PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Architecture Course Code: CE 323

Urdaneta City Campus Course Title: Principles and Design of Concrete Structures
REGION’S PREMIER UNIVERSITY OF CHOICE

STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE NO. 1

INTRODUCTION

MODULE OVERVIEW

Welcome to CE 323 – Principles and Design of Concrete Structures

This Study Guide will provide some preliminary information to help you get started. Please read
carefully to help prepare you to start off this course successfully.

Principles and Design of Concrete Structures is a professional subject common to all civil
engineering students. This course is concerned with the analysis and design , applications and code
specifications used in structural reinforced members subjected to flexure (beams, girders, lintels, girts,
etc.) using the Elastic Limit Method, also known as the Alternate Design Method or Working Stress
Design ( WSD) Method, and with the design, applications and code specifications used in reinforced
members subjected to flexure, tension and compression members (columns), and combined stressed
members (beam-columns), beam-column connections using the Plastic Limit Method or the Ultimate
Strength Design (USD) Method. Applications and specifications as applied to buildings, bridges and
other reinforced concrete structures are also given emphasis. A thorough knowledge and proficiency
in structural theory is imperative.
Due to the threat of Covid-19, the need to conform to the New Normal of CHED must be
followed. Flexible learning that combines face-to-face and remote learning will be adapted as a mode
of instructional delivery. In this mode, instructor and students are separated by time and space. You
will learn during face-to-face sessions and also study in an independent self-learning style aided by
specially designed learning materials and resources. Teaching and learning will be mediated through
the use of technology like video and the internet. Printed and electronic materials will be provided
during the face-to-face sessions and on Messenger group chat.

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module 1, you should be able to:

1. identify the constituent materials of concrete and their properties
2. apply the code provisions with regards to spacing limits of reinforcements, concrete protection for
reinforcements, standard hooks and minimum bend diameter
3. draw the details of beams with the most efficient section.

1. 1 CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE MATERIALS

CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE COMPONENTS:

CONCRETE: An artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and
water. The aggregates are held together like a rocklike mass with a paste of cement and water. The
rocklike mass is called PLAIN CONCRETE. In structural Concrete, the aggregates occupy
approximately 70% of the hardened mass.
REINFORCED CONCRETE: Concrete in which reinforcement is embedded in a manner that the two
materials act together in resisting forces. Concrete has a very high compressive strength but has a
very low tensile strength. It is necessary to provide steel bars to provide tensile strength lacking in the
concrete.
AGGREGATES:
Fine Aggregates: Those that pass through a # 4 sieve ( about 6 mm in size).
Coarse Aggregates: Those portion of aggregates retained on the # 4 sieve which usually
come from the natural gravel deposits which are formed by water, wind or glacial action or those
 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Architecture Course Code: CE 323
Urdaneta City Campus Course Title: Principles and Design of Concrete Structures
REGION’S PREMIER UNIVERSITY OF CHOICE

manufactured by crushing rocks.

Nominal Maximum Sizes of Coarse Aggregates:

1. One-fifth (1/5) the narrowest dimension between side of forms.
2. One-third ( 1/3) the depth of slabs.
3. Three-fourths (3/4) the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires,
bundles of bars or prestressing tendons or ducts.
These limitations maybe applied if, in the judgement of the Engineer, workability and methods
of consolidation are such that concrete can be placed without honeycomb or voids.
WATER:
Water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from injurious amount of oils, acids,
alkalis, salts, organic materials, or other substances that may be deleterious to concrete or
reinforcement. Non-potable (non –drinkable) water shall not be used in concrete unless selection of
concrete proportions shall be based on concrete mixes using water from the same sources and mortar
test cubes made with non-potable mixing water shall have 7-day and 28-day strength equal to at least
90% of strength of similar specimens made with potable water.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1.1

Quiz and Plate will be given after discussing this module.

