C/C++ Programming

Lecture 1: Introduction to C
Programming
Lecturer: Phuong L. Vo, PhD

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 Contents
• Introduction
• A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of
Text
• Another Simple C Program: Adding Two
Integers
• Memory Concepts
• Arithmetic in C
• Decision Making: Equality and Relational
Operators

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 A Simple C Program:
Printing a Line of Text
1 /* Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.c
2 A first program in C */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
8
9 return 0;
10}
Welcome to C!
• Comments
– Text surrounded by /* and */ is ignored by computer
– Used to describe program
• #include <stdio.h>
– Preprocessor directive
• Tells computer to load contents of a certain file
– <stdio.h> allows standard input/output operations

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 A Simple C Program:
Printing a Line of Text
• int main()
– C++ programs contain one or more functions,
exactly one of which must be main
– Parenthesis used to indicate a function
– int means that main "returns" an integer
value
– Braces ({ and }) indicate a block
• The bodies of all functions must be contained in
braces

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 A Simple C Program:
Printing a Line of Text
• printf( "Welcome to C!\n" );
– Instructs computer to perform an action
• Specifically, prints the string of characters within
quotes (“ ”)
– Entire line called a statement
• All statements must end with a semicolon (;)
– Escape character (\)
• Indicates that printf should do something out of the
ordinary
• \n is the newline character
• return 0;
– A way to exit a function
– return 0, in this case, means that the program
terminated normally

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 Exercises
Call random students to perform:
• Print the message "This is a C program." on
two lines so that the first line ends with C.
• Print the message "This is a C program."
with each word on a separate line.
• Print the message "This is a C program."
with the words separated by tabs.

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 Example
• Print the sum of 2 integer numbers input
from the keyboard

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1 /* Fig. 2.5: fig02_05.c
2 Addition program */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
7 int integer1, integer2, sum; /* declaration */
8
9 printf( "Enter first integer\n" ); /* prompt */
10 scanf( "%d", &integer1 ); /* read an integer */
11 printf( "Enter second integer\n" ); /* prompt */
12 scanf( "%d", &integer2 ); /* read an integer */
13 sum = integer1 + integer2; /* assignment of sum
*/
14 printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum ); /* print sum */
15
16 return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
17}

Enter first integer

45
Enter second integer
72
Sum is 117

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 Another Simple C Program:
Adding Two Integers
• int integer1, integer2, sum;
– Declaration of variables
• Variables: locations in memory where a value can be
stored
– int means the variables can hold integers (-1, 3,
0, 47)
– Variable names (identifiers)
• integer1, integer2, sum
• Identifiers: consist of letters, digits (cannot begin with
a digit) and underscores( _ )
• Case sensitive
– Declarations appear before executable
statements
• If an executable statement references and undeclared
variable it will produce a syntax (compiler) error

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 Another Simple C Program:
Adding Two Integers
• scanf( "%d", &integer1 );
– Obtains a value from the user
• scanf uses standard input (usually keyboard)
– This scanf statement has two arguments
• %d - indicates data should be a decimal integer
• &integer1 - location in memory to store variable
• & is confusing in beginning – for now, just
remember to include it with the variable name in
scanf statements
– When executing program the user responds to
scanf statement by typing in a number, then
pressing the enter (return) key

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 Another Simple C Program:
Adding Two Integers
• = (assignment operator)
– Assigns a value to a variable
– Is a binary operator (has two operands)
sum = variable1 + variable2;
sum gets variable1 + variable2;
– Variable receiving value on left
• printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum );
– Similar to scanf
• %d means decimal integer will be printed
• sum specifies what integer will be printed
– Calculations can be performed inside printf
statements
printf( "Sum is %d\n", integer1 + integer2 );

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 Keywords
• Keyword cannot be used for variable
names

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 Example
• Exercise 2.12

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 Memory Concepts
• Variables
– Variable names correspond to locations in the
computer's memory
– Every variable has a name, a type, a size and a value
– Whenever a new value is placed into a variable
(through scanf, for example), it replaces (and
destroys) the previous value
– Reading variables from memory does not change them
• A visual representation

integer1 45

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 Arithmetic
• Arithmetic calculations
– Use * for multiplication and / for division
– Integer division truncates remainder
• 7 / 5 evaluates to 1
– Modulus operator(%) returns the remainder
• 7 % 5 evaluates to 2
• Operator precedence
– Some arithmetic operators act before others
(i.e., multiplication before addition)
• Use parenthesis when needed
– Example: Find the average of three variables a, b
and c
• Do not use: a + b + c / 3
• Use: (a + b + c ) / 3

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 Arithmetic
• Arithmetic operators:

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 Arithmetic
• Rules of operator precedence:

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 Examples

• Exercise 2.15

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Decision Making: Equality and Relational
Operators
• Executable statements
– Perform actions (calculations, input/output of
data)
– Perform decisions
• May want to print "pass" or "fail" given the value of
a test grade
• if control structure
– Simple version in this section, more detail later
– If a condition is true, then the body of the if
statement executed
• 0 is false, non-zero is true
– Control always resumes after the if structure
• Keywords
– Special words reserved for C
– Cannot be used as identifiers or variable names
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Decision Making: Equality and Relational
Operators

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 Example: Fig2.13
• Print the relation between two numbers
num1 and num2
(num1 > num2, num1 < num2, num1 = num2, …)

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1 /* Fig. 2.13: fig02_13.c
2 Using if statements, relational
3 operators, and equality operators */
4 #include <stdio.h>
5
6 int main()
7 {
8 int num1, num2;
9
10 printf( "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n" );
11 printf( "the relationships they satisfy: " );
12 scanf( "%d%d", &num1, &num2 ); /* read two integers */
13
14 if ( num1 == num2 )
15 printf( "%d is equal to %d\n", num1, num2 );
16
17 if ( num1 != num2 )
18 printf( "%d is not equal to %d\n", num1, num2 );
19
20 if ( num1 < num2 )
21 printf( "%d is less than %d\n", num1, num2 );
22
23 if ( num1 > num2 )
24 printf( "%d is greater than %d\n", num1, num2 );
25
26 if ( num1 <= num2 )
27 printf( "%d is less than or equal to %d\n",
23
28 num1, num2 );
Decision Making: Equality and Relational
Operators
29
30 if ( num1 >= num2 )
31 printf( "%d is greater than or equal to %d\n",
32 num1, num2 );
33
34 return 0; /* indicate program ended successfully */
35 }

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 3 7
3 is not equal to 7
3 is less than 7
3 is less than or equal to 7

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 22 12
22 is not equal to 12
22 is greater than 12
22 is greater than or equal to 12

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 Exercises
• 2.18
• 2.19

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 Self review questions
• 2.1, 2.2

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 Exercises
Call random students
• 2.7,
• 2.9
• 2.10

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 Q&A

Thank you!

Dr. Phuong Vo Computer Networks 28