_ Advanced “ / Language re — Beere —— 44-Ny o> WUKKALE sey 2 CF! Oyj acon eee wr ~~ Heinemann mbessaree etn SRE sri sees OXFORD MADRID FLORENCE ATHENS PRAGUE SAO PAULO MEXICO CITY CHICAGO PORTSMOUTH (NH) ‘TOKYO SINGAPORE KUALALUMPUR MELBOURNE AUCKLAND JOHANNESBURG IBADAN GABORONE. ISBN0435241249 with key (043524125 7 without key (© Michael Vinee 199¢ ‘Firetpubliched 1994 Allsights reserved: no pao his publication may be feproduced,storedin arcrival system transnitaed inany form, orby any means, electronic, hwocopying coring or therwis,wihous the aloe wren permision of te publishers. Theater woulda dankeveyone vhost comments 09 this book, apd i parcculr my ‘Sito Xanthe Sur Taylor and Sue Jones Many ‘thanks also to collegues and seudentsin Athens at ‘TheBriish Council Teaching Centre, at CELT ‘Athens, andat Profile, Athens. “The publichere would like tothank Tony Triges (Original design by Mike Brain lesteted by: Rowen Barnes Marphy (916 1271213) EdMeLachlan(p5, 11, 16,22 52,68, 70,99, 103,112,134) ‘David Parkins (p3, 10, 12,37, 45,51, 73, 125, 40,148) Bill Sexe (p 40,4675, 83,98, 110) Printed and bousd in Gres: Brtan bythe Bath Pre 96 97 98 1098765Contents Introduction viii Grammar Unit 4 Tense consolidation: present time 1 Present simple and present continuous ‘1 facts, habits, sates, temporary actions, actions happening athe moment of speaking State verbs and event (action or dynamic) verbs 1 «sate verbs normally without a continuous form 1 difference of meanin Other uses of present continuous 2 ‘etemporary or epeated actions ‘complains abourbad habits verbs describing change and development Other uses of present simple 2 ‘making declarations, headlines, instractions sndiineravics «ssummaries of events histori present ative and active Unit 2 Tense consolidation: future time 7 Will, Going to, present continuous: basic contrasts 7 «will predictive will assumption, immediate derision 1 be going to:iatentionsand plans, preseat cause + present continuous: fixed arangements speaker preference Future continuous 7 ‘ean event happening ata future point ‘evens which wil hppen‘anyway” * politeness + fixed arrangements and plans Future perfect 8 «time which we look back at from a forore point assumption Other ways of referring to the furure 8 siufareta be, be about, beon the point of, be dneto ‘present simple in furure time clases {present perfect when the completion of anevent is ephassed « presentsimplefor fixed events ntsimply the wishes ‘ofthe speaker Other furure references 9 hope, verbs of thinking, shall Unit 3 Tense consolidation: past time 14 Pastsimple and past continuous 14 «past simple: completed actions, habits, states ome «post continuous: temporary ation, interrupted sions, ‘backround description, changing sates, repeated ‘snotused wo describe habitual actions Past perfect simple and continuous 14 s pastpefectense: events in the patbefore otber ventsinthepast, + pustperfectcontiouous contrast as between past simpleand past continuous indicecepecch Used to and would 15 + weed to: contat with the present negative form, nopresenttime reference 1 sould repeated ations not states contrasted with sed tocontexs of use Unfulfilled pastevenss 15 20s going to, wes thinking of wet about, teastohave done Polite forms 16 with wonder Contrasts with present perfect + ee Unit) Unreal time + (4 Unite and for past tense forme used to express unreal ime} Unit 4 Tense consolidation: present perfect 20 Present perfect simple 20 se recentevents without a definite time reference, indefinite events, ndefinie events with an obvious result inthe present, astatelasting up tothe present ababinal action ina period of ime upto the present ‘contrasts with pat simple, speaker choice Present perfect continuous 20 + sotate lasting upto the present moment an incomplete sctviy, to emphasize duration, recent fished activity, a repeated activity «contrasts with present pero simple choice of verb, completion and ncompletion Time expressions with present perfect 21 ‘contrast wth past simple may depend on choice oftime expression sometime expressions are net associated with paciculartense Unit 5 PROGRESS TEST 25 Unit 6 Passive 1 30 Basic uses 30 «transitive and intransitive, agent and instrument, verbs ‘with wo object, verbs with object and complement, translation, tensesAdvanced Language Practice Using and nor mentioning the agent 31 «change of focus known agent, generalised agent obvious agent + unimportaragent impersonaity Unit 7 Passive 2 35 Haveand get something done, need doing 35 shave something dane, get something done, need doing Passive get 35 « focming:he passive with gtinspoken language Reporting verbs 35 ‘presen reference, past reference, past reporting verbs, passveinfinitive, verbs with two objects, continuous inGnitve ‘Verbs with prepositions 36 ‘sending sentence with aprepostion, by and with, be madeto «verb followed by with, by ori. ‘Common contexts for the passive 37 +» formality, impersonality Unit 8 Conditionals and if sentences 41 Basiccontrasts 41 «+ whats always true present + present what was always tre: past + past ‘reasituations: present +will + hypothetical situations: past + would « hypothetical past situations past perfect + would have with modals +ifenly tenes and other alternatives to ifas long a, long as provided senbyifevenif «past evens with resoltsin the present «colloquial pat situations (Other tenses in conditional sentences 42 ‘goingeo «present perfect ‘sdoubtand wncerainty should sheppento 1 ftwere not for, fichadn't been for + willand world politeness and emphasis (Other ways of makingaconditional sentence 43, + supposing, ocbersise but for #0, ifnot + colloquial omission off oifsnd adjectives 1 meaning although Unit 9 Unreal tenses and subjunctives 48 T’stime 48 10stime is high time, at and were Wishes 48 + present,would and could past with and hope Pdrather 49 +a rather and I'd sooner, Pd prefer Asif, asthough 49 + real andunceal, present and past, Suppose and imagine 49 + understood conditions, present or past Formal subjunctives 50 ‘isis, demand, ugges require sitismecesary, ete inportant ‘ess formal usage with should pas tense, o infinitive Formulaic subjunctive 50 + God Seve the Queen, be thet att may, come what may Unit 10 PROGRESS TEST 5¢ Unit 14. Modal auxiliaries 1: present/future $9 Don’t bave to and must not 59 + absence of obligation, obligation not todo something Should 59 + expectation, recommendation, criticism ofan action, ‘ncersinty « with verbsofchinking, with be and adjectives escibing chance + seria cxse wo emphasise unlklihood Could 59 + posiblity oruncenaiey, with comparative adjectives tooxpress posibily orimposiily, suggestions, sunwilingness Can 60 sccm, capability Muss and can’s 69 + cerainy, present time reference only May and might 6 ‘lebough clauses, may/might at wll possibilty oruncertainty enithey Shall 60 « ceraingy, what the speaker wants to happen Will 61 + assumption, incention, refuse and insist Would 61 + annoying habits, corsiry, with adjective to express Need 61 seed v0 not modal, need partly «modalRelated non-modal expressions 61 had better, be bound ro Unit 12 Modal auxiliaries 2: past 65 Had to and must have 65 ‘epascobligetion, pa cerainy Should have and ought tohave 65 ‘expectation, criticism ofan action, should heve and verb of thinking «with be and adjectives describing chance, pole expresions Could have 65 « pas posibilty or unceraine, with comparative adjectives, sonwilingnss Could 66 «pas persion or ability, compared with could have May have and might have 66 « past posibiiy, uncertainty annoyance irony Must have and can't have 66 conainy, with rely Would not 66 unwillingness Would have 66 ‘events inthe pas which did not happen, sumptions Needn’t have and didn’t need to 66 s unnecessary actions done aad nordone Adverbs and modals 67 wel easily, obviously, real, jest Unit 13 Inversion 71 Inversion 71 ‘using question form of che maia verb changing the ‘normal postion of verb and subject Inversion after negative adverbials 71 «content of user ever, rarely seldom; bardly, barely, sarees no sooner, phrases containing rofne, litle Inversion after so that, such that 72 «contextof use, , sh, inversion roles Inverted conditional sentences without if 72 sentences beginning Were... Should... Had... inversion after as, formal nses inversion fer so, either, nonechoing statements Unit 14 Emphasis 7 Changing word order to change focus 77 « pasive fronting and inversion, mz clause, cle and pocudo clef sentences begining le... or with hut clauses, or wth Contents ‘Adding words for emphasis 78 + ox, very and indeed, negatives, the, question words ending-ever « auniliary do, adverbs and adjectives, echoing phrases with Other means 79 ime phrases, repetion of main very strings sentence with postestve pronoun Unit 15 PROGRESS TEST 84 