IOT BASED PREPAID SMART

METERING SYSTEM

A Project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the degree of B. Tech in Electrical Engineering

By

Soumyadeep Mukherjee(11701616024)
Debjyoti Dey(11701616059)
Disha Ghosh (11701617016)
Sourav Saha(11701617003)

Under the supervision of

Mr. Sarbojit Mukherjee

Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering

RCC INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
CANAL SOUTH ROAD, BELIAGHATA, KOLKATA – 700015, WEST BENGAL
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT)
© 2020

1
 Department of Electrical Engineering
RCC INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
GROUND FLOOR, NEW
BUILDING, CANAL SOUTH ROAD, BELIAGHATA,
KOLKATA – 700015, WEST BENGAL
PHONE: 033-2323-2463-154, FAX: 033-2323-4668
Email: [email protected], Website: http://www.rcciit.org/academic/ee.aspx

CERTIFICATE
To whom it may concern

This is to certify that the project work entitled IOT Based Prepaid Smart metering
system is the bona fide work carried out by Soumyadeep Mukherjee
(11701616024), Debjyoti Dey (11701616059), Disha Ghosh(11701617016) &
Sourav Saha (11701617003) , a student of B.Tech in the Dept. of Electrical Engi-
neering, RCC Institute of Information Technology (RCCIIT), Canal South Road,
Be- liaghata, Kolkata-700015, affiliated to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University
of Technology (MAKAUT), West Bengal, India, during the academic year 2016-17,
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electrical Engineering and that this project has not submitted previously for the
award of any other degree, diploma and fellowship.

__________________ ___________________
Signature of the Guide. Signature of the HOD
Name: Name:
Designation: Designation:

_____________________
Signature of the External Examiner
Name:
Designation:

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is our great fortune that we have got opportunity to carry out this project work
under the supervision of Mr. Sarbojit Mukherjee in the Department of Electrical
Engineering, RCC Institute of Information Technology (RCCIIT), Canal South
Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700015, affiliated to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
University of Technology (MAKAUT), West Bengal, India. We express our sincere
thanks and deepest sense of gratitude to our guide for his constant support,
unparalleled guidance and limitless encouragement.

We would also like to convey our gratitude to all the faculty members and
staffs of the Department of Electrical Engineering, RCCIIT for their whole hearted
cooperation to make this work turn into reality.

We are very thankful to our Department and to the authority of RCCIIT for
providing all kinds of infrastructural facility towards the research work.

Thanks to the fellow members of our group for working as a team.

SOUMYADEEP MUKHERJEE(11701616024),
DEBJYOTI DEY(11701616059),
DISHA GHOSH (11701617016),
SOURAV SAHA(11701617003)

3
To
The Head of the Department
Department of Electrical Engineering
RCC Institute of Information Technology
Canal South Rd.
Beliagahata, Kolkata-700015

Respected Sir,

In accordance with the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in the

Department of Electrical Engineering, RCC Institute of Information Technology, We
present the following thesis entitled “IOT Based Prepaid Smart metering
system”. This work was performed under the valuable guidance of Mr. Sarbojit
Mukherjee, Assistant Professor in the Dept. of Electrical Engineering.

We declare that the thesis submitted is our own, expected as acknowledge in the test
and reference and has not been previously submitted for a degree in any other
Institution.

Yours Sincerely,

• SOUMYADEEP MUKHERJEE (11701616024),

• DEBJYOTI DEY (11701616059),
• DISHA GHOSH(11701617016),
• SOURAV SAHA (11701617003)

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO.

