the iron wound up charged and pulled in different
bits of iron; when the current was ceased, it lost polarization. Sturgeon showed its capacity by
appearing in spite of the fact that it just gauged seven ounces (around 200 grams), it could lift nine
pounds (about 4 kilos) when the current of a solitary cell battery was connected. Be that as it may,
Sturgeon's magnets were feeble in light of the fact that the uninsulated wire he utilized must be
enveloped by a solitary divided out layer around the center, constraining the quantity of turns.
Starting in 1830, US researcher Joseph Henry efficiently improved and advanced the electromagnet.
By utilizing wire protected by silk string, and propelled by Schweigger's utilization of different turns
of wire to make a galvanometer,[7] he had the capacity to wind various layers of wire on centers,
making incredible magnets with a huge number of turns of wire, including one that could bolster
2,063 lb (936 kg). The principal real use for electromagnets was in broadcast sounders.

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The attractive area hypothesis of how ferromagnetic centers work was first proposed in 1906 by
French physicist Pierre-Ernest Weiss, and the itemized current quantum mechanical hypothesis of
ferromagnetism was worked out during the 1920s by Werner Heisenberg, Lev Landau, Felix Bloch
and others.

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CHAPTER 3
MAGNETISM: BASIC ASPECTS
3.1 Magnet
A magnet is a material or article that creates an attractive field. This attractive field is
imperceptible however is in charge of the most striking property of a magnet: a power that
pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, for example, iron, and draws in or repulses
Figure 2: Magnets
3.2 Types of Magnets
Permanent Magnet
A permanent magnet is an article produced using a material that is charged and makes its
own steady attractive field. An ordinary model is a fridge magnet used to hold notes on a
cooler entryway. Materials that can be polarized, which are additionally the ones that are
unequivocally pulled in to a magnet, are called ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic).
These incorporate the components iron, nickel and cobalt, some composites of uncommon
earth metals, and some normally happening minerals, for example, lodestone. Albeit

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ferromagnetic (and ferrimagnetic) materials are the main ones pulled in to a magnet firmly
enough to be generally viewed as attractive, every other substance react pitifully to an
attractive field, by one of a few different kinds of attraction.
Ferromagnetic materials can be separated into attractively "delicate" materials like
toughened iron, which can be charged however don't will in general remain polarized, and
attractively "hard" materials, which do. Lasting magnets are produced using "hard"
ferromagnetic materials, for example, alnico and ferrite that are exposed to extraordinary
preparing in a solid attractive field amid production to adjust their inward microcrystalline
structure, making them exceptionally difficult to demagnetize. To demagnetize a soaked
magnet, a specific attractive field must be connected, and this edge relies upon coercivity of
the separate material. "Hard" materials have high coercivity, though "delicate" materials
have low coercivity. The general quality of a magnet is estimated by its attractive minute or,
then again, the all out attractive motion it produces. The nearby quality of attraction in a
material is estimated by its charge.
Electromagnet
An electromagnet, in its most straightforward structure, is a wire that has been snaked into
at least one circles, known as a solenoid. At the point when electric flow courses through
the wire, an attractive field is created. It is thought close (and particularly inside) the curl,
and its field lines are fundamentally the same as those of a magnet. The introduction of this
viable magnet is dictated by the correct hand rule. The attractive minute and the attractive
field of the electromagnet are relative to the quantity of circles of wire, to the cross-
segment of each circle, and to the present going through the wire.