1.2 CONSIDERATIONS FOR STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE:
Workability of concrete means the ability of fresh concrete to flow freely around the reinforcements
and fill all the voids inside the form. Concrete is said to be workable under the following conditions:
1. Properly proportioned for transport and placed without segregation. The aggregate particles must
be properly distributed.
2. Easily molded into desired shapes and completely fill the space it is to occupy.
3. Easily finished.

Workability is also described as:

1. Consistency: the degree of wetness or slump of the concrete mixture. It varies directly with the
amount of water in the mixture.
2. Plasticity: the case with which fresh concrete can be molded or deformed w/o segregation.
3. Mobility: the capacity of concrete to move particularly during vibration.

CONCRETE PROPORTIONS:
Proportions of materials for concrete shall be established to provide:
1. Workability and consistency to permit concrete to be worked readily into forms and around
reinforcement under conditions of placement to be employed without segregation or excessive
bleeding. (Bleeding- the rise of water to the surface)
2. Resistance to excessive exposure.
3. Conformance with strength test requirements.
Concrete proportions, including water cement ratio, shall be established based on field experience
and/or trial mixtures with materials to be employed.

Table of Concrete Proportions According to Class of Concrete

Class of Mixture Cement ( 40 Kg) Sand ( Cu. Ft.) Gravel ( Cu. Ft.)
AA 1 1.5 3
A 1 2.0 4
B 1 2.5 5
C 1 3.0 6
 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Architecture Course Code: CE 323
Urdaneta City Campus Course Title: Principles and Design of Concrete Structures
REGION’S PREMIER UNIVERSITY OF CHOICE

Table for Maximum Permissible Water-Cement Ration for Concrete

Specified Compressive Maximum Permissible Water-Cement Ratio
Strength
Non-air Entrained Concrete Air Entrained Concrete
PSI MPa Absolute Ratio Liters per Absolute Ratio Liters per
by Weight Bag by Weight Bag
2500 17.5 0.65 27.6 0.54 23.1
3000 21.0 0.58 25.0 0.46 19.7
3500 24.5 0.51 22.0 0.40 17.0
4000 28.0 0.44 19.0 0.35 15.1
4500 31.5 0.30 16.3 0.30 12.0

LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE:
These are concrete lighter in weight than ordinary sand and gravel concrete and is used
principally to reduce dead load or for thermal insulation, nailability or fill. Disadvantages of
lightweight structural concrete include higher cost, need for more care in placing, greater porosity
and more drying shrinkage.

STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE: Concrete that have 28-day strength equal to or

greater than 17 MPa and air dry weight equal to or less than 18 KN/m3.

ALL LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE: The result when lightweight aggregates are used for both fine
and coarse aggregates.

SAND LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE: The result if sand is used for fine aggregate and if the coarse
aggregate is replaced with lightweight aggregate.

HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE: Concrete with compressive strength exceeding 42 MPa.

HEAVYWEIGHT CONCRETE:
These are used as radiation shield and counterweight of lift bridges. These maybe made of
cement. Heavy iron ores, crushed rocks, steel scraps, and steel punching as course aggregates
and steel shot as fine aggregate. Up to a weight of about 60.5 KN/m3 heavyweight concrete can be
produced.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:
Compressive strength of concrete shall not be less than 17 MPa. This is determined by
testing to failure 28-day old 150mm x 300mm concrete cylinder at a specified rate of loading.
Samples of strength test of each class of concrete placed each day shall be taken not less than
once a day or not less than once for each 120 m3 of concrete or not less than once for each 500 m2
of surface area for slabs and walls. When total quantity of a given class of concrete is less than 40
m3, strength tests are not required when evidence of satisfactory strength is submitted to and
approved by the engineer. Strength test shall be the average of the strengths of two cylinders made
from the same sample of concrete and tested at 28 days or at test age designated for the
termination of fc’.

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY: ratio of the normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or
compressive stresses below the proportional limit of the material.

