Senior High School

NOT

Basic Calculus
Quarter 1 - Module 2
The Derivatives

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

1
Lesson
The Derivative as a Slope of
1 the Tangent Line

Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. illustrate the tangent line to the graph of a function at a given point,

2. applies the definition of the derivative of a function at a given number, and
3. relate the derivative of a function to the slope of the tangent line.

What’s In

I: THE TANGENT LINE TO THE GRAPH OF A FUNCTION AT A POINT

From our Pre Calculus, we learned that a tangent line to a circle, centered at 0 is
a line intersecting a circle at exactly one point. It is found by constructing the line, through
a point P on the circle, that is perpendicular to the segment (radius) 𝑂𝑃̅̅̅̅, and a secant line
to a circle is a line intersecting the circle at two points.

Figure 1: A line tangent to a circle, showing the line, L.

A tangent line to the function f(x) at the point x=a is a line that just touches
the graph of the function at the point in question and is “parallel” (in some way) to
the graph at that point. Take a look at the graph below

2
 Figure 2: Illustration of a tangent line and secant line to the graph of a function at a given
point. (source: https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/tangents_rates.aspx)

The graph shows the tangent line (blue line), secant line (green line) at point P(x,y) to
the curve y = f (x). Lines tangent to the graph of a function y = f (x) from a given point (1, 13)
and secant line passing through the two points (1, 13) and (2, 7).
Consider another situation below.

Figure 3: The difference between the tangent line and the secant line.
(source: https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/tangents_rates.aspx)

From the graph from the previous page (Figure 3) the line is a tangent line at the
indicated point because it touches the graph at one point, P(x,y) and it is also “parallel” to the
graph at that point. While the second point on the graph, the line passes through the graph,
and it is not “parallel” to the graph at that point, thereby it intersects with the graph at that point
and so it’s not a tangent line to the graph at that point, and we call that line a secant line.

3
 Definition

Let C be the graph of a continuous function y = f(x) and let P be a point on C.

1. A secant line to y = f(x) through P is any line connecting P and another

point Q on C.

2. The tangent line to y = f(x) at P is the limiting position of all secant lines
⃡ as Q
𝑃𝑄 P.

Source: Basic Calculus LM, DepEd.

EXAMPLE 1: Observe the graph below, what can you say about the “peaks” and “troughs” of
this smooth curve? .(hint: all colored lines are tangent lines)

line,𝑙1 ( green line)

line, 𝒍𝟐 (green line)

Notice that on the unit circle, these points correspond to the points (0, 1) and (0,−1), so
whenever the graph is smooth (meaning, there are no sharp corners), the tangent lines at
the “peaks” and “troughs” are always horizontal.

CURVES THAT DO NOT HAVE TANGENT LINES

There are two cases in which the tangent line of a graph of a function at a point P(x, y)) does
not exist.

Case 1. When the function is not continuous at x: It is clear from the definition of
the tangent line that the function must be continuous.

4
1.

Source:
https://www.google.com/search?q=V+graph&sxsrf=ALeKk03Cu6Gye9BlDY7wslaLqtw4epW
JQA:1599485665559&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=BjbEcx_bcYCtHM%252CF7GZn5nP
Oc4vLM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kRMss4i0RfROuZIFCeqM3GybgXOdg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjIqay3lNfrAhU5L6YKHSnwAg8
Q9QF6BAgJEEw&biw=1094&bih=474#imgrc=BjbEcx_bcYCtHM

Case 2. When the function has a sharp corner/cusp at P: This case produces different
limiting positions of the secant lines PQ depending on whether Q is to the left or to
the right of P.

2.

Source:
https://www.google.com/search?q=curves+that++dont+have+tangent+lines&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKE
wjsu6muj9frAhUOfZQKHfwOCFYQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=curves+that++dont+have+tangent+lines&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQDFDvrglYi98JYLX1C
WgAcAB4AIABuAWIAYUXkgELMC4yLjIuMS4xLjKYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=
img&ei=kDFWX-yzG4760QT8naCwBQ&bih=474&biw=1094#imgrc=PRJTvZxIMLvDXM

II: THE EQUATION OF THE TANGENT LINE

From our Analytic Geometry, we define slope as the rise over the run or the change in
y over the change in x.

The slope of a Line

A line passing through distinct points (x0, y0) and (x, y) has a slope, m

𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜
𝑚=
𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜

5
 Example 2. Find the slope of the line through the points (1,2), and (3, 4).

Solution:

Let 𝑃0 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) = (1, 2)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) = (3, 4),

𝑦 −𝑦0 4−2 2
The slope of the line : 𝑚 = = 3−1 = 2 = 1 ⟹ 𝑚=1
𝑥−𝑥0

Point-Slope Form
A line passing through points (x0, y0) with slope, m has the equation

𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 )

Example 3. From example #2, Find the equation of the line.

Given: m=1, 𝑃0 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )= (1, 2)

Solution:

𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 )

𝑦 − 2 = 1(𝑥 − 1)

𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1) + 2

𝑦 =𝑥+1

Equation of the Tangent Line

Steps in finding the equation of a Tangent Line:

Given a graph 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑃(𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜 )

1. Get the slope of the tangent line by computing the slope of the line, using the formula of
the slope, find the limit as 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑥𝑜 . You may substitute 𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜
𝑚 = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥𝑜 )
𝑚 = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜

2. Substitute the value of m and the coordinates of the known point P(𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜 ) into the point-
slope form.

𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 )

6
Example 4 (source: DepEd SHS Basic Calculus LM page 133 )

Find the equation of the tangent line to 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2.

Solution:

To get the equation of the line, we need the point 𝑃(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) and the slope m.

Substitute: 2 to 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ⟹ 𝑦 = 22 to find the value of y.

y=4 therefore, P(2, 4)

Find the slope:

𝑦−𝑦𝑜 𝑥 2 −4
𝑚 = lim = lim =𝑥+2=4
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥−𝑥𝑜 𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥−2

Finding the equation of the tangent line with a slope, m=4 passing through P(2, 4)

y- 4= 4(x-2) ⟹ 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 4

III: THE DEFINITION OF THE DERIVATIVE

We can always find the slope between two points.

But how do we find the slope of a point?

There’s nothing to measure!

But with derivatives, we use a small difference … then shrink it towards zero.

Definition of Derivative

Let 𝑓 be a function defined on an open interval 𝐼 ⊆ ℝ, and let 𝑥𝑜 ∈ 𝐼. The derivative of

𝑓 𝑎𝑡 𝑥𝑜 is defined to be
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥𝑜 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑜 ) = lim .
𝑥⇢𝑥𝑜 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜

If this limit exist, that is, the derivative of f at 𝑥𝑜 , the slope of the tangent line at
(𝑥𝑜 , 𝑓(𝑥𝑜 )) exists.

The derivative of the function, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is denoted by

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑓 ′ (𝑥), 𝐷𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥)], 𝑓(𝑥), (𝑦),
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥

7
Let us Find a Derivative!

To find the derivative of a function y = f(x) we use the slope formula:

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝛥𝑦
Slope = =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝚫𝐱

Source:
https://www.google.com/search?q=slope+of+a+tangent+line&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiY0K
n9j9frAhULEKYKHZW7AQMQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=slope&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgcIABCxAxBD
MgcIABCxAxBDMgcIABCxAxBDMgQIABBDMgcIABCxAxBDMgIIADICCAAyAggAOgUIABC
xA1Dq8DBYxvowYKmPMWgAcAB4AIAB5gKIAZUMkgEFMi0xLjSYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2
l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=NjJWX5jdB4ugmAWV94YY&bih=474&biw=1094#imgrc=Q7
x1faG-ZnbwCM

And (from the diagrams above) we see that:

x changes from x to x+Δx

y changes from f(x) to f(x+Δx)

Now follow these steps: The three-step Rule

1. Changing x to (𝑥 + Δ𝑥)
2. Simplify
3. Subtract f(x), divide by Δx, then find the limit as
Δ𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜.