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On the off chance that the loop of wire is folded over a material with no uncommon
attractive properties (e.g., cardboard), it will in general produce an exceptionally feeble
field. Be that as it may, on the off chance that it is folded over a delicate ferromagnetic
material, for example, an iron nail, at that point the net field created can result in a few
hundred-to thousandfold increment of field quality.
Utilizations for electromagnets incorporate molecule quickening agents, electric engines,
junkyard cranes, and attractive reverberation imaging machines. A few applications include
arrangements in excess of a straightforward attractive dipole; for instance, quadrupole and
sextupole magnets are utilized to center molecule shafts. In arithmetic and material science,
the right-hand rule is a typical mental helper for understanding introduction of tomahawks
in three-dimensional space.
The vast majority of the different left-and right-hand rules emerge from the way that the
three tomahawks of three-dimensional space have two potential introductions. One can see
this by holding one's hands outward and together, palms up, with the fingers twisted, and
the thumb out-extended. On the off chance that the twist of the fingers speaks to a
development from the first or x-pivot to the second or y-hub, at that point the third or z-hub
can point along either thumb. Left-and right-hand rules emerge when managing coordinate
tomahawks, revolution, spirals, electromagnetic fields, perfect representations, and
enantiomers in

Page 25
3.3 Magnetic field
The magnetic fluxadensity (additionally called magnetic B field or simply magnetic field,
more often than not indicated B) is a vector field. The magnetic B field vector at a given
point in space is determined by two properties:
Magnetic field:
1. Its bearing, which is along the introduction of a compass needle.
2. Its size (likewise called quality), which is relative to how unequivocally the compass
needle situates along that course. In SI units, the quality of the magnetic B field is given in
teslas.
A magnetic field is a vector field that portrays the magnetic impact of electric charges in
relative movement and polarized materials. Magnetic fields are seen in a wide scope of size
scales, from subatomic particles to systems. In regular day to day existence, the impacts of
magnetic fields are frequently found in perpetual magnets, which pull on magnetic
materials, (for example, iron) and draw in or repulse different magnets. Magnetic fields
encompass and are made by polarized material and by moving electric charges (electric
flows, for example, those utilized in electromagnets. Magnetic fields apply powers on
adjacent moving electrical charges and torques on close-by magnets. What's more, a
magnetic field that differs with area applies a power on magnetic materials. Both the quality
and course of a magnetic field differ with area. All things considered, it is a case of a vector
field.

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The term 'magnetic field' is utilized for two particular however firmly related fields meant by
the images B and H. In the International System of Units, H, magnetic field quality, is
estimated in the SI base units of ampere per meter. B, magnetic transition thickness, is
estimated in tesla (in SI base units: kilogram per second2 per ampere), which is equal to
newton per meter per ampere. H and B contrast by they way they represent charge. In a
vacuum, B and H are a similar beside units; however in a charged material, B/and H contrast
by the polarization M of the material by then in the material.
Magnetic fields are delivered by moving electric charges and the inherent magnetic
snapshots of basic particles related with a crucial quantum property, their turn. Magnetic
fields and electric fields are interrelated, and are the two parts of the electromagnetic
power, one of the four central powers of nature.
Magnetic fields are generally utilized all through present day innovation, especially in
electrical designing and electromechanics. Turning magnetic fields are utilized in both
electric engines and generators. The connection of magnetic fields in electric gadgets, for
example, transformers is examined in the control of magnetic circuits. Magnetic powers give
data about the charge transporters in a material through the Hall impact. The Earth creates
its own magnetic field, which shields the Earth's ozone layer from the sun oriented breeze
and is significant in route utilizing a compass.

Page 27
CHAPTER 4
BRAKING SYSTEM
4.1 Principle of Braking System
The rule of braking in street vehicles includes the change of kinetic energy into warm energy
(heat). While venturing on the brakes, the driver directions a ceasing power a few times as
incredible as the power that puts the vehicle in movement and disperses the related kinetic
energy as warmth. Brakes must almost certainly capture the speed of a vehicle in brief
timeframes in any case how quick the speed is. Therefore, the brakes are required to be
able to creating high torque and retaining energy at amazingly high rates for brief
timeframes.
Fundamentally, this venture was to ponder and dissect electromagnetic braking framework
as an optional measure for the water powered braking framework. To begin with, the base
for the electromagnets and the represent fitting the wheel, is made. At that point, a wheel is
made and appended to the scare while the frighten is connected to the remain by the
assistance of orientation. An electromagnet is made by winding the copper wire with the
round and hollow body and appended to it's base. Besides, a U molded metal pole is welded
with a L molded metal bar shaping a brake shoe and afterward its end are rest inside the
electromagnet. Additionally a fan is likewise appended to engine and the engine is
connected to the base. So the electromagnet and the engines of haggle are circuited to an
outside battery and by turning it on, they work individually.