Concrete has a modulus of elasticity which varies with the different concrete strength, concrete age,
type of loading and the proportions of cement and aggregates.
Modulus of elasticity of concrete shall be permitted to be taken as:
a. For values of weight of concrete, wc, between 1500 and 2500 kg/m3,
Ec = wc1.5 0.043√fc′ in MPa
 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Architecture Course Code: CE 323
Urdaneta City Campus Course Title: Principles and Design of Concrete Structures
REGION’S PREMIER UNIVERSITY OF CHOICE

b. For normal weight concrete shall be permitted to be taken as Ec = 4700 √fc′ in MPa
c. For normal weight concrete with fc′ > 42 MPa up to 84 MPa and for lightweight concrete
with fc′ > 42 MPa up to 62 MPa, Ec = ( 13.32 √fc′ + 6895 )( wc/2320 )1.5 in MPa
Modulus of elasticity for non-prestressed reinforcement may be taken as 200,000 MPa.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1.2

Quiz and Plate will be given after discussing this module.

1.3 REINFORCING STEEL BARS

Reinforcement used for concrete structures maybe in the form of bars or welded wire fabric.
Reinforcing bars are referred to as plane or deformed bars. The deformed bars ribbed projections
rolled into their surfaces to provide better bonding between the concrete and steel. Plane bars are
not used very often except for wrapping around longitudinal bars primarily in columns.
Reinforcing steel bars are commercially available in lengths of 6m, 7.5m, 9m, 10.5 m and even
longer lengths. 6m bars are always available, 7.5m bars are sometimes readily available, but longer
lengths, when needed may be ordered.

Table 407-2 Steel Reinforcement Information (2010 NSCP)

Information on Sizes, Areas and Weights of Various Steel Reinforcements
ASTM STANDARD PHILIPPINE STANDARD (SI)
Nominal Nominal Nominal Bar Size Nominal Nominal
Diameter, Area, mm2 Mass, Kg/m Designation Area, mm2 Mass, Kg/m
mm
9.5 71 0.560 10 79 0.618
12.7 129 0.994 12 113 0.890
15.9 199 1.552 16 201 1.580
19.1 284 2.235 20 314 2.465
22.2 387 3.042 n.a. n.a. n.a.
25.4 510 3.973 25 491 3.851
28.7 645 5.060 28 616 4.831
32.3 819 6.404 32 804 6.310
35.8 1006 7.907 36 1019 7.986
43.0 1452 11.380 42 1385 10.870
57.3 2581 20.240 58 2642 20.729

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1.3

Quiz and Plate will be given after discussing this module.

1.4 1.4 CODE PROVISIONS FOR SPACING LIMITS AND CONCRETE PROTECTION OF
REINFORCEMENTS, STANDARD HOOKS AND MINIMUM BEND DIAMETER

MINIMUM SPACING OF REINFORCEMENTS (NSCP 2015, 425.2)

425.2.1. For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal layer, clear spacing shall
be at least the greatest of 25 mm, nominal diameter of bar or (4/3) times the maximum
diameter of coarse aggregates.
425.2.2, For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement placed in two or more horizontal
layers, reinforcement in the upper layers shall be placed directly above reinforcement in
the bottom layer with a clear spacing between layers of at least 25 mm
 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Architecture Course Code: CE 323
Urdaneta City Campus Course Title: Principles and Design of Concrete Structures
REGION’S PREMIER UNIVERSITY OF CHOICE

425.2.3. For longitudinal reinforcements in columns, pedestals, struts, and boundary

elements in walls, clear spacing between bars shall be at least the greatest of 40mm,
1.5 times the diameter of main bars, and (4/3) times the diameter of the coarse
aggregates.

BUNDLED BARS:NSCP 2015, 425.6

425.6.1.1 Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be
limited to 4 ( four ) in any one bundle.
425.6.1.2. Bundled bars shall be enclosed within transverse reinforcement. Bundled bars in
compression members shall be enclosed by transverse reinforcement at least 12mm Φ in
size. 3.
425.6.1.3. Bars larger than 36 mm Φ shall not be bundled in beams.
425.6.1.4. Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall
terminate at different points with at least 40db stagger ( db = diameter of bar).
425.6.1.5. Development length for individual bars within a bundle, in tension or compression,
shall be that of the individual bar, increased 20 percent for a three-bar bundle, and 33 percent
for a four-bar bundle.
425.6.1.6. A unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar with an area equivalent to
that of the bundle and a centroid coinciding with that of the bundle. The diameter of the
equivalent bar shall be used for 𝒅𝒃 such as spacing limitation based on 𝒅𝒃 , cover
requirements based on 𝒅𝒃 etc.

CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENTS ( NSCP 2010)

For Cast-in-Place Concrete ( Nonprestressed)
Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth ………………………………….……….. 75 mm

Concrete exposed to earth or weather:

20 mm through 36 mm bars ………………………………………………………………….…….. 50 mm
16 mm bars, MW200 or MD200 wire, and smaller …………….…………………….….… 40 mm
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with the ground
Slabs, walls, joists:
Dia 42 mm and dia 58 mm bars ……………………………………………………..…..40 mm
Dia 36 mm bars and smaller……………………………………………………………… 20 mm
Beams, columns:
Primary reinforcements, ties, stirrups, spirals ……………….……………….…. 40 mm
Shells, folded plate members:
Dia 20 mm bar and larger……………………………………………………………...….. 20 mm
Dia 16 mm bar, MW200 or MD200 wire, and smaller………………….…….... 12 mm
For Precast Concrete (Manufactured Under Plant Control Conditions )
Concrete exposed to earth or weather
Wall panels:
Dia 42 mm and dia 58 mm bars……………………….…………………..………..…... 40 mm
Dia 36 mm and smaller, prestressing tendons larger than 40 mm and
Smaller, MW200 or MD200 wire and smaller……………………….… 20 mm
Other members:
Dia 42 and dia 58 bars, prestressing tendons larger than 40 m……….…...50 mm
Dia 20 through dia 36 bars, prestressing tendons larger than 16 mm
Through 40 mm……………………………………..…………..……………….….40 mm
Dia 16 mm bar and smaller, prestressing tendons 16 mm diameter
and smaller, MW200 or MD200 wire, and smaller………..……..….. 30 mm
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with the ground:
Slabs, walls, joists:
Dia 42 mm and dia 58 mm bars, prestressing tendons larger
than 40 mm......................................................................................................... 30 mm
 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Architecture Course Code: CE 323
Urdaneta City Campus Course Title: Principles and Design of Concrete Structures
REGION’S PREMIER UNIVERSITY OF CHOICE

Prestressing tendons 40 mm and smaller…………..………………..……….……. 20 mm

Dia 36 mm bar and smaller, MW200 or MD200 wire and smaller…….…. 15 mm
Beams and Columns:
Primary reinforcements db but not less than 15 mm and need
not exceed………………………………………………………………………….…...40 mm
Ties, stirrups and spirals………………………………………………….………….….….10 mm
Shells, folded plate members:
Prestressing tendons…………………………………….…………………….………….…..20 mm
Dia 20 mm bar and larger…………………………………………………………………...15 mm
Dia 16 mm bar, MW200 or MD200 wire, and smaller………….…………..….. 10 mm

Cast-in-place Concrete (Prestressed)

Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth……………….………….…..….………. 75 mm

Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
Wall panels, slabs, joists……………………………………………………....………………………. 25 mm
Other members……………………………………………………………………..………..……..…….. 40 mm
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with the ground:
Slabs, walls, joists………………………………………………………………………..….………...…. 20 mm
Beams, columns:
Primary reinforcement………………………………………………..…………….……... 40 mm
Ties, stirrups, spirals…………………………………………………..……..….…….……. 25 mm

Shells, folded plate members:

Dia 16 mm bars, MW200 or MD200 wire and smaller………………………… 10 mm
Other reinforcement ………………………………………………………..………..db> 20 mm
For bundled bars, minimum concrete cover shall not be less than the equivalent diameter of
the bundle, but need not be greater than 50 mm, except for concrete cast against and permanently
exposed to earth, the minimum cover shall not be less than 75 mm.