Example 1: Given the function f(x) = x2

Find its derivative.
Solution:

Step 1: substitute (𝑥 + Δ𝑥) to the f(x) = x2, change x to (x+Δx)

place of x
f(x+Δx) = (x+Δx)2

8
Step 2:
Simplify by squaring the
f(x+Δx) = x2 + 2x Δx + (Δx)2
(𝑥 + Δ𝑥)

f’(x) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 x2 + 2x Δx + (Δx)2 - x2

Subtract the original f(x) ∆𝒙→𝟎
Δx
value, divide
Step 3: f’(x)= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐𝒙 + 𝚫𝒙
∆𝑥, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑠 ∆𝑥 ∆𝒙→𝟎
Approaches zero.
f’(x)= 2x

12

We may also write dx instead of "as Δx approaches to 0".

So, "the derivative of" is commonly written :

𝑑 2
x = 2x
𝑑𝑥

"The derivative of x2 equals 2x"

or simply "d dx of x2 equals 2x"

𝑑
What does 𝑑𝑥x2 = 2x mean?
It means that, for the function x2, the slope or "rate of change" at any point is 2x.
So when x=2 the slope is 2x = 4, as shown here:
Or when x=5 the slope is 2x = 10, and so on.
Note: sometimes f’(x) is also used for "the derivative of":

f’(x) = 2x

"The derivative of f(x) equals 2x"

Example 2: Find the difference quotient for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = 0.001.
Solution:
Given: Difference Quotient-refers to the derivative with
∆𝑥 = ℎ
Step 1: substitute (𝑥 + Δ𝑥) to the f(x) = x2+2 change x to (x+h)
place of x. with ∆𝑥 = ℎ, so
(x+h) f(x+h) = = (𝑥 + ℎ)2 + 2

Step 2:
Simplify by squaring the
f(x+h) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 + 2
(𝑥 + h)

9
 Subtract the original f(x)
value, divide h (𝑥 2 +2𝑥ℎ+ℎ2 +2)−(𝑥 2 +2)
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 (𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑠 ∆𝑥 f’(x) =
ℎ
Step 3: Approaches zero=h value). Note 2
2𝑥ℎ+ℎ
that the limit of a constant is equal f’(x)=
ℎ
= 2𝑥 + ℎ
to the constant. So, substitute
directly the value of h =0.001
f’(x)= 2(4)+0.001=8.001

Therefore, the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = 0.001 𝑖𝑠

f ’(x)= 2(4)+0.001=8.001

Example 3: Average velocity and instantaneous velocity

Suppose the car leaves the Cagayan de Oro City at time t=0 and travels due north. Let
s(t) represent the position of the car (its distance from Cagayan de Oro City in km) at time
t, (𝑡1 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡2 = 5, ). Suppose s(t) is defined by the equation: 𝑠(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 + 6, find the
average velocity and the instantaneous velocity at 𝑡 = 3 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠.

Solution:

Since velocity gives the rate of change of distance to time, the average rate of change or
average velocity during the fifth hour of driving between, 𝑡1 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡2 = 5, is given by
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
the quotient, 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 .

𝑠(5)−𝑠(4)
So then, the average velocity, 𝑣(𝑡) = .
𝑡2 −𝑡1

𝑠(5) − 𝑠(4)
𝑣(𝑡) =
𝑡2 − 𝑡1

[(5)2 − 5(5) + 6] − [5(4)] + 6 6 − 2

𝑣(𝑡) = = =4
5−4 1

𝑣(𝑡) = 4𝑘𝑝ℎ

The instantaneous velocity, v at t=3 is:

𝑠(3+ℎ)−𝑠(3) [(3+ℎ)2 −5(3+ℎ)+6]−[32 −5(3)+6]

v = lim ℎ
= lim ℎ
ℎ→0 ℎ→0

[9 + 6ℎ + ℎ2 − 15 − 5ℎ + 6] − [9 − 15 + 6] ℎ2 + ℎ
𝑣 = lim = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

v = lim ℎ + 1 = 1 𝑘𝑝ℎ
ℎ→0

10
 What’s New

Activity 1
Source: DepEd LM p.130

Copy the graph and construct tangent lines at the labeled points.

11
Activity 2
Find the slope of the tangent line of the given function, f below:
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 5
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 2
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 2

Activity 3
Adam Ray fired his toy rocket straight up into the air, reaches a height of 𝑠(𝑡) = 48𝑡 − 5𝑡 2
meters. What is the rocket’s initial velocity, when t=0?

Activity 4
Source: MSA Academic Advancement Institute
Copy the graph and find the x-values where the following do not have derivatives.

What Is It

𝑑
Example 1: What is 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 ?
12
Using the Three-Step Rule

Step 1: f(x) = 𝒙𝟑 , change x to (x+Δx)

f(x+Δx) = (x+Δx)3

Step 2:
f(x+Δx) = x3 + 3x2 Δx + 3x (Δx)2 + (Δx)3

f’(x) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 f(x+Δx) = x3 + 3x2 Δx + 3x (Δx)2 + (Δx)𝟑 − 𝒙𝟑

𝚫𝒙→𝟎
Δx
Step 3: f’(x)= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝚫𝒙 + (𝚫𝒙)𝟐
𝚫𝒙→𝟎

f’(x)= 3𝒙𝟐

f’(x)= 3𝒙𝟐

the derivative of f is equal to 𝟑𝒙𝟐

Example 2: A Polynomial. Given the function, f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 1, find the tangent lines at a
few different points.

Solution:

Step #1 Graph the function.

Source: https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/tangents

Step #2 Find the derivative of f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 1. (Use the three step rule)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
f ‘(x) = 𝑑𝑥 = = 3x2 + 6x.
𝑑𝑥

17

Step #3 The function value and derivative value at a few points are shown in the
table below:

x -3 -2 -1 0 1
13
 f(x) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 1 1 5 3 1 5
f '(x) = 3𝑥 2 + 6x 9 0 -3 0 0

Step #4 For the points listed, we can easily find the equation of the tangent line. The
point-slope form and the simplified, or slope-intercept form of the tangent lines are
shown below.

x Tangent line, point-slope form Tangent line, simplified

-3 y = 9(x + 3) + 1 y = 9x + 28
-2 y = 0(x + 2) + 5 y=5
-1 y = -3(x + 1) + 3 y = -3x
0 y = 0(x - 0) + 1 y=1
1 y = 9(x - 1) + 5 y = 9x – 4

Step #5 The graph of y = f(x) together with the tangent lines is shown below.

Figure 4. Cubic graph example with tangent lines

Source: https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/tangents_rates.aspx

18

Example 3:
Determine where, if anywhere, the function, f(x)=𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +3x+2, is not changing.

14
Solution:

Step #1. Find the derivative (Recall: one of the interpretations of the derivative is that it
gives the rate of change of the function. So, the function won’t be changing if its rate of
change is zero)

f(x)= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 +3x+2

f ‘(x)= 3𝑥 2 - 6𝑥 +3

Step #2. Set the derivative equal to zero to determine where the rate of change is
zero and hence the function will not be changing.
𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3, 𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 0
𝑓 ′(𝑥) = 𝑓′(𝑥)
3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3 = 0
3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3 = 0
3(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) = 0
3(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥−1=0
𝑥=1

Therefore, the function is not be changing at, x=1.

Example 4.