Unit 16 indirect speech and reporting 89 Problems 89 ‘indirect speech with modal, with conditional, don’t shine pasttenses Reporting verbs 90 ‘followed by the claus, followed by person +0, followed by subjunctive o should, other types that + elaure containing won verbs used impersonal witht Functions 91 «verbs that describe sfuneton, verbs tht describe actions (Changes of viewpoint :thisand that 91 ime, place, person Unit 17 Articles 95 Definite article 95 1 classes rational grovps other groups unique objec tes s ochertces, muse insiamentempbatic use seopephicl names « lace names. most and the mot, importance of context Indefinite article 97 jobs, messring. unknown people Zeroarticle 97 scams, sigue orgoistons tees Translation problems 97 ‘problems mith wc ofthe orice Unit 18 Relative/nonfinite clauses 101 Definingand non-detining 101 + defining. non-detnios Whichand that 101 «which indefn hich after prepositions. tha instead of obo Whoand whom 101 ‘# formal use of whan, whom after prepositions Whose 102 sofshom When and where 102 ‘snon-detining. defining Isesen chic ia non-detining clases.Advanced Language Practice ‘Omitting the relative 102 sin defining object clauses, sentences ending ina prsporition or phrasal vein defining causes Omitting which/who+ be 102 the only one, the firs one, the lst cre Words referring to previous clause 102 + tohich at which time/pois, inwhich ease, by which time in which event Clauses beginning with what and whatever 102 ‘meaning the thing or things which + whnever, whichever, whoever Non-finite clauses containing an ing form 103, «esions happening atthe same time ‘sacsions happening one aftr the other ‘san event which isthe result of another event ‘shortening passive constructions Unit 19 Verbs followed by ~ingor infinitive 107 ‘Verbs followed by either -ing or infinitive with 0 107 «can'tbear, hae like, love, preferatiempr begin, continue, intend, «forget and remember, try, 0.07, meen, regret 0p, hear, see ad watch Verbs with an object, followed by either -ing or infinitive with to 108 admis llow, ee, consider, imseine, require Verbs normally followed by infinitive withto 109 ss agree ete Verbs normally followed by -ing 109 Verbs followed by infinitive without to 110 abel, mae, et ‘Verbs followed by an objectandto 110 sadoize, te dare Unit 20 PROGRESS TEST 114 Unit 24. Verbs followed by prepositions 119 Verbs followed by: in, for, of, with, from, on, against, about, out a, 0 Unit 22 Prepositions following adjectives, and in prepositional phrases 125 Following adjectives: of, about, with, at, on, c, by, for, in, from 125 Following nouns: on, to, over, with for 125 Expressions beginning: in, with at, on, beyond, dy, for, out of, under, without, within, after 126 ‘Unit 23 Phrasal verbs 1 130 Add up to getup to Unit 26 Phrasal verbs 2.136 Giveatedy toput up with Unit 25 Phrasal verbs 3.142 Rip offtowork out Unit 26 PROGRESS TEST 147 Unit 27 Text features 1 152 Reference words 152 = this, that, ie each Text organisers 152 ‘adding apoine ‘logical relations Collocations 153 Problems with plurals 153 sews, means, adjectival phrases Unit 28 Text features 2 157 Organisers 157 «following pois related phases Modifying words and phrases 157 ‘intensifying poiny giving an opinion, ‘modifying an opinion, making ssertions, giving ‘examples linking cause and effet, summarising, har seaning’the one’ Unit 29 Text features 3. 162 Wordscommonly mis-spelled 162 «problem worde, US English and GBEnglish spelling «+ words with similar peling but different meanings + words with hesame pronunciation butdifferent spelling and meaning Punctuation 163 apostrophes «coloasand semicolons Unit 30 PROGRESS TEST 168Vocabulary 4 Leisure Activities 173 2 Traveland Movement 176 3 News Events 179 4 Places 183 5 Mediaand Advertising 186 6 TheNatural World 189 7 Education and Work 192 8 Business and Money 196 9 Peopleand Relationships 199 10 Social Problems 203 11 Arsand Entertainment 206 12 Government and Society 209 43 Healthand the Body 213, 14 World Issues 216 15 Thinking and Feeling 220 16 Technology 224 17 Quality and Quantity 227 18 Word Formation 1 230 «swords with more than one meaning, word formation, prefixes adverbs, suixes, compound words 19 Word Formation 232 «+ suffixes, word formation, suffixes, compound words 20 Word Formation3 255 + words easily confused, word formation, suffixes, compound words Contents Words and Phrases 1 Expressions with come, idioms based on band, wood and metal, prefix un-, verbs of movement, expressions with in 238 2 Expressions with get, idioms, expressions with see, colour idioms, suffix fl, expressions with out 240 3 Expressions with on, expressions with o» expressions with break, sounds, words with more than one meaning, words connected with memory 243 4 Formality, compound words, expressions with no, words connected with people, expressions with make, expressions with bead 265 5 Size, headline language, body movements, suffixes expressions with once, expressions with ar 248 6 Expressions with set, places, words with more than. ‘one meaning, speaking, expressions with within, adjective suffix ing 250 7 Expressions with by, adjective-noun collocations, expressions with have, verbs of seeing, idioms with parts of the body, expressions with do 233 8 Collocations of nouns linked with of, expressions ‘with from, expressions with bring, feelings, prefix, wel, size 255 9 Adverbs, time expressions, expressions with give, modifiers, words with more than one meaning, bt 257 10 Expressions with pat, expressions with ru, prefix sunder-, names, expressions with call, mukti-word verbs with up 260 Index 263Advanced Language Practice introduction Tus BOOK designed to revise and consolidate grammar points at the level of the CAE and Proficiency examinations. As many advanced learners find the wse of vocabulary the most challenging feature of advanced study, the book includes practice with many important lexical features, as well as with topic vocabulary, and with the organization of texts, ‘The grammar section includes both basic revision and more advanced points.There are also sections on spelling and punctuation. Units on phrasal verbs, prepositions and text features are also included. The grammatical information provided can be used for reference when needed, or worked through systematically. The vocabulary section includes focus on topic vocabulary, on collocations and on idiomatic phrases. This section also recycles work on prepositions, particles and phrasal verbs. This book can be used as a self-study reference grammar and practice book ‘oras supplementary material in classes preparing for either the CAE or Proficiency examinations. Ifused for classwork, activities ean be done individually or co-operatively in pairs or small groups, ‘There are regular progress tests which include forms of testing commonly used in both CAE and Proficiency. The materials cover a range of difficulty appropriate to both examinations.Basic contrasts: present simple and present continuous State verbs and event (action or dynamic) verbs Unit 1 Tense consolidation: present time Explanations 1 Present simple generally refers to: Facts that are always true Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. Habits British people drink a lot of tea. States I don’t like gangster films. 2. Present continuous (progressive) generally refers to actions which are in progress at the moment. These can be temporary: Dm staying in a hotel until [find a flat. They can be acrually in progress: The dog issleeping on our bed! Orthey canbe generally in progeess but notactually happeningat the moment: P’mlearning to drive. 1. State verbs describe a continuing state, so do not usually have avontinuous form. Typical examples are: believe, belong, consist, contain, doubt, fit, have, know, like, love, matter, mean, own, prefer, understand, seem, suppose, suspect, want, wish 2. Some verbs have a stative meaning and a differentactive meaning, “Typical examples are: be, depend, feel, have, measure, se, taste, tink, weigh Compare these uses: State Event Jack is noisy. Jillis being noisy. Deirdre has a Porsche. ‘Weare having an interesting conversation! I think Like you! David is thinking about getting a new job. This fish tastes arofull 1 am just tasting the soup. Tfeel thatyouare wrong. am feeling terrible. This bag weighs a ton! We are weighing the baby. Iedependswhat-you mean. 1 am depending on you. ‘The differences in 2 apply to all tenses, not just to present tenses.Advanced Language Practice Otheruses of 1 Temporary or repeated actions present ‘This use emphasises a temporary or repeated habitual action, continuous My car has broken down, so Lam walking 10 work these days. Are-you enjoying your stay here? 2 Complaints about bad habits You are always complaining about my cooking! Other possible adverbs are: constantly, continually, forever 3. With verbs describing change and development ~ Things are getting worse! More and more people are giving up smoking Other uses of 1 Making declarations present simple Verbs describing opinions and feelings tend to be state verbs. I bope you'll come to my party. [bet you don’t know the anscoer! 