STANDARD HOOKS: NSCP 2010

1. 1800 bend plus 4 times bar diameter extension but not less than 60 mm at free end.
2. 900 bend plus 12 times bar diameter extension at free end of the bar.

3. For stirrups and tie hooks:

16 mm bar and smaller: 900 bend plus 6 times bar diameter at free end of bar.
20 mm and 25 mm bars: 900 bend plus 12 times bar diameter extension at free end of the bar.
25 mm bar and smaller: 1350 bend plus 6 times bar diameter extension at free end of the bar.

MINIMUM BEND DIAMETER: NSCP 2010

Diameter of bend measured on the inside of the bar, other than for stirrups and ties in sizes
dia 10mm through dia 16 mm, shall not be less than the values in Table 407-1.
Inside diameter of bends for stirrups and ties shall not be less than 4db for dia 16mm bar and
smaller. For bars larger than dia 16mm, diameter of bend shall be in accordance with Table 407-1.
Inside diameter of bends in welded wire fabric ( plain or deformed) for stirrups and ties shall
not be less than 4db for dia 16mm bar and smaller. For bars larger than dia 16 mm, diameter of bend
shall be in accordance with Table 407-1.
 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Architecture Course Code: CE 323
Urdaneta City Campus Course Title: Principles and Design of Concrete Structures
REGION’S PREMIER UNIVERSITY OF CHOICE

Table 407-1:
Bar Size Minimum Diameter
Dia 10 mm through dia 25 mm 6db
Dia 28 mm, dia 32 mm and dia 36 mm 8db
Dia 42 mm and dia 58 mm 10db
Where db = diameter of bar

Standard Hook Geometry for Development of Deformed Bars in Tension (table 425.3.1 NSCP
2015)
Type of Standard Bar Size Minimum Inside Straight
Hook Bend Diameter ( Extension, 𝒍𝒆𝒙𝒕
mm) (mm)
10 mm Φ through 25 mm Φ 6 𝑑𝑏
90-degree hook 28 mm Φ through 36 mm Φ 8 𝑑𝑏 12 𝑑𝑏
40 mm Φ through 58 mm Φ 10 𝑑𝑏
10 mm Φ through 25 mm Φ 6 𝑑𝑏 Greater of
180-degree hook 28 mm Φ through 36 mm Φ 8 𝑑𝑏 4 𝑑𝑏 and 65 mm
40 mm Φ through 58 mm Φ 10 𝑑𝑏

Minimum Inside Bend Diameter and Standard Hook for Geometry for Stirrups, Ties and (Table
425.3.2 NSCP 2015)
Type of Standard Bar Size Minimum Inside Straight
Hook Bend Diameter ( Extension, 𝒍𝒆𝒙𝒕
mm) (mm)
90-degree hook 10 mm Φ through 16 mm Φ 4 𝑑𝑏 Greater of
6 𝑑𝑏 and 75 mm
20 mm Φ through 25 mm Φ 6 𝑑𝑏 12 𝑑𝑏
135-degree hook 10 mm Φ through 16 mm Φ 4 𝑑𝑏 Greater of
20 mm Φ through 25 mm Φ 6 𝑑𝑏 6 𝑑𝑏 and 75 mm
180-degree hook 10 mm Φ through 16 mm Φ 4 𝑑𝑏 Greater of
20 mm Φ through 25 mm Φ 6 𝑑𝑏 6 𝑑𝑏 and 65 mm

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1.4

Quiz and Plate will be given after discussing this module.

1.5 ARRANGEMENT OF REINFORCING BARS FOR THE MOST EFFICIENT

RECTANGULAR BEAM SECTIONSECTION. DIAMETER

For rectangular beams to be the most efficient, reinforcing bars should be arranged in such a way
that the effective depth of the reinforcement is the maximum. Minimum cover, which for beams not
exposed to weather or in contact with the ground is 40 mm , and minimum spacing between parallel
bars which is the greatest of 25 mm, nominal diameter of bar or (4/3) times the maximum diameter of
coarse aggregates.