List of Tables 6

List of Figures 7

List of Acronyms 8

Abstract 9

1. Introduction 10-13

2. Literature survey 14-15

3. Proposed System 16-17

4. Theory 18-24

3. Hardware Modelling 25-31

4. Logic and Operation 32-35

5. Observations and Results 36-37

6. Conclusions and Future Scope 38-39

7. References 40-41

8. Appendix A (Hardware Description) 42-54

9. Appendix B (Datasheet) 55-100

5
 LIST OF TABLES
SL.NO TABLE NAME PAGE NUMBER
1 LIST OF COMPONENT 30
2 COST ESTIMATION 31

6
 LIST OF FIGURES

SL NO. NAME OF FIGURE PAGE NO

1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 13
2 ARDUINO UNO 19
3 INTERFACING OF SIM900 WITH ARDUINO UNO 22
4 SAMPLE CODE FOR SIM900 INTERFACING 22
5 INTERFACING LCD WITH ARDUINO UNO 24
6 SAMPLE CODE FOR INTERFACING LCD WITH ARDUINO 24
7 WORKING OF PROTTYPE 26
8 PHOTOGRAPH OF PROTOTYPE 27
9 INITIALISATION OF LCD AND GSM 28
10 READING OF PULSE 28
11 FINDING MODULE 29
12 CHECKING STATUS 29
13 READING PULSE 30
14 FLOW DIAGRAM 33
15 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 35
16 SYSTEM INITIALIZING 37
17 MODULE CONNECTION ESTABLISHED 37
18 NETWORK ESTABLISHED 37
19 READING OF ENERGY METER 37
20 LCD PIN OUT 49
21 ULN 2003 PIN CONFIGURATION 49
22 4N35 PIN CONFIGURATION 50
23 STATIC ENERGY METER 52
24 RESISTOR COLOUR CODE 53
25 RELAY 54

7
 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ABBREVIATIONS FULL FORM

IOT Internet Of Things
µC Micro Controller
NO Normally Open
NC Normally Closed
COM Common
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light Emitting Diode
POT Potentiometer
SMPS Switch Mode Power Supply
GSM Global Service for Mobile
Communication
AMR Automatic Meter Reading

8
 ABSTRACT

This study has specifically focused to develop a IOT Based

Prepaid Smart Metering System which would be able to address some of
the challenges currently available in the regular digital automated
metering system in Eurasia. Smart Metering with its unique performance
with the Internet of Things (IoT) tend to be an efficient system for
electricity management, se- cure against the intervention by third parties,
and reliable for tracking and real-time remote monitoring. Hence, this
project work is accomplished by analyzing available functions and
journals on the existing design of Smart Metering and discussed on
further preferable application. In the currently working system,
electricity meter reading for electricity usage and billing is done by
human workers from home to home and building to buildings. The
purpose of this project is to develop a Smart Electricity meter using GSM.
This can reduce human errors and helps to retrieve the real time meter
value via GSM and send it to customers mobile phone through GSM. This
also al- lows electricity board to modify the variable package price in
specific duration. The administrator can analyze the customers power
consumption data and generate the report from the data online. The
prototype will be able to introduce the billing system to the customers,
get the power consumption data from smart meter, keep the data in
centralized database and generate the report.

9
CHAPTER 1
(Introduction)

10
INTRODUCTION:

E lectricity is one of the vital requirements for sustainment of contents of life.

It should be used very judiciously for its proper utilization. But in our country,
we have lot of locality where we have surplus supply for the electricity while
many areas do not even have access to it. Our policies of its distribution are also
partially responsible for this because we are still not able to correctly estimate
our exact requirement and still power theft is prevailing. On the other hand,
consumers are also not satisfied with the services of power companies. Most of
the time they have complaints regarding statistical errors in the monthly bills.
with this we can monitor meter and track if any fault is there or not. In previous
meter a circular metal strip rotates and according to that rotation we calculate
the consumption. But our meter works on pulse which is created according to
consumption and we previously connected an- droid board which monitor the
pulse and according to pulse the bill is generated. With the help of this project
we are aiming to receive the monthly energy consumption from a remote
location directly to centralized office. In this way we can reduce human efforts
needed to record the meter readings which are till now recorded by visiting
every home individually.
Smart energy meter is an electronic device that measures the most
accurate amount of electricity consumed by a residence, business or any
electrically-powered device. A smart meter is reliable source for most accurate
information of consumed energy that reduces the chance of error in the existing
billing system to minimal.
EXISTING PREPAID METERING TECHNOLOGIES:

• SMART CARD based prepaid Energy Meters: Smart card is a credit card sized
plastic card embedded with an integrated circuit (IC) and usually it consists of a
ROM, EEPROM and a CPU.A smart card provides both the memory capacity
and the computational capability [5]. Access to data stored on the card is under
the control of the smart card operating system. In this method consumer have to
have the smart card recharged for the amount he chooses and enter the card into
11
the card reader of the energy meter. Then the meter store the number of units
recharged and start to measures the energy consumption. When purchased units
are used up the meter disconnect the power supply until the next recharge.

• RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) based Prepaid Energy Meters:

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method,
relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags
or transponders. The technology requires some extent of cooperation of an RFID
reader and an RFID tag. An RFID tag is an object that can be applied to or
incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification
and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from several meters away
and beyond the line of sight of the reader. In this method RFID cards which are
issued by the electricity suppliers to individual consumers are used. This RFID
card is unique with a code in it and consumers are free to make flexible recharge.
When the consumer wants to use the system, he needs to show the card to the
reader, then the unique code inside the card is recognized by the reader, and starts
deducing the amount of the RFID card as per the quantized unit charge. When
the usage completes the consumer has to recharge the RFID card again.
In this project the IOT Based Prepaid Smart metering system Includes:
• Meter, which is used to measure the flow of electric power from input to
the output terminal.
• LCD Display, which is used for displaying readings of the parameters that
are being measured.
• GSM module is used for communication with the end user and it is
responsible for updating the data on the distribution side

PROBLEM STATEMENT
As we mentioned above several advantages of digital energy meters, but always
there are chances of innovation or modification in different instruments for ease
of consumer and supplier. Following are some problems observed in those
energy meters which should be rectified:

12
 • Meter reading and other related tasks like bill payment are performed by
a large number of staff i.e., large number of employees are required.

• An expansive number of staff is utilized for meter reading and other

related assignments like bill payment.

• Billing errors due to carelessness of meter readers during meter reading

and sometime billing estimation.

• Consumer has to stand in queue for hours for bill payment.

• Careless usage of electricity by consumer who is unaware of its cost.

• Consumers are not bound to pay bill on time.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

FIG 1. BLOCK DIAGRAM

13
CHAPTER 2
(Literature Survey)

14
LITERATURE SURVEY:

Ashna.K “GSM Based Automatic Energy Meter Reading System with

Instant Billing” proposed the design of a simple low-cost wireless GSM energy
meter and its associated wave interface, for automating billing and managing the
collected data globally.

Vivek Kumar Sehgal “Electronic Energy Meter with Instant Billing”

introduced the concept of Postpaid Energy Meter which automatically sense the
energy used in the home and when it reaches value which is initially fed in the
hardware it will disconnect the power line. A user interface given in the hardware
for user which will interact with the hardware, through user interface user can
set a value.

Ms. Prajakta B.Murmude, Mr. Sachin G. Jagdale, Ms. Sunita D. Giri

“GSM based Prepaid Energy Meter” proposed the design and implementation
of a GSM based remote operation of an energy meter which gives the solution
to power theft, consumption control, auto billing and payment, data logging and
Manpower reduction in power distribution and management.

The major disadvantage of the present systems is these systems are

postpaid base service, Electricity board gives the service before collecting the
payment from the customers and it is difficult for Electricity board to collect the
payable amount from the customers and at the same Electricity board cannot stop
to providing the service. So there is need of a system service after payment

15
CHAPTER 3
(Proposed System)

16
PROPOSED SYSTEM:

T his mechanism requires the consumers to pay for the electricity before its

consumption. On that way, users hold credit and then use the electricity until the
credit is ended. If the available credit is ended then the electricity supply is cut-
off by a relay. Readings made by operators are prone to errors. This project
shows the above mentioned problems. These system will first register the user.
For making recharge the consumer must have to login to the system. The
username and password must create to login then it will check for the user is
valid or not through server. It can able to recharge through user phone app only
if the user is authorized user. As recharge ends it will cut off the electricity.

17
CHAPTER 4
(Theory)

18
THEORY:

Arduino UNO: It is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P

(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog in- puts, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power
jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. (Datasheet in Appendix I)

FIG 2. ARDUINO UNO

FEATURES:
Power USB: Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your
computer. All you need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection
(1).

Power (Barrel Jack): Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC
mains power supply by connecting it to the Barrel Jack (2).

Voltage Regulator: The function of the voltage regulator is to control the

voltage given to the Arduino board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the
processor and other elements.

4Crystal Oscillator: The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time
issues. How does Arduino calculate time? The answer is, by using the crystal
oscillator. The number printed on top of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It
tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz

19
5,17Arduino Reset: You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program
from the beginning. You can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using
the reset button (17) on the board. Second, you can connect an external reset
button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5).

