European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation

European Tyre and Rim Technical
Organisation
RETREADED TYRES
IMPACT OF CASING AND RETREADING
PROCESS ON RETREADED TYRES LABELLED
PERFORMANCES
European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation
Content
1. Executive summary ...........................................................................................................................4
2. Retreaded tyres: reminder of concept, definition and vocabulary .......................................................5
3. Impact of casing on retreaded tyre rolling resistance .........................................................................6
3.1. Results summary........................................................................................................................6
3.2. Design of Experiment description ...............................................................................................6
3.3. Detailed results ..........................................................................................................................6
3.3.1. Global casing impact ...........................................................................................................6
3.3.2. Impact of casing brand ........................................................................................................9
3.3.3. Impact of casing unit ...........................................................................................................9
3.3.4. Impact of casing age ......................................................................................................... 10
3.3.5. Impact of casing usage (LH = Long Haul, RH = Regional Haul) ........................................ 10
3.3.6. Impact of area of usage (North or South) .......................................................................... 11
3.3.7. Impact of number of retread (first or second retread) ......................................................... 11
3.4. Conclusion on casing impact on rolling resistance of retreaded tyre ......................................... 11
4. Casings available on the market, average and standard deviation by major sizes ........................... 12
4.1. Results summary...................................................................................................................... 12
4.2. Design of Experiment description ............................................................................................. 12
4.3. Detailled results ........................................................................................................................ 13
4.3.1. Buffing results, and buffing impact..................................................................................... 13
4.3.2. Brand impact for casing RR ............................................................................................... 14
4.3.3. Designed tyre application impact on casing RR................................................................. 15
4.4. Family of casing sizes .............................................................................................................. 15
4.5. Conclusion for market casings average and standard deviation ............................................... 15
5. Impact of retreading process on the labelled tyre performances ...................................................... 16
5.1. Results summary...................................................................................................................... 16
5.2. Design of Experiment description ............................................................................................. 17
5.3. Detailed results for rolling resistance ........................................................................................ 18
5.3.1. Global parameters impact ................................................................................................. 18
5.3.1. Buffing Radius impact ....................................................................................................... 18
5.3.2. Curing temperature impact ................................................................................................ 18
5.3.3. Cushion Gauge impact ...................................................................................................... 19
5.3.4. Remaining Rubber impact ................................................................................................. 19
5.3.5. Curing time impact ............................................................................................................ 19
5.3.6. Comparison of parameters impact..................................................................................... 19
5.4. Conclusion on process impact on rolling resistance of retreaded tyre....................................... 20
6. Retreading process impact on retreaded tyre rolling sound ............................................................. 21
6.1. Detailed results for retreaded tyre rolling sound ....................................................................... 21
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6.2. Conclusion on process impact on sound emission of retreaded tyre ........................................ 22
7. Retreading process impact on retreaded tyre wet grip ..................................................................... 23
7.1. Detailed results for retreaded tyre wet grip ............................................................................... 23
7.2. Conclusion on process impact on wet grip of retreaded tyre ..................................................... 24
8. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................... 25
8.1. Conclusion on casing impact on rolling resistance of retreaded tyre ......................................... 25
8.2. Conclusion on process impact on rolling resistance of retreaded tyre....................................... 25
8.3. Conclusion on process impact on rolling sound of retreaded tyre ............................................. 25
8.4. Conclusion on process impact on wet grip of retreaded tyre ..................................................... 25
8.5. Conclusion on label feasibility................................................................................................... 25
9. Annex .............................................................................................................................................. 26
9.1. Design of Experiment “Casing Impact” data ............................................................................. 26
9.2. Design of Experiment "Casing Average and Standard Deviation" ............................................. 30
9.2.1. Tables of sizes, usage, number of companies and number of selected casing .................. 30
9.2.2. European new tyre market data 2016, provided by ETRMA pool....................................... 31
9.2.3. Detailed data for market casing rolling resistance ............................................................. 32
9.3. Design of Experiment “Process Impact” Data for Rolling Resistance ........................................ 38
9.4. Design of Experiment “Process Impact” data for tyre rolling sound and wet grip ...................... 42

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Truck tyres are typically collected after service and reused as part of a routine tyre retreading process,
delaying their disposal and enhancing the environment through recycling. A used tyre can be restored
after applying a new tread onto the casing via hot or cold process. The factors that play a role in the
performance of a retreading tyre are related to the type, use and age of the casing as well as the tread
characteristics and its related building process. The contribution of each and every factor largely varies
based on the available range of casings, treads and processing conditions selected for the
manufacturing of retreaded tyres.
In order to better understand how the labelling scheme could be extended to include retreaded tyres, as
requested by article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1222/2009 published in December 2009, ETRTO
(European Tyre and Rim Technical Organization) has conducted and financed an extensive research
program to assess the impact of factors relevant to tire performances such as Noise, Rolling and Wet
grip, being subject to label as per R1222-2009.
Three experiments, using measurement methods based on existing regulation and standards for new
tyres, have been organized in order to:
• Check the impact of the collected casings parameters on the rolling resistance of the retreaded
tyre,
• Check the impact of the manufacturing process on the rolling resistance, wet grip and rolling sound
of the retreaded tyre.
This document summarizes the ETRTO findings of these experiments, and includes all the data resulting
from the experiments.
The ETRTO experiments show that the manufacturing process has a noticeable impact. The latter can
be potentially mastered by the retread industry.
The ETRTO experiments show that the differences between hot and cold processes do not justify
different approaches for retread tyres labelling, therefore a unified scheme can be applied.
About wet grip and rolling sound, the experiment has proven that the manufacturing process impacts,
hence being noticeable, should most probably be mastered by retread industry, in a manner which could
be sustainable, applying the current labelling scheme for C3 tyres.
About tyre rolling resistance, the ETRTO experiments have proven that casing size and brand and
manufacturing process have a large impact, which can be partially mastered for manufacturing process,
but cannot be mastered for the casing impact. Then, with current retreading operations, rolling resistance
retreading labelling scheme same as new tyre is not feasible, unless every single retreaded tyres is
tested individually, which is not sustainable for the retreading industry.

2. RETREADED TYRES: REMINDER OF CONCEPT, DEFINITION AND VOCABULARY
# Name Definition
1 Bead That part of the casing which is

shaped to fit the rim
2 Carcass/Casing Rubber bounded cord structure
of a tyre integral with the bead,
which contains the inflation
pressure
3 Sidewall Part of the pneumatic between
the tread and the bead
4 Sidewall rubber Rubber layer on the sidewall

5 Tread Part of the pneumatic tyre
which normally comes in
contact with ground and will be
worn
9 Belts Layer of material under the
tread, that restricts the carcass
in a circumferential direction
Retread rubber
Cushion rubber
Retread:
To replace the worn tread
(5) by a new cushion
rubber and a new tread,
reusing the existing casing
which represents about ¾
of the total weight

3. IMPACT OF CASING ON RETREADED TYRE ROLLING RESISTANCE

A retread tire is built by applying a tread onto market available casings. Since the casing is the major
contributor for rolling resistance, ETRTO has considered it was essential to check the casing influence
on the total rolling resistance of a retreaded tyre, which basically is the rolling resistance of the casing
added to the rolling resistance of the tread.
3.1. RESULTS SUMMARY
The data show that the casing used to build the retreaded tyre strongly impacts the rolling resistance of
the retreaded tyre, As a matter of fact, the casing variation could spread up to 3 label classes as shown
by running the experiments at constant process type, parameters and material.
The retreaders, not mastering the incoming casing rolling resistance, will not be able to master the
retreaded tyre rolling resistance, unless measuring each casing, which is not industrially and
economically feasible.
It will then not be possible to predict with any reasonable accuracy what will be the final class of a
retreaded tyre, using the current labelling scheme.
3.2. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT DESCRIPTION
In order to understand and measure the impact of the casing used to build a retreaded tyre on its rolling
resistance, which is one of the three performances labelled under the European Union 1222/2009
regulation, ETRTO has designed and performed a design of experiment.
Based on each member's experience, the design of experiment, run in 2012, has been set as follows:
• Four major companies participated in the study
• The experiments were conducted on two very popular sizes
o 315/80 R 22.5 Drive or 385/65 R 22.5 Trailer
• Casings have been collected with 2 levels of criteria
o Age: ≤ 3 years or ≥ 5 years
o Type of use: Regional or long haul
o Region of use: Northern Europe or Southern Europe
o Number of retreadings: First retread or second retread
• Three repetitions were made for each experiment, and one spare casing was also collected
• Each set of casings was retreaded with a hot process and another identical set with a cold process.
• The compounds used for cold and hot retreading were as close to identical as possible (with
however different curing parameters)
• All the retreads were made in the same factory at approximately the same time
• One casing of each set was measured for RR using the ISO 28580 conditions before retreading
operation
• 3 retreaded tyres from each set were measured for RR using ISO 28580 conditions
• A total of 224 casings were collected and 223 RR measurements were made (100% of retreaded
tyres, 33% of the buffed casing, 1 casing was damaged)
The resulting data are available in § 9.1 Design of Experiment “Casing Impact” data
3.3. DETAILED RESULTS
3.3.1. Global casing impact
As shown in §2 Retreaded tyres: reminder of concept, definition and vocabulary, retreaded tyres are
composed of an existing casing and of a new tread, both having independent performances for RR.
Basically, rolling resistance of casing & rolling resistance of tread should be added in order to get the
rolling resistance of the retreaded tyre.
The first step of the survey has then been to analyze the contribution of the casing, the second being
to analyze the total rolling resistance of the retreaded tyre.

3.3.1.1. Tyre casing rolling resistance contribution

The first step of the Design of Experiment has been to check the contribution of the casings, by
measuring the rolling resistance of the casing (following regulations 1222/2009 and 1235/2011
measurement method and alignment).
Due to their design, components, materials, usage, casing rolling resistance can vary:
o For 315/80R22.5:
▪ On measured data, from 3.4 N/kN to 5 N/kN, meaning a variation of 1.6 N/kN, which can
change the label up to 3 classes.
▪ Average value being 4.1 N/kN, standard deviation being 0.41 N/kN, and assuming a Gauss
repartition, 99.9% of the casings available on market could be in a range of 2.5 N/kN, which
can as well change the label up to 3 to 4 classes
o For 385/65R22.5:
▪ On measured data, from 3.0 N/kN to 4.0 N/kN, means a variation of 1.0 N/kN, which can
change the label up to 2 classes.
▪ Average value being 3.5 N/kN, standard deviation being 0.3 N/kN, and assuming a Gauss
repartition, 99.9% of the casings available on market could be in a range of 1.6 N/kN, which
can change the label up to 2 to 3 classes

3.3.1.2. Casing impact on retreaded tyre rolling resistance and labels

In the second step, all the available casings have been retreaded, using the cold process for half of
the casing and the hot process for the second half.
For each process, hot and cold, the same compound, pattern and parameters have been used.
After retreading, rolling resistance of each retreaded tyre has been measured, following 1222-2009
and 1235-2009 measurement method and alignment.
o For 315/80R22.5:
On average there is a 23% chance that a hot On average there is a 4% chance that a cold
retreaded 315/80 R 22.5 casing should result retreaded 315/80 R 22.5 casing will result in a
in a tyre graded E, and a 77% chance it should tyre that should be graded D, a 5% chance it
be F, without solution to predict which label should be F, and a 90% chance it should be E.
E/F is the right one. The possible results cover 3 classes of grading,
, without solution to predict which label D/E/F is
the right one.
o For 385/65R22.5:
On average there is nearly a 5% chance that a On average there is nearly a 100% chance that
hot retreaded 385/65 R 22.5 casing will result a cold retreaded 385/65 R 22.5 casing will result
in a tyre that should be graded D, and a 95% in a tyre graded C, because the average of the
chance it should be graded C. There is also a measured tyres, plus /minus 3 sigma, is equal to
small chance it should be B. without solution to a range from 5 to 6, which is same as class C
predict which label B/C/D is the right one.
Data show that rolling resistance of retreaded tyres sample are spread on at least 0.73 N/kN
(385/65 Cold), and up to 1.23 2 N/kN (315/80R22.5 Cold), not including spreading of population
assuming a Gauss repartition, which would increase the spread up to 1.774 N/kN with 6 sigma.
Depending on the average value, these values indicate that at least 2 labels will be covered by one
retreaded tyre, using the same process, compound, pattern and parameters, depending on the
casing origin.
1,0 Global casing impact on rolling resistance:

Comparing the minimum and maximum value
0,5 of casings of same size retreaded with the
same process and same components, these
N/kN
0,0
Min de RRC data show again that casing origin (brand,
-0,5
individual casing, and all the other
Max de RRC
parameters) has a strong impact on the final
-1,0 result, the maximum difference being 1.3
Cold Hot Cold Hot N/kN on the selected sample.
315/80 385/65
3.3.2. Impact of casing brand
1,0 Comparing the average of each casing brand

to the central value, these data show that
0,5 casing brand has a strong impact on the final
A result (range up to 0.6 N/kN)
N/kN
0,0
B
-0,5 C
-1,0 D
Cold Hot Cold Hot
315/80 385/65
3.3.3. Impact of casing unit

Comparison of individual casings, grouped by brand, history, retread parameters, then fully identical
1,0
Casing 1 Casing 2 Casing 3
0,5
N/kN
0,0
-0,5
-1,0
#2 #4 #5 #7 #2 #4 #5 #7 #2 #4 #5 #7 #2 #4 #5 #7 #1 #3 #6 #8 #1 #3 #6 #8 #1 #3 #6 #8
A B C D B C D
Cold Hot
315/80
These data show that among identical brand/history, the casing individuals have a strong impact on
the final result : Max impact 0,73 Average impact 0,21 Impact standard deviation 0,17

1,0
Casing 1 Casing 2 Casing 3
0,5
N/kN
0,0
-0,5
-1,0
#2 #4 #5 #7 #2 #4 #5 #7 #2 #4 #5 #7 #2 #4 #5 #7 #1 #3 #6 #8 #1 #3 #6 #8 #1 #3 #6 #8
A B C D B C D
Cold Hot
385/65
With the same casing brand, history and retread process, variation can be summarized as follows:
Max variation : 0,73 Average variation : 0,21 standard deviation 0,17
Conclusion is that Individual identical casing (coming from identical tyre model) have a strong impact.
3.3.4. Impact of casing age
1,0 Comparing the average of each casing brand to

the central value, these data show that casing
age (lower or equal to 3 years, or superior or
0,5 equal to 5 years), A slight trend of rolling
resistance increasing with casing age can be
N/kN
0,0 observed, especially for 385/65R22.5 with hot

<= 3 years retread. However, the possible impact seems
>= 5 years low, and should be confirmed by an extensive
-0,5
survey.
-1,0
Cold Hot Cold Hot
315/80 385/65
3.3.5. Impact of casing usage (LH = Long Haul, RH = Regional Haul)
1,0
No significant impact can be observed by this
0,5 survey
N/kN
0,0
LH
-0,5 RH
-1,0
Cold Hot Cold Hot
315/80 385/65

3.3.6. Impact of area of usage (North or South)
1,0 No significant impact can be observed, with a

trend of higher RR for southern sourcing.
0,5
N/kN
0,0
North
-0,5 South
-1,0
Cold Hot Cold Hot
315/80 385/65
3.3.7. Impact of number of retread (first or second retread)
1,0 No significant impact can be observed for cold

retread. However, for hot retread, a light
0,5 increase of rolling resistance with number of
retread can be observed. To be confirmed.
N/kN
0,0
First retread
-0,5 Second retread
-1,0
Cold Hot Cold Hot
315/80 385/65
3.4. CONCLUSION ON CASING IMPACT ON ROLLING RESISTANCE OF RETREADED TYRE

The clearly relevant factors having an impact on retreaded tyre rolling resistance are the brand of the
casing, and the casing variability among identical casings, causing the final retreaded tyre label
spreading on at least one label and up to 3 labels. Other factors, individually considered, seem to
have a low or non-significant impact. However, all the factors, considered together, could reach a
significant level, potentially shifting a label from one class to another one.