The minimum width of a rectangular beam , bmin is derived by using the formula:
bmin = 2 ( steel covering) + 2 ds + n (db) + (n-1) sc
where: ds= diameter of stirrups
n = the number of longitudinal bars
db= diameter of longitudinal bars
sc = clear spacing between the longitudinal bars
Example 1.1 to 1.4. Draw the details of the most efficient beam in terms of flexure if the beams are
cast-in-place, non-prestressed and not exposed to weather or in contact with the ground.
 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Architecture Course Code: CE 323
Urdaneta City Campus Course Title: Principles and Design of Concrete Structures
REGION’S PREMIER UNIVERSITY OF CHOICE

Example 1.1 Beam section: 250mm x 360 mm reinforced with 10mm diameter stirrups and 6pcs-
16mm diameter longitudinal bottom bars. 10mm diameter stirrups

Solution: The bars could not be arranged in one layer because the
minimum width required (bmin ) for such arrangement equals :
bmin = 2 ( 40mm) + 2(10mm) + 6(16mm) + (6-1)(25mm)
bmin = 321mm > 250mm. ( Not OK) h = 360mm
Try 2 layers with 4pcs in the lower layer and 2 pcs in the upper layer. 6pcs-16mm bottom bars
bmin = 2 ( 40 ) + 2 ( 10 ) + 4 (16 ) + ( 4 – 1 )( 25)
bmin = 239 mm < 250 mm (OK)

b = 250mm
Therefore arrange the reinforcing bars in two layers, with 4 pcs - 16 mm diameter bottom bars in the
lower layer and 2 pcs -16 mm bottom bars in the upper layer with the upper bars directly above the
2 outermost lower bars respectively. Vertical spacing between the layers of bars should be 25 mm
minimum.
Example 1.2. Beam section: 300mm x 450mm reinforced with 12mm diameter stirrups and 6 pcs-
32mm diameter longitudinal top bars. 12mm diameter stirrups
Solution:
Try 2 layers with 4 pcs in the upper layer and 2 pcs in the lower layer .
bmin = 2 ( 40 ) + 2 ( 12 ) + 4 ( 32 ) + ( 4-1 )( 32 )
6 pcs−32mm top bars
bmin = 328 mm (OK ) h = 450mm
try 2 layers with 3 pcs in the upper layer and 3pcs in the lower layer.
bmin = 2 ( 40 ) + 2 ( 12 ) + 3 ( 32 )
+ ( 3-1 )( 32 ) = 260 mm < 300 mm ( OK )

b = 300mm

Therefore arrange the reinforcing bars in two layers with 3 pcs- 32 mm diameter top bars in
the upper layer and 3 pcs- 32 mm top bars in the lower layer with the lower bars directly below the
upper bars respectively.
Example 1.3. Beam section: 340mm x 480 mm reinforced with 10 mm diameter stirrups, area of
required steel reinforcement , As = 3122 mm2. Bending moment is negative. Use 20mm diameter
longitudinal bars. Vertical spacing between the layers of bars should be 25 mm minimum.
A
Solution: Find the number of 25mm longitudinal bars, N = s where Ab = area of one longitudinal/main
Ab
π 3122
bar and is equal to (𝑑𝑏 )2 . N = π = 9.94 say 10 pcs. Since the bending moment is negative, the
4 202
4
reinforcing bars should be placed as top bars.
Try 2 layers with 5 pcs in each layer.
bmin = 2 ( 40 ) + 2 ( 10 ) + 5 ( 20 ) + ( 5-1)( 25 ) = 300 mm < 340 mm ( OK ).
Therefore arrange the reinforcing bars in two layers with 5pcs- 20 mm diameter top bars in
both layers with the lower bars directly below the upper bars . Vertical spacing between the layers
of bars should be 25 mm minimum.
Example 1.4. Width b = 400 mm, effective depth d = 500 mm, + As = 6100 mm2, −As = 2300mm2,
diameter of main bottom bars, db BOTTOM = 28 mm, diameter of main top bars , db TOP = 25 mm, ds=
12 mm
Solution:
6100 2300
For bottom bars, N = π 2 = 9.91 say 10 pcs and for top bars, N = π 2 = 4.69 say 5 bars
28 25
4 4
For bottom bars, trying 2 layers with both the layers comprising 5 pieces 28 mm diameter bars,
bmin = 2 ( 40 ) + 2 ( 12 ) + 5 ( 28 ) + ( 5-1)( 28 ) = 356 mm < 400 mm ( OK ).
 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Architecture Course Code: CE 323
Urdaneta City Campus Course Title: Principles and Design of Concrete Structures
REGION’S PREMIER UNIVERSITY OF CHOICE