Compute 𝑓 ′ (1)𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 1

Solution:
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(1)
𝑓 ′ (1) = lim 𝑥−1
where: 𝑓(1) = 3(1) − 1 = 2
𝑥→1

(3𝑥−1)−2
𝑓 ′ (1) = lim 𝑥−1
= 3
𝑥→1

What’s More

Activity 1:

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
Find the difference quotient ℎ
for each of the given functions.
A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥

B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2

C. 𝑓(𝑥) = −3𝑥 + 2

19

15
Activity 2:

Find the slope of the tangent line to each curve when x has the indicated value.

A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16 ; 𝑥 = 3

B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 5 ; 𝑥 = −2

Activity 3:

Find the equation of the tangent line to each curve when x has a given value.

A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥² + 2 ; x=2

B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥² + 1 ; x = 1

What I Have Learned

Activity 1

Find the indicated derivative for each of the following functions and evaluate as
indicated:

A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 ; 𝑓′(2)

B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2 ; 𝑓′(−2)

C. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 7 ; 𝑓′(0)

Activity 2

Find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥), 𝑓 ′ (1), 𝑓 ′ (0), 𝑓 ′ (−1) for each of the following:

A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 8𝑥

B. 𝑓(𝑥) = −3𝑥

1
C. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 𝑥

D. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 5

E. 𝑓(𝑥) = 7𝑥 − 3

20

16
 What I Can Do

Task 1

Directions: Read comprehensively and choose the best answer and explain why you chose
that specific answer by showing the complete solution sets.

1. Find the derivative of the following function: f(x) = 1963

(A) +∞

(B) 1963

(C) −∞

(D) 0

(E) None of the above

2. Find the derivative of the following function: f(x) = x ² + 6x + 9

(A) f ‘(x) = 2x + 6x + 9

(B) f ‘(x) = x²+ 6

(C) f ‘(x) = 2x + 6

(D) f ‘(x) = 2x

(E) None of the above

10
3. Find the derivative of the following function: f(x) = 𝑥 2
1
(A) f ‘ (x) = − 2 √𝑥

(B) f ‘ (x) = 5𝑥 4
1
(C) f ‘ (x) = 2 √𝑥 5

(D) f ‘ (x) = 5𝑥 2 √𝑥

(E) None of the above

4. Find the derivative of the following function: f(x) = 5𝑥 2 (x + 47)

(A) f 0 (x) = 15𝑥 2 + 470x (D) f 0 (x) = 15𝑥 2 − 470𝑥 4

(B) f 0 (x) = 5𝑥 2 + 470x € None of the above

€ f 0 (x) = 10x

17
 21

Lesson
Rules of Differentiation
2
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Determine the relationship between differentiability and continuity of a function.
2. Apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivative of algebraic,
exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric functions, and inverse trigonometric
functions.

What’s In

DIFFERENTIABILITY AND CONTINUITY

Continuity of a function is the characteristic of a function under which, the

graphical form of that function is a continuous wave. A differentiable function is a
function whose derivative exists at each point in its domain.

21
Computing the Pearson r
Definition 1 (Continuity at a Number). A function f is continuous at a number c if
all of Here are waysconditions
the following on how toare compute the Pearson r:
satisfied:
A. Compute by Hand
Steps:
(i) f(c) is defined;
(ii) 1. lim Construct a table.
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡; 𝑎𝑛𝑑
2. Complete the table: x2 in column 4, y2, xy in column 6.
𝑥→𝑐
(iii) 3. lim 𝑓(𝑥)
Get the=sum𝑓(𝑐).
or total of all entries.
𝑥→𝑐
4. Substitute the values obtained from Step 3 in the formula and perform the
If at least one ofoperations.
these conditions is not satisfied, the function is said to be
discontinuous 5. Interpret the result from the given table.
at c.
C. Compute using
D.
E.
F.
Definition 2 (Continuity on ℝ). A function f is said to be continuous everywhere if f
G.
is continuous at every real number.
H.
I.
J.
Definition 3. A function f is differentiable at the number c if:
K.
L.
𝑓(𝑐 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑐)
M. 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = lim 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠.
N. MS ℎ→0 ℎ
Source: DepEd Basic Calculus LM.
18
 22

EXAMPLES:

1. The piecewise function defined by

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
𝑓(𝑥) { 𝑥 − 1 if x ≠1,
if x =1,
4

Is continuous at c = 1. This is because f(1) = 4,

(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim = 4,
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1

And f(1) = lim 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→1

2. The function defined by

2 if x <2,
𝑓(𝑥) { −𝑥 if x ≥2.
3−𝑥
Is not continuous at c = 2 since lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 ≠ 1 = lim 𝑓(𝑥), hence the lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→2− 𝑥→2+ 𝑥→2
does not exist.
3
3. 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥. 𝐵𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
f(x) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
3 3 3 3 3
√𝑥 + ℎ − √𝑥 √(𝑥 + ℎ)2 + √(𝑥 + ℎ)(𝑥) + √𝑥 2
= lim ∙3 3
ℎ→0 ℎ 3
√(𝑥 + ℎ)2 + √(𝑥 + ℎ)(𝑥) + √𝑥 2
(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑥 1
= lim 3 3 3
= lim 3 3 3
ℎ→0 ℎ(√(𝑥 + ℎ)2 + √(𝑥 + ℎ)(𝑥) + √𝑥 2 ℎ→0 ℎ(√(𝑥 + ℎ)2 + √(𝑥 + ℎ)(𝑥) + √𝑥 2
1
= 3 .
3√𝑥 2

1 1
Since f ′ (1) = 3 = 3, then f is differentiable at x = 1. On the other hand, f’(0) does
3 √12
not exist. Hence f is not differentiable at x = 0.

4. The function defined by

if x <1,
5𝑥
5. 𝑓(𝑥) { if x ≥1.
2𝑥 + 3
6. is continuous at x 1 but is not differentiable at x = 1 . Indeed, f(1) = 2(1) + 3 = 5.
7.
Now,
• If x < 1, then f(x) = 5x and so lim 5𝑥 = 5.
𝑥→1−
• If x > 1, then f(x) = 2x + 3 and so lim (2𝑥 + 3) = 5.
𝑥→1+
Since the one-sided limits exist and are equal to each other, the limit exists and equal 5. So,

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 = 𝑓(1).

𝑥→1

19
 23

This shows that f is continuous at x + 1. On the other hand, computing for the derivative,
5(𝑥+ℎ)−(5𝑥)
• For x < 1, then f(x) = 5x and so lim ℎ
= 5.
𝑥→0−
(2(𝑥+ℎ)+3)−(2𝑥+3)
• If x > 1, then f(x) = 2x + 3 and so lim ℎ
= 2.
𝑥→0+
Since the one-sided limits at x = 1 do not coincide, the limit at x = 1 does not exist. Since this
limit is the definition of the derivative at x=1, we conclude that f is not differentiable at x=1.

Theorem 1

If a function f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a.

Remarks:

(a) If f is continuous at x = a, it does not mean that f is differentiable at x = a.

(b) If f is not continuous at x = a, then f is not differentiable at x = a.
(c) If f is not differentiable at x = a, it does not mean that f is not continuous at x = a.
(d) A function f is not differentiable at x = a if one of the following is true:
i. f is not continuous at x = a.
ii. the graph of f has a vertical tangent line at x = a

source: DepEd Basic Calculus TG

RULES FOR FINDING DERIVATIVES

Rule #1: Constant Rule

If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, then
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
The derivative of a constant is 0.

Example 1. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 6, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0

Example 2. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝜋, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0

Example 3. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0

Rule #2: Power Rule

If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, 𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑛
The derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 is found by multiplying the exponent, n to x raised to n-1.