Page 28
4.2 Types of Braking System
Electromagnetic Brake System
A rising style of slowing mechanism, electromagnetic brakes utilize an electric engine that is
incorporated into the car which help the vehicle halt. These sorts of brakes are in most cross
breed vehicles and utilize an electric engine to charge the batteries and regenerative brakes.
Every so often, a few transports will utilize it as an optional retarder brake.
Frictional Brake System
A frictional slowing mechanism is found in numerous autos. They are administration brakes,
and normally found in two structures; cushions and shoes. As the name infers, these brakes
use grinding to prevent the vehicle from moving. They ordinarily incorporate a pivoting
gadget with a stationary cushion and a turning climate surface. On most band brakes the
shoe will tighten and rub against the outside of the turning drum, on the other hand on a
drum brake, a pivoting drum with shoes will grow and rub against within the drum.
Hydraulic Brake System
A hydraulic stopping mechanism is made out of an ace barrel that is nourished by a supply
of hydraulic braking liquid. This is associated by a collection of metal pipes and elastic
fittings which are joined to the barrels of the wheels. The wheels contain two inverse
cylinders which are situated on the band or drum brakes which strain to push the cylinders
separated constraining the brake cushions into the barrels, in this way making the wheel
quit moving.

Page 29
CHAPTER 5
ELECTROMAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM
5.1 Working Principle
Electromagnetism:
Electromagnetism is one of the four major collaborations in nature. The other three are the
solid collaboration, the powerless connection and attractive energy. Electromagnetism is
the power that causes the collaboration between electrically charged particles; the zones in
which this happens are called electromagnetic fields
Figure 3 : Magnetic field lines
Magnetic Effect of Current
The articulation "Magnetic effect ofacurrent" suggests that "a presentastreaming in a wire
conveys a magneticafield around it". The magneticaimpact of current was found by Oersted
in 1820. Oersted found that a wireaconveying a current had the ability to stay away from a
magnetic needle

Page 30
Figure 4 : Electromagnet
Electromagnet:
An electric flow can be utilized for making impermanent magnets known as electromagnets.
An electromagnet chips away at the magnetic impact of current. It has been discovered that
in the event that a delicate iron pole called center is put inside a solenoid, at that point the
quality of the magnetic field turns out to be exceptionally extensive on the grounds that the
iron metal is charged by enlistment
Variables influencing quality of an Electromagnet:
The quality of an electromagnet is:
• Directly proportional to the quantity of turns in the loop.
• Directly proportional to the present streaming in the loop.
• Inversely proportional to the length of air hole between the shafts.

Page 31
When all is said in done, an electromagnet is frequently viewed as superior to a changeless
magnet since it can deliver solid magnetic fields and its quality can be constrained by
shifting the quantity of turns in its curl or by changing the current moving through the loop.
5.2 Electromagnetic Brakes:
Electromagnetic brakes work electrically, however transmit torque precisely. This is the
reason they used to be alluded to as electro-mechanical brakes. Throughout the years, EM
brakes ended up known as electromagnetic, alluding to their incitation technique. The
assortment of uses and brake structures has expanded significantly, however the
fundamental activity continues as before. Single face electromagnetic brakes make up
roughly 80% of the majority of the power connected brake applications
Characteristics of Electromagnetic Brakes:
It was discovered that electromagnetic brakes can build up a negative power which speaks
to about double the most extreme power yield of a run of the mill motor, and somewhere
around multiple times the braking intensity of a fumes brake. These exhibitions of
electromagnetic brakes make them significantly more aggressive contender for elective
hindrance hardware's contrasted and different retarders. The brake linings would last
impressively longer before requiring support, and the possibly "brake blur" issue could be
dodged. In research directed by a truck producer, it was demonstrated that the
electromagnetic brake expected 80 level of the obligation which would some way or
another have been requested of the customary administration brake. Besides, the
electromagnetic brake anticipates the perils that can emerge from the delayed utilization of