2 Headlines ‘These are written in a ‘telegram’ style, and references to che past are usvally simplified to present simple. Ship sinks in midnight collision 3. Instructions and itineraries Instructions and recipes can be written in present simple instead of in imperative forms. This style is more personal. First you roll out the pastry. Itineraries are descriptions of travel arrangements. On day three we visit Stratford-upon-Avon. 4 Summaries of events Plots of stories, films et, and summaries of historical events use present (and present perfect) tenses. May 1945: The warn Europe comesto an end. «At the end of the play both families realise that their hatred had caused the deaths of the lovers... 5 Historic present in narrative and “funny stories’ Ininformal speech, it is possible to use the ‘historic ‘Present’ to describe past events, especially to make the narration seem more immediate and dramatic. - Sothen the second man asks the frst one why he has a banana in is ear and the first one says...a Choose the most appropriate words underlined. 2 Choose the most suitable word or phraseto complete each sentence. Unit 1 Tense consolidation: present time Activities a) Thaven’t decided yet about whether to buy anew car ora second-hand one. ») Alleight you what you're doing! _ ©) Every year Lvisit/I’mvisiting Britain to improve my English. €) Iestime we sumed on the central besig-Igsteting ) Whacthe ater? Why da yo lla you leaking at melietha? 2) Thefilm of War and Peace is very long. Icasts/Iris lasting over four hours. 5) Teansee from what you-say that Yourtmomningsare very busy! Burwhat do you do/are you doing in the afternoons? ’) T'm goingto buy a new swimming costume. My old one doesn’tfit/isn't fitting any more. j). That nyustae che end ofthe frst part ofthe performance, What happens wwii a) Wharexactly..B A)isthisjb involving») does this job involve b) Who exactly 2 )does own thiscar 3) does this car belong to .. that we have been here for six months already! A)Doyourealise 8) Are you realising 4) Pd like to stay longer. Bu just for the weekend. a)Icome B)F'vecome ©) Terry isin bed. He a)has_ )ishaving £) This new teaching job is really difficult, but. a)Isurvive 3) ’msurviving g) Whar, onthat notice? a)doesit write B)doesitsay h) Ladies and gentlemen, a)name 3)amnaming i) Absolutely! I... with you completely. A)agree _B)amagrecing ..this car. Do you want to buy it? a)Isell__3)I’mselling ° flu. his ship HMS Highlight. idAdvanced Language Practice 3 Put each verb in brackets into the most suitable present tense, 4 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so thar the meaning stays the same. 5 Puteach verb in brackets into the most suitable Presenttense, a) Tear (hear)that you have beer promoted. Congratulations! b) British people (drink) more and more wine, apparently. ©) hope Sarah will be here soon. I (depend) on her. 4) Please be quiet! You (continually interrupt). 6) Hey, you! What women (YOu think) you're doing? 1) Could you come here please: . (want) to talk to you now. 8) Janeis away on holiday so Linda . (handie) her work. h) To behonest, (doubr) whether Jim will be here next week. i) You've only just started the job, haven’t you? How .. ~(you get on)? 3) Pay noattention to Graham. He.. _- (just be) sarcastic again, a) What's your opinion of Ted’s new book? Whatdo you think of Ted’s new bovk? b) Nigel keeps interrupting me. Nigelis.. ©) Whatis the meaning of this word? What does.. How d scene £) Whatis the weight of that piece of meat? How much .. : g) Never mind about the price, just buy it! The price... h) There's a smell of onions in this room. This room... i) Whatisinside the box? Iwork ina large office with about thirty other people, most of whom I (1)...10@,... know) quite well. We (2 (spend) most of the day together, so we have all become friends. In fact, most of my colleagues are so interesting, that I (3) (think) of writing a book about them! a (take) Helen Watson, for example, Helen (3)... (run) the accounts department. At the moment she (6) (go out) with Keith Ballantine, one of the sales representatives, and they (7) snow (Seem) very happy together. But everyone (except Helen apparently) (8) (know) that Keith (9) {always make) eyes at Susan Porter. But I(10). (happen) to know that Susan (11)... (dislike) Keith. ‘Icaa’t stand people ‘who (12) (apologise) all the time!” she told me. ‘And besides, [know he (13) (deceive) poor Helen. He (14) (ee) Betty Wills from the overseas department.’ And plenty of other interesting things (15) vescuu 46 Rewriteéach ‘sentence so that it contains the Sword in capitals, and so the ‘meaning stays the same. 7 Choose the most suitable word or phrase underlined. Unit 1 Tense consolidatio (goon) For instance, every week money (16) petty cash box. When you (17) (realise) that someone in your office is a thief, it (18) .ounnon (upset) youat first. But I (19) «(also try) to catch whoever itis before the police are called in. I’m not going to tell you who I (disappear) from the 20) (suspect). Well, not yet anyway! 9) Charles anise arena. LOOKS b) The cost of excursions is part of the price ofthe holiday. INCLUDES ©) Ifind working here really enjoyable. —~—~S*S*S*S*S*C~RNNSOYINGG 4) Tstudy hard, so 1 spend a lot of time in MEANS @) What's your opinion of Wendy's new painting? THINK £) Sunrise is at 430 tomorrow moming, THESUN 2) What’ on your mind atthe moment? ABOUT h) Neilhas che bad habit of getting in people’s way. ALWAYS i) Tamlosing my voice. “GOING j) Howlongis that wall? DOES a) Iwork in this office all ae vel i z b) Are you studying French, Lf went? ©) Tamnot making much money these days/so far this year. 4) The food tastes worse now/usually. You've pat too much salt in. ) We normally/forever get in touch with customers by post. ) Pete was ill bucheis getting over his illness currently/now. g) I'mfeeling rather run down lately/at present, doctor. h) Lalways stay on duty since/until six o'clock. 4) People continually/traditionally prepare coloured eggs at Easter. j) Fortunately the baby now /recently sleeps all night.Advanced Language Practice 8 Identify any possible errors in these sentences, and correct them necessary. a) Pm depending on you, so don’t make any mistakes! (no errors) b) Is this total including the new students? c) Excuse me, butdo you wait for someone? 4) These potatoes are tasting abit funny. ©) How are you feeling today? ) Took forward to hearing from you g) Thave a feeling that something goes wrong, h) What's that you're eating? i) Are you hearing anything from Wendy these days? }) Tthink you're being rather mean about this.Basic contrasts: will, going to, present continuous Future continuous Unit 2 Tense consolidation: future time Explanations 1. Will is normally known as the predictive future, and describes known facts, or what we suppose is true. Tillbe late home this evening. The company will make a profit next year. This can also take the form of an assumption: That'll be Jim at the door. ‘This means that I suppose tis Jim. 2 Willis also used to express an immediate decision: Pilltake thisone. Decisions expressed with going to refer to a more distant point in the future. Other uses of will and shall are in Units 11 and 12. 3. Be going to describes intentions or plans. Acthe moment of speaking the plans have already been made. Tm going to wait here until Carol gets back. Going to is also used to describe an event whose cause is present or evident. Look at that tree! It’s going to fall. Decisions expressed with going to refer to 2 more distant point in the fucure, Other uses of will and shall are in Units 11 and 12. 4. Present continuous describes fixed arrangements, especially social and travel arrangements. A time reference is usually included. 5. Contrasts between going to and will may bea matter of speaker preference. The first wo examples in 1 would not seer inappropriate if going to was used, possibly because the sense ofthe cause is present in the speaker’s mind. 1 This describes an event which will be happening ata future point. ‘Come round in the morning. I'ilbe painting the kitchen. 2 Itcan also describe events which are going to happen anyway, rather than events which we choose to make happen. I won’ bother to fica time to see you, because I'l be calling into the office anyway several times next week.eee ae 3. Insome contexts future continuous also sounds more polite than will. Will you be going tothe shops later? If you go, could you get me some potatoes? 