6,7,8,9Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin):

• 3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt
• 5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt
• Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt
and 5 volt.
• GND (8)(Ground) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of
which can be used to ground your circuit.
• Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an
external power source, like AC mains power supply.

Analog pins: The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through
A5. These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity
sensor or temperature sensor and convert it into a digital value that can be read
by the microprocessor.

Main microcontroller: Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11).
You can assume it as the brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit)
on the Arduino is slightly different from board to board. The microcontrollers
are usually of the ATMEL Company. You must know what IC your board has
before loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This information is
available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC construction and
functions, you can refer to the data sheet.

ICSP pin: Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the
Arduino consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often
referred to as an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be considered

20
as an "expansion" of the output. Actually, you are slaving the output device to
the master of the SPI bus.

Power LED indicator: This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino
into a power source to indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this
light does not turn on, then there is something wrong with the connection.

TX and RX LEDs: On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and
RX (receive). They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at
the digital pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins responsible for serial
communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13). The TX led flashes with
different speed while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing depends on
the baud rate used by the board. RX flashes during the receiving process.

Digital I/O: The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6
provide PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured
to work as input digital pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output
pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labelled “~”
can be used to generate PWM.

AREF: AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an

external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the
analog input pins.

INTERFACING GSM MODULE WITH ARDUINO:

• For interfacing GSM with Arduino we need to connect only 3 terminals i.e.
o Connect TX pin of GSM Module to RX pin of Arduino Uno.

o Connect RX pin of GSM Module to TX pin of Arduino Uno.

o Connect GND pin of GSM Module to GND pin of Arduino Uno.

21
 FIG 3. INTERFACING OF SIM900 WITH ARDUINO UNO

STEPS TO BOOT GSM MODULE:

1. Power ON the GSM module by providing 5V and GND.

2. Insert the SIM card to GSM module and lock it.
3. Initially blinking rate of network LED will be high. After sometime
observe the blinking rate of ‘network LED’ (GSM module will take some
time to establish connection with mobile network)
4. Once the connection is established successfully, the network LED will
blink continuously for every 3 seconds.
5. Even we can check the connection establishment of GSM module with
mobile by making a call to the number of the SIM. If we hear a ring back,
the GSM module has successfully established network connection.

After booting we will burn a simple code for testing.

FIG 4. SAMPLE CODE FOR SIM900

INTERFACING

22
Basic AT Command
1. To change sms sending mode : AT+CMGF=1

mySerial.println("AT+CMGF=1");

2. To read SMS in text mode : AT+CNMI=2,2,0,0,0

mySerial.println("AT+CNMI=2,2,0,0,0");

3. To make a call : ATD+91XXXXXXXXX;

mySerial.println("ATD+91XXXXXXXXX;");

4. To disconnect / hangup call : ATH

mySerial.println("ATH");

5. To redial : ATDL

mySerial.println("ATDL");

6. To receive a phone call : ATA

mySerial.println("ATA");

23
INTERFACING OF 16x2 LCD WITH ARDUINO:
At first we connect the LCD with Arduino according to the circuit diagram
given below:

FIG 5. INTERFACING LCD WITH ARDUINO UNO

Now we run the following code for testing.

FIG 6. SAMPLE CODE FOR INTERFACING LCD WITH ARDUINO

24
CHAPTER5
(Hardware Modelling)

25
Main features of the prototype
The features of the developed prototype are:
• LCD display (showing the unit and balance)
• Communication between user and provider
• 5 Volt operation (both control board and ON & OFF relay)
• Prepaid recharge of energy meter.
• Intimation for low balance.
• Power cut occur if there is insufficient balance
• Cost effective (Rs 1110/- approx.)

Overview of the Project

The working of the project is described in the fig. . At first the GSM module is
initialised and it establishes a network for communicating with the user. After
initialisation the controller checks the balance if it is above optimum balance
then the load is turned on. If the balance is below a certain value then the
controller will send a SMS for recharging the energy account.