For top bars, minimum width for one layer of 5 pieces 25 mm bars < 400 (OK)
For the height of the beam, the distance of the centroid of the bottom reinforcements from the
adjacent outermost concrete fiber, d′ = 40 + 12 + 28 + 12.5 = 92.5mm. Therefore, height h = d +d′ =
500 + 92.5 = 592.5 mm say 600 mm.
Therefore arrange the bottom reinforcing bars with two layers of 5 pcs- 28 mm diameter bars for
each layer , and top reinforcing bars with one layer of 5 pcs- 25 mm diameter bars.
Problem 1.1: Draw the details of the most efficient section ( in terms of flexure) with the following
properties:
a. Width b= 275mm, height h = 360mm, N = 5pcs − 16mm diameter top bars, diameter of
stirrups, ds = 10mm.
b. b = 340mm, h = 460mm, N = 12 pcs − 20 mm diameter bottom bars, ds = 12 mm diameter
bars.
c. b = 340mm, h = 500mm, As = 5100 mm2, diameter of bars, db = 32mm, ds = 12 mm
diameter
d. b = 400 mm, d = 520mm, +As = 6200 mm2, −As = 2240 mm2, ds = 10 mm, db for bottom
bars = 32 mm, db for top bars = 20 mm
b = 360mm, h = 460mm, +As = 5800 mm2, ds = 12mm diameter bars, use 3pcs 32 mm bundled
bars.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1.5

Quiz and Plate will be given after discussing this module

REFERENCE/S

Besavilla Jr., Venancio I. 2013. Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete, Volume 3, VIB Publisher

Gillesania, Diego Inocencio T. 2013. Reinforced Concrete Design, Copyright 2013, DIT Gillesania

ASEP 2010. National Structural Code of the Philippines, 6 th Edition

ASEP 2015. National Structural Code of the Philippines, 7 th Edition

LEARNING POINTS

Format of Assignment:

I. Cover Page
a. Pangasinan State University
b. Urdaneta Campus
c. College of Engineering and Architecture
d. Civil Engineering Department
e. __ Sem AY 20__ - 20__
f. Subject Code and Subject Title
g. Assignment Number
h. Title of Module
i. Submitted by:
j. Submitted to:
II. Body
a. Learning Activity 1.1

III. References (if any)

 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Architecture Course Code: CE 323
Urdaneta City Campus Course Title: Principles and Design of Concrete Structures
REGION’S PREMIER UNIVERSITY OF CHOICE

Format of Plate:

I. Cover Page
a. Pangasinan State University
b. Urdaneta Campus
c. College of Engineering and Architecture
d. Civil Engineering Department
e. __ Sem AY 20__ - 20__
f. Subject Code and Subject Title
g.Plate Number
h. Title of Plate
i. Submitted by:
j. Submitted to:
II. Body
a. Learning Activity 1-3

III. References (if any)

Assignments and plates should be submitted thru soft copy in pdf format with digital signature. Soft
copy should be sent via MS Classroom to be created for the subject or private message on
messenger. Files should be named as COURSE CODE_SURNAME, GIVEN NAME_ASSIGNMENT
NUMBER/PLATE NUMBER_ASSIGNMENT NUMBER/PLATE TITLE.

Prepared by:
---------------------------------------------------------
RONNEL L. MORENO, CE
Faculty, Civil Engineering Department