4. CASINGS AVAILABLE ON THE MARKET, AVERAGE AND STANDARD DEVIATION BY

MAJOR SIZES
Considering the heavy impact of casings brand and size seen in above §3 "Impact of casing on
retreaded tyre rolling resistance", ETRTO has considered it was essential to check the casing rolling
resistance average and standard deviation for the major sizes and usage of casing available on the
European market.
The data show that the most influencing parameters impacting the rolling resistance of the casings are
the corresponding size and the brand of the casing used to build the retreaded tyre. Other casing
parameters, e.g. the designed tyre application, are not strongly impacting the rolling resistance.
For each casing size, the total variation of rolling resistance is in a range of about 1 kg/T, and can be
represented by the same standard deviation of 0.4 N/kN, which is the worst case, obtained for one of
the most popular size.
In order to understand and measure the impact of the major sizes available on the market and used by
retreaders, ETRTO has designed and performed a new design of experiment. Based on each
member's experience, including the Bipaver representative expertise for retread, the design of
experiment, run in 2017 and 2018, has been set up as following:
• Six major companies (new tyre manufacturers and/or retreaders) participated and financed this
study.
• Selected sizes and usages
o ETRTO has selected the 10 sizes from 9 brands (European and non-European), having the
highest volume on the new tyre market, after checking European market volumes given by
ETRMA pool (market date given in annex §9.2.2 European new tyre market data 2016, provided
by ETRMA pool)
o The 10 selected sizes represent about 90% of the new tyre market, and a more important share
of the retreaded market (estimated to 95%), as they are the most retreaded sizes by retreading
industry (no detailed market data available since no pool for retreaded tyres)
o For each size the most relevant and representative usage of the size has been selected
o A total of 379 casings have been supplied by a casing collector to Marangoni, who performed
the inspection (including shearography), buffing and rolling resistance measurements
o The selected sizes, usage per size, casings brands and number can be found in annex §9.2.1
Tables of sizes, usage, number of companies and number of selected casing
• Buffing process
o The target for buffing process was to reach a maximum remaining rubber thickness at the
casing axle of 3 mm, if possible using a buffing radius considered by retreading expert as a
market average.
o However, it was also requested to keep a rubber thickness at casing shoulders as near as
possible to the center thickness, in order to eliminate RR deviation due to casing design
variations.
• Rolling resistance measurement
o Rolling resistance measurement was performed following ISO 28580 standard
o The rolling resistance machine was aligned as for new tyres, as prescribed in regulation EU
1222/2009 and/or 1235/2011.
• A total of 379 casings from 9 brands 10 sizes and 4 usages were collected. and 361 RR
measurements were made (remaining casings discarded due to damages), and the detailed results
can be found in § 9.2 Design of Experiment "Casing Average and Standard Deviation".

4.3. DETAILLED RESULTS

4.3.1. Buffing results, and buffing impact
Min Max Minimal Maximal Minimal Maximal
Casing size Buffing Buffing center center shoulder shoulder
Radius Radius thickness thickness thikness thickness
13R22.5 650 650 3.0 3.0 2.0 4.0
215/75R17.5 450 650 2.5 3.0 1.0 3.0
275/70R22.5 800 1 100 2.5 3.0 1.5 3.5
295/80R22.5 700 1 100 2.5 3.0 1.5 4.0
315/60R22.5 1 500 2 000 2.6 3.0 1.5 3.0
315/70R22.5 750 1 400 2.5 3.0 1.0 4.0
315/80R22.5 700 900 2.5 3.0 1.5 3.5
385/55R22.5 1 500 2 000 2.5 3.0 1.8 4.0
385/65R22.5 1 200 2 500 2.5 3.0 1.2 4.0
445/45R19.5 3 000 3 000 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0
Total général 450 3 000 2.5 3 1 4
• The target of 3mm maximum at the center has been reached
• The average market buffing radius could not be used for all the casings. Depending of the casing
brand and design, for the same size (385/65R22.5), buffing radius allowing to reach a constant
remaining rubber at shoulder of about 3 mm can vary from 1200 to 2500 mm, which is an important
variation.
As a conclusion, the buffing radius cannot be fixed as a standardized parameter, as depending on the
new tyre design and molding parameters

4.3.2. Brand impact for casing RR

The brand impact which was initially established for 2 main market sizes (see §3 Impact of casing on
retreaded tyre rolling resistance) has been confirmed for the 10 sizes in the survey:
RR carcasses DOE3
5,5
5,0
4,5
4,0
3,5
3,0
Brand1 Brand2 Brand3 Brand4 Brand5 Brand6 Brand7 Brand8 Brand9
As in initial design of experiment, brands have a clear impact on casing RR, giving a range of 3 labels
for the same size of tyre, assuming the same RR for tread and process. Size as well has a clear
impact on the casing RR average.
Size RR Average Std Deviation RR min RR max Range
215/75R17.5 4.8 0.3 4.4 5.6 1.2
275/70R22.5 4.3 0.2 3.7 4.7 1.0
295/80R22.5 4.3 0.2 3.9 4.8 0.9
315/60R22.5 4.3 0.3 3.9 5.2 1.3
315/70R22.5 4.2 0.4 3.6 4.9 1.3
315/80R22.5 4.3 0.2 3.8 4.8 1.0
13R22.5 4.6 0.3 4.2 5.3 1.1
385/55R22.5 3.8 0.3 3.4 4.4 1.0
385/65R22.5 3.9 0.3 3.4 4.5 1.1
445/45R19.5 4.4 0.3 4.1 4.7 0.6
Total général 4.2 0.4 3.4 5.6
Range 1.0 0.1
Depending on the size, the average of RR can vary up to 1 N/kN. Standard deviation is similar,
evolving from 0.2 N/kN to 0.4 N/kN
As a conclusion:
• RR average of casing must be established by size.
• The standard deviation of the most variable sizes (215/75R17.5, 315/60R22.5 & 315/70R22.5)
which are major sizes (from market volume point of view), about 0.4 kg/T, can be used for all sizes,
as well representing the worst case.

4.3.3. Designed tyre application impact on casing RR

Casing average RR depending on designed application
6
5
4 LONG HAUL
3 REGIONAL
2 URBAN
1 ON/OFF
0
The targeted application has a little or no impact on the casing rolling resistance which is coherent
with common industry practices.
4.4. FAMILY OF CASING SIZES
Checking the data, it appears that certain casing sizes have similar rolling resistance average, such as:
• 385/65R22.5 and 385/55R22.5 (2 steps of aspect ratio difference) differ by 0.1
• 315/80 and 295/80 (2 steps of nominal widths) differ by less than 0.1
• 315/80 and 315/70 (2 steps of aspect ratio) differ by less than 0.1
This could help to find an efficient solution for sizes not surveyed in the design of experiment.
4.5. CONCLUSION FOR MARKET CASINGS AVERAGE AND STANDARD DEVIATION
ETRTO can propose to use the following values as market average to be used if the casing rolling
resistance value is not known by the retreader:
Market carcass rolling Market carcass rolling resistance
Dimension resistance average (RRAC) standard deviation
215/75R17.5 4.8 0.3
275/70R22.5 4.3 0.2
295/80R22.5 4.3 0.2
315/60R22.5 4.3 0.3
315/70R22.5 4.2 0.4
315/80R22.5 4.3 0.2
13R22.5 4.6 0.3
385/55R22.5 3.8 0.3
385/65R22.5 3.9 0.3
445/45R19.5 4.4 0.3
These average values have been calculated from casing rolling resistance measurement, shown in
§9.2.3 “Detailed data for market casing rolling resistance". The average market carcass rolling
resistance has been calculated without taking into account the market share of each casing, which is
unknown.
It must be noted that these values have been established by ETRTO experiment in year 2017, and
have a validity limited in time. A time frame of 4 to 6 years is strongly recommended as an interval to
renew the data and calculation as above by a technical committee which has to be established, to
consider the technological progress of new tyres technologies.
The standard deviation of 0.4 N/kN representing the worst case for most popular sizes can be applied
to all the sizes.

5. IMPACT OF RETREADING PROCESS ON THE LABELLED TYRE PERFORMANCES

Retreaded tyres are built:
• by various sizes of companies, including small, medium and big enterprises,
• using various processes, machinery, components,
• using variable parameters, depending on regulations, on know-how and habits of retreaders, and
on casing used for the retread.
ETRTO has considered it was essential to check the process parameters influence on the three
performances labelled by European Union regulation 1222/2009 and/or 1235/2011.
The data show that some of the parameters used to build the retreaded tyre will impact the labelling of
the retreaded tyre. However, since the parameters are chosen by the retreader, depending on his
technologies, know-how and habits, the impact of the parameters on the labelling can be at least
partially mastered.
Buffing Curing Curing Remaining Cushion
Cold process
radius temperature time rubber gauge
Rolling
medium Low Low Low Low
resistance
Sound
Low Low Low Low Low
emission
Wet
Low Low Low Low Low
adherence
Buffing Curing Curing Remaining Cushion
Hot process
radius temperature time rubber gauge
Rolling
High High Low Low Low/High1
resistance
Sound
Low Low Low Low Low
emission
Wet
Low Low Low Low Low
adherence
Note: 385/65 has low impact and 315/80 has a high impact. Reason to be confirmed
The only really impacting process parameters for rolling resistance which can be precisely measured
are:
• the curing temperature for hot retread, with up to 1.5 N/kN meaning 1.5 times the width of the label
class of new tyre,
• the buffing radius, especially for “narrow” tyres (315/80)
For other parameters, the impacts are low or very low, sometimes medium, especially after considering
the precision of the test methods used for wet grip and rolling sound measurements. However, total
impact of process, when adding the impacts, can become noticeable.
In order to be able to master the 3 labelled performances of a retreaded tyre, it will then be necessary
to master the retreading parameters. This is possible for most of the parameters (curing time and
temperature, cushion gauge…). However, some parameters have to be tuned depending on the casing
geometry, which could require different buffing radius or remaining rubber. The mastering level of
retreading process will then be lower for retreaded tyres than for new tyres.
Note:
For rolling sound performance, “low” means less than 0.5 dB(A), “medium” means less than 1 dB(A)
For wet grip, “low” means less than 5 WGI, “medium” means less than 10 WGI
For rolling resistance, “low” means less than 0.3 N/kN, “medium” means less than 0.6 N/kN


In order to understand and measure the impact of the parameters used to build a retreaded tyre on its
rolling resistance, wet grip and rolling sound, which are the three performances labelled under the
European Union 1222/2009 regulation, ETRTO has designed and performed a second design of
experiment.
Based on each member experience, the design of experiment, run in 2015, has been set as follows:
• Five major companies participated in the study,
• The experiments were conducted on two very popular sizes
o 315/80 R 22.5 Drive or 385/65 R 22.5 Trailer
• Five parameters have been surveyed, each of them with 2 different values:
o Buffing radius, with values 800 and 2000mm,
o Remaining rubber after buffing, with values 1 and 4 mm,
o Cushion gauge, with values 1.5 and 3 mm,
o Curing temperature, with values 95 and 125 for cold retread, 135 and 160 for hot retread
o Curing time, with values 4 and 8 hours for cold retread, 110 and 145 minutes for hot retread
• Four repetitions were made for each experiment, 3 being measured for rolling resistance using ISO
28580 conditions, the fourth one being only use to allow wet adherence and sound emission
measurements.
• The same casing (coming from new tyres of the same brand manufactured during the same period)
have been used for each size,
• The same precured treads have been used for cold retreads,
• The same compound for all hot retread has been used, as well as the same mold,
• All the retreads were made in the same factory at approximately the same time
• One casing of each set was measured for RR using the ISO 28580 conditions before retreading
operation
• Each set of 4 identical retreaded tyres have been measured for wet adherence and noise following
the method requested by EU regulation 1222-2009
The resulting data are available in
• § 9.2 Design of Experiment "Casing Average and Standard Deviation"
• § 9.4 Design of Experiment “Process Impact” data for tyre rolling sound and wet grip

5.3. DETAILED RESULTS FOR ROLLING RESISTANCE

This section will study and compare impact of all the chosen parameters.
Except for the global impact, each factor is presented with the same scale, to allow a comparison of
impact.
5.3.1. Global parameters impact
2,50 Globally, process parameters can

1,50 change the rolling resistance value by
up to 4 N/kN, which represents 4 labels.
0,50
N/kN
It must be observed that new tyres have

-0,50 minimal RR been used for retreading, in order to
-1,50 maximal RR make sure to have identical casings.
New tyre casings have usually a smaller
-2,50
diameter than the casings of used tyres.
Cold Hot Cold Hot
This implies that the rolling resistance
315/80 385/65 variation when retreading worn tyres
may be smaller than the variation for
new tyre casings.
5.3.1. Buffing Radius impact
1,00 Impact of buffing radius is high.

0,50 It should be noted that buffing radius has
N/kN
0,00 800 mm sometimes to be tuned depending on

-0,50 1100 mm the shape of the casing. For the same
-1,00
process and the same component, the
2000 mm retreader can choose different buffing
Cold Hot Cold Hot
radius, depending on the casing
315/80 385/65 geometry.
5.3.2. Curing temperature impact
1,00 Impact of curing temperature is high for

hot retread, and lower for cold retread.
0,50
95°C
N/kN
0,00
125°C
-0,50
135°C
-1,00
160°C
Cold Hot Cold Hot
315/80 385/65

5.3.3. Cushion Gauge impact
1,00 Impact of cushion gauge is low, except

for 315/80R22.5 with hot retread, where
0,50 the data should be further analyzed,
since more rubber left surprisingly
N/kN
0,00
1,5 mm decreases the rolling resistance
-0,50 3 mm
-1,00
Cold Hot Cold Hot
315/80 385/65
5.3.4. Remaining Rubber impact
1,00 Impact of remaining rubber is low,

0,50 reaching up to 0.35 N/kN for the
N/kN
0,00 315/80R22.5 hot retread, but lower for

1 mm other configuration
-0,50
4 mm
-1,00
Cold Hot Cold Hot
315/80 385/65
5.3.5. Curing time impact
1,00 Impact of curing temperature is high for

hot retread, whatever is the size, and
0,50
4 hours lower for cold retread
N/kN
0,00
8 hours
-0,50
110'
-1,00
Cold Hot Cold Hot 145'
315/80 385/65
5.3.6. Comparison of parameters impact

5.3.6.1. 315/80R22.5 HOT retread, Taguchi method analysis
From most influent to less:
• Cushion gauge
• Curing temperature
• Buffing radius
• Remaining Rubber
• Curing time
The cushion gauge impact,
indicating more rolling resistance for
less material is to be further
analyzed.