20
 Example 4. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 9 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 18𝑥 8

24
1⁄ 1 −2⁄
Example 5. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3 𝑥 3

Example 6. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 1 = 4𝑥

Rule #3: Constant times a Function

Let c be any constant. If g(x) = cf(x), then g’(x) = cf’(x).

The derivative of constant times a function is the constant times the derivative of
the function

Example 7. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 , then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 20𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2

1 1
Example 8. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 , then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2 (4)𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 = 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2

Rule #4: Sum or Difference Rule

If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑢(𝑥) ± 𝑣(𝑥), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑢′(𝑥) ± 𝑣′(𝑥)

The derivative of a sum or difference of a function, f is the sum or difference of their

derivatives.

Example 9. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 , then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2

Example 10. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 , then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2

Rule #5: Product Rule

If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑢(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑣(𝑥), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑢′(𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑣 ′ (𝑥)𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠,
Then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑢(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑣 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑣(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑢′(𝑥)

The derivative of the product of two functions is equal to the first function times the
derivative of the second, plus the second function times the derivative of the first.

Example11. If 𝑓(𝑥) = (5𝑥 4 )(2𝑥 3 ), then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (5𝑥 4 )(6𝑥 2 ) + (2𝑥 3 )(20𝑥 3 ) = 30𝑥 6 + 40𝑥 6 = 70𝑥 6

1 1
Example 12. If 𝑓(𝑥) = (2 𝑥 4 )(2𝑥 3 ), then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (2 𝑥 4 ) (6𝑥 2 ) + (2𝑥 3 )(2𝑥 3 ) = 3𝑥 6 + 4𝑥 6 = 7𝑥 6

Rule #6: Quotient Rule

𝑢(𝑥)
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑣(𝑥) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑢′ (𝑥)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 ′ (𝑥)𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑣′(𝑥) ≠ 0,
𝑣(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑢′ (𝑥) − 𝑢(𝑥) ∙ 𝑣′(𝑥)
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
[𝑣(𝑐)]2

The derivative of the quotient is obtained as follows: the denominator times the
derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the denominator, all
divided by the square of the denominator. 21
 25

𝑥 2 (0)−1(2𝑥) −2𝑥
1
Example 12. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2, then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = [𝑥 2 ]2
=
𝑥4

DERIVATIVE OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

Recall the Basic Basic Trigonometric Functions:

sin x, cos x, tan x ,sec x, csc x, cot x.

sin x and cos x are defined and continuous everywhere and

tan x = sin x/ cos x ,
sec x = 1 /cos x ,
csc x = 1 /sin x ,
cot x = cos x /sin x

are continuous on their domains (all values of x where the denominator is non-zero).

Rule #7: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

The following is a summary of the derivatives of the trigonometric functions

𝑑/ 𝑑𝑥 sin x = cos x,
𝑑 /𝑑𝑥 cos x = − sin x,
𝑑 /𝑑𝑥 tan x = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑/ 𝑑𝑥 csc x = − csc x cot x,
𝑑/ 𝑑𝑥 sec x = sec x tan x,
𝑑 /𝑑𝑥 cot x = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥

𝑑
Example1. From our Trigonometric Identities, we can show that 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥

This is only proving Rule # 7 𝑑/ 𝑑𝑥 sin x = cos x, from our Pre Calculus, we learn
that to prove identities, we can work with one side of the equation so it will look
like the other side of the equation.
In this problem, we will work with the left side of the equation, making it looked
like the right side of the equation.

𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
From here, we will apply the three-step- rule, which we have already discussed
previously. Using ∆𝑥 = ℎ.

sin(𝑥 + ℎ) − sin 𝑥
lim = cos 𝑥
ℎ→0 ℎ

22
 From Pre Calculus again: Sum & Difference of two angles in Trigonometric
Functions: Sin(A+B) = sinAcosB + CosAsin B

sin 𝑥 cos ℎ + cos 𝑥 sin ℎ − sin 𝑥

lim = cos 𝑥
ℎ→0 ℎ

26

Simplify by combining like terms and factoring.

sin 𝑥[cos ℎ − 1] + cos 𝑥 sin ℎ

lim = cos 𝑥
ℎ→0 ℎ

From previous topics: Properties of Limits. The limit of the sum is equal to the
sum of the limits. Then, take the limits as h approaches zero.

[cos ℎ − 1] sin ℎ
lim sin 𝑥 + lim cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 ☺

Example 2. Find the derivative of the given function:

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Solution 1.
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
From our Pre Calculus, we know that 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= cot 𝑥 , and from Rule #7 from previous page,

𝑑 /𝑑𝑥 cot x = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 , therefore,

𝑔′ (𝑥) = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥.

Solution 2:

Recall the quotient rule (Rule #6 ): the derivative of a quotient is equal to the denominator
times the derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the
denominator all divided by the square of the denominator.

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑔′(𝑥) =
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2

Simplifying by applying the operations needed: Multiplying and factoring out (-1) in the
numerator.

−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑔′(𝑥) =
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2

23
 −1(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)
𝑔′(𝑥) =
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

27

Recall the identities of trigonometric functions: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1

(−1)(1) −1
𝑔′(𝑥) = 2
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

𝑔′(𝑥) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥

Rule #8: Derivative of an exponential function

If f(x) = 𝑒 𝑥 , then f’(x) = 𝑒 𝑥 .

Example 1. Find the f’(x) , if 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑒 𝑥

Solution.

From Rule #8. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑒 𝑥

Example 2. Find the 𝑔′ (𝑥), 𝑖𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) = −4𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 5𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 10𝑒 𝑥

Solution:

Applying product rule, Rule #5, The derivative of the product of two functions is equal
to the first function times the derivative of the second, plus the second function times the
derivative of the first, on page 25.

𝑔′ (𝑥) = [(−4𝑥 2 )(𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 (−8𝑥)] + [5𝑥(𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 (5)] − 10𝑒 𝑥

Simplifying:

𝑔′ (𝑥) = −4𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 5𝑒 𝑥

Recall: Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

24 relation sin y =x, y is called the inverse

If y is a function of x determined by the
sine function of x and is denoted by:
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
 28

Rule #9: Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑢 = −
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥

Example 1: Find the derivative of the function 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 √1 + 𝑥 2

Solution: Using Rule #9

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 1
= √1 + 𝑥 2 = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑑𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2

𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Example 2: if 𝑦 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑎 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥
.

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 (−2𝑥) 1 1 −𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
= −𝑎 − = =√ , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑎.
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑎 − 𝑥
2 2 𝑥 2 𝑎 2
√𝑎 − 𝑥 2 𝑎+𝑥
√1 − 2
[ 𝑎 ]

Rule #10: Derivative of Logarithmic Functions and Natural Logarithmic Functions

𝑑 log 𝑎 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
ln25
𝑢=
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑦
Example 1: Given 𝑦 = log(2𝑥 + 1), 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑑𝑦 log 𝑒 0.8686
= (2) =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 + 1

29
𝑑𝑦
Example 2: Given 𝑦 = ln 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 .
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

*Higher Derivatives

The derivative of a function 𝑦 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) gives a new function that may, in turn, be
differentiated. If the derivative of the first derivative exists, it is called the second
derivative of the original function and is represented by the symbols:
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑2
, 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑦 " , 𝑓"(𝑥) , 𝐷𝑥2 𝑦, 𝐷𝑥2 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
Similarly, the derivative of the second derivative is called the third derivative,
and so on. In general, the nth derivative is represented by the symbols:
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛
, 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑦 𝑛 , 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥) , 𝐷𝑥𝑛 𝑦, 𝐷𝑥𝑛 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛
*Optional
*Enrichment topics

Example 1: Example 1: Find the third derivative of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 5

Solution:
𝑑𝑦
= 10𝑥 4 , 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
= 40𝑥 3 , 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3𝑦
= 120𝑥 2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑑𝑥 3

Example 2: find the third derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Solution:
26
 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 , 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 , 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3𝑦
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 , 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑑𝑥 3

30

What’s New

Activity 1
Suppose f is a function such that f’ (5) is undefined. Which of the following statements s
always true? Explain your answer.

a. f must be continuous at x=5.

b. f is definitely not continuous at x=5.
c. There is not enough information to determine whether or not f is continuous at x=5.
Activity 2

Take an online Quiz here:

https://www.matheno.com/calculus-1/calculating-derivatives-problems-solutions/

1. Power Rule Differentiation problems

2. Exponential Problems
3. Trigonometric functions Problems
4. Product rule Problems
5. Quotient rule Problems
Copy the table below and put a check (√) along the row of the number you have
answered & evaluated. Do the same for Quiz #2, Quiz #3, Quiz #4 & Quiz #5.