Page 32
brakes past their capacity to scatter heat. This is destined to happen while a vehicle
plunging a long slope at fast.
5.3 Working of Electromagnetic Brakes
Figure 5 : Block diagram of Electromagnetic Braking System

Page 33
Flowchart
Figure 6 : Flowchart of Electromagnetic Braking System

Page 34
The electromagnet is stimulated by the DC supply where the magnetic field delivered is
utilized to give the braking instrument. At the point when the electromagnet isn't
stimulated, the revolution of the plate is free and quickens consistently under the activity of
weight to which the pole is associated. At the point when the electromagnet is stimulated,
magnetic field is created along these lines applying brake by impeding the turn of the plate
and the energy consumed is showed up as warming of the circle. So when the armature is
pulled in to the field the ceasing torque is moved into the field lodging and into the machine
outline decelerating the heap. The AC engine makes the circle to pivot through the pole by
methods for pulleys associated with the pole.
In electro-magnetic braking framework we use electro-magnetic property because of which
activity of braking will be finished. In this framework we utilized electro magnet iron plate,
liners, strain spring, Disk brake plate. The brake liners are appended with electro-magnet
and iron plate separately and the two plates embed the circle plate as appeared in figure
and this plate is fixed with wheels. The battery of least 12 volts is utilized for outer power
supply. In electro-magnetic braking framework we use silicon control rectifier (SCR). The
door beat of SCR is terminated and the yield of SCR is given to electro-magnet for braking
the wheels. This SCR gives high current to our electro-magnetic braking framework, electro-
magnet and pulls in the iron plate towards itself. This strategy contradicts the movement of
wheels. Here we have planned electro-magnetic curl and linear framework

Page 35
Engagement Time:
There are really two engagement times to consider in an electromagnetic brake. The first is
the time it takes for a curl to build up a magnetic field, sufficiently able to pull in an
armature. The second one is air hole, which is the space between the armature and the curl
shell. Computer aided design frameworks can consequently figure part inactivity, yet the
way to estimating a brake is ascertaining how much dormancy is reflected back to the brake.
To do this, engineers use the formula:
T =(WK2 × ΔN) / (308 × t)
Where
T = required torque in lb-ft,
WK2 = total inertia in lb-ft2,
ΔN = change in the rotational
speed in rpm,
and t = time during which the acceleration or deceleration must take place.

Page 36
CHAPTER 6
DESIGN AND FABRICATION
6.1 Design and Calculations
 Centre distance between the pulleys= .362 m=C
 Diameter of the driving pulley = .15 m=d
 Diameter of the driven pulley = 0.35 m=D
 Speed of the driving pulley = 1400 rpm=N1
 Speed of the driven pulley = 6000 rpm=N2
 Material of the belt = POLYMER
 Material of the pulley = MS IS277
 Length of the belt = 1.14m
 Current required to drive the motor =0.847A
DETERMINATION OF SPEED OF THE DRIVEN PULLEY
 N1d=N2D
 I=N1/N2 =D/d
 N2= (D/n)*N1
 N2= 0.15/ 0.035 (1400)

Page 37
=6000 RPM
CHECKING FOR CENTRE DISTANCE
 “The centre distance between the two pulleys must be greater than the average
value of the diameters of both the pulleys.”
 C≥ (D + d) / (2)
 =0.15 + 0.35 / (2)
 = 0.09m
 C = 0.36
 0.36m > 0.09m
 Therefore C≥ (D + d) / (2)
DETERMINATION OF THE LENGTH OF THE BELT
 = 1.16m/s
ACTUAL LENGTH OF THE BELT
 =L-(1% of Lo)
 =1.16-(0.01*1.16)
 =1.14m