5.3.6.2. 315/80R22.5 COLD retread, Taguchi method analysis

• Buffing radius
• Cushion gauge
• Curing time
5.3.6.3. 385/65R22.5 HOT retread, Taguchi method analysis

• Buffing radius
• Curing time
• Cushion gauge
5.3.6.4. 385/65R22.5 COLD retread, Taguchi method analysis

• Buffing radius
• Cushion gauge
• Curing time
5.4. CONCLUSION ON PROCESS IMPACT ON ROLLING RESISTANCE OF RETREADED TYRE

The clearly relevant process parameters having an impact on retreaded tyre rolling resistance are the
curing temperature of the retreaded tyre and the buffing radius of the casing, other parameters
having less impact (cushion gauge impact for hot 315/80 to be confirmed). Other factors, globally
considered, could have a noticeable impact on rolling resistance, potentially shifting the label by one
class. In opposition with the casing situation, most retreading parameters can be mastered by the
retreader, allowing to have a certain level of control on the rolling resistance of the retreaded tyre.

6. RETREADING PROCESS IMPACT ON RETREADED TYRE ROLLING SOUND

6.1. DETAILED RESULTS FOR RETREADED TYRE ROLLING SOUND
This section will examine then compare impact of all the chosen parameters.
All the graphs are presented with the same scale +/- 3dB(A), so that impacts can be compared. It must
be observed that the tyre/road rolling sound emission measurement are always given without decimal
number, linked to the measurement precision.
Globally, process parameters can change the

3 rolling sound value by 4 dB(A).
2 However:
1 minimal dB(A) • considering the parameters have been
dB(A)
0 chosen with values surrounding the usual

maximal dB(A)
-1 parameters in order to show evidence of
-2 potential impact,
-3 • considering the parameters can be
Cold Hot Cold Hot mastered during production process,
the conclusion is that process parameters do
315/80 385/65 not show a significant effect on retreaded
tyres sound emission
Buffing radius impact is low, but higher for the

3 800 mm
315/80R22.5 retreaded with cold process,.
2 1100 mm
1 For the 315/80R22.5 Cold, the impact will be
dB(A)
2000 mm reduced by mastering process parameters.

0
-1
-2
-3
Cold Hot Cold Hot
315/80 385/65
Remaining rubber impact is generally low,

3 reaching a maximum of 1.3 dB(A) for the
2 315/80R22.5 cold retread.
1
dB(A)
0 1 mm
-1 4 mm
-2
-3
Cold Hot Cold Hot
315/80 385/65

Cushion gauge impact is low

3
2
1
dB(A)
0 1.5 mm
-1 3 mm
-2
-3
Cold Hot Cold Hot
315/80 385/65
Curing temperature impact is very low

3
2
1 95°C
dB(A)
0 125°C
-1 160°C
-2
135°C
-3
Cold Hot Cold Hot
315/80 385/65
Curing time impact is very low

3 4h
2
8h
1
dB(A)
0 145'
-1
-2 110'
-3
Cold Hot Cold Hot
315/80 385/65
6.2. CONCLUSION ON PROCESS IMPACT ON SOUND EMISSION OF RETREADED TYRE

Globally, process parameters can change the sound emission value by 4 dB(A).
However, considering that:
• the chosen parameters surround the usual values, to show evidence of the impacts,
• the parameters can be mastered during production process,
• the precision of tyre rolling sound emission measurement method,
Conclusion is that process parameters do not show a significant effect on retreaded tyres rolling sound.

7. RETREADING PROCESS IMPACT ON RETREADED TYRE WET GRIP

7.1. DETAILED RESULTS FOR RETREADED TYRE WET GRIP
This section will examine then compare impact of all the chosen parameters.
All the graphs are presented with the same scale +/- 15 point of wet grip index, so that impacts can be
compared.
Globally, process parameters can change

15,0 the wet grip index value by 20 points.
10,0
However, considering the parameters has
Wet Grip Index
5,0 been chosen with values surrounding the

0,0 min WGI usual parameters in order to show evidence
of potential impact, and considering the
-5,0 max WGI parameters can be mastered during
-10,0 production process, the conclusion is that
-15,0 process parameters do not show a
Cold Hot Cold Hot significant effect on retreaded tyres wet grip.
315/80 385/65
Cushion gauge impact is low.

15
10
Wet Grip Index
5
0 1.5 mm
-5 3 mm
-10
-15
Cold Hot Cold Hot
315/80 385/65
Buffing radius impact is low.

15
Wet Grip Index
10
5
800 mm
0
-5 1100 mm
-10 2000 mm
-15
Cold Hot Cold Hot
315/80 385/65

Curing temperature impact is generally low to

15
very low
10
Wet Grip Index
5 95°C
0 125°C
-5
160°C
-10
-15 135°C
Cold Hot Cold Hot
315/80 385/65
Generally low to very low

15
10
Wet Grip Index
5
0 1 mm
-5 4 mm
-10
-15
Cold Hot Cold Hot
315/80 385/65
15 Generally low to very low

10
Wet Grip Index
5 4h
0
8h
-5
145'
-10
110'
-15
Cold Hot Cold Hot
315/80 385/65
7.2. CONCLUSION ON PROCESS IMPACT ON WET GRIP OF RETREADED TYRE

Globally, process parameters can change wet grip index value by 20 points.
However, considering that:
• the chosen parameters surround the usual values, to show evidence of the impacts,
• the parameters can be mastered during production process,
• the precision of tyre wet grip measurement method,
conclusion is that process parameters do not show a significant effect on retreaded tyres wet grip.

8. CONCLUSIONS
8.1. CONCLUSION ON CASING IMPACT ON ROLLING RESISTANCE OF RETREADED TYRE
The ETRTO experiments data show that the casing used to build the retread tyre strongly impacts the
rolling resistance of the latter, evidence being that the use of different casings while keeping the
process and the material parameters constant, could lead up to 3 labels variation.
The clearly relevant factors having an impact on retreaded tyre rolling resistance are the brand of the
casing, the casing size and the casing variability among identical casings, causing the final retreaded
tyre label to spread on at least one label and up to 4 labels. Other factors (age, type of use, region of
use and number of retreadings), individually considered, seem to have a low or non-significant impact.
However, all the factors, considered together, could reach a significant level, potentially shifting a label
from one class to another.
The retreader, not mastering the incoming casing rolling resistance, will not be able to master the
retreaded tyre rolling resistance, unless measuring each casing, which is not industrially and
economically feasible.
It will then not be possible to predict with any reasonable accuracy what will be the final class of a
retreaded tyre, using the current labelling scheme.
8.2. CONCLUSION ON PROCESS IMPACT ON ROLLING RESISTANCE OF RETREADED TYRE
The clearly relevant process parameters having an impact on retreaded tyre rolling resistance are the
curing temperature of the retreaded tyre and the buffing radius of the casing, Other parameters have
shown to have little to no impact on rolling resistance. (cushion gauge impact for hot 315/80 to be
confirmed). Other factors, globally considered, could have a noticeable impact on rolling resistance,
potentially shifting the label by one class. Differences between hot and cold processes do not justify a
different approach for retreaded tyres labelling. Therefore, opposite to controlling the casing situation,
most retreading parameters can and should be mastered by the retreader, allowing having a certain
level of control on the rolling resistance of the retreaded tyre.
8.3. CONCLUSION ON PROCESS IMPACT ON ROLLING SOUND OF RETREADED TYRE
Globally, process parameters can change the sound emission value by 4 dB(A). However,
considering that the parameters relevant to the retread process (to show evidence of the impacts) can
be mastered during production process and the precision of tyre rolling sound emission measurement
method, the conclusion is that process parameters do not show a significant effect on retreaded tyres
rolling sound.
8.4. CONCLUSION ON PROCESS IMPACT ON WET GRIP OF RETREADED TYRE
Globally, process parameters can change wet grip index value by 20 points. However,
considering that the parameters relevant to the retread process can be mastered during production
process and the today setup of tyre wet grip measurement method, the conclusion is that process
parameters do not show a significant effect on retreaded tyres wet grip.
8.5. CONCLUSION ON LABEL FEASIBILITY
With regards to wet grip and rolling sound, the experiment has proven that the manufacturing process
impacts, hence being noticeable, should most probably be mastered by retread industry, in a manner
which could be sustainable, applying the current labelling scheme for C3 tyres.
With regards to rolling resistance, the experiments have proven that casing impact and manufacturing
process have a big impact, which can be partially mastered for manufacturing process, but cannot be
mastered for the casing impact. Therefore, with current retreading operations, rolling resistance
retreading labelling scheme same as new tyre is not feasible, unless every single retreaded tyres is
tested individually, which is not sustainable for the retreading industry.

9. ANNEX
9.1. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT “CASING IMPACT” DATA
RRC
RRC
(N/kN)
tire (N/kN)
AgeType
Size
Type
Area
DOT
Id. nr.
casing
DOE. Nr
Retread
Brand code
Retread(s)
Use
Casing #
315/80 COLD 2 1 A2-1 B LH N 1 <= 3 years 3710 3,86 7,28

315/80 COLD 2 2 A2-2 B LH N 1 <= 3 years 1111 7,31
315/80 COLD 2 3 A2-3 B LH N 1 <= 3 years 111 7,50
315/80 COLD 4 1 A4-1 B RH S 1 <= 3 years 4110 3,55 7,36
315/80 COLD 4 2 A4-2 B RH S 1 <= 3 years 4010 7,40
315/80 COLD 4 3 A4-3 B RH S 1 <= 3 years 4110 7,38
315/80 COLD 5 1 A5-1 B LH S 0 <= 3 years 3710 3,76 7,22
315/80 COLD 5 2 A5-2 B LH S 0 <= 3 years 3810 7,17
315/80 COLD 5 3 A5-3 B LH S 0 <= 3 years 3610 7,47
315/80 COLD 7 1 A7-1 B RH N 0 >= 5 years 3208 4,01 7,47
315/80 COLD 7 2 A7-2 B RH N 0 >= 5 years 3308 7,43
315/80 COLD 7 3 A7-3 B RH N 0 >= 5 years 3308 7,40
315/80 COLD 2 1 B2-1 C LH N 1 <= 3 years 5009 4,82 7,87
315/80 COLD 2 2 B2-2 C LH N 1 <= 3 years 1810 7,95
315/80 COLD 2 3 B2-3 C LH N 1 <= 3 years 1910 7,95
315/80 COLD 4 1 B4-1 C RH S 1 <= 3 years 3010 4,71 8,27
315/80 COLD 4 2 B4-2 C RH S 1 <= 3 years 5110 7,84
315/80 COLD 4 3 B4-3 C RH S 1 <= 3 years 710 8,00
315/80 COLD 5 1 B5-1 C LH S 0 >= 5 years 4907 4,37 7,61
315/80 COLD 5 2 B5-2 C LH S 0 >= 5 years 3807 7,88
315/80 COLD 5 3 B5-3 C LH S 0 >= 5 years 4907 7,64
315/80 COLD 7 1 B7-1 C RH N 0 >= 5 years 4807 4,46 7,63
315/80 COLD 7 2 B7-2 C RH N 0 >= 5 years 307 7,69
315/80 COLD 7 3 B7-3 C RH N 0 >= 5 years 4707 7,80
315/80 COLD 2 1 C2-1 D LH N 1 <= 3 years 2111 4,51 7,62
315/80 COLD 2 2 C2-2 D LH N 1 <= 3 years 4510 8,00
315/80 COLD 2 3 C2-3 D LH N 1 <= 3 years 3310 7,64
315/80 COLD 4 1 C4-1 D RH S 1 >= 5 years 3308 4,91 7,80
315/80 COLD 4 3 C4-3 D RH S 1 >= 5 years 4208 7,71
315/80 COLD 5 2 C5-2 D LH S 0 >= 5 years 407 4,40 7,60
315/80 COLD 5 3 C5-3 D LH S 0 >= 5 years 3407 8,33
315/80 COLD 5 1 C5-1 D LH S 0 >= 5 years 3906 7,77
315/80 COLD 7 1 C7-1 D RH N 0 >= 5 years 3207 4,33 7,50
315/80 COLD 7 2 C7-2 D RH N 0 >= 5 years 3607 7,33
315/80 COLD 7 3 C7-3 D RH N 0 >= 5 years 1107 7,41
315/80 COLD 2 1 D2-1 A LH N 1 <= 3 years 2811 3,65 7,10
315/80 COLD 2 2 D2-2 A LH N 1 <= 3 years 2210 7,29
315/80 COLD 2 3 D2-3 A LH N 1 <= 3 years 4609 7,19
315/80 COLD 4 1 D4-1 A RH S 1 <= 3 years 711 3,75 7,30
315/80 COLD 4 2 D4-2 A RH S 1 <= 3 years 2511 7,07
315/80 COLD 4 3 D4-3 A RH S 1 <= 3 years 3810 7,39
315/80 COLD 5 1 D5-1 A LH S 0 >= 5 years 2106 4,11 7,51
315/80 COLD 5 3 D5-3 A LH S 0 >= 5 years 1307 7,47
315/80 COLD 5 2 D5-2 A LH S 0 <= 3 years 711 7,13
315/80 COLD 7 1 D7-1 A RH N 0 >= 5 years 3406 4,17 7,47
315/80 COLD 7 2 D7-2 A RH N 0 >= 5 years 907 7,66
315/80 COLD 7 3 D7-3 A RH N 0 >= 5 years 708 7,18

RRC
RRC
(N/kN)
tire (N/kN)
AgeType
Size
Type
Area
DOT
Id. nr.
casing
DOE. Nr
Retread
Brand code
Retread(s)
Use
315/80 HOT 1 Casing #
1 B1-1 C LH N 0 <= 3 years 4709 3,57 8,04
315/80 HOT 1 2 B1-2 C LH N 0 >= 5 years 709 8,05
315/80 HOT 1 3 B1-3 C LH N 0 <= 3 years 4709 8,19
315/80 HOT 3 1 B3-1 C RH S 0 >= 5 years 1709 3,67 8,31
315/80 HOT 3 2 B3-2 C RH S 0 >= 5 years 1709 8,14
315/80 HOT 3 3 B3-3 C RH S 0 >= 5 years 1609 8,46
315/80 HOT 6 1 B6-1 C LH S 1 >= 5 years 209 4,04 8,49
315/80 HOT 6 2 B6-2 C LH S 1 <= 3 years 1810 8,22
315/80 HOT 6 3 B6-3 C LH S 1 <= 3 years 1710 8,44
315/80 HOT 8 1 B8-1 C RH N 1 <= 3 years 1510 4,12 8,20
315/80 HOT 8 2 B8-2 C RH N 1 <= 3 years 911 7,80
315/80 HOT 8 3 B8-3 C RH N 1 <= 3 years 911 8,14
315/80 HOT 1 1 C1-1 D LH N 0 <= 3 years 2710 3,74 7,99
315/80 HOT 1 2 C1-2 D LH N 0 <= 3 years 3509 8,59
315/80 HOT 1 3 C1-3 D LH N 0 <= 3 years 2410 7,90
315/80 HOT 3 1 C3-1 D RH S 0 <= 3 years 711 3,51 8,03
315/80 HOT 3 2 C3-2 D RH S 0 <= 3 years 1011 8,09
315/80 HOT 3 3 C3-3 D RH S 0 <= 3 years 2410 8,23
315/80 HOT 6 1 C6-1 D LH S 1 <= 3 years 4809 4,15 8,49
315/80 HOT 6 2 C6-2 D LH S 1 <= 3 years 2510 8,34
315/80 HOT 6 3 C6-3 D LH S 1 <= 3 years 2110 8,42
315/80 HOT 8 1 C8-1 D RH N 1 >= 5 years 2107 4,25 8,43
315/80 HOT 8 2 C8-2 D RH N 1 >= 5 years 2507 8,34
315/80 HOT 8 3 C8-3 D RH N 1 >= 5 years 3506 8,40
315/80 HOT 1 1 D1-1 A LH N 0 <= 3 years 3010 3,62 8,18
315/80 HOT 1 2 D1-2 A LH N 0 <= 3 years 4510 8,04
315/80 HOT 1 3 D1-3 A LH N 0 <= 3 years 2411 7,75
315/80 HOT 3 1 D3-1 A RH S 0 <= 3 years 2811 3,31 8,06
315/80 HOT 3 2 D3-2 A RH S 0 <= 3 years 4710 8,02
315/80 HOT 3 3 D3-3 A RH S 0 <= 3 years 4710 8,13
315/80 HOT 6 1 D6-1 A LH S 1 >= 5 years 4606 4,22 8,21
315/80 HOT 6 3 D6-3 A LH S 1 >= 5 years 4108 8,21
315/80 HOT 6 2 D6-2 A LH S 1 >= 5 years 2507 8,31
315/80 HOT 8 1 D8-1 A RH N 1 >= 5 years 1707 3,69 8,06
315/80 HOT 8 2 D8-2 A RH N 1 <= 3 years 3409 8,05
315/80 HOT 8 3 D8-3 A RH N 1 >= 5 years 4406 8,25