Summary of my Evaluation, Quiz #1

PROBLEM # I GOT IT! ☺ I TRIED AGAIN 

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
27
 Total(√) Marks

31
What Is It

Example 1: Which of the following statements is/are always true?

I. A function that is continuous at x=a is differentiable at x=a.
II. A function that is differentiable at x=a is continuous at x=a.
III. A function that is NOT continuous at x=a is NOT differentiable at x=a.
IV. A function that is NOT differentiable at x=a is NOT continuous at x=a.
(a) none of them
(b) I and III
(c) I and IV
(d) II and IV
(e) II and III
(f) All of them

Answer: only (e) is always true

Example 2: Suppose that f is a function that is continuous at x=-3. Which of the following
statements are true?

(a) f must be differentiable at x=-3.

Answer: False, e.g. f(x) = │x+3│

(b) is definitely not differentiable at x=-3.

Answer: False, e.g. f(x) = x.
Example 3

Given the function defined by

𝑥2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 3,
𝑓(𝑥) = {
6𝑥 − 9 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 3.

For each statement below, write True if the statement is correct and False, otherwise.
At x=3, the definition is
(a) Undefined
Answer: False
(b) Differentiable but not continuous.

28
 Answer: False
(c) Continuous but not differentiable.
Answer: False
(d) Both continuous and differentiable.
Answer: True
(e) Neither continuous nor differentiable.
Answer: False
Example 4: Viewing Time!

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_niP0JaOgHY
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEqCa0U77mc
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8DuUJnQ574

32

29
 What’s More

Activity 1: Let’s Play BINGO!

Instruction: Prepare one (1) crayon or colored pencil and a bond paper. Copy the table
of answers on the next page.

Find the derivatives of the following functions. Locate the derivative in the table of
answers and color the box of the answer. Keep working until you have colored five
answers in a line horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. (BINGO!) You win.

a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 i. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 5
1
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥+1 j. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 + 3)2
1
c. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 5) k. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 𝑥)2
d. g(x)= 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2 l. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 − 1)
2𝑥+5 2𝑥
e. 𝑦 = 3𝑥−2 m. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2+1
𝑥
f. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 2 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 3) n. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2+1
𝑥 2 +1
g. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2−1 o. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3)
h. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥

Table of answers

2𝑥 − 2𝑥 −3 1 2𝑥 − 1 19 −(2𝑥 2 + 2)
2𝑥 +
𝑥2 3𝑥 − 2
−4𝑥 12𝑥 − 7 4𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)−2 3(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥)2
(𝑥 2 − 1)2
5𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 6𝑥 3 8𝑥 + 12 2 − 6𝑥 2 8𝑥 3 + 16𝑥
(3𝑥 2 + 1)2
15(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 ) 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 3 2𝑥 −19
(1 − 𝑥 2 )2 (3𝑥 − 2)2
12𝑥 + 13 2𝑥 + 1 −2 1 − 𝑥2 1
2(𝑥 + )
(2𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑥

33

30
 What I Have Learned

Activity 1: Use the Rules of Differentiation to differentiate the following functions:

a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 6𝑥

b. 𝑔(𝑥) = 7𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2

c. 𝑦(𝑥) = (4𝑥)3 − 18𝑥 2 + 6𝑥

d. ℎ(𝑥) = (3𝑥 + 4)2

2
e. ℎ(𝑥) = 9𝑥 2/3 + 4
√𝑥

Activity 2: Find the derivative of each of the following functions:

a. 𝑓(𝑢) = (4𝑢 + 5)(7𝑢3 − 2𝑢)

4
b. ℎ(𝑡) = 2
𝑡
3

1
c. 𝑓(𝑧) = −6𝑧 3 − 2𝑧

3𝑠−𝑠2
d. 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +1

e. f(a)=17/(2a^3 )+1/(8a^2 )-11a

f. f(r)=(r^2+2r-3)(3r+4)

g. g(b)=(3b-4)/(b+5)∙(2b+5)

h. h(v)=(3v^2-4v+1)/((3v^2-2v+1)(7v^3-v^2+3v-5))
𝑑𝑦
Activity 3: Find 𝑑𝑥 and simply the result, if possible.

1
a. 𝑦 = √𝑥 −
√𝑥

b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝜋 2 + 𝑥 𝜋

c. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 sec 𝑥
sin 𝑥−1
d. 𝑦 = cos 𝑥

1
e. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 +2

34

31
32
 What I Can Do
Task 1

1. Find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥. Use the result to find the slope of the
tangent line to the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 at the point where x=2.
1 1
2. If 𝑦 = 𝑥, find y’ and use this result to the points on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 where the

tangent line has the slope -4.

3. Find all points on the graph of 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 3)2 at which the tangent line is parallel
to the line with equation 𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 2 = 0.

Task 2
Take an online Quiz!

1. Differentiation formulas practice problems

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calci/DiffFormulas.aspx
2. Product and quotient rule practice problems
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calci/ProductQuotientRule.aspx
3. Derivative of Trigonometric Problems
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calci/DiffTrigFcns.aspx
4. Derivative of Exponential & Logarithmic functions
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calci/DiffExpLogFcns.aspx

Copy the table below and put a check (√) along the row of the number you have answered &
evaluated. Do the same for Quiz #2, Quiz #3, and Quiz #4.

Summary of my Evaluation, Quiz #1

PROBLEM # I GOT IT! ☺ I TRIED AGAIN 

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total(√) Marks

35

33
 Lesson
Optimization
3
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. illustrate the extreme value theorem, and

2. solve optimization problems that yield polynomial functions.

What’s In

The Extreme Value Theorem tells us that we can find an extreme value provided
that a function is continuous. Thus, before we set off to find an absolute extremum on
some interval, make sure that the function is continuous on that interval, otherwise, we
may be hunting for something that does not exist.

Extreme Value Theorem:

If f is continuous over a closed interval, then, f has a maximum and

minimum value over that interval.

Here is the procedure for finding the absolute extreme value(s) of a function f on an
interval [𝑎, 𝑏].

1. Find all critical points of f(x) that are inside (in the interior) of the interval [a,b]. This
makes sense if you think about it. Since we are only interested in what the function is
doing in this interval we don't care about critical points that fall outside the interval.
2. Evaluate the function at the critical points, that is, where y ' = 0 or where the derivative
fails to exist. (Sharp points).
3. Evaluate the function at the endpoints of the interval. That is, find f(b) and f(a).
4. Identify the largest and smallest y values found in that interval. Those are the absolute
extrema, meaning the maximum and the minimum values.

36

34
 Definition

A critical number of a function is any number c in the domain of f at which the

function has a horizontal tangent or at which the derivative does not exist. That is, c is
a critical number of the graph of the function, f if,

𝑓′(𝑐) = 0 0𝑟 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡.

Critical numbers are values of x where the derivative 𝑓′(𝑥) can change the signs
from negative to positive.