4 Iecan also be used to refer to fixed arrangements and plans. The band will be performing live in Paris this summen Furureperfect. 1 Thishas both simple and continuous forms, and refers to time which we look back at from a future point. In two years’ time I'll have finished this book. By the end of the month, I'll bave been working for this firm for a year. 2_ It can also be used to express an assumption on the part of the speaker. You won't have heard the news, of course. ‘This means that [assume you have not heard the news. Otherwaysof 1. ‘Is/aretobe referring to the This is used to describe formal arrangements. furure All students are to assemble in the hall at 9.00. See also Units 11 and 12 for uses expressing obligation. 2. Beabout to, be on the point of, be dueto Be about o and be on she point of both refer to the next moment. [think the play is about to start now. Mary is on the point of resigning. Be due to refers to scheduled times. The play is due to start in five minutes. Ann’s flight is due at 6.20. 3. Present simple and present perfect Present simple is used to refer to future time in future time clauses. When we get there, we'll have dinner. Present perfect can also be used instead of present simple when the completion of the event is emphasised. When we've bad a rest, we'll go out. 4 Present simpleis also used to describe fixed events which are not simply the wishes of the speaker. Tora retires in three years Similarly, calendar references use the present simple Christmas ison a Tuesday next year Ie'sall go~nexz week [have my operation; then the week after that Igo on holiday.‘Other future references 1 ‘Choose the most appropriate words underlined. 2 Putthe verb in brackets intoa suitable tense Unit 2 Tense consolidation: future time 1 Hope “This can be followed by either present or future tenses. Thope it doesn't rain. Thope it won't rain. 2° Other verbs followed by wil. Most verbs of thinking can be followed by will if there is future reference. ‘These include: think, believe, expect, dowbt. Texpect the train will be late. I doubt whether United will win. 3 Justijust about 0 “Just can be used to describe something on the poiat of happening Hurry up! The train is just eaving/just about to leave. 4 Shall The use of shall for first person in future reference is generally considered to be restricted in British English and possibly declining in use. See Unies 11 and 12 for uses in expressing obligation. For some speakers, shall is used in formal speech and in written language. Activities “This section also includes time phrases used in expressing furure time, a) Jack is/is going to be sixty- five next month so he. retires/vil] be retirings 'b) Quick, here comes a police car! What will Jare we going to say about the broken window? c) Helen and Andrew are due to separate/are on the point of separating. 4) Don’t beso impatient! [ll just come/T'm just.coming. @) Thave to be back at 3.30 so I’m leaving/eave before lunch, £) What do you think you'll be doing/ you'll do in five years’ time? g) Come on, get a move on, or we'll miss/we’|l have missed the plane! wu be working/Will you work the week after Christmas? I was thinking of visiting you. i) By the time Jean gets back, i'll be/it will have been too late. j) Don'tphone after 11.00. Pll be/T'Il have been asleep. 2) Inewenty four hours’ tim b) ‘There’s someone at the door. ‘That. (be) the postman.” 1g (I relax) on my yacht. ©) By the time you get back Harry... sn (leave). @) I’sonlya shore tri (be) back in an hour. e) What... (you do) this Saturday evening? Would you like to go out? f) By the end of the week we. decide) what to do.dvanced Language Practice 3 Choose the most appropriate continuation for each sentence. 4 Complete each sentence with a suitable word or phrase referring to future time, g) Ie. bh) [’ve pressed the red button. Now what i) Wes very hotin here, Lthink Lorem (aint). i) Whar. {you give) Ann for her birthday? Have you decided yet? - (aot be) long before Doctor Smith is here. se (Edo)? a) Paula’sflightis bound to be lave although A)itarrives 6.00. 8) i's due at 6.00. C) it’s arriving at six b) [e's no use phoning Bob at the office, he ) will be leaving. 8) is leaving. c) will have left. ©) Everyone says that this vear City a)are goingto win the Cup. n) are winning the Cup. ¢) win the Cup. 4) Idon’t feel like visiting my relatives this year so A)Iwon'tgo. 8) [’mnot going. ¢)Idon’t go. ¢) According to the latest forecast, the tunnel A)will be finished next year. 8) will have been finished next year. C)is finishing next year ) You can borrow this calculator, I a) am not going to need it. 2) won'thave been needingit. c)amnotneedingit. 8) I’msorry dinner isn’t ready yet, butit 4) is going to be seady ina minute. 8) will have been ready in aminute. c) will be ready in a minute. 'h) Can you send me the results as soonas you A)hear anything? ) are hearing anything? c) will have heard anything? i) You can try asking Martin for help but A) itwon’tdo you any good. 3)i’s not doing you any good. C)it won't be doing you any good, i) Don’t worry about the mistake you made, nobody A)will notice, 8)is noticing, ©) will be noticing. a) By thistime next year, the government b) Wait forme here until c) Weareon. 4) Noonecan predict what Carol is. ) Thistime next week I. : on the beach! f) Are. on Wednesday evening? I've gor tickets for the match. 8) F'velost the key! How... we getin now? : - back. clinching the deal. next. 105 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays thesame. 6 Choose the most appropriate word or phrase underlined. Unit2 Tense consolidation: future time h) Iwon’t belong. I just. i) Weonly posted the invitations yesterday so you j) Goodbye fornow.1.. i my hair, received yours yet intouch with youlaterinthe week. a) Idon’esuppose you have heard the news. Youwor't b) The Prime ‘The Prime Minister believes that ©) Anew manager will take Mr Brown’s place in the new year, MrBrownis : 4) Pvebeen in this company for three years, come the end of the month. By the end of the month .. ¢) Why don’t you cometo seeus during lunch? ‘Why don’t you come to see us when we f) What exacily do you intend to do? What exactly are you .. g) The arrival of the train has been delayed, I'm af ‘The train will .... h) Let's leave atthe end of the next lecture. Assoon as 4) There will bea team members’ meeting tomorrow, The team members .. j) This book will take me two years to write. Intwo years’ time... a) Fllbe back aftera few b) ’msure that everything will be all right atthe endJin the end. c) Please call me the moment/exactly when you hear any news. d) I should be back by the time/at the time the film begins, ©) Pmsure Fiona will be here before long/aftera while. 8) Iean’tleave on Tuesday. I won’tbe ready until hen/by then. ) Byxwenty four hours/this rime tomorrow I'll bein Bangkok. h) Diana willbe retiring soon/already. 4) There will be no official announcements forchwith/from now on. j) Bye for now. P'llsee you intwo weeks’ time/two weeks later. u7 Rewritecach sentence so that it contains the word in capitals. Do not change the word in any way. 8 Decide whether the pairs of sentences a} and b)could be equally acceptable inthe context given, or whether oneis more appropriate. a) Whattimeis the train for ‘Nottingham? LEAVE What time does th vottingham b) What do you intend to do now? GOING ) You'll find me waiting outside the station, BE 4) Who wil be your assistant on this projec WORKING ¢) Scientists arc on the point of malcing a vital breakthrough. ABOUT £) Mariais pregnantagain, HAVE 8) Tilbehome late. See ONT h) Noone knows who is going to win the march. "WHAT i) Davidis bound to be hereon WON'T j) Mary and Alan's wedding is next weekend, MARRIED a) You can’t leave early, 8) we're having a meeting, 8) we're going to havea meeting (both acceptable, but A more appropriate) b) We'verun our of fuel. A) What are we doing now? 2) Whatare we going to do now? c) Ohdear, P've broken the vase, 4) What will your mother say? 8) What is your mother going to say? 4) According to the weather forecast, 4) it'll rain tomorrow. 8) it’s going to rain tomorrow. 2Unit 2 Tense consolidation: future time ¢) I'd like to call round and see you. 4) What'll you be doing in the morning? ) What are you doing in the morning? £) ve got nothing to do tomorrow so A) ll getup late. ) P'm going to getup late. g) It’s my eighteenth birthday next month so A) Pmbavinga party. 3) Pll be having party. h) Why don’t you come with us? a) Tellbea great trip. 3) [es going to bea great trip. §) When you getto the airport ‘a) someone will wait for you 8) someone will be waiting for you. j) Shutup, will you! ‘s) I'm getting angry in aminute. 