RRC
RRC
(N/kN)
tire (N/kN)
AgeType
Size
Type
Area
DOT
Id. nr.
casing
DOE. Nr
Retread
Brand code
Retread(s)
Use
385/65 COLD 2 Casing #
1 A2-1 B LH N 1 <= 3 years 4509 3,39 5,50
385/65 COLD 2 2 A2-2 B LH N 1 <= 3 years 4409 5,51
385/65 COLD 2 3 A2-3 B LH N 1 <= 3 years 2411 5,56
385/65 COLD 4 1 A4-1 B RH S 1 <= 3 years 311 3,33 5,60
385/65 COLD 4 2 A4-2 B RH S 1 <= 3 years 3411 5,59
385/65 COLD 4 3 A4-3 B RH S 1 <= 3 years 310 5,49
385/65 COLD 5 1 A5-1 B LH S 0 >= 5 years 3107 3,42 5,60
385/65 COLD 5 2 A5-2 B LH S 0 >= 5 years 4607 5,51
385/65 COLD 5 3 A5-3 B LH S 0 >= 5 years 4107 5,54
385/65 COLD 7 1 A7-1 B RH N 0 >= 5 years 4108 3,49 5,49
385/65 COLD 7 2 A7-2 B RH N 0 >= 5 years 1508 5,47
385/65 COLD 7 3 A7-3 B RH N 0 >= 5 years 3608 5,44
385/65 COLD 2 1 B2-1 C LH N 1 >= 5 years 3508 3,57 5,43
385/65 COLD 2 2 B2-2 C LH N 1 <= 3 years 1011 5,84
385/65 COLD 2 3 B2-3 C LH N 1 >= 5 years 2007 5,64
385/65 COLD 4 1 B4-1 C RH S 1 <= 3 years 4809 3,71 5,61
385/65 COLD 4 2 B4-2 C RH S 1 <= 3 years 3810 5,61
385/65 COLD 4 3 B4-3 C RH S 1 <= 3 years 4010 5,87
385/65 COLD 5 1 B5-1 C LH S 0 >= 5 years 4906 3,72 5,50
385/65 COLD 5 2 B5-2 C LH S 0 >= 5 years 4607 5,65
385/65 COLD 5 3 B5-3 C LH S 0 >= 5 years 4805 5,66
385/65 COLD 7 1 B7-1 C RH N 0 >= 5 years 3007 3,88 5,59
385/65 COLD 7 2 B7-2 C RH N 0 >= 5 years 1306 5,67
385/65 COLD 7 3 B7-3 C RH N 0 >= 5 years 1707 5,91
385/65 COLD 2 1 C2-1 D LH N 1 <= 3 years 2910 3,82 5,56
385/65 COLD 2 2 C2-2 D LH N 1 <= 3 years 2911 5,62
385/65 COLD 2 3 C2-3 D LH N 1 <= 3 years 3310 5,63
385/65 COLD 4 1 C4-1 D LH S 1 <= 3 years 2111 3,52 5,49
385/65 COLD 4 2 C4-2 D RH S 1 <= 3 years 5211 5,59
385/65 COLD 4 3 C4-3 D RH S 1 <= 3 years 4610 5,65
385/65 COLD 5 1 C5-1 D LH S 0 >= 5 years 4807 3,47 5,51
385/65 COLD 5 2 C5-2 D LH S 0 >= 5 years 3207 5,36
385/65 COLD 5 3 C5-3 D LH S 0 >= 5 years 207 5,39
385/65 COLD 7 1 C7-1 D RH N 0 >= 5 years 4907 3,44 5,45
385/65 COLD 7 2 C7-2 D RH N 0 >= 5 years 3807 5,41
385/65 COLD 7 3 C7-3 D RH N 0 >= 5 years 1607 5,43
385/65 COLD 2 1 D2-1 A LH N 1 <= 3 years 4309 3,45 5,36
385/65 COLD 2 2 D2-2 A LH N 1 <= 3 years 410 5,32
385/65 COLD 2 3 D2-3 A LH N 1 <= 3 years 911 5,43
385/65 COLD 4 1 D4-1 A RH S 1 <= 3 years 511 3,34 5,37
385/65 COLD 4 2 D4-2 A RH S 1 <= 3 years 4009 5,41
385/65 COLD 4 3 D4-3 A RH S 1 >= 5 years 909 5,40
385/65 COLD 5 1 D5-1 A LH S 0 >= 5 years 3307 3,95 5,60
385/65 COLD 5 2 D5-2 A LH S 0 >= 5 years 4508 5,48
385/65 COLD 5 3 D5-3 A LH S 0 <= 3 years 2510 5,41
385/65 COLD 7 1 D7-1 A RH N 0 <= 3 years 4510 3,46 5,34
385/65 COLD 7 2 D7-2 A RH N 0 <= 3 years 211 5,18
385/65 COLD 7 3 D7-3 A RH N 0 <= 3 years 1911 5,39

RRC
RRC
(N/kN)
tire (N/kN)
AgeType
Size
Type
Area
DOT
Id. nr.
casing
DOE. Nr
Retread
Brand code
Retread(s)
Use
385/65 HOT 1 Casing #
1 B1-1 C LH N 0 <= 3 years 2810 3,20 5,79
385/65 HOT 1 2 B1-2 C LH N 0 <= 3 years 1010 5,75
385/65 HOT 1 3 B1-3 C LH N 0 <= 3 years 5010 5,78
385/65 HOT 3 1 B3-1 C RH S 0 <= 3 years 4110 3,72 5,94
385/65 HOT 3 2 B3-2 C RH S 0 <= 3 years 711 6,10
385/65 HOT 3 3 B3-3 C RH S 0 >= 5 years 1409 5,95
385/65 HOT 6 1 B6-1 C LH S 1 >= 5 years 2007 3,91 5,93
385/65 HOT 6 2 B6-2 C LH S 1 <= 3 years 4610 5,49
385/65 HOT 6 3 B6-3 C LH S 1 >= 5 years 2007 6,17
385/65 HOT 8 1 B8-1 C RH N 1 <= 3 years 1210 3,99 6,01
385/65 HOT 8 2 B8-2 C RH N 1 >= 5 years 608 6,14
385/65 HOT 8 3 B8-3 C RH N 1 >= 5 years 2407 6,03
385/65 HOT 1 2 C1-2 D LH N 0 <= 3 years 4310 5,16
385/65 HOT 1 3 C1-3 D LH N 0 <= 3 years 2010 5,28
385/65 HOT 1 1 C1-1 D LH N 0 <= 3 years 4710 3,04 5,13
385/65 HOT 3 1 C3-1 D RH S 0 <= 3 years 510 3,36 5,28
385/65 HOT 3 2 C3-2 D RH S 0 <= 3 years 910 5,5
385/65 HOT 3 3 C3-3 D RH S 0 <= 3 years 4210 5,3
385/65 HOT 6 1 C6-1 D LH S 1 <= 3 years 3710 3,46 5,42
385/65 HOT 6 2 C6-2 D LH S 1 <= 3 years 4910 5,68
385/65 HOT 6 3 C6-3 D LH S 1 <= 3 years 910 5,39
385/65 HOT 8 1 C8-1 D RH N 1 <= 3 years 4109 3,41 5,36
385/65 HOT 8 2 C8-2 D RH N 1 <= 3 years 4109 5,56
385/65 HOT 8 3 C8-3 D RH N 1 <= 3 years 910 5,4
385/65 HOT 1 1 D1-1 A LH N 0 <= 3 years 1111 2,99 5,53
385/65 HOT 1 2 D1-2 A LH N 0 <= 3 years 1711 5,74
385/65 HOT 1 3 D1-3 A LH N 0 <= 3 years 1211 5,63
385/65 HOT 3 1 D3-1 A RH S 0 <= 3 years 3109 3,31 5,72
385/65 HOT 3 2 D3-2 A RH S 0 >= 5 years 2908 5,8
385/65 HOT 3 3 D3-3 A RH S 0 <= 3 years 3509 5,75
385/65 HOT 6 1 D6-1 A LH S 1 <= 3 years 1010 3,11 5,53
385/65 HOT 6 2 D6-2 A LH S 1 <= 3 years 211 5,78
385/65 HOT 6 3 D6-3 A LH S 1 <= 3 years 3509 5,68
385/65 HOT 8 2 D8-2 A RH N 1 >= 5 years 3007 5,87
385/65 HOT 8 3 D8-3 A RH N 1 >= 5 years 3608 5,85
385/65 HOT 8 1 D8-1 A RH N 1 <= 3 years 5009 3,30 5,66
Use: LH/RH : Long Haul / Regional Haul

Area: N/S : North/South
AgeType : casing age
DOT : 1 or 2 first digit represent the week, 2 last digit represent the year of manufacturing.

9.2. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT "CASING AVERAGE AND STANDARD DEVIATION"

ETRTO has selected casings representing the market as following:
• 9 brands of casings, representative of European market, including:
o 5 brands of the ETRTO Task Force members financing the project. These brands are
Bridgestone, Continental, Goodyear, Michelin and Pirelli.
o 4 brands, non-members of the ETRTO Task Force, coming from a different continent. These
brands are Aeolus, Double Coin, Giti and Hankook.
• 4 usages, which are Long Haul, Regional, On/Off road and Urban application.
• 10 sizes representing about 90% of new tyre market and about 95% of retreaded tyres market
(source ETRMA pool and Bipaver estimation)
423 casings have then been searched, 382 have been found, and 361 could be measured.
9.2.1. Tables of sizes, usage, number of companies and number of selected casing
Casings to search from the casing supplier:
SIZES LONG HAUL REGIONAL/ URBAN ON/OFF COMMENT
385/65 R22.5 YES YES YES Mainly trailer
315/80 R22.5 YES YES YES
295/80 R22.5 YES YES YES
315/70 R22.5 YES YES
385/55 R22.5 YES YES Mainly trailer
13 R22.5 YES
275/70 R22.5 YES
215/75 R17.5 YES Drive and trailer
315/60 R22.5 YES YES(*)
445/45 R19.5 YES Only trailer
(*)315/60R22.5 casing for urban application have been looked for but could not be found by the casing collector.
Number of casings found and measured per size and usage:

Size LONG HAUL REGIONAL URBAN ON/OFF Total
385/65R22.5 26 27 19 72
315/80R22.5 20 22 26 68
295/80R22.5 24 27 3 54
315/70R22.5 25 26 51
385/55R22.5 17 18 35
13R22.5 21 21
275/70R22.5 19 19
215/75R17.5 18 18
315/60R22.5 17 17
445/45R19.5 6 6
Total 135 138 19 69 361

Number of brands per size and usage:

Size Usage LONG HAUL REGIONAL URBAN ON/OFF
385/65R22.5 9 9 8
315/80R22.5 8 8 9
295/80R22.5 8 8 1
315/70R22.5 9 9
385/55R22.5 6 6 6
13R22.5 8
275/70R22.5 7
215/75R17.5 6
315/60R22.5 6
445/45R19.5 2
9.2.2. European new tyre market data 2016, provided by ETRMA pool
Size 2016 Market size Tested Market weight Cumulated
market
385/65 R 22.5 4 971 978 1 41.75% 41.7%
315/80 R 22.5 2 065 836 1 17.35% 59.1%
315/70 R 22.5 1 162 962 1 9.76% 68.9%
295/80 R 22.5 800 667 1 6.72% 75.6%
385/55 R 22.5 617 231 1 5.18% 80.8%
215/75 R 17.5 465 711 1 3.91% 84.7%
13/NA R 22.5 174 189 1 1.46% 86.1%
275/70 R 22.5 167 084 1 1.40% 87.5%
315/60 R 22.5 145 066 1 1.22% 88.8%
445/45 R 19.5 53 253 1 0.45% 89.2%
265/70 R 19.5 463 306 0 3.89% 93.1%
235/75 R 17.5 329 927 0 2.77% 95.9%
245/70 R 17.5 275 749 0 2.32% 98.2%
435/50 R 19.5 74 087 0 0.62% 98.8%
205/65 R 17.5 34 859 0 0.29% 99.1%
285/70 R 19.5 32 333 0 0.27% 99.4%
9.5/NA R 17.5 28 291 0 0.24% 99.6%
245/70 R 19.5 26 198 0 0.22% 99.8%
425/65 R 22.5 18 216 0 0.15% 100.0%
8.25/NA - 20 3 321 0 0.03% 100.0%
ETRTO design of experiment has covered about 90% of the new tyre market.
An additional survey on 4 sizes (265/70R19.5, 235/75R17.5, 245/70R19.5 and 435/50R19.5) would
allow covering about 99% of the new market, representing most probably an higher part of retreaded
tyre market.