SIM 900 GSM ARDUINO ENERGY METER

UNO

RELAY

16 X 2 LCD

LOAD

MOBILE FOR
COMMUNICATION
FIG 7 . WORKING OF PROTTYPE
26
PROJECT LAYOUT:

PROJECT
MODULE

HARDWARE SOFTWARE

ARDUINO RELAY ENERGY ARDUINO

SIM900 GSM LCD DISPLAY 4N35 ULN2003
UNO DRIVER METER IDE

PHOTOGRAPH OF PROTOTYPE:

FIG 8. PHOTOGRAPH OF PROTOTYPE

27
PROGRAMMING EXPLANATION:

First of all we include required library and Define pins & variables that are
required in our project. This can be seen in first few lines of our program code
below.

After it we initialize the LCD, serial communication, GSM and display some
message.

After this in loop function we read serial received data if any. And reads pulse
from energy meter and show units and balance on LCD.

FIG 9. INITIALISATION OF LCD AND GSM

Reads pulse from energy meter and show units and balance on LCD.

FIG 10. READING OF PULSE

28
void init_sms(),void send_data(String message), and void send_sms() functions
have been used to send SMS.

gsm_init() function is used for initializing the GSM module for get ready to
operate with the system. In this we first sends AT command to know whether
GSM module is connected or not. After it we turned off the echo and then check
the network.

FIG 11. FINDING MODULE

In check_status() function system reads connection and Balance conditions; like

whether electricity balance is greater than the defined limit. If balance is less
than 15 , then it alerts the user by sending the SMS alert of ‘Low Balance’ and
if balance is less than 5 rupees then system will cut the electricity and inform the
user by sending SMS using GSM module.

FIG 12. CHECKING STATUS

29
send_confirmaiton_sms() function is used for sending confirmation message to
the user if recharge has been done and it also update the balance in the system.

decode_message() function is used for decoding the amount figure from the
SMS message, by using the # and * as starting and ending character.

read_pulse() function is used for reading pulse from the Energy meter through
optocoupler IC. And update the unit and balance.

FIG 13. READING PULSE

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

TABLE 2. LIST OF COMPONENT

Sl. No. Components Qty.
1. Energy meter 1
2. Arduino UNO 1
3. GSM SIM900 1
4. ULN2003 1
5. 4n35 1
6. Resistor 1k 3
7. PCB 1
8. Wire 2m
9. Jumper Wire 20
10. 10k pot 1

30
 11. LED red 2
12. LCD 1
13. 6pin IC base 1
14. 16 pin IC base 1
15. Female header 1

COST ESTIMATION OF THE PROTOTYPE :

TABLE 3. COST ESTIMATION

Sl. No. Components Qty. Cost
1. Energy meter 1 250/-
2. Arduino UNO 1 200/-
3. GSM SIM900 1 400/-
4. ULN2003 1 10/-
5. 4n35 1 10/-
6. Resistor 1k 3 3/-
7. PCB 1 20/-
8. Wire 2m 10/-
9. Jumper Wire 20 30/-
10. 10k pot 1 10/-
11. LED red 2 2/-
12. LCD 1 120/-
13. 6pin IC base 1 10/-
14. 16 pin IC base 1 10/-
15. Female header 1 20/-
Total 1105/-

31
 Chapter 6
(Logic and operation)

32
FLOW DIAGRAM:

FIG 14: FLOW DIAGRAM

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
This model has the Arduino UNO as CPU. The entire system is interfaced with
Arduino UNO. The GSM modem is serially connected with the controller which
is used as communication module between User and provider. The GSM uses its
own network for the transfer of data. Special coding in Arduino is used for
programming AT89S51 microcontroller. The relay is used as switching device
to cut off and restore power supply. The LCD is interfaced to microcontroller
using parallel connection. In this project the Microcontroller based system
continuously measures the readings and the current meter reading can be sent to
the Electricity department on request. This system also can be used to cut off the
power supply to the house in case of non-payment of electricity bills. This GSM
modem with SIM card is essential for each energy meter.

33
FLOW CHART:

34
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Energy
Relay Driver Meter

Relay

16x2 LCD

Optocoupler

Arduino
UNO SIM GSM
900

FIG 15: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

35
 CHAPTER 7
(OBSERVATION AND RESULTS)

36
OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS:

The system is being initialised. The

Arduino is trying to establish
connection with the components.