8) I'm goingto get angry ina minute. BBasic contrasts: past simple and past continuous Past perfect simple and continuous Unit 3 Tense consolidation: past time Explanations 1 Past simple generally refers to: Completed actions I got up, switched off the radio, and sat down again. Habits Every day I went to the park. States Inthose days, I didn’tlike reading 2. Past continuous (progressive) generally refers to: Actions in progress (often interrupted by events) I was drinking my coffee at the time. While I was opening the letter, the phone rang. Background description in narrative J entered the office and looked around. Most people were working at their desks, but Jane was staring out the window and pretending to write something at the same time, Changing states The car was getting worse all the time, One of the headlights was gradually falling off, and the engine was making more and more funny noises, Repeated actions ~criticism With a frequency adverb, this use is similar to the use of present continuous to express annoyance. When Jane was at school, she was always losing things. 3 Past continuous is not used to describe general habitual actions, without the sense of criticism mentioned above. Past simple is used for this meaning. When I lived in London, I walked chrough the park every day. 1 Past perfect tenses in general referto: An eventin the past which happens before another event in the past, where there is no time expression to make this cles. By the time I got to the station, the train bad lefe. Compare this with: The train left five minutes before I got to the station. In this example, the sequence of events is made clear by before. 4Used to and would Unfulfilled past events Unit 3 Tense consolidatio 2. Past perfect continuous (progressive). ‘The contrasts between past simple and past continuous can be made in past perfect tenses for events further back in the past. Thad been living ina bed-sitter up 0 then. While I bad been talking on the phone, Jimmy bad escaped. The whole place was deserted, but it was obvious that someone bad been living there. They'd been cooking in the kitchen fora start, and they hadn't bothered to clear up the mess 3. Past perfects also common in indirect speech. See Unit 16. 4. Past perfects not used simply to describe an event in the distant past. “There must be another past event, less far away inthe past, with which it contrasts. 1 Usedto This often contrasts with the present. The contrast may be stated or understood. used to go swimming a lot (but I don’t now). The negative form is ether: 1 didn’t use to or I used not to (rare for some speakers) ‘The form I didn’t used to may also be found. This is usually considered incorrect, unless we consider used 10 as an unchanging semi-modal form. Theres no present time reference possible. 2 Would “Thisis used to describe repeated actions, not states. It describes 2 habitual activity which was typical of a person. Every week he'd buy his mother « bunch of flowers. Used to would also be possible here. Compare: Tused to like cowboy films. Would is not possible here. Would is more common in written language and often occurs in reminiscences. 1. These describe events intended to take place, but which did not happen. ‘Twas going to phone you, but I forgot. Twas thinking of going to Italy this year, but I haven't decided. Tewas about to do it, but I started doing something else Jack was to have taken part, but he fell ill. 2. Thecontrasting past eventis often understood. How are you? Iwas going to phone you... (but I didn't). 15Advanced Language Practice a ‘Choose the most suitable words underlined. 2 Pureach verbin brackets into a suitable tense. All sentences refer to pastime. 3. Polite forms Theseare common with wonder. I was wondering if you wanted to come to the cinema. See Units 11 and 12 for comment on this. 4 Contrasts with present perfect tenses See Unit 4 for contrasts between past simple and present perfect tenses. Past tenses are also used to express unreal time. See Units 8 and 9. Activities a) When you passed the town hall clock, did you notice/were you noticing what time it was? b) Last night my neighbours were shouting/would shour for hours and I couldn’t get to sleep. ©) When you lived in London, di 0 ing by bus? 4) Everyone was having a good time, although not many people danced/were ¢) ~Excuse me, but this seatis mine. -I'm sorry, I didn’t realise/hadn’c realised that you were sitting here. £) Jilldida’s eat/hadn’t eaten all day, so she was really hungry at this point. g) ~Paul has forgotten to book the tickets I’m afraid, — He was always doing/would do something like that! h) Ietook a while for me to notice, but then I did. Everyone stared/svas staring atme, What had I done wrong? i) Nobody bothered to tell me that the school decided/had decided to havea special holiday that Friday. j) Twastrying/tried to getin touch with youall day yesterday. Where were you? Suggest alternative tenses if necessary where the past perfect or another tense might be possible. a) I realised that someone (steal) my wallet when Ie (feel) their hand in my jacket pocket. b) Wher. (phone) Helen last night she. (wash) her hair and she. ‘at finish) when I finally . {get to) her house. ) Peter (drinkjenough. (offer) me another drink but I decided I. 163 Decide whether thetense underlinedis suitable or notin the context given If you decideicis unsuitable, write acorrection. Unit 3 Tense consolidation: past time 8) NobOdY snnonenpnee (Wate), 50 the little Boy - (take) the packet of sweets from the shelf and .......--~ (Put)it in his pocket. e) I. ...(not realise) that we (leave) my umbrella on the bus until f) Atschool (always pick) on me. g) Wherever Marion. (start) to rai (dislike) the maths teacher because he . (find) a job, there was someone who is (know) that she (30) to prison. h) Tewas only much later I. find out) that during (write) to my penfriend, my mothe reading the replies! i 1. (not understand) what ..:uu-n-(g0 On) Several people _ (shout) at me, and one. (wave) a newspaper in front (know) 1 receive) the official (do) well in my exams even before I sults. 2) Thetrain (1) ground to a halt ata small station miles from London, and it (2) became apparent thas the engine (3) had broken down, Everyone (4) m1 ‘getting their cases down fromthe luggage racks, and-we (5) were waiting on the platform ia the freezing wind for hours until the next train (6) had waned up. b) The other strange thing about our neighbour Mrs Black was that she (1) would never go our if it was raining. She (2) used co look up at the sky whenever (3) it was getting cloudy, and as soon as even the smallest drop of sain (4) was falling she (5) had scuttled back into her house and (6) was, locking herself in herbed: oom! 1) (saitable), 4). D.. 5) 3). 6). 6) Inspector Gorse (1) was in touch with Thames Valley Police six months before Professor Dowson (2) was disappearing, because the Professor's wife Jean (3) ould write to him, accusing her husband of plotting to murder her. ‘And now it was the Professor who (4) disappeared. Gorse (5) considered ‘what his next step should be when the phone rang, It was Sergeant Adams from Thames Valley. A fisherman (6) discovered a body in the Thames near Reading, and itfitved the description of the Professor. 1) (ba v7Advanced Language Practice 4 Puteach verb in brackets into a suitable past tense. Only use the past perfect where thisis absolutely necessary. In gach sentence decide whether one or buih of the alternative tenses givenare appropriate. 6 Rewrite each sentence so thatit contains the ‘word or words in capitals. Do not change the words inany way, This time last year I ( cling (cycle) in the rain along a country road in France with a friend o| @) (decide) to go ona cycling holiday in Normandy, Neither of us (3) (go) to France before, but we (4). (know) some French from our time at school and we 6 (manage) to brush up on the basics. Now we (6) . (wonder) if we (?) ~~» (make) the right decision. We (8). (plan) our route carefully in advance, but we (9) (forget) one important thing, the weather, (0) (ain) solidly since our arrival and that night we (11) fend up) sleeping in the waiting room ata railway station. Then the next morning a5 We (12) nrumenenuen (tide) down & steep hill my bike (13) (skid) on the wet road and I (14) (fall off). 1(15) - (realise) immediately that I (16) vameumnn (break) my arm, and aftera visit to the local hospital 1(7).. (catch) the next train to Calais for the ferry home, Unfortunately my parents (18) (notexpect) me home for a fortnight, and (1 « (go) away on holiday. $0 1(20) nnn (Spend) a miserable couple of weeks alone, reading Teach Yourself French, a) Inthose days, Lalways used to get up/gorup carly in the morning, (both appropriate) b) When I gotto the cinema Jack had been waiting/was waiting for me. : wid slways have/ were always having breakfast in bed on Sundays. 