9.2.3. Detailed data for market casing rolling resistance

Brand Size Use DOT LI/SI M TD1 TD TD2 Bead Buffing Buffing Rdepth1 Rdepth Rdepth2 Patch Buffe RRAC
WY S Center width Radius Circonf. Center present d tyre Casing
(N/Y) weigh (N/kN)
2 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 3112 160K N 5 4 4 11.75 1 500 3 295 2 3 2.2 N t
56.0 3.96
2 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 2013 160K N 4 3 3 11.75 1 500 3 277 1.5 3 1.5 N 55.0 3.92
2 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 3412 160K N 5 4 4 11.75 1 500 3 277 1.5 3 1 N 56.0 4.10
2 385/65R22.5 ON/OFF 3816 160K Y 5 5 5 11.75 1 200 3 266 4 3 3 N 54.0 3.36
2 385/65R22.5 ON/OFF 3416 160K Y 5 5 5 11.75 1 200 3 267 3.2 2.5 3.2 N 54.0 3.45
3 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 4314 160K N 4 5 5 11.75 1 500 3 228 2.5 3 2.5 N 53.5 3.76
3 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 0815 160K N 5 6 6 11.75 1 500 3 226 2.7 3 2.2 N 53.5 3.66
3 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 2015 160K N 5 5 5 11.75 1 500 3 226 2.5 3 2.5 N 54.0 3.70
3 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 4015 160K Y 4 4 3 11.75 1 500 3 230 2.5 3 2.8 N 54.5 3.87
3 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 4415 160K Y 5 5 4 11.75 1 500 3 224 3 3 3 N 55.0 3.94
3 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 4515 160K Y 4 3 4 11.75 1 500 3 227 2.5 2.5 2.8 N 55.5 3.94
3 385/65R22.5 ON/OFF 1013 160K Y 3 5 3 11.75 1 500 3 229 3 3 2.5 N 56.0 4.15
3 385/65R22.5 ON/OFF 0915 160K Y 4 3 5 11.75 1 500 3 227 3 2.9 3.5 N 57.0 3.93
5 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 1914 160K N 2 3 2 11.75 1 500 3 264 1.8 3 2.5 N 51.0 3.77
5 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 1115 160K N 4 5 5 11.75 1 500 3 261 1.8 3 2 N 50.5 3.83
5 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 3714 160K N 4 4 5 11.75 1 500 3 255 1.6 2.5 1 N 50.0 3.90
5 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 3814 160K N 5 4 5 11.75 1 500 3 263 2 3 2.2 N 51.0 3.97
5 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 3913 160K N 5 5 2 11.75 1 500 3 268 2 3 2 N 48.5 3.95
5 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 4413 160K N 4 2 4 11.75 1 500 3 257 2 3 1.5 N 51.0 4.01
5 385/65R22.5 ON/OFF 2316 160K Y 6 5 6 11.75 1 700 3 258 3 3 3 N 51.5 3.91
5 385/65R22.5 ON/OFF 3915 160K Y 5 5 5 11.75 1 700 3 263 3 3 2 N 51.5 3.63
8 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 2915 160K N 3 2 3 11.75 1 500 3 247 3.5 3 3 N 57.0 3.72
8 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 0915 160K N 3 2 3 11.75 1 500 3 246 2 2.8 2 N 56.0 3.60
8 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 3115 160K N 3 2 3 11.75 1 500 3 246 3.6 3 3.5 N 56.5 3.81
8 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 1316 160K Y 5 4 6 11.75 1 500 3 246 2 2.5 2 N 56.0 3.96
8 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 2115 160K Y 5 5 4 11.75 1 500 3 245 1.2 2.5 1.2 N 55.0 3.82
8 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 4315 160K Y 5 4 3 11.75 1 500 3 247 3 2.5 3 N 57.0 3.93
8 385/65R22.5 ON/OFF 1015 160K Y 4 5 5 11.75 1 500 3 254 2.5 2.8 2.5 N 62.5 4.04
8 385/65R22.5 ON/OFF 3216 160K Y 2 4 4 11.75 1 500 3 253 2 2.5 2 N 61 3.96
8 385/65R22.5 ON/OFF 3712 160K Y 5 5 5 11.75 1 500 3 254 2.5 3 2.5 N 62 4.21
9 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 1915 158L N 5 6 5 11.75 1 500 3 265 3 3 3 Y 60.5 3.52
9 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 4716 158L N 5 5 5 11.75 1 500 3 252 2 3 2 N 60 3.65
9 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 2314 158L N 6 5 § 11.75 1 500 3 262 2.3 3 2.5 N 59.5 3.65
9 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 1715 160K Y 6 5 5 11.75 1 500 3 258 3 3 2.5 N 59.5 3.42
9 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 4914 160K Y 3 4 5 11.75 1 500 3 261 3 3 3 N 59.5 3.51
9 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 2215 160K Y 5 3 3 11.75 1 500 3 257 3 3 3.5 N 59.5 3.69
2 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 4416 160K Y 14 14 14 1 500 3 278 2.5 3 3 N 57.0 3.50
2 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 4416 160K Y 14 14 14 1 500 3 280 3 3 3 N 57.0 3.51
2 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 0916 160K N 6 7 6 1 500 3 280 2.2 3 2.2 N 55.0 3.68
9 385/65R22.5 ON/OFF 0414 160K Y 2 4 3 11.75 1 500 3 257 2.5 3 3 N 58.5 3.64
9 385/65R22.5 ON/OFF 3915 160K Y 5 5 5 11.75 1 500 3 258 2 3 2 N 57.5 3.55
7 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 0814 160K N 5 4 5 11.75 1 700 3 279 2 3 2 N 60.5 4.47
7 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 4115 160K N 4 3 3 11.75 1 700 3 282 3 3 3 N 61.5 4.21
7 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 4115 160K N 5 3 4 11.75 1 700 3 281 3.5 3 3.5 N 61.5 4.21
7 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 0512 160J N 3 3 2 11.75 1 700 3 262 2 3 2 Y 58.5 4.42
7 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 1811 160J N 4 6 6 11.75 1 700 3 265 2 3 2.5 N 58.0 4.26
7 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 0111 160J N 6 5 6 11.75 1 700 3 265 2 3 2 N 59.5 4.14
7 385/65R22.5 ON/OFF 4811 160J N 2 5 3 11.75 1 800 3 282 2 3 2 N 62.0 4.40
7 385/65R22.5 ON/OFF 1513 160J Y 5 6 6 11.75 1 800 3 281 2 3 2 N 62.0 4.31
6 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 3611 158L N 5 4 6 11.75 1 700 3 230 2.2 2.5 2.5 N 59.0 3.87
6 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 4511 160K N 5 4 6 11.75 1 700 3 238 2.5 3 2.5 N 60.0 3.89
6 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 3411 160K N 4 3 5 11.75 1 700 3 240 2 3 2 N 59.0 3.87
6 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 0316 158L Y 5 2 3 11.75 1 700 3 236 2.5 2.7 2.5 N 59.0 3.43
6 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 4214 158L N 4 2 4 11.75 1 700 3 237 3 3 3 N 60.5 3.46
6 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 4914 158L N 6 5 6 11.75 1 700 3 236 3 2.5 3 N 59.5 3.76
6 385/65R22.5 ON/OFF 0114 158L Y 4 5 5 11.75 1 800 3 246 2 3 1.8 N 58.5 3.70
6 385/65R22.5 ON/OFF 0814 158L Y 3 5 4 11.75 1 800 3 250 2.5 3 2.5 N 59.0 3.77
6 385/65R22.5 ON/OFF 4613 158L Y 5 6 5 11.75 1 800 3 246 2 2.7 2.2 N 60.0 3.68
1 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 1511 160K N 4 4 3 11.75 1 800 3 249 2 3 1.5 N 57.5 4.12
1 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 3215 160K N 2 3 4 11.75 1 800 3 250 3 3 2 Y 61.5 4.11
1 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 3310 160K N 6 5 4 11.75 1 800 3 250 2 3 3 N 63.0 4.28
1 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 0116 158L N 4 4 3 11.75 2 500 3 243 2 2.5 2 N 60.5 4.13
1 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 2714 158L N 3 4 4 11.75 2 500 3 249 1.5 3 1 N 60.0 4.15
1 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 3113 158L N 4 4 3 11.75 2 500 3 250 2.3 3 2 N 60.5 3.92
1 385/65R22.5 ON/OFF 2714 158L Y 6 5 6 11.75 2 500 3 250 1.5 3 2 N 60.5 4.14
1 385/65R22.5 ON/OFF 2514 158L Y 4 5 6 11.75 2 500 3 249 1.5 3 2 N 62.0 4.14
1 385/65R22.5 ON/OFF 4614 158L Y 6 5 4 11.75 2 500 3 242 2.5 3 2.3 N 60.0 4.19
4 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 4414 160K N 4 4 3 11.75 2 500 3 252 2.5 3 2.5 Y 61.0 4.37
4 385/65R22.5 LONG HAUL 4314 160K N 2 3 4 11.75 2 500 3 245 3 3 3 N 59.5 4.40
4 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 1413 160K N 4 4 2 11.75 2 500 3 245 2 2.5 2 N 59.5 4.20
4 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 1714 160K N 3 3 1 11.75 2 500 3 247 2 3 2.5 N 60.5 3.93
4 385/65R22.5 REGIONAL 3614 160K N 4 3 1 11.75 2 500 3 247 2 3 2.5 N 59.5 4.13

(N/Y) weigh (N/kN)
2 215/75R17.5 REGIONAL 2115 135/133 J N 5 5 5 6 600 2 345 1.5 3 3 N 23t 5.02
2 215/75R17.5 REGIONAL 0514 135/133 J N 4 4 4 6 600 2 345 2 3 2.5 N 23 4.86
2 215/75R17.5 REGIONAL 4214 135/133 J N 6 5 5 6 600 2 345 2.5 2.8 2.5 N 23 4.77
3 215/75R17.5 REGIONAL 3315 135/133 K N 6 5 5 6 500 2 349 2.8 3 2.5 N 22 4.57
3 215/75R17.5 REGIONAL 2015 135/133 K N 5 5 5 6 500 2 347 2.5 3 3 N 22 4.46
3 215/75R17.5 REGIONAL 2216 135/133 K N 6 5 5 6 500 2 347 1.5 2.5 1.5 N 21.5 4.55
5 215/75R17.5 REGIONAL 1214 128/126 M N 1 3 1 6 500 2 326 3 3 3 N 20.5 4.45
5 215/75R17.5 REGIONAL 1214 128/126 M N 6 5 6 6 500 2 324 1.5 2.5 1.5 N 19 4.83
5 215/75R17.5 REGIONAL 4213 128/126 M N 5 6 5 6 500 2 330 1.5 2.5 2 N 20 4.81
8 215/75R17.5 REGIONAL 3515 126/124 M Y 2 3 2 6 450 2 337 2.8 2.5 2.5 N 17.5 4.42
8 215/75R17.5 REGIONAL 0915 126/124 M Y 2 5 4 6 450 2 342 2.8 2.6 2.8 N 18 4.40
8 215/75R17.5 REGIONAL 2115 126/124 M Y 5 4 2 6 450 2 342 3 2.5 2.8 N 17.5 4.46
9 215/75R17.5 REGIONAL 3915 135/133 J Y 4 2 4 6 600 2 350 1 3 1 N 23.5 4.65
9 215/75R17.5 REGIONAL 4313 135/133 J N 4 2 5 6 600 2 350 1.5 3 2 N 24.5 4.84
9 215/75R17.5 REGIONAL 4815 135/133 J Y 6 6 6 6 600 2 342 2 3 2.2 N 24 4.62
7 215/75R17.5 REGIONAL 0112 126/124 M Y 4 2 2 6 650 2 330 2 3 1.5 Y 21 5.64
7 215/75R17.5 REGIONAL 3314 126/124 M Y 4 5 5 6 650 2 337 1.8 3 1.8 N 22 5.22
7 215/75R17.5 REGIONAL 0813 126/124 M Y 5 5 4 6 650 2 338 2 3 1.5 N 22.5 5.30
2 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 4514 154/150 L Y 6 5 5 950 3 108 2 2.5 2 N 49.0 3.86
2 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 3214 154/150 L Y 7 5 7 950 3 113 2 3 3 N 51.5 3.72
2 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 0415 154/150 L Y 8 7 7 950 3 114 2.8 3 2.8 N 51.0 3.67
2 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 3814 152/148 M Y 6 3 5 750 3 102 4 3 4 N 52.0 3.86
2 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 4315 152/148 M Y 5 5 7 750 3 100 4 3 4 N 50.5 3.83
2 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 3814 152/148 M Y 2 2 4 750 3 101 3.8 3 4 N 51.0 3.92
3 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 2415 156/150 L N 8 8 6 1 000 3 062 2 3 2 N 46.0 4.05
3 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 0815 156/150 L N 5 7 6 1 000 3 062 2 3 2 N 45.5 4.19
3 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 2515 156/150 L Y 7 7 4 1 000 3 063 2.3 3 2.3 N 46.0 3.98
3 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 0816 154/150 L Y 6 5 5 1 100 3 060 1.5 3 1.5 N 45.0 4.05
3 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 0516 154/150 L Y 5 5 5 1 100 3 064 2 3 2 N 45.0 4.08
3 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 0516 154/150 L Y 4 5 6 1 100 3 063 1.8 3 1.8 N 45.0 4.04
5 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 0215 156/150 L N 4 6 5 950 3 060 2 3 3 N 43.5 4.02
5 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 1315 156/150 L N 8 9 7 950 3 060 2.5 3 2 N 43.0 3.97
5 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 0215 156/150 L N 6 9 6 950 3 056 2.6 3 3 N 43.5 4.10
5 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 4214 156/150 L N 4 7 7 950 3 051 2 3 2 N 43.0 4.01
5 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 2214 156/150 L N 6 9 8 950 3 050 1.5 2.8 1.5 N 42.5 4.25
5 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 1215 156/150 L N 9 9 7 950 3 053 1 2.5 1 N 42.5 4.16
8 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 2714 154/150 L Y 5 4 4 950 3 078 2 2.8 3 N 47.5 3.65
8 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 2714 154/150 L Y 3 3 3 950 3 077 1.5 2.5 1.5 N 47.5 3.60
8 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 2714 154/150 L Y 4 4 3 950 3 081 2.2 3 2.8 N 47.5 3.66
8 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 1214 154/150 L Y 5 5 3 950 3 071 2 3 2 N 46.0 4.04
8 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 1715 154/150 L Y 8 6 7 950 3 073 2.2 3 2.8 N 47.0 3.88
8 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 5015 154/150 L Y 7 6 6 950 3 071 2 3 2.2 N 46.0 3.82
9 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 1912 154/150 L Y 6 4 7 950 3 074 3 3 3.5 Y 50.5 4.15
9 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 2212 154/150 L Y 4 3 6 950 3 075 3.5 3 3.5 N 51.5 3.95
9 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 0315 154/150 L Y 7 4 8 950 3 072 3.5 3 3.5 Y 50.5 3.98
9 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 0214 154/150 L Y 7 6 8 950 3 075 3.5 3 3.5 N 51.0 4.02
9 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 0712 154/150 L Y 7 5 8 950 3 076 2.5 2.5 3 N 50.5 4.02
9 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 0415 154/150 L Y 8 6 6 950 3 072 3 3 3.5 N 51.0 3.90
7 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 2211 154/150 L Y 7 4 6 950 3 065 2 2.8 2 N 47.5 4.68
7 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 4612 154/150 L Y 3 3 6 950 3 072 2 3 2.5 N 48.0 4.63
7 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 1413 154/150 L Y 4 2 5 950 3 066 2 3 2 N 47.5 4.59
7 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 4315 154/150 L Y 6 4 4 950 3 069 1.5 2.6 1.5 N 49.5 4.61
7 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 2112 154/150 L Y 7 6 4 950 3 073 2 3 2.5 N 47.0 4.64
7 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 4412 154/150 L Y 7 5 5 950 3 063 2.5 3 2.5 N 47.5 4.62
6 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 4511 154/150 L Y 4 3 4 1 300 3 049 2 3 3 N 50.0 4.13
6 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 2511 154/150 L Y 5 5 5 1 300 3 041 2.5 3 2.5 N 50.0 4.48
6 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 1611 154/150 L Y 2 3 5 1 300 3 048 2.5 3 2.5 N 49.5 4.35
6 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 2916 154/150 L Y 1 3 4 1 400 3 045 3 2.5 3 Y 50.0 3.97
6 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 0315 154/150 L Y 4 3 2 1 400 3 051 3.5 3 2.5 N 50.5 4.33
1 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 4714 152/148 M Y 4 5 4 1 300 3 078 3.5 3 4 N 50.5 4.86
1 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 0714 152/148 M Y 6 2 4 1 300 3 072 3 3 3 N 48.0 4.77
1 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 0414 152/148 M Y 4 4 6 1 300 3 070 2 3 2.5 N 49.0 4.75
1 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 5115 152/148 M Y 3 3 6 1 300 3 073 2 3 3 N 49.0 4.51
1 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 3515 152/148 M Y 7 6 6 1 300 3 073 3 3 3 N 48.5 4.72
1 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 5015 152/148 M Y 10 9 10 1 300 3 073 2 2.8 2.8 N 48.0 4.38
4 315/70R22.5 LONG HAUL 4515 152/148 M Y 2 3 3 1 300 3 075 1.5 2.5 2 N 48.5 4.44
4 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 3311 152/148 M Y 6 5 7 1 300 3 083 2.2 2.5 2.2 N 49.0 4.62
4 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 0811 152/148 M Y 8 4 7 1 300 3 086 2.5 3 3 N 50.0 4.69
4 315/70R22.5 REGIONAL 4813 152/148 M Y 3 2 7 1 300 3 087 2.5 3 2.5 N 50.5 4.64