Page 38
CURRENT REQUIRED TO DRIVE THE DISC TO AC (0.25hp) MOTOR
 POWER EQUATION
 P=I × v
 P= 0.25 HP
 V= 220 v
 I=Ɂ
 1HP=745.7 watts
 0.25 Hp = 186.425 watts
 I= p / v
 = 186.452 / 220
 = 0.847 Amp
 Here the minimum current required to the magnet to stop the disc which is running
with AC motor with 0.847 Amp current
 It means for electromagnets minimum current required is 0.847A and maximum we
can select as per requirement
MAGNETIC FIELD TO BRAKE THE DISC
 F = v.B2.A / (p/t)
Where

Page 39
 v=velocity of the disc =2.5m/s (Assumed)
 B=magnetic field = µ0. H
 µ0 – Relative permeability of the air = 1.257 x 10ˉ⁶ H/m
 H=strength of the magnetic field = (I×N)/L
 I=current flowing through coil A =1.2A (Since current ≥0.8A)
 N= number of turns =1200(Assumed)
 L=length of the coil = 10m(Assumed)
 H=(1.2*1200)/10000 = 0.144 (Amp-turns)/meter
 B= 1.257 x 10ˉ⁶ x 0.144 = 0.181 x 10ˉ⁶
 A=Area of the magnetic patch = π x 10² = 0.3142 m²
 Where
 Considering the magnet diameter = 20mm
 R = D/2= 10mm
 P=Volume resistivity=1.68 x 10ˉ⁸Ω-m ( Wire winding is copper)
 T =Thickness of the disc= 5m
 So
 Finally force required equation becomes:
 F=v.B2.A/(P/T)
 =(2.5*0.181*10^-6*2*0.3142 m^2)/(1.68*10^-8 ohm m/5)

Page 40
6.2 Fabrication
Figure 7 : Fabricated design of Electromagnetic Braking System
Our model is isolated chiefly into two unique units ;
1) Driving Unit.
2) Braking Unit
Driving Unit
a) Electric Motor
An Electric engine is an electrical gadget that changes over electrical vitality into mechanical
vitality. In ordinary motoring mode, most electric engines work through the communication

Page 41
between an electric engine's magnetic field and twisting flows to create power inside the
engine. Electric engines might be ordered by electric power source type, inner
development, application, sort of movement yield, etc.
b) Wheel
Wheel gets in movement with the assistance of running engine. Both engine and
wheel is associated with the assistance of interfacing chain and chain ring.
Power control
This division comprises of intensity supply to entire framework and a different power
control framework to control the movement of movement.

Page 42
2) Braking Unit
a) Electromagnet
An electromagnet is a kind of magnet in which the magnetic fieldis delivered by an electric
flow .The magnetic field vanishes when the flow is killed. Electromagnets normally comprise
of protected wire twisted into a curl. A current through the wire makes a magnetic field
which is gathered strapped in the focal point of thecoil. The wire turns are frequently
twisted around a magnetic center.
b) Brake Shoe
It is part that will stop the fundamental wheel when the electromagnet is turned on.
c) Spring:
A loop spring, otherwise called a helical spring, is a mechanical gadget which is normally
used to store vitality and in this manner discharge it, to assimilate stun, or to keep up aforce
between reaching surfaces. : Two pressure springs are utilized to push back the brake shoe
back in its position

Page 43
d) Bearing:
The motivation behind Ball Bearing is to diminish rotational grinding and bolster outspread
and pivotal loads.In this venture 608 2RS sort of bearing is utilized.