4) Mary was always falling/always fell! bafvic inapin ian cadmiinaic ©) My sister used to own/would own a motorcycle and sidecar. £) Pay no attention to Dave's remarks. He wasn’t meaning/didn’t mean it g) Ifele awful after lunch. !ase/had eaten too much. +h) Brenda left/had left before I had time to talk to her. i) The explanation was simple. In 1781 HMS Sovereign on her way India had sighted/sighted an empty boi dvifting ott the African coast. ck fro j) Pauline has changed alot. She didn’salways us i/wvasn’talways looking like that. a) Lintended to call you yesterday, but I forgot. GOING day, but | foreor. b) We used to spend Sunday afternoons working inthe garden. WOULD ©) Paul had the irritating habit of making trouble. ALWAYS 187 Choose the most appropriate time expression underlined. 8 Puteach verb in brackets intoa svitable past tense. Only use the past perfect where this is absolutely necessary. Unit 3 Tense consolidation: past time 4) Diana wasn't alwaysas rude as that. BE e) Ifelt happy about the improvementin Jean's condition, BETTER f) Iwasn'tvery keen onsportinthosedays. USE g) Imight possibly goto thetheatretonigh. SS WAS. h) Thad to go past your house sol decided todropin. PASSING i) Susan booked out before we gottoherhotel. Ss BY THETIME j) Whacdid you do ache moment of the explosion? WHEN a) Oned/ Afterwards I’d read the manual, [found I could use the computer quite well. b) fewas more than a month before/until I realised what had happened, €) I managed to alk to Carol just as/while she was leaving, 4) Iewasn’t until/up to 1983 that Nigel could afford to take holidays abroad. €) George always let me know by the time/whenever he was going to be late. ) Iwas having a bath arherime/that sime, so I didn’t hear the doorbell. g) We bought our tickets and five minutes after/later the train arrived. h) According to Grandpa, people used to dress formally those days/in his day. i) Everyone was talking but stopped atthe time/the moment Mr Smith entered the room. j) The letter still hadn’t arrived by/until the end of the week. Harry went back to the camp the following morning, but itwas in some confusion. Soldiers (1) dering (wander) around carrying equipment {from one place to another, but there (2) (not scem) to be any purpose towhat they (3) . (do). Harry (4). w~ (never be) in an army camp before, but it (5). (not take) genius to realise that most of the officers (6) - (take) the first opportunity to abandon the men and head for safety. He(7).. (cry) to phone the newspaper, but something (8). (happen) to the telephone lines. He (9) .. (try) to find cout what exactly (10)... (go on), when the frst plane (11) (Aly) low over the camp. A wooden building few hundred yards away suddenly (32) (disappear) in an explosion of flame. Before long bombs (explode) all around him, and then everything (14) (go) quiet. The planes (15) (vanish) as suddenly as they (16) {appeat). Smoke (17) rise) from burning buildings. A dead man (18 lic) next to Harry, the first dead person he (19) {ever see). And suddenly it (20). (begin) to rain. 19Presentperfect simple Present perfect continuous Unit 4 Tense consolidation: present perfect Explanations 1. Present perfect simple refers to: Recent events, withouta defini indicated by just. We've missed the suming, Pve just seena ghost! Indefinite events, which happened at an unknown time in the past. No definite times given. Jim has bad three car accidents, (up tothe present) Indefinite events which may have an obvious result in the present I've twisted my ankle. (that’s why I’m limping) With state verbs, a state which lasts up to the present. P've lived here for the past ten years. A habitual action in a period of time up to the present T've been jogging every morning far the last month. time given. The recentness may be 2 Contrasts with past simple Past simple is used with time expressions which refer to definite times. The time may be stated or understood. Compare: Tee bought a new car. (indefinite) I bought a new car last week. (definite) Though the car afterall. (implied definite: the car ce talked about) Choice between past simple and present perfect for recent events may depend on the meatal attitude of the speaker. This in turn may depend on whether the speaker feels distant in time or place from the event T've left my walter in the car I’m going back to gett. Here the speaker may be about to return, and feels that the event is connected with the present. Lleft my wallet inthe car. I'm going back to get it. Here the speaker may feel separated in time from the event, orbe further away. 1 Present perfect continuous (progressive) can refer toa range of meanings, depending on the time expression used and the context. A state which lasts up to the present moment I've been waiting for you for three hours! Anincomplete activity Dee been cleaning the house but I still haven't finished. ‘To emphasise duration I’ve been writing letters all morning. 20Time expressions with present perfect a ‘Choose the most appropriate tense underlined. Unit 4 Tense consolidation: present perfect Arecently finished activity T've been running, That's why [look hor. Arrepeated activity Tue been taking French lessons this year. 2. Contrasts with present perfect simple “There may be little contrast when some state verbs are used. How long have you lived here? How long have you been living here? Some verbs (especially st, lie, wait and stay) prefer the continuous form. “There may bea contrast between completion and incompletion, especially if the number of items completed is mentioned. ‘Completed: emphasis on achievement T’ve ironed five shirts this morning. Incomplete, or recently completed : emphasis on duration I've been ironing my shirts this morning. ‘Meaning with present perfect tenses is associated with certain time expressions. ‘Contrast with past simple may depend on the choice of time expression. Past simple: referring to a specific time yesterday, last week, on Sunday Present perfect sirmple: since 1968. (the beginning of a period of time) already (indefinite past) Many time expressions are not associated with specific rense. T haven't seen Helen recently. sate Jim recently, Activities a) Tean'tbelieve it, inspector. You mean that Smith srole/has stolen/fi@s bes» Sealing money from the till all this time! ) You three boys look very guilty! What did you da/have you done/have you ‘been doing since I left/have left the room? ©) Why on earch didn’tyou tell/haven’t you tald me about that loose floorboard? I stipped/bave tripped over it just now and hurt myself. 4) Iv’sa long time since I saw/have seen/have been seeing your brother Paul. ‘What did hedo/has he done/has he been doing lately? ¢) Ican’tbelieve that you ate/have eaten/have been eating three pizzas already! Tonly brought/have only brought them in fifteen minutes ago! £) Don’t forget that you didn’t see/haven’tseen Mrs Dawson. She has waited/has been waiting outside since 10.30. ) What did you think/have you thought of Brighton? Did you stay/Have you stayed there long? 1h) [feel really tired. I weeded/have weeded/have been weeding the garden for the last three hours and I didn’t rest/haven’ rested for a single moment. a1Advanced Language Practice 2 Pureach verb in brackets into the most appropriate perfect or past tense. 3 Complete each sentence a) to) with an appropriate ending from 1) to 10).onotuse anending more than once. i) P'mhaving problemis with David, He has called/has been calling me up in the middle of the night and told/telling me his troubles. i) How longdid you have/haveyou had/haveyou been having driving lessons? And did youtake/havevoutaken/hav. aking your test yet? (not come) t0 clas lately. b) Sofar we --(not notice) anything unusual, but we... (not pay) very close attention. ) Iwonderif Mary laceto catch the bus, 4d) Hereis the news. The Home Office - (announce) that the two prisoners who... escape) from Dartmoor prison earlier this morning give themselves up) to local police. 2) (youmakeup) your minds? What §) Harry (leave) home rather suddenly and we . hear) from him since. g) Recent research su (show) that Columbus... {not discover) America, bur that Vikings... ..(land) there five hundred years before him. h) I think that people... (become) tired of the poor quality of television programmes, though they s.rurnanwne (improve) lately. (something happen) to the lines? I. (ery) to get through to Glasgow for the past hour. .. (reach) home yet? She - (leave) too (youdecide)to do? (not j) Bill. (get) that new job, buth --(complain) aboutit eversince. a) Thaven'tbeen feeling very well...5 1) ime and time again. b) Iwent to the dentis’s ¢) P'velived here. 4) Don’t worry. Ihaven’tbeen waiting ©) Pee writven two pages.. ) Iwaited outside your house g) I’ve warned you about this. h) Ihaven’t made decision . i) The repairworked j) T'vedecided to believe you all my life. ~. soar. ..for the time being, forthe pasthouror wo. et. ilt half past eight. fora while, 10) 24 Rewrite each sentence, beginning es, shown, so that the meaning stays thesame. 