2 385/55R22.5 LONG HAUL 1616 160 N 2 6 6 1 650 3 037 3 3 3 N 58.0 3.91

2 385/55R22.5 LONG HAUL 2216 160 N 8 9 8 1 650 3 035 2.8 3 2.8 N 57.0 3.90
2 385/55R22.5 LONG HAUL 1116 160 N 2 4 2 1 650 3 030 2.8 3 2.8 N 57.0 3.97
2 385/55R22.5 REGIONAL 1711 160 N 3 2 2 1 800 3 032 2.2 3 2.5 N 54.5 3.63
2 385/55R22.5 REGIONAL 1815 160 N 6 4 6 1 800 3 033 3 3 3 N 57.0 3.90
2 385/55R22.5 REGIONAL 0215 160 N 8 6 7 1 800 3 035 2.8 2.8 2.8 N 56.0 3.90
3 385/55R22.5 LONG HAUL 4712 160 N 5 8 6 1 650 3 021 2.5 3 2 Y 52.5 3.98
3 385/55R22.5 LONG HAUL 0514 160 N 7 9 6 1 650 3 023 3.5 3 3.5 N 53.0 4.14
3 385/55R22.5 LONG HAUL 3613 160 N 5 6 4 1 650 3 020 3.2 3 3.5 N 51.0 4.13
3 385/55R22.5 REGIONAL 1314 160 N 3 5 3 1 650 3 020 3.5 3 3.5 N 52.5 3.83
3 385/55R22.5 REGIONAL 1914 160 N 5 7 5 1 650 3 020 4 3 3.5 N 52.5 3.87
3 385/55R22.5 REGIONAL 1914 160 N 6 9 6 1 650 3 020 3.5 2.5 3.5 Y 53.0 4.06
5 385/55R22.5 LONG HAUL 4114 160 N 6 5 4 1 500 3 013 3.5 3 3.5 N 46.0 3.40
5 385/55R22.5 LONG HAUL 2315 160 N 4 5 5 1 500 3 012 3 3 3 N 45.5 3.51
5 385/55R22.5 LONG HAUL 2315 160 N 4 6 6 1 500 3 012 3 3 3.5 N 46.0 3.50
5 385/55R22.5 REGIONAL 4213 160 N 4 4 4 1 800 3 015 3 3 3.2 N 44.0 3.71
5 385/55R22.5 REGIONAL 0815 160 N 6 6 7 1 800 3 010 3 3 3.2 N 46.0 3.58
5 385/55R22.5 REGIONAL 4713 160 N 5 5 5 1 800 3 005 2.5 3 3 N 44.5 3.78
8 385/55R22.5 LONG HAUL 2114 160 N 4 2 2 1 650 3 034 2.5 3 2.2 N 52.0 3.59
8 385/55R22.5 LONG HAUL 4113 160 N 8 8 8 1 650 3 036 2.5 3 3 N 52.0 3.62
8 385/55R22.5 LONG HAUL 3113 160 N 3 3 4 1 650 3 031 2.8 3 2.5 N 52.0 3.60
8 385/55R22.5 REGIONAL 2114 160 N 5 4 5 1 650 3 034 2.5 3 2.2 N 53.0 3.80
8 385/55R22.5 REGIONAL 2016 160 N 11 10 11 1 650 3 034 2.7 3 3 N 52.0 3.63
8 385/55R22.5 REGIONAL 0515 160 N 5 5 4 1 650 3 033 1.8 2.5 2 N 51.5 3.60
9 385/55R22.5 LONG HAUL 2915 158 N 9 8 8 1 650 3 025 3 3 2 N 57.0 3.75
9 385/55R22.5 LONG HAUL 2915 158 N 9 8 8 1 650 3 027 3 3 3.5 N 57.0 3.55
9 385/55R22.5 LONG HAUL 1013 158 N 8 7 7 1 650 3 024 2.5 3 2.8 N 57.0 3.58
9 385/55R22.5 REGIONAL 3113 160 N 4 4 5 1 650 3 030 2 2.5 2.5 N 53.5 3.58
9 385/55R22.5 REGIONAL 1411 160 N 6 5 7 1 650 3 035 2 2.5 2 N 55.0 3.43
9 385/55R22.5 REGIONAL 0512 160 N 9 6 8 1 650 3 040 2.2 3 2.2 N 56.0 3.49
7 385/55R22.5 LONG HAUL 3214 160 N 4 6 6 1 800 3 030 2.2 3 2.2 N 53.5 4.24
7 385/55R22.5 LONG HAUL 1914 160 N 6 5 5 1 800 3 033 2.5 3 2.5 N 53.0 4.15
7 385/55R22.5 REGIONAL 2010 160 N 4 8 6 2 000 3 035 1.8 3 2 N 52.0 4.38
7 385/55R22.5 REGIONAL 2110 160 N 3 4 4 2 000 3 033 2.8 3 2.8 N 53.0 4.13
7 385/55R22.5 REGIONAL 4310 160 N 4 6 3 2 000 3 035 2 3 1.5 N 52.5 4.36
2 275/70R22.5 URBAN 4613 148/145 J Y 6 4 4 800 2 900 3.5 3 3.5 Y 41.5 4.2
2 275/70R22.5 URBAN 4413 148/145 J Y 6 6 5 800 2 892 3.5 3 3.5 N 41.0 4.3
3 275/70R22.5 URBAN 4014 150/145 J Y 6 6 6 800 2 916 3 3 3 N 39.0 4.5
3 275/70R22.5 URBAN 0916 150/145 J Y 6 4 4 800 2 903 2 2.5 2 N 39.0 4.4
3 275/70R22.5 URBAN 0715 150/145 J Y 5 6 4 800 2 916 3 3 3 N 39.0 4.4
5 275/70R22.5 URBAN 3514 148/145 J Y 6 6 3 800 2 913 2 2.5 2 N 42.0 4.4
5 275/70R22.5 URBAN 3112 148/145 J Y 6 6 6 800 2 909 3.5 3 3 N 41.5 4.5
5 275/70R22.5 URBAN 3112 148/145 J Y 6 6 6 800 2 914 3 3 3 Y 42.0 4.3
8 275/70R22.5 URBAN 1515 148/145 J Y 6 5 2 800 2 898 2 2.8 2.2 N 42.5 4.3
8 275/70R22.5 URBAN 4314 148/145 J Y 5 6 6 800 2 896 2 2.5 2.5 N 41.5 4.2
8 275/70R22.5 URBAN 1515 148/145 J Y 6 6 4 800 2 897 1.5 2.7 1.5 N 42.0 4.4
9 275/70R22.5 URBAN 2615 148/145 J Y 6 6 6 800 2 902 3 2.8 2.5 N 40.0 3.7
9 275/70R22.5 URBAN 3813 148/145 J Y 5 6 6 800 2 900 3.4 3 3 N 40.0 3.9
6 275/70R22.5 URBAN 4711 148/145 J Y 6 6 6 900 2 903 2 3 3 N 44.0 4.5
6 275/70R22.5 URBAN 2111 148/145 J Y 5 4 5 900 2 894 2.5 3 2.5 N 41.5 4.3
6 275/70R22.5 URBAN 3711 148/145 J Y 6 6 6 900 2 890 2 3 2 N 42.0 4.7
1 275/70R22.5 URBAN 1215 148/145 J Y 10 9 10 1 100 2 925 1.5 3 2 N 38.0 4.1
1 275/70R22.5 URBAN 3514 148/145 J Y 9 6 7 1 100 2 924 1.5 3 2.5 N 35.5 4.4
1 275/70R22.5 URBAN 1614 148/145 J Y 5 6 8 1 100 2 924 2 3 2 N 39.0 4.4
2 315/60R22.5 LONG HAUL 1716 152/148 L Y 2 1 4 2 000 2 905 2.8 3 2.8 N 45.5 3.9
2 315/60R22.5 LONG HAUL 3215 152/148 L Y 6 5 5 2 000 2 900 3 3 2.5 N 45.0 4.1
2 315/60R22.5 LONG HAUL 4316 154/148 L N 8 4 8 2 000 2 892 2.8 2.8 2.9 N 42.0 4.1
3 315/60R22.5 LONG HAUL 4314 152/148 L Y 4 5 5 2 000 2 900 1.8 2.6 1.8 N 43.0 4.4
3 315/60R22.5 LONG HAUL 2815 152/148 L Y 3 4 6 2 000 2 897 2.2 3 2.2 N 44.0 4.4
3 315/60R22.5 LONG HAUL 2815 152/148 L Y 3 5 6 2 000 2 898 2.2 3 2.2 N 43.5 4.4
5 315/60R22.5 LONG HAUL 3815 154/148 L N 6 8 8 1 800 2 892 3 3 3 N 44.0 4.1
5 315/60R22.5 LONG HAUL 1015 154/148 L N 4 5 6 1 800 2 895 2.5 2.6 2.5 N 44.0 4.2
5 315/60R22.5 LONG HAUL 0516 154/148 L N 5 3 4 1 800 2 892 3 3 3 N 44.0 4.0
8 315/60R22.5 LONG HAUL 4015 152/148 L Y 5 2 4 1 500 2 887 2.5 3 2.5 Y 45.0 4.3
8 315/60R22.5 LONG HAUL 4015 152/148 L Y 5 3 5 1 500 2 891 2.8 3 2.8 N 46.0 4.3
8 315/60R22.5 LONG HAUL 4015 152/148 L Y 6 4 6 1 500 2 891 2.9 3 2.9 N 45.5 4.3
9 315/60R22.5 LONG HAUL 5013 152/148 L Y 7 7 8 1 500 2 892 2.5 3 2.8 Y 43.5 4.0
9 315/60R22.5 LONG HAUL 5113 152/148 L Y 5 6 7 1 500 2 893 2.5 3 2.5 N 44.0 3.9
7 315/60R22.5 LONG HAUL 4413 152/148 L Y 4 6 6 2 000 2 890 2 3 2 N 45.0 4.8
7 315/60R22.5 LONG HAUL 1514 152/148 L Y 7 8 8 2 000 2 891 2.2 3 2.2 N 45.5 4.8
7 315/60R22.5 LONG HAUL 4311 152/148 L Y 7 6 6 2 000 2 892 1.5 3 2 N 46.5 5.2

(N/Y) weigh (N/kN)
2 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 0616 156/150 L Y 7 5 5 900 3 276 2.5 3 3 N t
52.5 3.83
2 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 4514 156/150 L Y 4 1 4 900 3 273 2.5 3 3 N 51.5 3.84
2 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 0616 156/150 L Y 7 4 7 900 3 273 2 3 2.5 N 52.0 3.84
2 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 4412 154/150 M Y 5 6 9 900 3 282 3 3 3 Y 54.0 4.34
2 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 1214 154/150 M Y 5 4 6 900 3 280 1.5 2.5 2.5 Y 54.0 4.37
2 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 1214 154/150 M Y 5 2 3 900 3 282 2 2.5 2 N 54.0 4.50
2 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 2716 156/150 K Y 7 7 7 900 3 282 3 3 3 N 53.5 4.23
2 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 2716 156/150 K Y 8 8 5 900 3 281 3 3 3 N 53.0 4.26
2 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 2716 156/150 K Y 5 5 7 900 3 281 3 2.5 3 N 52.5 4.26
3 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 4614 156/150 L Y 5 4 5 900 3 281 2.2 3 2.2 N 52.0 4.44
3 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 1016 156/150 L Y 4 3 4 900 3 279 1.5 2.5 1.8 N 51.0 4.39
3 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 4814 156/150 L Y 4 2 4 900 3 284 2.5 3 2.5 N 52.0 4.43
3 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 2815 156/150 L Y 3 6 6 900 3 281 2.5 3 2.5 N 52.0 4.50
3 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 2215 156/150 L Y 6 6 6 900 3 281 3 3 3 N 50.5 4.38
3 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 1916 156/150 L Y 10 10 10 900 3 281 2.5 3 2.8 N 52.5 4.33
3 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 4615 156/150 K Y 11 8 11 900 3 282 3 2.8 2.8 N 53.0 4.63
3 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 3516 156/150K Y 10 6 9 900 3 281 3 3 3 N 53.5 4.62
3 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 3516 156/150K Y 8 5 8 900 3 282 3 2.5 3 N 53.0 4.63
5 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 4913 156/150 L N 9 9 9 900 3 280 2.5 3 3 N 47.5 4.33
5 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 1815 156/150 L Y 2 3 6 900 3 280 2.8 3 2.5 N 46.5 4.39
5 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 0515 156/150 L N 3 6 7 900 3 281 2.5 3 3 N 46.5 4.12
5 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 0515 156/150 L N 2 3 5 900 3 281 3 2.5 3 N 47.5 4.14
5 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 0315 156/150 K Y 4 3 6 900 3 276 3 3 3 N 51.0 4.60
5 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 1113 156/150 K Y 8 7 4 900 3 278 3.5 3 3 Y 51.5 4.57
5 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 0315 156/150 K Y 5 3 6 900 3 276 3 3 3 Y 51.0 4.70
8 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 0715 156/150 L Y 6 7 6 800 3 277 3 2.5 3 N 53.0 3.91
8 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 3114 156/150 L Y 6 3 4 800 3 279 2.7 2.8 3 N 53.0 4.18
8 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 3414 156/150 L Y 8 2 8 800 3 281 3 3 3 N 52.5 4.07
8 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 2614 156/150 L Y 7 5 6 800 3 285 2 2.5 2.5 N 53.5 4.46
8 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 4414 156/150 L Y 6 5 8 800 3 277 2.8 3 3 N 53.0 3.96
8 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 2912 156/150 L Y 5 4 4 800 3 281 2.7 3 2.7 N 55.0 4.28
8 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 0113 156/150 K Y 6 12 800 3 266 3 3 3 N 57.0 4.23
8 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 0714 156/150 K Y 5 9 800 3 268 2.8 3 3 N 57.0 4.13
8 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 4013 156/150 K Y 7 7 800 3 268 3 3 3 N 57.5 4.16
9 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 0415 156/150 L Y 7 3 7 850 3 288 3 3 3 N 54.5 4.42
9 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 3615 156/150 L Y 9 7 9 850 3 280 3 3 3 N 55.5 4.31
9 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 3913 156/150 L Y 6 8 5 850 3 279 2.5 3 3 N 57.5 4.40
9 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 2516 156/150 L Y 12 13 12 850 3 276 2.5 3 3 N 53.5 4.03
9 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 4810 156/150 L Y 9 5 5 850 3 275 3 3 2.6 N 55.0 4.23
9 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 4714 156/150 K Y 7 9 850 3 281 2.8 3 3 Y 55.0 4.24
9 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 0315 156/150 K Y 7 7 850 3 277 2.8 3 3 N 54.5 4.07
9 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 4714 156/150 K Y 6 7 850 3 279 2.5 2.5 2.5 Y 53.5 4.22
7 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 2814 156/150 L Y 7 3 4 800 3 271 2.8 2.7 3 N 55.0 4.59
7 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 2814 156/150 L Y 5 4 7 800 3 270 3 3 3 N 55.5 4.72
7 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 2814 156/150 L Y 6 3 6 800 3 271 2.5 3 3 Y 55.5 4.68
7 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 0113 154/150 M Y 6 5 6 800 3 272 3 3 3 N 54.0 4.84
7 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 2713 154/150 M Y 7 3 5 800 3 272 2.8 3 3 N 53.5 4.82
7 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 5214 154/150 M Y 11 7 9 800 3 274 3 3 3 N 55.0 4.44
7 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 0515 156/150 K Y 10 11 700 3 271 2.8 2.6 3 Y 56.0 4.39
7 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 0615 156/150 K Y 6 8 700 3 269 2.8 3 2.8 Y 56.0 4.53
7 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 0515 156/150 K Y 8 6 700 3 268 2.5 2.8 2.8 N 56.0 4.39
6 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 4511 156/150 L Y 12 10 11 850 3 256 2.7 3 3 N 55.5 4.42
6 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 2515 156/150 K Y 10 11 700 3 242 3 3 3 N 53.5 3.94
6 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 3415 156/150 K Y 7 11 700 3 241 2 2.5 2 N 53.5 4.29
6 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 1616 156/150 K Y 10 10 0 700 3 241 3 3 3 N 53.5 3.89
1 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 3315 154/150 M N 4 4 5 850 3 274 2.5 3 3 N 55.5 4.39
1 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 2312 154/150 M N 3 1 3 850 3 273 2.5 3 2.5 N 53.5 4.50
1 315/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 4213 154/150 M N 6 7 6 850 3 273 2.5 3 2.8 N 53.5 4.36
1 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 0715 154/150 M Y 8 3 3 850 3 273 3 3 3 N 55.5 4.33
1 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 3414 154/150 M Y 10 6 9 850 3 278 2 3 2.5 N 55.0 4.35
1 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 1714 154/150 M Y 2 2 8 850 3 278 2.5 3 3 N 55.0 4.40
1 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 2514 156/150 K Y 5 5 5 850 3 278 3 3 4 Y 55.5 4.37
1 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 4214 156/150 K Y 7 7 9 850 3 280 3 3 4 N 55.0 4.20
4 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 3715 156/152 L Y 7 3 6 850 3 293 3 3 2.8 N 54.0 4.40
4 315/80R22.5 REGIONAL 3115 156/152 L Y 5 1 4 850 3 296 2.5 3 2.5 N 55.5 4.48
4 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 2715 156/152 L Y 10 9 850 3 302 3 3 3.5 N 55.0 4.58
4 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 4714 156/152 L Y 7 7 4 850 3 298 2.5 2.8 2.5 N 55.5 4.56
4 315/80R22.5 ON/OFF 2713 156/152 L Y 9 9 7 850 3 301 2.5 2.8 3 N 56.0 4.79