Example 1

Find the maximum and minimum values of f(x) = x 4 − 3x 3 − 1 on [−2, 2].

Solution:

Step #1. Find the derivative: f′(x) = 4x 3 − 9x 2

Step#2. Find the critical points: 4x 3 − 9x 2 = 0

x 2 (4x − 9) = 0 ⟹ x = 0, x = 9⁄4

Step#3. Evaluate the function at the endpoints of the interval: the value x = 9⁄4 is not in
the interval, [−2, 2], so the only critical point is at, x = 0 which is (0, -1).

Step #4. Identify the largest and smallest y values found in that interval, [−2, 2]: the
function values at the endpoints of the interval are 𝑓(2) = −9 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(−2) = 39,
therefore the maximum function value is 39 at x= -2, and the minimum function value is
-9 at x = 2.

Minimum value: (2, -9)

Maximum value: (-2, 39)

OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS
The Maxima and Minima Problems

Optimization is the act of making the best or most effective use of a situation or
resource. It is defined as "the process of finding the most effective or favourable value or
condition".
Source:
https://www.google.com/search?q=optimization+meaning&oq=OPTIMIZATION&aqs=chrome.1.0l8.
8253j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

Many real-life situations require us to find a value that best suits our needs. If we
are given several options for the value of a variable x, how do we choose the “best value?”
Such as problem is classified as an optimization problem. We now apply our previous
discussion to finding extremum values of a function to solve some optimization problems.

37

35
 What’s New

Activity 1

Consider the three curves shown below. State whether the absolute maximum/minimum
values occur on the interior of the interval [a, b] or at the endpoints.

source: https://math.la.asu.edu/~arce/mat210_web/lessons/Ch3/3_4/3_4ol.htm

Activity 2

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥
a. Find the open intervals where the given function is increasing or decreasing.
b. Locate all points where the tangent line is horizontal.
c. Graph the function

Activity 3

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 − 24

a. Find the open intervals where the given function is increasing or decreasing.
b. Locate all points where the tangent line is horizontal.
c. Graph the function.

Activity 4
𝑥+1
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−2, find f’(x) using the quotient rule.

38

36
 What Is It

Example 1

Find two positive real numbers x and y such that their sum is 100 and their product is as
large as possible.
Solution
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 100 Domain:[0,100] To find the critical points,
𝑦 = 100 − 𝑥 set 𝑃′ (𝑥) = 0 and find x.

Let P be the product then 𝑃′ (𝑥) = 100 − 2𝑥 = 0

P=xy x=50
P=x(100-x) and y=100-x=50
P=100x-𝑥 2

Find the second derivative: 𝑃′ (𝑥) = 10002𝑥 ⟹ 𝑃′′ (𝑥) = −2

Since 𝑃′′ (𝑥) is always negative, therefore x = 50 is where the relative maximum
occurs. Since x = 50 is the only critical number of the function on [0,100], then x= 50 is
where the function has its absolute maximum. Therefore, the product is maximum when x =
50 and y = 50.
The maximum product is 2500.

Example 2

The product of two positive numbers is 2304. Find the numbers so that their sum is a
maximum.
2304
Solution Let the numbers be x and y. xy = 2304 ⇒ y= 𝑥

Let S be the sum then

𝑆 =𝑥+𝑦
2304
𝑆=𝑥+ 𝑥

Domain: (0,2304]

To find the critical points, set 𝑆 ′ (𝑥) = 0, and find x.

2304
𝑆 ′ (𝑥) = 1 − =0
𝑥2
2304
𝑥2
= 1 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = 2304 ⇒ 𝑥 = 48

2304
𝑦= 𝑥
= 48

39

37
 2304 4608
Find the derivative: 𝑆 ′ (𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥2
⇒ 𝑆 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥3

4608 1
𝑆 ′ (48) = (48)3 = 24

Since 𝑆 ′ (48) > 0, S has a relative minimum at x = 48. Since x = 48 is the only
critical number of S on (0,2304], then S has an absolute minimum at x = 48.

Therefore, the sim is minimum when x = 48 and y =48.

Example 3.

The difference between two numbers is 18. Find the numbers so that their product is a
minimum.

Solution Let x be the first number

(x + 18) be the second number

y be the product of the numbers

then

𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 18)

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 18𝑥

Domain: (-∞, ∞)

To find the critical points, set 𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = 0 and find x.

𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 18 = 0
18
𝑥=− 2
= −9

𝑥 + 18 = −9 + 18 = 9

Find the second derivative: 𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 18 ⇒ 𝑦′′(𝑥) = 2

Since 𝑦 ′′ (𝑥) > 0, 𝑥 = −9 is a relative maximum; and x = -9 is the only critical

number of y. Therefore, the product is minimum when x = -9 and y = 9. The
product is -81.

Example 4

The sum of one number and three time the second number is 48. What numbers should be
selected so that their product is as large as possible?

Solution Let y be the first number

40

38
 x be the second number

P be the product

The equation y + 3x = 48

y = 48 -3x

then P = xy = x(48 – 3x) = 48x - 3𝑥 2

Domain: (-∞, ∞)

To find the critical points, set P’(x) = 0 and find x.

P’(x) = 48 – 6x = 0

x=8

y = 48 – 3(8) = 24

Find the second derivative: P’(x) = 48 – 6x ⇒ P’’(x) = -6

Since P’’(x) < 0 and x = 8 is the only critical number, therefore x = 8 gives the
absolute maximum. Thus, the product is maximum when x = 8 and y = 24.
The maximum product is 192.

Example 5

Given a rectangle with perimeter 864, find the largest possible area.

Solution Let l be the length

w be the width

𝑃 = 2𝑙 + 2𝑤 = 864

𝑙 + 𝑤 = 432

𝑤 = 432 − 1

Then, 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑙𝑤

𝐴 = 𝑙(432 − 𝑙)

𝐴 = 432𝑙 − 𝑙 2

Domain : (0,432)

To find the critical points,

set 𝐴′ (𝑙) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑙.

𝐴′ (𝑙) = 432 − 2𝑙 = 0

𝑙 = 432 ÷ 2 = 216

41

39
 𝑤 = 432 − 216 = 216

ind the second derivative: 𝐴′′ (𝑙) = −2

Since 𝐴′′ (𝑙) > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙 = 216 is the only critical number, therefore 𝑙 = 216 gives the
absolute maximum. The largest rectangle formed is a square of dimensions 216 by
216. The largest is is 46 656 sq. units.

What’s More

Activity 1: Solve Me!

1. A farmer has 800 m of fencing material to enclose a rectangular pen adjacent to a

long-existing wall. He will use the wall for one side of the pen and the available fencing
material for the remaining three sides. What is the maximum area that can be enclosed
this way?

2. A rectangular box has a square base with edges at least 10 cm long. It has no top, and
the total area of its five sides is 600𝑐𝑚2 . What is the maximum volume of the box?

3. A rectangle with a fixed perimeter of 64 units is rotated about one of its sides, thus
sweeping out a figure in the shape of a right circular cylinder. What is the maximum
volume of the cylinder?

4. A commuter train carries 600 passengers each day from a town to a city. A one-way
trip costs P100 per person. Market research reveals that 10 fewer people would ride
the train with every P1 increase in the fare. What fare should be charged to get the
largest possible revenue?

Activity 2: Viewing Time!

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq7g1nc2MJ8
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WdyR5ftUQs
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdCfufivnjI
4. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-diff-analytical-applications-new/ab-5-
11/v/optimizing-box-volume-graphically

42

40
 What I Have Learned

Activity 1

An open rectangular box is to be constructed by cutting square corners out of a 16 by

16 cm piece of cardboard and folding up the flaps. Find the value of x for which the volume
of the box will be as large as possible.