FIG 16: SYSTEM INITIALIZING

The Arduino establishes connection

with the GSM 900 module.

FIG 17: MODULE CONNECTION ESTABLISHED

GSM 900 module establishes connection

with the mobile network for
communication.

FIG 18: NETWORK ESTABLISHED

The system finally shows the available unit

and balance

FIG 19: READING OF ENERGY METER

37
 CHAPTER 8
(CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE)

38
CONCLUSIONS:

1. By using this project, we can reduce the manual effort to take the reading
from the energy meter which is cost effective.

2. Divergence in service is going to be the key competitive factor to the

improve market share in the present power markets prepaid meters with
their advantages over conventional ones are likely to help power providers
to differentiate and offer value –added services to users.

3. Encourage clients to opt for prepaid meters on a voluntary basis and offering
tariff or non-tariff incentives to those users who prepaid their power
changes would help the utilities to execute this system.

4. Reduces man power.

5. It is user friendly and we can enhance this project, in which an electricity

department can send message to the consumer about the billing
information.

FUTURE SCOPE:

This is 21st century and there is no space for errors or faults either in any technical
system or in general applications. Prepaid energy meter is a beneficial concept
for the future. It’s facilitates the remission from electricity bills. Electricity
vouchers will be available at nearby shops. The word prepaid means “pay before
use” one of the beneficial feature of this concept prepaid energy meter is used to
prepaid the current supply of electricity to homes, offices etc.

39
CHAPTER 9
(REFERENCE)

40
REFERENCES:

• https://github.com
• https://randomnerdtutorials.com/guide-for-relay-module-with-arduino/
• https://www.ieee.org
• https://www.instructables.com/id/GSM-SIM900A-With-Arduino/
• International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications:
Modelling of Arduino-based Prepaid Energy Meter using GSM
Technology
• https://circuitdigest.com
• https://www.arduino.cc/en/guide/environment
• https://iot-analytics.com/10-internet-of-things-applications/
• E. I. Abbas, M. E. Safi and M. A. Jaber, "Design and Implementation
Prepaid Energy Meter Supported by RFID and GSM Technologies," 2018
International Conference on Advanced Science and Engineering
(ICOASE), Duhok, 2018, pp. 216-220, doi:
10.1109/ICOASE.2018.8548870.
• Shanaka Lakmal, Isuru & Rodrigo, Asanka. (2016). A Prepaid Energy
Meter Using GPRS/GSM Technology For Improved Metering And
Billing.
• Surajudeen-Bakinde, Nazmat & AYODELE, Sunday & Oloruntoba,
Timilehin & Otuoze, Abdulrahaman & Faruk, Nasir. (2017). Development
of an Internet Based Prepaid Energy Meter.
10.1109/AFRCON.2017.8095681.
• N. Mohammad, A. Barua and M. A. Arafat, "A smart prepaid energy
metering system to control electricity theft," 2013 International Conference
on Power, Energy and Control (ICPEC), Sri Rangalatchum Dindigul, 2013,
pp. 562-565, doi: 10.1109/ICPEC.2013.6527721.

41
APPENDIX A
(HARDWARE DESCRIPTION)

42
 APPENDIX A
Arduino UNO:
The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on
the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc. The
board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may
be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The board
has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is
programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment),
via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by the USB cable or by an external 9-
volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts.

PIN CONFIGURATION OF ATmega328P(BRAIN OF ARDUINO

UNO)

43
PIN DESCRIPTION:
Pin Pin name Description Secondary Function
No.

1 PC6 (RESET) Pin6 of PORTC Pin by default is used as RESET pin. PC6
can only be used as I/O pin when
RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed.

2 PD0 (RXD) Pin0 of PORTD RXD (Data Input Pin for USART)
USART Serial Communication Interface
[Can be used for programming]

3 PD1 (TXD) Pin1 of PORTD TXD (Data Output Pin for USART)
USART Serial Communication Interface
[Can be used for programming]

INT2( External Interrupt 2 Input)

4 PD2 (INT0) Pin2 of PORTD External Interrupt source 0

5 PD3 Pin3 of PORTD External Interrupt source1

(INT1/OC2B)
OC2B(PWM - Timer/Counter2 Output
Compare Match B Output)