(N/Y) weigh (N/kN)
2 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 1015 152/148 M Y 4 2 2 9 800 3 199 2 2.8 2.2 N t
46.5 4.02
2 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 1115 152/148 M Y 5 3 4 9 800 3 200 2.2 3 2 N 46.5 4.06
2 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 1015 152/148 M Y 5 4 4 9 800 3 203 2.5 3 2.5 N 47.0 3.93
2 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 0715 152/148 M Y 3 5 3 9 800 3 203 2 2.6 2.5 N 49.0 4.26
2 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 4514 152/148 M Y 4 3 3 9 800 3 198 2.5 3 3 N 49.5 4.24
2 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 4514 152/148 M Y 3 3 3 9 800 3 200 2.5 3 2.8 N 49.5 4.16
3 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 4215 154/149 M Y 6 3 2 9 800 3 182 2.5 3 2.8 N 46.5 4.18
3 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 4915 154/149 M Y 7 7 6 9 800 3 183 2 3 2.5 N 45.5 4.24
3 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 2114 154/149 M Y 6 7 6 9 800 3 184 2.5 3 2.5 N 45.0 4.06
3 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 4412 152/148 M N 5 4 6 9 800 3 187 1.5 2.6 1.5 N 45.5 4.41
3 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 4514 152/148 M N 5 7 7 9 800 3 195 2.3 2.8 2.5 N 46.0 4.53
3 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 3113 152/148 M N 7 6 6 9 800 3 194 2 2.5 2.5 N 46.0 4.42
5 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 1215 154/149 M Y 8 6 7 9 800 3 187 3 3 2.8 N 47.5 4.57
5 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 1215 154/149 M Y 7 5 5 9 800 3 182 2.5 3 2.5 N 46.0 4.55
5 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 1215 154/149 M Y 7 5 8 9 800 3 184 2.5 2.7 2.5 N 47.0 4.47
5 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 1414 154/149 M N 8 8 6 9 800 3 192 4 3 3 N 46.5 4.52
5 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 4913 154/149 M N 8 8 4 9 800 3 193 3.5 3 3 N 46.5 4.42
5 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 0715 152/149 M N 11 10 11 9 800 3 193 3.2 3 3.2 N 46.5 4.61
8 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 2513 152/148 M N 3 3 3 9 700 3 197 2.5 2.5 2.5 N 43.5 4.06
8 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 1015 152/148 M N 5 5 7 9 700 3 199 3 3 3 N 45.0 3.96
8 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 1015 152/148 M N 5 4 6 9 700 3 200 3 3 3 N 45.0 3.90
8 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 2713 152/148 M Y 7 4 3 9 700 3 200 2 2.5 2.5 N 47.0 3.95
8 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 2414 152/148 M Y 2 3 2 9 700 3 206 2.5 2.7 2.5 N 46.5 4.16
8 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 2514 152/148 M Y 2 3 3 9 700 3 212 2.2 2.5 2.2 N 47.0 4.16
9 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 0515 152/148 M Y 8 8 8 9 800 3 210 2 3 2.5 N 50.0 4.25
9 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 0714 152/148 M Y 9 6 9 9 800 3 210 2.5 3 3 N 49.5 4.07
9 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 5014 152/148 M Y 5 6 9 9 800 3 203 3 3 3 N 51.5 4.09
9 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 5014 152/148 M Y 8 3 3 9 800 3 201 3 3 3 N 51.0 4.04
7 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 2411 152/148 M N 5 4 4 9 700 3 200 3 2.5 3 N 45.5 4.59
7 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 4114 152/148 M N 8 10 10 9 700 3 200 4 3 4 N 47.0 4.11
7 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 5013 152/148 M Y 7 4 7 9 800 3 195 2.5 3 2.5 N 49.5 4.69
7 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 4314 152/148 M Y 6 4 7 9 800 3 194 2.8 3 3 N 50.5 4.65
7 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 4814 152/148 M Y 7 6 7 9 800 3 193 2 2.5 2.5 N 50.5 4.58
6 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 4910 152/148 M Y 2 5 7 9 1 000 3 146 2.5 3 2.5 Y 47.0 4.24
6 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 2911 152/148 M Y 7 5 7 9 1 000 3 142 3 3 3 N 46.0 4.53
6 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 2911 152/148 M Y 7 5 6 9 1 000 3 143 3 3 2.5 Y 46.5 4.54
6 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 2712 152/148 M Y 6 3 7 9 1 000 3 145 3 2.5 2.5 N 49.5 4.51
6 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 1013 152/148 M Y 10 5 9 9 1 000 3 150 4 3 3 N 49.0 4.15
6 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 3612 152/148 M Y 5 3 8 9 1 000 3 146 3 2.5 2.5 N 49.0 4.51
6 295/80R22.5 ON/OFF 3115 152/149 K Y 6 6 6 9 1 000 3 144 3 3 2.5 N 51.5 4.14
6 295/80R22.5 ON/OFF 2813 152/149 K Y 3 2 2 9 1 000 3 142 3 3 2.5 N 48.5 4.19
6 295/80R22.5 ON/OFF 2313 152/149 K Y 6 4 4 9 1 000 3 141 3 3 2.5 N 48.0 4.15
1 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 4015 152/149 M N 5 4 7 9 900 3 165 3 3 3 N 48.0 4.05
1 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 0515 152/149 M N 3 2 4 9 900 3 165 2.8 2.8 2.8 N 48.5 4.01
1 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 1816 152/149 M N 8 6 8 9 900 3 163 2.5 2.5 2.8 Y 48.0 4.11
1 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 0213 152/149 M Y 5 5 6 9 1 100 3 170 2 3 3 Y 50.0 4.26
1 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 2513 152/149 M Y 6 6 9 9 1 100 3 167 2 3 2 N 49.0 4.27
1 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 4115 152/149 M Y 6 3 3 9 1 100 3 176 2.5 3 3 N 50.5 4.14
4 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 2114 152/149 M N 7 4 5 9 800 3 194 3 2.5 3 N 49.5 4.56
4 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 1707 152/148 M N 6 5 5 9 800 3 201 4 3 3 N 49.0 4.27
4 295/80R22.5 LONG HAUL 2114 152/149 M N 6 3 5 9 800 3 201 3 3 3 N 50.0 4.35
4 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 2510 152/148 M Y 7 5 9 9 800 3 162 3 3 3 N 49.5 4.76
4 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 2909 152/148 M Y 5 4 7 9 800 3 160 3 3 3 N 48.5 4.78
4 295/80R22.5 REGIONAL 2011 152/149 M Y 10 4 9 9 800 3 163 2.5 2.5 2.5 N 47.5 4.81

(N/Y) weigh (N/kN)
2 13R22.5 ON/OFF 4013 154/150 K Y 8 8 8 650 3429 3 2,5 3 N t
56.5 4.55
2 13R22.5 ON/OFF 0215 154/150 K Y 7 5 9 650 3430 3,5 3 3,5 N 56.0 4.35
2 13R22.5 ON/OFF 4013 154/150 K Y 8 9 9 650 3430 3,5 3 3,5 N 57.0 4.57
3 13R22.5 ON/OFF 2312 156/150 K Y 8 3 6 650 3409 2,5 3 2 N 58.0 5.05
3 13R22.5 ON/OFF 2312 156/150 K Y 4 2 7 650 3409 2 3 2 N 58.0 5.11
3 13R22.5 ON/OFF 2312 156/150 K Y 10 2 5 650 3410 2,5 2,5 2 N 57.5 5.34
5 13R22.5 ON/OFF 2313 156/150 K Y 4 2 6 650 3400 4 3 4 N 56.5 4.48
5 13R22.5 ON/OFF 0515 156/150 K Y 10 4 3 650 3395 3 3 3 N 55.5 4.70
5 13R22.5 ON/OFF 1714 156/150 K Y 8 5 11 650 3400 3,5 3 3,5 N 58.0 4.83
8 13R22.5 ON/OFF 1014 156/150 K Y 9 7 7 650 3390 2,2 2,5 2 N 58.0 4.53
8 13R22.5 ON/OFF 0713 156/150 K Y 5 8 8 650 3380 2,5 3 3 N 58.5 4.56
8 13R22.5 ON/OFF 1013 156/150 K Y 7 6 6 650 3380 2,5 3 2 N 59.0 4.48
9 13R22.5 ON/OFF 0215 156/150 K Y 11 8 8 650 3402 3 2,6 2,8 N 58.5 4.46
9 13R22.5 ON/OFF 0713 156/150 K Y 8 7 7 650 3392 3,5 3 3,5 N 60.0 4.20
7 13R22.5 ON/OFF 2114 154/150 K Y 3 5 5 650 3402 3 3 3,5 N 56.5 4.41
7 13R22.5 ON/OFF 0113 154/150 K Y 3 9 9 650 3393 3 3 3 Y 56.5 4.36
7 13R22.5 ON/OFF 4711 154/150 K Y 6 8 8 650 3397 3 3 3 Y 57.5 4.36
6 13R22.5 ON/OFF 3415 154/150 K Y 12 12 2 650 3374 2,8 2,5 2,8 N 58.5 4.37
6 13R22.5 ON/OFF 3515 154/150 K Y 12 13 3 650 3375 3 2,8 3 N 58.5 4.63
6 13R22.5 ON/OFF 3515 154/150 K Y 12 13 3 650 3375 2,8 2,8 2,5 N 58.5 4.63
1 13R22.5 ON/OFF 0415 154/151 K Y 4 11 1 650 3426 3,5 3 3,5 N 59.0 4.61
3 445/45R19.5 LONG HAUL 4415 160 J Y 5 6 6 3 000 2721 2,8 3,0 2,8 N 53.0 4.70
3 445/45R19.5 LONG HAUL 4215 160 J Y 4 6 6 3 000 2718 2 2,8 2,5 N 52.5 4.70
3 445/45R19.5 LONG HAUL 4215 160 J Y 8 8 7 3 000 2718 2,8 3,0 2,8 N 53.0 4.73
8 445/45R19.5 LONG HAUL 2414 160 J N 6 3 6 3 000 2732 3 3 3 N 52.0 4.14
8 445/45R19.5 LONG HAUL 1113 160 J N 6 2 3 3 000 2730 3 3 3 N 51.0 4.16
8 445/45R19.5 LONG HAUL 3015 160 J Y 5 2 2 3 000 2730 2,5 2,5 2,5 N 50.0 4.11
TD Center is the remaining tread depth at the center of the tyre before buffing.
TD1 and TD2 are the remaining tread depths at the shoulders of the tyre before buffing.
Rdepth Center is the remaining rubber thickness at the center of the tyre after buffing.
Rdepth1 and Rdepth2 are the remaining thickness at the shoulders of the tyre after buffing.

9.3. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT “PROCESS IMPACT” DATA FOR ROLLING RESISTANCE

P3
Original P1 P2 P4 P5 Tyre
DOT cushion RRC RRC
Size L.I./S.I. M+S Process HSE (remaining (Buffing curing t° curing time weight
CASING gauge Tire casing
(Y/N) rubber) radius) (°C) (min) (kg)
(mm)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Cold 21 1 800 1.5 95 240 72.0 7.7
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2415 N Cold 21 1 800 1.5 95 240 73.0 7.5
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Cold 21 1 800 1.5 95 240 73.5 7.7
(154/150M)
156/150L
3.22
315/80R22.5 1915 N Cold 21 1 800 1.5 125 480 73.5 7.7
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2415 N Cold 21 1 800 1.5 125 480 73.5 7.7
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2415 N Cold 21 1 800 1.5 125 480 73.0 7.5
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 1915 N Cold 21 1 2000 3 95 240 76.0 8.1
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Cold 21 1 2000 3 95 240 76.0 8.0
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Cold 21 1 2000 3 95 240 76.0 8.0
(154/150M)
156/150L
3.56
315/80R22.5 2315 N Cold 21 1 2000 3 125 480 76.0 8.2
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Cold 21 1 2000 3 125 480 76.0 8.2
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Cold 21 1 2000 3 125 480 76.0 8.6
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 1815 N Cold 21 4 800 3 95 480 75.0 7.7
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Cold 21 4 800 3 95 480 74.5 7.9
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2415 N Cold 21 4 800 3 95 480 75.5 7.7
(154/150M)
156/150L
3.12
315/80R22.5 2315 N Cold 21 4 800 3 125 240 75.0 7.7
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Cold 21 4 800 3 125 240 76.0 7.7
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Cold 21 4 800 3 125 240 75.0 7.8
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Cold 21 4 2000 1.5 95 480 75.0 8.0
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Cold 21 4 2000 1.5 95 480 76.0 8.1
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 1815 N Cold 21 4 2000 1.5 95 480 75.0 8.0
(154/150M)
156/150L
3.51
315/80R22.5 1815 N Cold 21 4 2000 1.5 125 240 76.0 8.2
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Cold 21 4 2000 1.5 125 240 75.0 8.2
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Cold 21 4 2000 1.5 125 240 76.0 8.3
(154/150M)