Activity 2

A 10-m wire is cut into two pieces. One Piece is used to form a circle, the other to
form a square. How should the wire be cut so that the sum of the areas of the circle and the
square is a minimum?

Activity 3

HOPE publishing sells its College Entrance Tests Reviewer books at a wholesale
price of P 200 per copy. If the total printing cost (in pesos) for x units is.
C(x) = 500 000 + 80x + 0.003𝑥 2
And if its production capacity is at most 30 000 copies over a specified time, how many
copies of review books must be sold within that period to maximize profit?

Activity 4

A piece of wire 40-cm long is to be bent to form a right angle. Where should the
vertex be to maximize the distance between two loose ends?

Activity 5

An efficiency study of the morning shift at a factory indicates that the average worker
who arrives on the job at 6:00 am will have produced 𝑄(𝑡) = −𝑡 3 + 9𝑡 2 + 12𝑡 units t hours
later. At what time during the morning is the worker performing most efficiently?

Activity 6.: GO OVER ME!

1. https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Calculus/Map%3A_Calculus_-
_Early_Transcendentals_(Stewart)/04%3A_Applications_of_Differentiation/4.07%3A_Optim
ization_Problems
2. https://www.analyzemath.com/calculus/applications/optimization-problems.html

43

41
 What I Can Do

Task 1: Answer Me!

1. Find the two positive numbers whose product is 64, and whose sum is a minimum.

2. A rectangular field is to be enclosed by a fence and divided into three lots by fences
parallel to one of the sides. Find the dimensions of the largest field that can be
enclosed with 800 feet of fencing.

3. A closed box, whose length is twice its width, is to have a surface of 192 square inches.
Find the dimensions of the box when the volume is maximum.

4. If the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is 10, find the lengths of the other
sides when the area is maximum.

5. Find the most economical dimensions for a closed cylindrical can containing a quart.

Task 2: Take Me!

1. https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calci/optimization.aspx
2. https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/moreoptimization.aspx

Copy the table below and put a check (√) along the row of the number you have answered &
evaluated. Do the same for Quiz #2.
Summary of my Evaluation, Quiz #1

PROBLEM # I GOT IT! ☺ I TRIED AGAIN 

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total (√)Marks

44

42
 Assessment (Posttest)
Direction: Read the following comprehensively and choose the best answer:

1. Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the following function at the
indicated point, 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 2𝑥 𝑎𝑡 (−1, 5).
a) -1
b) -2
c) 1/2
d) 2
e) None of the above
2. Which of the following functions are NOT everywhere continuous?
𝑥 2 −4
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+2
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3)4
c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 1066
d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
e) None of the above
3. Which of the following functions are continuous?
a) 𝑓(𝑥) =IxI
3 , 𝑥<4
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = {1
2
𝑥+3 , 𝑥 ≥ 4
1
c) 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
ln 𝑥 , 𝑥 < 0
d) 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0 ,𝑥 = 0
e) None of the above
4. Which of the following functions are NOT differentiable?
a) 𝑓(𝑥) =IxI
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3)4
c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 1066
d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
e) None of the above
5. Find the derivative of the given function, 𝑓(𝑥) = 1966.
a) +∞
b) 1966
c) −∞
d) 0
e) None of the above
6. Find the derivative of the following function: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9
a) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 6 + 9
b) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6
c) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 6
d) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥
e) None of the above

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 1⁄
7. Find the derivative of the function: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
1
a) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − 2
√𝑥
1
b) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
√𝑥
1
c) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
2√𝑥
d) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = √𝑥
e) None of the above
8. Find the derivative of the function: 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 47)
a) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 15𝑥 2 + 470𝑥
b) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 + 470𝑥
c) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 10𝑥
d) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 15𝑥 2 − 470𝑥
e) None of the above
5𝑥 2
9. Find the derivative of the function: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+47
5𝑥 2 −470𝑥
a) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥+47)2
10𝑥 2 +470𝑥
b) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥+47
c) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 10𝑥
5𝑥 2 +470
d) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
(𝑥+47)2
e) 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
10. Find the derivative of the function: 𝑓(𝑥) = 5(𝑥 + 47)2
a) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 + 470𝑥
b) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 10𝑥 − 470
c) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 10𝑥 + 470
d) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 − 470𝑥
e) None of the above

II: Read the questions comprehensively and give the correct answers.

1. Given: g(x) = −2𝑥 2 + 3. Determine the slope of the secant lines PR, PS, and
PT to the curve, given the coordinates P(1, 1), R(4, -29), S(3, -15),
T(1.1 , 0.58).

2. Using the value from number 1, describe what is happening to the value of the
slope of the secant line from a point (x, y) as the point approaches P.

3. Estimate the slope of the tangent line at point, P.

4. Determine the derivative of g(x)=−2𝑥 2 + 3 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1, using the limit definition of

𝑔(1+ℎ)−𝑔(1)
the derivative and the difference quotient, g’(1)=lim ℎ
.
ℎ→0

5. Determine the equation of the tangent line to g(x)= −2𝑥 2 + 3 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1.

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 6. If three sides of a trapezoid are 6 inches long, how long must the fourth side be, if
the area is a maximum?
7. A triangle has a base 12 feet long and an altitude of 8 feet high. Find the area of
the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in the triangle so that the base of the
rectangle falls on the base of the triangle.
8. Find the dimension of the right circular cone of at least volume that can be
circumscribed about a sphere of radius a.
9. Find the point on the line y = x, nearest to the point (4, 1)
10. Find the area of the largest rectangle with sides parallel to the coordinate axes
which can be inscribed in the area bounded by the two parabolas
𝑦 = 26 − 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2.

Summary
Module 2 covers the topics of the Derivatives which were divided into three (3)
subtopics: The derivative as the slope of the Tangent line, Rules of Differentiation, and
Optimization.
The Derivative as a slope of the Tangent line:

1. The Tangent Line to the Graph of a Function at a Point

The tangent line to the circle centered at the origin is a line that intersects the circle at
exactly one point.

A secant line to a circle is a line intersecting the circle at two points.

A line 𝑙1 passing through distinct points ((𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜 ) and (x, y) has a slope,
𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜
𝒎=
𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜
1. The Equation of Tangent Line

A line passing through points (x0, y0) with slope, m has the equation
𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 )
2. The Definition of the Derivative

The derivative of the function, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is denoted by

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑓 ′ (𝑥), 𝐷𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥)], 𝑓(𝑥), (𝑦),
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥
Rules of Differentiation:

1. Differentiability implies Continuity

A differentiable function is a function whose derivative exists at each point in its domain

Continuity of a function is the characteristic of a function under which, the graphical

form of that function is a continuous wave.

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 2. The Differentiation Rules and Examples Involving Algebraic, l Trigonometric,
Inverse Trigonometric, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions.

Rule #1: Constant Rule

If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, then
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
The derivative of a constant is 0.
Rule #2: Power Rule
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, 𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
The derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 is found by multiplying the exponent, n to x raised to n-1.