6 PD4 (XCK/T0) Pin4 of PORTD T0( Timer0 External Counter Input)

XCK ( USART External Clock I/O)

7 VCC Connected to positive voltage

8 GND Connected to ground

44
9 PB6 Pin6 of PORTB XTAL1 (Chip Clock Oscillator pin 1 or
(XTAL1/TOSC1)
External clock input)TOSC1
(Timer Oscillator pin 1)

10 PB7 Pin7 of PORTB XTAL2 (Chip Clock Oscillator pin 2)

(XTAL2/TOSC2)
TOSC2 (Timer Oscillator pin 2)

11 PD5 Pin5 of PORTD T1(Timer1 External Counter Input)

(T1/OC0B) OC0B(PWM - Timer/Counter0 Output
Compare Match B Output)

12 PD6 Pin6 of PORTD AIN0(Analog Comparator Positive I/P)

(AIN0/OC0A)
OC0A(PWM - Timer/Counter0 Output
Compare Match A Output)

13 PD7 (AIN1) Pin7 of PORTD AIN1(Analog Comparator Negative I/P)

14 PB0 Pin0 of PORTB ICP1(Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Pin)

(ICP1/CLKO)
CLKO (Divided System Clock. The
divided system clock can be output on the
PB0 pin)

15 PB1 (OC1A) Pin1 of PORTB OC1A (Timer/Counter1 Output Compare

Match A Output)

16 PB2 (SS/OC1B) Pin2 of PORTB SS (SPI Slave Select Input). This pin is
Low when controller acts as slave.
[Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) for
programming] OC1B (Timer/Counter1

45
 Output Compare Match B Output)

17 PB3 Pin3 of PORTB MOSI (Master Output Slave Input).

(MOSI/OC2A)
When controller acts as slave, the data is
received by this pin. [Serial Peripheral
Interface (SPI) for programming]
OC2 (Timer/Counter2 Output Compare
Match Output)

18 PB4 (MISO) Pin4 of PORTB MISO (Master Input Slave Output).

When controller acts as slave, the data is
sent to master by this controller through this
pin.
[Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) for
programming]

19 PB5 (SCK) Pin5 of PORTB SCK (SPI Bus Serial Clock). This is the
Clock shared between this controller and
other system for accurate data transfer.
[Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) for
programming]

20 AVCC Power for Internal ADC Converter

21 AREF Analog Reference Pin for ADC

22 GND GROUND

23 PC0 (ADC0) Pin0 of PORTC ADC0 (ADC Input Channel 0)

24 PC1 (ADC1) Pin1 of PORTC ADC1 (ADC Input Channel 1)

46
25 PC2 (ADC2) Pin2 of PORTC ADC2 (ADC Input Channel 2)

26 PC3 (ADC3) Pin3 of PORTC ADC3 (ADC Input Channel 3)

27 PC4 Pin4 of PORTC ADC4 (ADC Input Channel 4)

(ADC4/SDA)
SDA (Two-wire Serial Bus Data
Input/output Line)

28 PC5 Pin5 of PORTC ADC5 (ADC Input Channel 5)

(ADC5/SCL)
SCL (Two-wire Serial Bus Clock Line)

GSM SIM 900:

The SIM900 is a complete Quad-band GSM/GPRS solution in a SMT module

which can be embedded in the customer applications. Featuring an industry-
standard interface, the SIM900 delivers GSM/GPRS 850/900/1800/1900MHz
performance for voice, SMS, Data, and Fax in a small form factor and with low
power consumption. With a tiny configuration of 24mm x 24mm x 3 mm,
SIM900 can fit almost all the space requirements in your M2M application,
especially for slim and compact demand of design.

Features:
• SIM900 is designed with a very powerful single-
chip processor integrating AMR926EJ-S core
• Quad - band GSM/GPRS module with a size of 24mmx24mmx3mm
• SMT type suit for customer application
• An embedded Powerful TCP/IP protocol stack
• Based upon mature and field-proven platform, backed up by our
support service, from definition to design and production

47
16X2 LCD:
An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and has
a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is
very commonly used in various devices and circuits. A 16x2 LCD means it can
display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each
character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. The 16 x 2 intelligent alphanumeric
dot matrix display is capable of displaying 224 different characters and symbols.
This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.