5 Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word in capitals, and so that the meaning stays the same. Unit 4 Tense consolidation: present perfect 2) Itsalong time since [last went to a football match. Thaven’ bb) Thisis my second visit to Hungary. ‘This is the second time ©) Ipaid this bill earlies, actually. Actually Pve 4) Wehaven’tbeen swimming for ages. Ivs ages ©) Mary started learning Brench five years ago. Mary has . £) Lamon the tenth page of the letter Iam writing Sofarl.. 8) After arrived here, I started to feel betres. Since arriving here, . h) Ics over twenty years since we got married. Wehave eae 4) The last time I saw Dick was in 1985. Thaven't . j) There is a definite improvementin your worl Lately your work . 2) You have missed the beginning of the film. HAS b) Loan’t seem to stop sneezing lately. ” BEEN ©) Paulisdifferentfromwhatheusedtobe.SSS*C@zAS; 4) This has been my home for thirty years. ce HAVE ) Eating Chinese food is new tome. BEFORE i HAPPENED g) Tbought my car in 1985 and I'm still driving it. ” BEEN 1) [don’t know where my keys are, HAVE i) Sue doesn’t have her dictionary with her; it's athome. HAS }) Tony hasn't been to Paris before. “FIRST— ‘Advanced Language Practice 6 Choose the most appropriate phrase for each situation, 7 Choose the most appropriate word or phrase underlined. 8 Puteach verb in brackets into either the past simple, present perfect simple or present perfect continuous. 2) The price of petrol figs tisetifhas been rising by 15% over the past year. b) No wonder you are overweight! You have eaten/You have been eating chocolaces ail day long! c) Lveread/V’ve been reading War and Peace this morning. 2) Doesa’t this room look better? I’ve pur/T've been putting some posters up onthe wails. f) Dor them? ) Who has worn/has been wearing my scarf? h) I think chere’s something wrong with your motorbike. [r's made/It’s been making some very funny noises. i) Jack hasasked/bas been asking fora pay-rise three times this year. j) Tvebeen phoning/I’ve phoned Ann all evening, but there’s no reply. srget your pills today. Have vou taken them/Have you been taking 2) Isa long time incefwhen [ast sw you. b) P've seen Bill quite often lately/from time to time ¢) Have you spoken to the director beforehand: 2 4d) D’velivedi the same house for years/for ever. ©) T’veread the paper now/still, 4) Diana has bought a computer two years ago/since then, ) Nothing much has been happening by now/so far. h) Pve finished reading her new book at last/this evening. ’) Sue bought a CD player last week and she’s been listening to music ever since/for awhile. i) Sorry, but I haven’t gor that work finished already/yer. Ever since the day I (1) decided (decide) to move to London, (2) (worry) whether the decision (3) (tale) was the right one. AsT (+). (already sell) my houseand (5) (arrange) new job, it is too late to change my mind. However, since then I (6). hear) a Jot of negative things about living in the capital, and lately some of them ®. (begin) to bother me. (8) (grow up) ina fairly small town and (9) (spend) all of my life there. 1(10) {always want) to live in a big city and so when my company (11) (offer) mea job in their London office, I (12) . (grab) at the chance. But according to a programme! (13) (just hear) on the radio, more and more people (14) (stop) working in London recently, and alot of large companies (15) (choose) to move away from the centre. Ofcourse I (16 ell) my parents that I’m moving and they (17) friends they (19).. (20)... move was off! accept) my decision, but when I (18) (seem) rather shocked. Since then I fhope) secretly thatthe company would tell me that the (ell) my 4a Puteach verb in brackets into an appropriate rense. 2 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that themeaning stays thesame. Unit 5 Progress Test (Units 1, 2, 3, 4) Farmers, as weall (1) (know), (2) (have) a hard time of it in Britain lacely, and (3 (turn) to new ways of earning income from their land. This (4) (Gavolve) not only planting new'kinds of crops, but some strange ways of making money, the most unusual of which has gorto besheep racing. Yes, you (5) (hear) me correcely! A farmer in the West of England now (6)... (hold) sheep races on a regular basis, and during the past year over 100 000 people (7) (carn up) to watch the proceedings. ‘I (8) .. (pass) the farm on my way to the sea fora holiday,’ one punter told me, ‘and I (9). (think) I'd have look. 1 (19) _. (not believe) it was serious, to tell you the truth.’ According to a regular visitor, betting on sheep is more interesting than betting on horses. "At proper horse races everyone (11 _. (already study) the form of the horsesin advance, and there are clear favourites. But nobody (12) (heat) anything about these sheep! Most people (13) difficult to tell one from another in any case." (14) the races, and I must admit that (15 typical race, half'a dozen sheep (16) . about halfa mile. Food (17).. find) it _ (stay) t0 watch ind) itquite exciting, Ina (race) downhill over acourse of wait) for them at the other end of the track, Ioughttoaddt The sheep (18) run) surprisingly fast, although presumably they (19) (noteat) for a while just to give them some motivation. Atany rate, thecrowd around me (20) . (obviously enjoy) their day outat theraces, judgingby their happy faceéand the sense of excitement, 3) This matter is none of your business. This matter docs .. i b) This bridge will ake us three years to complete. In three years time we ) Patsy wasn’t always so unfriendly. Patsy didn't. <4) Welllbe at your house soon. Tewon't ae ©) Thaven’t seen Anne for years. Iwsyears « £) Thedog keeps stealing my socks! Thedogis a 4) After taking the pills, I began to feel much better. Since taking z bh) We'll have to leave immediately at the end of the film, The momentAdvanced Language Practice 3 Rewrite each sentence so that contains the word in capitals, and so that the meaning stays thesame, 4 Complece each sentence with an appropriate word or phrase. 5 Choose the most appropriate word orphrase. i) Harry left before we reached the hotel, By the time i) Isthere such a place as Eldorad Does ... a) When isthe train due to arvive? GET b) Ishoulda’ DousT "eehad co waicallfernoon, cette ReeN @ Togetto work on timeT have getup tego.” aeANS foday is Liz and Johns itieth wedding anniversary. FOR 9) Bytheend ofthe week Harty wos well again. Gor 8) Whose watch is thin) re BELONG < en on holiday with her sister before FIRST i) My dentists appoinaments or now Welk fay To i) Brenda had no idea of her nextmoves ” wHaT a) Can you remember what you. b) Thisiis the first jazz concert I ©) Don’t eat any more ice cream, you 4) Thave hated this place ever. ©) Thope that by the end of the month £) Sheila and Ken to each other since their quarrel last week! 8) Do... going to the cricket match tomorrow? 1h) We can’t go skiing because. enough yet. ) Penay ‘0 going on holiday, but she ended up very disappointed. i) Tbeganto recover my strength later, once I 2 g00d meal. ten years ago today? ll the decoratin, a) ; -- we getto the theatre, the play will have started. A)Assoonas _B)Until — c)By the time ) Whenever b) What's the matter? Haven't you started .. > A)already —B)yet_ by now ©) The trouble with you is that you're. a)forever —B)often_c) still D) each time 4) Can you remember what you were doing. 2 a)thetime p)usually c)every day D)arthe dime 2% A6 Puteach verb in brackets into a suitable tense, in either continuous orsimple form, according to the context 7 Puteach verb in brackets into an appropriate tense. Unit § Progress Test (Units 1,2, 3,4) ¢) Thenew school opens A)now B) at once ©)next week D)day by day £) Thaven't been feeling very Well varanimn Ajoflate 8)notlongago c) currently) by now 2) we get tothe top of this hill, we'll be all right, A)Eventually 8) Once ©)Now pv) Atthe time h) Iesages last saw a decent comedy film on television, a)that 8) ago C)since Dj when i) Idon't go swimming very much : A)nowadays B)inthosedays C)recently _) nowand again ‘we haven't managed to find what we are looking for. A)Tonow 2)Onandoff—¢)Formerly_)So far i a) Thisis my new car. What b) Who are you? ~ What do you mean? I ©) Ican’tfind the car keys. What 4) Sorry Ihaven’t fixed the plug. I. just haven’t found the time. ©) What -(youdo) on Saturdays? f) Tdon’tknow whattime we'll ext I. here g) Isupported you atthe time because (eel) that you were right. h) Peter couldn't understand what had been decided because too many people .. (talk) at once. i) Jean, I’mso glad you've gothere at last. }) Please don’t let me down this time! I. (you think) of? .