Page 44
6.3 Final structure of project
Figure 8 : final structure of Project

Page 45
CHAPTER 7
MERITS AND DEMERITS
7.1 Merits
 Problems of drum twisting at generally differing temperatures. Which is regular for
rubbing brake drums to surpass 500 °C surface temperatures when subject to
overwhelming braking requests, and at temperatures of this request, a decrease in
the coefficient of contact ('brake blur') all of a sudden happens.
 This is decreased fundamentally in electromagnetic plate slowing mechanisms.
 Potential danger of tire weakening and blasts because of erosion is killed.
 There is no compelling reason to change brake oils normally.
 There is no oil spillage.
 The functional area of the retarder inside the vehicle anticipates the immediate
impingement of air on the retarder brought about by the movement of the vehicle.
 he retarders help to expand the life expectancy of the standard brakes and keep the
ordinary brakes cool for crisis circumstance.
 The electromagnetic brakes have great warmth scattering productivity inferable
from the high temperature of the outside of the plate which is being cooled.
 Due to its exceptional mounting area and warmth scattering instrument,
electromagnetic brakes have preferable warm powerful execution over standard
rubbing brakes.

Page 46
 Burnishing is the wearing or mating of contradicting surfaces .This is decreased
essentially here.
 In the future, there might be deficiency of unrefined petroleum, henceforth results,
for example, brake oils will be in much interest. EMBs will defeat this issue.
 Electromagnetic stopping mechanisms will decrease support cost
 The issue of brake liquid vaporization and solidifying is killed
7.2 Demerits
 Dependence on battery capacity to invigorate the stopping mechanism depletes
down the battery a lot quicker.
 Due to leftover attraction present in electromagnets, the brake shoe returns
opportunity to arrive to its unique position.
 A uncommon spring component should be accommodated the speedy return of the
brake shoe.
7.3 Application
 This rendition of the standard is utilized in two correlative uses of Ampère's circuital
law:
 An electric flow goes through a solenoid, bringing about an attractive field. When
folding the correct hand over the solenoid with the fingers toward the traditional
current, the thumb focuses toward the attractive north post.
 An electric flow goes through a straight wire. Snatching the wire focuses the thumb
toward the ordinary current (from positive to negative), while the fingers point
toward the attractive transition lines. The heading of the attractive field

Page 47
(counterclockwise rather than clockwise when seen from the tip of the thumb) is a
consequence of this show and not a hidden physical wonder. The thumb focuses
heading of current and fingers point bearing of attractive lines of power.

Page 48
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
8.1 Conclusion
With every one of the benefits of electromagnetic brakes over grating brakes, they have
been generally utilized on substantial vehicles where the 'brake blurring' issue exists. A
similar idea is being produced for application on lighter vehicles. The idea structured by us is
only a model and should be grown more in view of the previously mentioned
inconveniences. These electromagnetic brakes can be utilized as a helper braking
framework alongside the grating braking framework to abstain from overheating and brake
disappointment. ABS use can be dismissed by basically utilizing a miniaturized scale
controlled electromagnetic plate slowing mechanism .These find immense applications in
overwhelming vehicles where high warmth scattering is required.
In rail mentors it can utilized in mix of circle brake to bring the trains moving in rapid. At the
point when these brakes are joined it builds the life of brake and act like completely stacked
brakes. These electromagnetic brakes can be utilized in wet conditions which wipe out the
counter slipping gear, and cost of these brake are less expensive than different kinds. Thus
the braking power created in this is not exactly the plate brakes if can be utilized as an
auxiliary or crisis braking framework in the cars.