Command register stores various commands given to the display. Data register
stores data to be displayed. The process of controlling the display involves
putting the data that form the image of what you want to display into the data
registers, then putting instructions in the instruction register. In your Arduino
project Liquid Crystal Library simplifies this for you so you don't need to know
the low-level instructions. Contrast of the display can be adjusted by adjusting
the potentiometer to be connected across VEE pin.
Features :
§ Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V
§ Current consumption is 1mA without backlight
§ Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display
alphabets and numbers
§ Consists of two rows and each row can print 16 characters.
§ Each character is built by a 5×8 pixel box
§ Can work on both 8-bit and 4-bit mode
§ It can also display any custom generated characters

48
LCD PIN OUT:

FIG 20. LCD PIN OUT

ULN2003:
It is basically a relay driver IC and it is a Darlington array having high voltages
and high currents as well. It is made up of seven open collector Darlington pairs
having common emitter which shows ULN2003 has a capability of handling
seven different relays at a time. A single Darlington pair consists of two bipolar
transistors and operates in the range of 500mA to 600mA current.

PIN CONFIGURATION:

FIG 21. ULN2003 PIN CONFIGURATION

49
PIN DESCRIPTION:

4N35 OPTOCOUPLER:
An opto-isolator (also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator) is
an electronic component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated
circuits by using light. Opto-isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the
system receiving the signal.

PIN CONFIGURATION:

FIG 22. 4N35 PIN CONFIGURATION

50
PIN DESCRIPTION:

Pin Pin Description Connections

1 Anode The input voltage to turn on the IR LED is connected here.
2 Cathode This connects to ground.
3 NC This remains unconnected.
4 Emitter The emitter gets connected to ground.
5 Collector The output and power connects to the collector terminal.
6 Base This remains unconnected.

STATIC ENERGY METER:

Energy Meter or Watt-Hour Meter is an electrical instrument that
measures the amount of electrical energy used by the consumers.

FEATURES:
• Reverse current & earth load tampering protection.

• Accurate energy measurement even in case of phase reversal

and/or the load is earthed.

• LED indication for meter functioning.

• Intelligent electronic circuit to ensure no 'creepage' of meter.

• True R.M.S. meter to ensure good performance even for distorted

waveforms.
• Sealed electromagnetic impulse counter for additional security.

• Sudden switching of heavy loads and/or transient voltage does not

affect the meter reading.

• Accurate reading even at rapidly fluctuating load current.

• No effect of high voltage fluctuations.

51
 • Resistant to heat, fire and dust as per IP-51.

FIG 23. STATIC ENERGY METER

RESISTORS:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits,
resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide
voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other
uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as
heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as
test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change
slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be
used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or
as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

52
COLOUR CODE OF RESISTORS:

FIG 24. RESISTOR COLOUR CODE

53
RELAY:
Relays are the switches which aim at closing and opening the circuits
electronically as well as electromechanically. It controls the opening and closing
of the circuit contacts of an electronic circuit. When the relay contact is open
(NO), the relay isn't energize with the open contact.
The relay’s switch connections are usually labelled COM (POLE), NC and NO:
COM/POLE= Common,
NC and NO always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch.
NC = Normally Closed,
COM/POLE is connected to this when the relay coil is not magnetized.
NO = Normally Open,
COM/POLE is connected to this when the relay coil is MAGNETIZED and vice
versa.

FIG 25. RELAY

54
APPENDIX B
(DATASHEET)

55
DATASHEET OF ARDUINO UNO:

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
DATASHEET OF ULN2003:

69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
DATASHEET OF 4N35:

91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
DATASHEET OF SIM900:

99
ENERGY METER:
Specifications

A. Electrical

I. Supply Voltage

Rated voltage 240 V r.m.s.

Operating Voltage 140 V-300V

range

II. Current

Basic Current 2.5A/5A/10A

Maximum Current 10A/20A/40A

III. Power

Power consumption of < 1.5 W

voltage Ckt

Power consumption of < 2.5 VA

current Ckt

B. Other

Temperature range -10 to 60 C

Resolution 1/100 KWH

Accuracy Class 2

Creep Nil

Starting current 0.4% of basic current

LED Indications Phase, Reverse Current, Earthed Load, Watt-hour

Anti-tampering - Reverse current

features - Earthed load

100