-(live) here. - (you do) with them? (mean) to get round to it, but I (depends) when Helen gets expect) youall day. (depend) on you. a) Sam (not receive) the parcel the last time]... (speak) whim. bE -~- (consider) buying a house but now I s..u:u-sn- (change) my mind. ©) When you (feel) hungry later, room servic (bring) you whatever you .- (want). at (find) ic difficule to convince the ticket inspector that I (lose) my ticket. 2) Since (pay) for our lunch, .. (try) to attract the waiter’s attention. f) Assoonas (have) a good look at the designs, I (send) them back to you. st (hope) to meet you ever since L... first novel. b) Whatever (happen), I... week’s time. (read) your (meet) youhereina D7! Advanced Language Practice 8 Pueach verb in brackets intoan appropriate tense. 9 Rewriteeach sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. i) By thetime yo train! i) Sally! in New York? (miss) te finish) getting ready, we. (not expect) to see you here! What (youdo) Ask hundreds of people what they (1) August next year, or the year after, and there (2)... ..(be) only one reply. Provided of course that the people you (3)... - (ask) (4) (belong) to the Elvis Presley Fan Club. Although the King of Rock and Roll 6 (die) nearly two decades ago, his fans (6).. (meet) every year since then outside his home in Memphis, Tennessee, to show respect for the singer they (7)... (love) so much. Fans like Jean Thomas, from Catford in South London. Jean (8). (visit) Gracelands, the house where Elvis (9).. (suffer) his fatal heart attack, twice in the past five years. "The first time I (10) .- (borrow) the money from my Mum, as T(1l).. {not work} then, But two years ago I (12)... (ger) married and since then I (13) ‘work) in my husband Chris's. Chrisand 1(14) (go) together last year, and we (15)... (think) of pending two or three monthsin the USA next year. 1(16) {always want) to visit some of the places where Elvis (17) . Like Las Vegas for example.’ Jean says that Elvis (18). obsession ever since she (19) wu (be) ten years old, and she (20) (own) every single one of his records, good and bad. -(do) ona certain day in a) The last time I was in Prague was in 1986. Thaven’t b) This will be the team’s first match outside England. This will be the first time - ©) Terry will get over his illness. Then his work will improve Once d) There will be someone to meet you onarrival. When ©) The number of people who artended the fir exceeded our expectations. More people... f) Ididn’treceive the results of my test fora month. Irwas 8) My work-won'tbe: I ) Goto the international ticket desk imamediately on arrival. As i) [didn’t know about John’s departure. Ididn't know that 1D) Quitea few books are missing from the class library. Several members of the class have not . iished by the end of the month, 2810 Puteach verb in brackets into an appropriate tense. an Complete each sentence with one appropriate word. 12 Decide whether each underlined phrase is appropriate, and rewrite the phrase more appropriately where necessary. Unit 5 Progress Test (Units 1,2,3,4) (notunderstand) what you. {anyone see) my pencil? I - (not arrive) by 6.00, (miss) the bus. (you go away) this weekend? Or (wait) for (leave) it here somewhere. know) he - (yourun out) of, (you think) you (do) in ten years’ time? (eally enjoy) myself at the moment. (you let) me know the minute you (hear) any news? h) Something _ (tell) me that yo ‘not listen) toa single yeord I say) in the past ten minutest i) Whar’s the matter? you hurt) your ankle? How (youdo) i? j) That's definitely the last time that I (lend) you any money! a) Irs since I lasthada good Chinese meal. b) Funnily enough Isaw Bob quite at the sports club. ©) Pveloved you eve the first day Tset eyes on you! 4) Howlong ‘was it that you lived in Inverness? ©) Ive to see anyone who can danceas well as Diana. 8) Could youphonemethe.. youarriveatthe hotel so I don’t worry? g) Ipromiseto get everything ready ight o'clock atthe latest. h) Have youfinished 2 Wow, you are fast worker, aren’tyou! ’) Pmsorry you've been waiting so long, but it will be some tim Brian gets back. 5) Justsit here, would you? The doctor will be with you. 2) Willyow be seeing Rob Jones tomorrow? I worider if you could give him a message from Sally Gordon? 'b) Thad a great time in the Greek Islands. We would own a small boat and go fishing every day. ©) Julie, hi! [ve been hoping I'd see you. I’ve got some good news! d) We hada terrible time looking after your dog. Iwas constantly chasing the cats next door. €) Wehad a lovely time in Madrid. Every day we were exploring the city, and in the evening we were going to exciting bars. ) The steam engine is usually thought of as. relatively modern invention, but the Greeks had built kind of steam engine in ancient times. g) I felt rather worried. Iwas growing darker and colder, and there was still 20 sign of the rescue helicopter. h) Don’t worry! All we have to do is wait here until someone willfind us. 4) This meatis really tasting awful! Are you quite sureiit was fresh? }) Theradiator in my room has burst, and there is water all over the floor! You're the manager, what will you do about it? 29Basicuses of the passive Unit 6 Passive 1 Explanations 1 Agent and instrument ‘The person who performs an action in a passive sentenceis called the agent, introduced by by. The agent may or may notbe mentioned. My purse was found by one of the cleaners. ‘An object which causes something to happen is called an instrument, introduced by witb. Hewas hit on the head with a hammer. Most verbs with an object (cransitive verbs) can be made passive. Common. verbs not used ia the passive include: become, fit (be the right size) get, have, lack, lt, like, resemble, suit Some verbs have both transitive and intransitive meanings. Weerrived at the hotel at eight. (cannot be made passive) How was the answer arrived at? (passive with a different meaning) Verbs with rwo objects ‘Verbs which have two objects can be made passive in two ways. Twas handed anote. Anote was handed to me. Other common verbs of this type are: bring, give, lend, pass, pay, promise, sell, send, show, tell Verbs with object and complement Some verbs have anoun or adjective which describes their object. We elected Jim class representative. Everyone considered hima failure. ‘When these are made passive, the complement goes directly after the verb. Jim was elected class representative. He was considered a failure. Translation ‘The uses of the passive in English and in ocher languages are not necessarily the same, Some languages may use passive forms where English uses active ones, and vice versa. Tenses Although itis possible to form a wide range of passive tenses, the most used are present simple and continuous, past simple and continuous, present perfect simple, past perfect simple, will future, and future perfect. There are also presentand past passive infinitives. 30Usingand not mentioning the agent a Correctany verb forms which are impossible or inappropriate. Unit 6 Passive 1 1 Change of focus The passive can change the emphasis of sentence. ‘Jack won the prize. (focus on Jack) The prize was won by Jack. (focus on the prize) 2. Unknown agent The agent is not mentioned if unknown. ‘My wallet has been taken. Inthis case, there is no point in adding an agent: ‘by somebody? 3. Generalised agent Ifthe subjectis ‘people in general’ or ‘you’ the agent is not mentioned. Bicycles are widely used in the city instead of public transport. 4 Obviousagent ‘f the agent is obvious or has already been mentioned, itis not mentioned. Linda has been arrested! (ave assume by the police) The company agreed to our request and anew car-park was opened. 5 Unimportant agent Ifthe agent is not important to the meaning of the sentence itis not mentioned. Twas advised to obtain a visa in advance. 6 Impersonality Using the passive is a way of avoiding the naming of a specific person whois responsible for an action. Ihas been decided to reduce all salaries by 10%. In descriptions of processes, there is emphasis on the actions performed rather than on the people who perform them. Then the packets are packed into boxes of twenty four. Activities a) Allot of homes in the area have been being broken into by burglars. (have been broken into) b) As drove south, I could see thar the old road was rebuilding. ©) Isuppose the letter will have been delivered by now. 4) Theres nothing more annoying than been interrupted when you are speaking. «) Jim was been given the sack from his new job. £) Somehow without my noticing my wallet had been disappeared. ) The new shopping centre was opened by the local MP. h) Harry is been questioned by the police about the accident. 4