Page 49
Electromagnetic braking framework is observed to be increasingly dependable when
contrasted with other braking frameworks. In oil braking framework or air braking
framework even a little spillage may prompt total disappointment of brakes. While in
electromagnetic braking framework as four circle plates, loops and terminating circuits are
joined independently on each wheel, even any curl fizzles the brake does not totally comes
up short staying three curl works appropriately. What's more, this framework needs next to
no of support. Also, it is discovered that electromagnetic brakes make up roughly 80% of the
majority of the power connected brake applications. Electromagnetic brakes have been
utilized as strengthening impediment hardware notwithstanding the customary grinding
brakes on overwhelming vehicles. The contacts brakes can be utilized less every now and
again and in this manner essentially never achieve high temperatures. The brake linings
would last extensively longer before requiring support and the possibly "brake blur" issue
could be maintained a strategic distance from. This upgraded braking framework helps in
compelling braking as well as aides in staying away from the mishaps and diminishing the
recurrence of mishaps to a base. Besides the electromagnetic brakes avoid the peril that can
emerge from the delayed utilization of brake past their capacity to scatter heat.
8.2 Future scope
This exploration think about arrangements with electromagnetic-obstruction issue
identified with car weight sensor. Correspondingly, the exploration can be done for different
electronic parts, installed frameworks, restorative supplies. The impediment of inquire
about work is reproduction, in light of MATLAB. The car weight sensor is secured utilizing
miniaturized scale strip channel and protecting. Different electronic gadgets can be

Page 50
shielded from Electromagnetic-obstruction.
The brakes are significant for cars, the powerful braking plays a crucial job in mishaps. The
majority of the substantial vehicles depend on air or vacuum braking framework. the
pneumatic force must be kept up to its limit level, else there is a splendid possibility of
gathering a mishap. An inserted framework is created to screen the weight level of air tank
utilizing weight sensor. To lessen the impact of EMI on weight sensor we need to ensure the
weight sensor utilizing channels and shields

Page 51

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Electromagnetic braking system

VISVESWARAYA TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

Under the Guidance of

Dept of Electronics and communication

Department of Electronics and Communion Engineering

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principle

Mr Ashuthosh Srivastava Dr. Sanjeev Sharma Dr.Manjunatha

Dept of Electronics and communication

SRUSTIK SUBHASH (1NH14EC132)

Dept of Electronics and communication

electromagnetic slowing mechanism in car is contemplated. These brakes can be joined in

overwhelming vehicles as a helper brake. The electromagnetic brakes can be utilized in

the pivoting wheel or rotor.This model encourages in a manner to be an utilized an

impediment gear in vehicles.

Dept of Electronics and communication

angle of 6% at an unfaltering rate somewhere in the range of 35 and 40 m.h.p, it tends to be

attractive brake is divider fit to such conditions since it will

Dept of Electronics and communication

Dr.Manjunatha, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bengaluru, for providing us with a

congenial environment to work in.

Srivastava, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication, New Horizon

succeed in this endeavor.

Dept of Electronics and communication

1.1 Overview of project 12

1.3 Significance of scope 13

2. Literature Survey and Background

2.1 Literature Survey 14-19

2.2 Background and Rational 19-20

2.3 History 20-22

3 Magnetism basic Aspects

3.2 Types of magnet 23-29

3.3 Magnetic field 26-27

4.1 Principle of braking system 28

4.2 Types of braking system 29

5 Electromagnetic braking system

5.1 Working principle 30-32

Dept of Electronics and communication

5.2 Electromagnetic brakes 32-33

5.3 Working of electromagnetic brakes 33-36

6 Design and fabrication

6.1 Design and calculation 37-40

6.2 Fabrication 41-44

6.3 Final structure of the project 45

7 Merits and Demerits

7.1 Merits 46-47

7.3 Application 47-48

8 Conclusion and future scope

8.1 Conclusion 49-50

8.2 Future scope 50-51

Dept of Electronics and communication

Figure 1 : Concept of Electromagnetic Braking System 12

Figure 3 : Magnetic field lines 30

Figure 5 : Block diagram of Electromagnetic Braking System 33

Figure 6 : Flowchart of Electromagnetic Braking System 34

Figure 7 : Fabricated design 41

Figure 8 : Final structure of project 45

Dept of Electronics and communication

Dept of Electronics and communication

An electromagnet is a sort of magnet in which the attractive field is delivered by an electric