Rule #3: Constant times a Function

Let c be any constant. If g(x) g’(x)= cf(x), then g’(x) = cf’(x).
The derivative of constant times a function is the constant times the derivative of
the function.
Rule #4: Sum or Difference Rule
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑢(𝑥) ± 𝑣(𝑥), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑢′(𝑥) ± 𝑣′(𝑥)
The derivative of a sum or difference of a function, f is the sum or difference of
their derivatives.
Rule #5: Product Rule
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑢(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑣(𝑥), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑢′(𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑣 ′ (𝑥)𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠,
Then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑢(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑣 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑣(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑢′(𝑥)
The derivative of the product of two functions is equal to the first function times
the derivative of the second, plus the second function times the derivative of the first.
Rule #6: Quotient Rule
𝑢(𝑥)
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑣(𝑥) , 𝑖𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑢′ (𝑥)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 ′ (𝑥)𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑣′(𝑥) ≠ 0,
𝑣(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑢′ (𝑥) − 𝑢(𝑥) ∙ 𝑣′(𝑥)
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
[𝑣(𝑐)]2

The derivative of the quotient is obtained as follows: the denominator times the
derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the denominator,
all divided by the square of the denominator.
Rule #7: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
The following is a summary of the derivatives of the trigonometric functions
𝑑/ 𝑑𝑥 sin x = cos x,
𝑑 /𝑑𝑥 cos x = − sin x,
𝑑 /𝑑𝑥 tan x = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑/ 𝑑𝑥 csc x = − csc x cot x,
𝑑/ 𝑑𝑥 sec x = sec x tan x,
𝑑 /𝑑𝑥 cot x = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
Rule #8: Derivative of an exponential function
If f(x) = 𝑒 𝑥 , then f’(x) = 𝑒 𝑥 .
Rule #9: Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑢 = −
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑥2
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 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑐𝑠𝑐 −1 𝑢 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 − 1 𝑑𝑥
Optimization

Steps in the Optimization Problem-Solving Process :

(1) Draw a diagram depicting the problem scenario, but show only the essentials.

(2) Give the diagram symbols.

(3) Analyze the diagram, relating the "knowns" to the "unknowns".

(4) Find the extreme values using Calculus.

References
Alferez. (2017). MSA Academic Advancement Institute.
Cubic graph. Retrieved from:
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/tangents_rates.aspx. Accessed on July 9, 2020.
Derivatives. Retrieved from: https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/atoms/files/sgpe-summer-school-
2014-quiz3-answers.pdf. Accessed on July 10, 2020
Differentiation. Retrieved from: http://ddeku.edu.in/Files/2cfa4584-5afe-43ce-aa4b-
ad936cc9d3be/Custom/02Rules%20of%20Differentiation.pdf. Accessed on July 11, 2020

Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions. Retrieved from:

https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~kouba/CalcOneDIRECTORY/invtrigderivsoldirectory/InvTrig
DerivSol1.html . Accessed on July 13, 2020

Differentiation Quiz. Retrieved from: https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/atoms/files/sgpe-summer-

school-2014-quiz3-answers.pdf. Accessed on July 11, 2020
Finding equations of Tangent Lines. Retrieved from:
https://www.google.com/search?q=tangent+line+to+the+graph+of+a+function+at+a+point&s
ource=lmns&bih=426&biw=1094&hl=en&ved=2ahUKEwiKio6mr7jqAhUZBaYKHSBZCUkQ_
AUoAHoECAEQAA. Accessed on July 8, 2020
Finding Equations of Tangent Line. Retrieved from:
https://www.google.com/search?q=tangent+line+to+the+graph+of+a+function+at+a+point&o
q=tang&aqs=chrome.0.69i59j69i57j0l6.4313j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-
8#kpvalbx=_Rg4DX9TNK9P6-Qb_w5SQBQ90. Accessed on July 8, 2020.
Finding Tangent line equations with Derivatives. Retrieved from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-TKfOzwu9w . Accessed on July 8, 2020.
Higher Derivatives. Retrieved from:
https://www.superprof.co.uk/resources/academic/maths/calculus/derivatives/derivatives-
worksheet.html. Accessed on July 10, 2020
Introduction to Derivatives. Retrieved from: https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/derivatives-
introduction.html. Accessed on July 8, 2020.
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Inverse Trigonometric Functions. Retrieved from:
https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/inverse-trig-derivatives.html. Accessed on July 13,
2020.
Peterson. A Harper International Edition. Calculus with Analytic Geometry.
Rules of Differentiation. Retrieved from: https://www.matheno.com/calculus-1/calculating-
derivatives-problems-solutions/. Accessed on July 12, 2020.
Rules of Differentiation. Retrieved from:
http://evlm.stuba.sk/~partner7/DBfiles/Modules/Differentiation/RulesDifferentiation.
pdf. Accessed on July 11, 2020
Rules on differentiation 1. Retrieved from:
https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~kouba/Math17BHWDIRECTORY/Derivatives.pdf.
Accessed on July 11, 2020
DepEd (2016) Senior High School Basic Calculus Learner’s Material.

DepEd (2016) Senior High School Basic Calculus Teacher’s Guide.

Slope and Equation of Normal & Tangent Line of Curve at Given Point. Retrieved from:

Tangent Lines. Retrieved from

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/tangents_rates.aspx. Accessed on July
9, 2020.
Tangent Lines. Retrieved from:
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/tangents_rates.aspx. Accessed on
July 8, 2020
Tangent Line of a function to a point. Retrieved from:
https://www.google.com/search?q=tangent+line+to+the+graph+of+a+function+at+a
+point&oq=tangent&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j69i59j0l6.9945j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=
UTF-8#kpvalbx=_9wwDX9_pK4HAoAT2grmwBA84. Accessed on July 8, 2020
The Derivatives and Tangent Lines. Retrieved from:
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-differentiation-1-new/ab-2-
1/v/derivative-as-slope-of-tangent-line. Accessed on July 8, 2020.
The Derivatives. Online Math Learning.com. Retrieved from:
https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/calculus-derivatives.html. Accessed on July 8,
2020.
The Derivative Part 1. Khan Academy. Retrieved from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=14&v=rAof9Ld5sOg&feature=emb_l
ogo. Accessed on July 8, 2020.
The Derivatives Part 2. Khan Academy. Retrieved from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ay8838UZ4nM&feature=emb_logo. Accessed
on July 8, 2020.
The Three-Step Rule to find the Derivative. Retrieved from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJnuYybcpwE#:~:text=human%20step%201%2
0is%20evaluating,as%20Delta%20X%20approaches%200. Accessed on July 8,
2020.
Optimization Quiz 1. Retrieved from:
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/problems/calci/optimization.aspx. Accessed on July
15, 2020
Optimization Quiz 2. Retrieved from:
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/moreoptimization.aspx. Accessed on
July 15, 2020.

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Optimization Example: Retrieved from:
https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Calculus/Map%3A_Calculus_-
_Early_Transcendentals_(Stewart)/04%3A_Applications_of_Differentiation/4.07%3
A_Optimization_Problems. Accessed on July 15, 2020.
Optimization Example. Retrieved from:
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Accessed on July 15, 2020

Answer Key: Pretest

I:
1. B
2. A
3. A
4. A
5. D
6. C
7. C
8. A
9. E
10. C

II:
−29−1 −30
1. 𝑚𝑃𝑅 = = = −10
4−1 3
−15 − 1 −16
𝑚𝑃𝑆 = =− = −8
3−1 2
0.58 − 1 −0.42
𝑚𝑃𝑇 = = = −4.2
1.1 − 1 0.1
2. The slopes of the secant lines are increasing since they are smaller negative
numbers.
3. The slope of the tangent line is approaching -4.2 .
𝑔(1+ℎ)−𝑔(1) (−2(1+ℎ)2 +3)−[−2(1)2 +3] ℎ(−4−2ℎ)
4. g’(1)= lim ℎ
= lim ℎ
= lim ℎ
= −4 − 2(0) = −4
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ→0
5. use the slope and a point on the tangent line to determine the equation of the tangent
line.
y = 1, at x=1 ⟹ (1, 1), from g(x), slope, m=-4
Using slope-intercept form to find b
y= mx+b
1=-4(1) +b ⟹𝑏=5

Using slope-intercept form to find the equation: b=5 , m= -4 ⟹ 𝑦 = −4𝑥 + 5 .

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Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: [email protected]

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