P3
DOT cushion RRC RRC
(mm)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Hot 22 1 800 1,5 135 110 77,5 8,9
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2415 N Hot 22 1 800 1,5 135 110 77,5 8,9
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 1815 N Hot 22 1 800 1,5 135 110 79,5 8,9
(154/150M)
156/150L
3,22
315/80R22.5 2315 N Hot 22 1 800 1,5 160 145 78,0 10,9
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Hot 22 1 800 1,5 160 145 77,0 10,7
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Hot 22 1 800 1,5 160 145 78,0 11,0
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 1815 N Hot 22 1 2000 3 135 110 79,0 8,2
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 1915 N Hot 22 1 2000 3 135 110 79,0 8,1
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 1815 N Hot 22 1 2000 3 135 110 80,5 8,2
(154/150M)
156/150L
3,56
315/80R22.5 2315 N Hot 22 1 2000 3 160 145 79,5 9,7
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Hot 22 1 2000 3 160 145 79,5 9,4
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2415 N Hot 22 1 2000 3 160 145 79,5 9,7
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2415 N Hot 22 4 800 3 135 145 78,0 8,0
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Hot 22 4 800 3 135 145 78,0 8,0
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 1815 N Hot 22 4 800 3 135 145 79,5 8,2
(154/150M)
156/150L
3,12
315/80R22.5 1815 N Hot 22 4 800 3 160 110 78,0 8,8
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2515 N Hot 22 4 800 3 160 110 78,0 8,8
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Hot 22 4 800 3 160 110 78,5 8,8
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Hot 22 4 2000 1,5 135 145 80,5 10,2
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Hot 22 4 2000 1,5 135 145 79,5 10,1
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 1815
(154/150M)
N Hot 22 4 2000 1,5 160 110 82,0 12,1 3,51
156/150L
315/80R22.5 1815 N Hot 22 4 2000 1,5 160 110 82,0 12,1
(154/150M)
156/150L
315/80R22.5 2315 N Hot 22 4 2000 1,5 160 110 81,0 12,1
(154/150M)
RRC are expressed in N/kN

HSE is original tread depth in mm

P3
DOT cushion RRC RRC
(mm)
160K
385/65R22.5 2315 N Cold 15.5 1 1100 1.5 95 240 77.5 5.26
(158L)
160K
385/65R22.5 2715 N Cold 15.5 1 1100 1.5 95 240 74.5 5.18
(158L)
160K
385/65R22.5 1915 N Cold 15.5 1 1100 1.5 95 240 80.0 5.31
(158L)
2.95
160K
385/65R22.5 1715 N Cold 15.5 1 1100 1.5 125 480 79.0 5.55
(158L)
160K
385/65R22.5 2615 N Cold 15.5 1 1100 1.5 125 480 79.0 5.58
(158L)
160K
385/65R22.5 2815 N Cold 15.5 1 1100 1.5 125 480 80.0 5.65
(158L)
160K
385/65R22.5 1215 N Cold 15.5 1 2000 3 95 240 80.5 5.56
(158L)
160K
385/65R22.5 1715 N Cold 15.5 1 2000 3 95 240 81.0 5.63
(158L)
160K
385/65R22.5 1415 N Cold 15.5 1 2000 3 95 240 81.0 5.6
(158L)
3.45
160K
385/65R22.5 1915 N Cold 15.5 1 2000 3 125 480 80.5 5.73
(158L)
160K
385/65R22.5 1715 N Cold 15.5 1 2000 3 125 480 80.5 5.89
(158L)
160K
385/65R22.5 1715 N Cold 15.5 1 2000 3 125 480 80.0 5.81
(158L)
160K
385/65R22.5 2315 N Cold 15.5 4 1100 3 95 480 79.5 5.25
(158L)
160K
385/65R22.5 1415 N Cold 15.5 4 1100 3 95 480 80.5 5.29
(158L)
160K
385/65R22.5 2715 N Cold 15.5 4 1100 3 95 480 76.5 5.19
(158L)
2.95
160K
385/65R22.5 1915 N Cold 15.5 4 1100 3 125 240 81.0 5.41
(158L)
160K
385/65R22.5 2315 N Cold 15.5 4 1100 3 125 240 5.39
(158L)
160K
385/65R22.5 1715 N Cold 15.5 4 1100 3 125 240 5.43
(158L)
160K
385/65R22.5 2215 N Cold 15.5 4 2000 1.5 95 480 80.0 5.44
(158L)
160K
385/65R22.5 1715 N Cold 15.5 4 2000 1.5 95 480 80.5 5.56
(158L)
160K
385/65R22.5 2715 N Cold 15.5 4 2000 1.5 95 480 5.26
(158L)
3.36
160K
385/65R22.5 2215 N Cold 15.5 4 2000 1.5 125 240 5.67
(158L)
160K
385/65R22.5 2215 N Cold 15.5 4 2000 1.5 125 240 5.63
(158L)
160K
385/65R22.5 1715 N Cold 15.5 4 2000 1.5 125 240 5.62
(158L)


P3
DOT cushion RRC RRC
(mm)
160 K
385/65R22.5 2315 N Hot 15,5 1 1100 1,5 135 110 78,0 5,3
(158 L)
160 K
385/65R22.5 2215 N Hot 15,5 1 1100 1,5 135 110 77,5 5,4
(158 L)
160 K
385/65R22.5 2315 N Hot 15,5 1 1100 1,5 135 110 78,0 5,3
(158 L)
2,95
160 K
385/65R22.5 1715 N Hot 15,5 1 1100 1,5 160 145 78,0 6,7
(158 L)
160 K
385/65R22.5 1715 N Hot 15,5 1 1100 1,5 160 145 77,5 6,8
(158 L)
160 K
385/65R22.5 1715 N Hot 15,5 1 1100 1,5 160 145 77,5 6,8
(158 L)
160 K
385/65R22.5 2215 N Hot 15,5 1 2000 3 135 110 79,0 5,2
(158 L)
160 K
385/65R22.5 2615 N Hot 15,5 1 2000 3 135 110 79,0 5,3
(158 L)
160 K
385/65R22.5 1415 N Hot 15,5 1 2000 3 135 110 79,5 5,4
(158 L)
3,45
160 K
385/65R22.5 1715 N Hot 15,5 1 2000 3 160 145 80,5 6,9
(158 L)
160 K
385/65R22.5 1915 N Hot 15,5 1 2000 3 160 145 80,5 6,9
(158 L)
160 K
385/65R22.5 1915 N Hot 15,5 1 2000 3 160 145 80,0 6,8
(158 L)
160 K
385/65R22.5 2215 N Hot 15,5 4 1100 3 135 145 77,5 5,3
(158 L)
160 K
385/65R22.5 2815 N Hot 15,5 4 1100 3 135 145 77,5 5,4
(158 L)
160 K
385/65R22.5 2615 N Hot 15,5 4 1100 3 135 145 79,0 5,4
(158 L)
2,95
160 K
385/65R22.5 2615 N Hot 15,5 4 1100 3 160 110 76,5 6,6
(158 L)
160 K
385/65R22.5 1915 N Hot 15,5 4 1100 3 160 110 77,5 6,8
(158 L)
160 K
385/65R22.5 1715 N Hot 15,5 4 1100 3 160 110 77,5 6,7
(158 L)
160 K
385/65R22.5 2315 N Hot 15,5 4 2000 1,5 135 145 81,0 5,6
(158 L)
160 K
385/65R22.5 2215 N Hot 15,5 4 2000 1,5 135 145 81,0 5,4
(158 L)
160 K
385/65R22.5 2215 N Hot 15,5 4 2000 1,5 135 145 80,7 5,5
(158 L)
3,36
160 K
385/65R22.5 1915 N Hot 15,5 4 2000 1,5 160 110 81,5 6,8
(158 L)
160 K
385/65R22.5 1715 N Hot 15,5 4 2000 1,5 160 110 81,5 6,9
(158 L)
160 K
385/65R22.5 1915 N Hot 15,5 4 2000 1,5 160 110 81,0 6,9
(158 L)


9.4. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT “PROCESS IMPACT” DATA FOR TYRE ROLLING SOUND AND
WET GRIP
rin t° (° )
m
)
er
)
P4 gau s)
in
s
P5 urin (m
g)
tim )
bb
ve
iu
C
(m
e
t (k
Pr t
d
wa
ge
ad
ru
en
a
ain n
ise
SE
es
e
W I
gh
r
r
e
gr
rim
g
(re atte
g
g
el
Siz
oc
No
W
in
H
ei
in
ET
lab
pe
w
f
n
P
uf
io
ise
c
Ex
re
m
(B
sh
cu
Ty
No
P2
cu
P1
P3
1 Cold 315/80R22.5 92 D 76 3 21 1 1 800 1.5 95 240 72
2 Cold 315/80R22.5 90 D 76 3 21 1 1 800 1.5 125 480 73.5
3 Cold 315/80R22.5 86 D 74 2 21 1 1 2000 3 95 240 76
4 Cold 315/80R22.5 88 D 74 2 21 1 1 2000 3 125 480 76
5 Cold 315/80R22.5 87 D 78 3 21 1 4 800 3 95 480 75
6 Cold 315/80R22.5 88 D 78 3 21 1 4 800 3 125 250 75
7 Cold 315/80R22.5 93 D 75 2 21 1 4 2000 1.5 95 480 75
8 Cold 315/80R22.5 94 D 74 2 21 1 4 2000 1.5 125 240 76
1 Hot 315/80R22.5 112 B 77 3 22 2 1 800 1.5 135 110 77.5
2 Hot 315/80R22.5 114 B 76 3 22 2 1 800 1.5 160 145 78
3 Hot 315/80R22.5 109 B 77 3 22 2 1 2000 3 135 110 79
4 Hot 315/80R22.5 110 B 77 3 22 2 1 2000 3 160 145 79.5
5 Hot 315/80R22.5 117 B 76 3 22 2 4 800 3 135 145 78
6 Hot 315/80R22.5 119 B 75 2 22 2 4 800 3 160 110 78
7 Hot 315/80R22.5 112 B 77 3 22 2 4 2000 1.5 135 145 0
8 Hot 315/80R22.5 Not tested. Damaged 22 2 4 2000 1.5 160 110 82
1 Cold 385/65R22.5 128 A 68 1 15.5 3 1 1100 1.5 95 240 77.5
2 Cold 385/65R22.5 125 A 69 1 15.5 3 1 1100 1.5 125 480 79
3 Cold 385/65R22.5 118 B 69 1 15.5 3 1 2000 3 95 240 80.5
4 Cold 385/65R22.5 111 B 69 1 15.5 3 1 2000 3 125 480 80.5
5 Cold 385/65R22.5 120 B 69 1 15.5 3 4 1100 3 95 480 79.5
6 Cold 385/65R22.5 118 B 70 1 15.5 3 4 1100 3 125 240 81
7 Cold 385/65R22.5 120 B 70 1 15.5 3 4 2000 1.5 95 480 80
8 Cold 385/65R22.5 124 B 70 1 15.5 3 4 2000 1.5 125 240 0
1 Hot 385/65R22.5 131 A 71 2 15.5 4 1 1100 1.5 135 110 78
2 Hot 385/65R22.5 130 A 71 2 15.5 4 1 1100 1.5 160 145 78
3 Hot 385/65R22.5 112 B 71 2 15.5 4 1 2000 3 135 110 79
4 Hot 385/65R22.5 129 A 71 2 15.5 4 1 2000 3 160 145 80.5
5 Hot 385/65R22.5 122 B 71 2 15.5 4 4 1100 3 135 145 77.5
6 Hot 385/65R22.5 127 A 71 2 15.5 4 4 1100 3 160 110 0
7 Hot 385/65R22.5 119 B 71 2 15.5 4 4 2000 1.5 135 145 81
8 Hot 385/65R22.5 132 A 71 2 15.5 4 4 2000 1.5 160 110 81.5


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European Tyre and Rim Technical

6.1.2. Buffing Radius impact ....................................................................................................... 21

78 Rue Defacqz – B-1060 Brussels, Belgium – 3/42 2019/09/17

78 Rue Defacqz – B-1060 Brussels, Belgium – 4/42 2019/09/17

2. RETREADED TYRES: REMINDER OF CONCEPT, DEFINITION AND VOCABULARY

1 Bead That part of the casing which is

4 Sidewall rubber Rubber layer on the sidewall

78 Rue Defacqz – B-1060 Brussels, Belgium – 5/42 2019/09/17

3. IMPACT OF CASING ON RETREADED TYRE ROLLING RESISTANCE

78 Rue Defacqz – B-1060 Brussels, Belgium – 6/42 2019/09/17

3.3.1.1. Tyre casing rolling resistance contribution

78 Rue Defacqz – B-1060 Brussels, Belgium – 7/42 2019/09/17

3.3.1.2. Casing impact on retreaded tyre rolling resistance and labels

1,0 Global casing impact on rolling resistance:

3.3.2. Impact of casing brand

1,0 Comparing the average of each casing brand

3.3.3. Impact of casing unit

78 Rue Defacqz – B-1060 Brussels, Belgium – 9/42 2019/09/17

1,0 Comparing the average of each casing brand to

0,0 observed, especially for 385/65R22.5 with hot

3.3.5. Impact of casing usage (LH = Long Haul, RH = Regional Haul)

78 Rue Defacqz – B-1060 Brussels, Belgium – 10/42 2019/09/17

3.3.6. Impact of area of usage (North or South)

1,0 No significant impact can be observed, with a

3.3.7. Impact of number of retread (first or second retread)

1,0 No significant impact can be observed for cold

3.4. CONCLUSION ON CASING IMPACT ON ROLLING RESISTANCE OF RETREADED TYRE

78 Rue Defacqz – B-1060 Brussels, Belgium – 11/42 2019/09/17

4. CASINGS AVAILABLE ON THE MARKET, AVERAGE AND STANDARD DEVIATION BY

78 Rue Defacqz – B-1060 Brussels, Belgium – 12/42 2019/09/17

4.3. DETAILLED RESULTS

78 Rue Defacqz – B-1060 Brussels, Belgium – 13/42 2019/09/17

4.3.2. Brand impact for casing RR

Brand1 Brand2 Brand3 Brand4 Brand5 Brand6 Brand7 Brand8 Brand9

78 Rue Defacqz – B-1060 Brussels, Belgium – 14/42 2019/09/17

4.3.3. Designed tyre application impact on casing RR

78 Rue Defacqz – B-1060 Brussels, Belgium – 15/42 2019/09/17

5. IMPACT OF RETREADING PROCESS ON THE LABELLED TYRE PERFORMANCES

78 Rue Defacqz – B-1060 Brussels, Belgium – 16/42 2019/09/17

5.2. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT DESCRIPTION

78 Rue Defacqz – B-1060 Brussels, Belgium – 17/42 2019/09/17

5.3. DETAILED RESULTS FOR ROLLING RESISTANCE

2,50 Globally, process parameters can

It must be observed that new tyres have

5.3.1. Buffing Radius impact

1,00 Impact of buffing radius is high.

0,00 800 mm sometimes to be tuned depending on

5.3.2. Curing temperature impact

1,00 Impact of curing temperature is high for

78 Rue Defacqz – B-1060 Brussels, Belgium – 18/42 2019/09/17

5.3.3. Cushion Gauge impact

1,00 Impact of cushion gauge is low, except

5.3.4. Remaining Rubber impact

1,00 Impact of remaining rubber is low,

0,00 315/80R22.5 hot retread, but lower for

1,00 Impact of curing temperature is high for

5.3.6. Comparison of parameters impact

78 Rue Defacqz – B-1060 Brussels, Belgium – 19/42 2019/09/17