Question 1.

During an experiment conducted in a room at 25oC, a laboratory assistant

measures that a refrigerator that draws 2 kW of power has removed 30000 kJ of heat from the
refrigerated space, which is maintained as –30oC. The running time of the refrigerator during
the experiment was 20 min. Determine if these measurements are reasonable.
Answer:

Question 2: A Carnot heat engine receives heat from a reservoir at 900 oC at a rate of
800kj/min and rejects the waste heat to the ambient air at 27 oC. The entire work output of the
heat engine is used to drive a refrigerator that removes heat from the refrigerated space at -5
o
C and transfers it to the same ambient air at 27 oC. Determine the maximum rate of heat
removal from the refrigerated space and the total rate of heat rejection to the ambient air.

Answer:
Question 3: The cooling compartment of a refrigerator operates at a low temperature of -
10.0oC, and exhausts heat into the air in the room at 21.0oC. The motor of the refrigerator
produces 3/4 horsepower of useful work to operate the refrigeration cycle. If this refrigerator
operates at 43.0% of its maximum coefficient of performance: (A) What is the maximum the
maximum possible coefficient of performance of this refrigerator? (B) How much heat does
this refrigerator exhaust into the environment each second if it operates at 43.0% of its
maximum coefficient of performance? (C) How long would it take to cool and freeze 4.20 kg
of water from 18.0oC to 0oC when placed in the refrigerator (assume atmospheric pressure)?
(a) For an ideal Carnot cycle (maximum possible COPR):
1 1
COPR    8.49
TH / TL  1 (273.15  21) /( 273.15  10)  1
(b) The real COPR is 43% of the maximum:
COPR '  COPR  0.43  3.65
Q
COPR '  L 
W
Q  COP 'W  3.65  3 / 4hp   2.74hp  2.04kW
L R

Q H  Q L  W  2.6kW
(c) Table A-3

To freeze water, one needs to cool from 18oC to 0oC and then absorb the latent heat of fusion
hif.
 
Q  mcp Tin  T freeze   mhif  m c p Tin  T freeze   hif 
 4.2kg4.2kJ / kgK  18K  0 K   333.7kJ / kg  1719.6kJ
Q 1719.6kJ
time    842s
Q L 2kJ / s

Question 4. A well-insulated rigid tank contains 3 kg of a saturated liquid–vapor mixture of

water at 200 kPa. Initially, three-quarters of the mass is in the liquid phase. An electric
resistance heater placed in the tank is now turned on and kept on until all the liquid in the
tank is vaporized. Determine the entropy change of the steam during this process.

Answer:
Question 5. Refrigerant-134a is expanded isentropically from 600 kPa and 70oC at the inlet
of a steady-flow turbine to 100 kPa at the outlet. The outlet area is 1 m2, and the inlet area is
0.5 m2. Calculate the inlet and outlet velocities when the mass flow rate is 0.75 kg/s.
Calculate the work that is being produced to the turbine shaft. Assuming a real, non-
isentropic expansion in the turbine, what would you expect for the produced work? To be
equal to the isentropic, more than the isentropic, or less?

Answer.
 p1 
h1  309.75kJ / kg
T1 
p2 
h2  266.08kJ / kg
s2  s1 
W  m  h1  h2   0.75  309.75  266.08  32.77kW . This work is the maximum possible to
be produced under the given pressure difference.

Question 6. Liquid water at 200 kPa and 15oC is heated in a chamber by mixing it with
superheated steam at 200 kPa and 150oC. Liquid water enters the mixing chamber at a rate of
4.3 kg/s, and the chamber is estimated to lose heat to the surrounding air at 20oC at a rate of
1200 kJ/min. If the mixture leaves the mixing chamber at 200 kPa and 80oC, determine (a)
the mass flow rate of the superheated steam and (b) the rate of entropy generation during this
mixing process. Assume steady state conditions.
Question 7. A 50-kg copper block initially at 140oC is dropped into an insulated tank that
contains 90L of water at 10oC. Determine the final equilibrium temperature and the total
entropy change of the process.
Answer.
 Entropy relations (2)

0 0
Q  W  U  U  U copper  U water  0

mC cC Teq.  TC   mW cW Teq.  TW   0

mC cCTC  mW cW TW
Teq.   Values from Table A-3
mW cW  mC cC
50  0.386 140  0.09  998.2  4.2 10
Teq.   16.32o C
0.090  998.2 4.2  50  0.386

Entropy relations (3)

 Teq.  273.15  16.32 

sC  cC ln    0.386 ln  
 TC   273.15  140 
 0.1373kJ / kgK
 Teq.  273.15  16.32 
sW  cW ln    4.2 ln  
 TW   273.15  10 
 0.0927kJ / kgK

S  SC  SW  mC sC  mW sW 

50  (0.1373)  0.09  998.2  0.0927  1.463kJ / K
Question 8. Air (assumed ideal gas) is compressed in a car engine from 22oC and 95kPa in a
reversible and adiabatic manner. If the compression ratio V1/V2 is 8, determine the final
temperature of the air. Use both exact and approximate ways. For the approximate way use cp
= 1.013kJ/kgK, cv = 0.726kJ/kgK.

Isentropic processes (3)

 Accurate – volume ratio:

 Adiabatic + internally reversible → isentropic

 vr 2  v v  1
   2   r 2  
 vr1  s const. v1  vr1  s const. 8
1:
Air @ T  22o C  295K
vr1  647.9

Isentropic processes (4)

 Accurate – volume ratio:

vr1 647.9
vr 2    80.99
8 8
670  660
T2  80.99  81.99  660  662.7 K
78.61  81.89

2:
Air @ vr 2  80.99
T2  662.7 K
 Isentropic processes (5)

 Approximate:
1 k
T2  v2 
 
T1  v1 
 Assume a reasonable value of k
e.g. k~1.395 (at Tavg=~ 400K)
11.395
T2  1 
   2.273 
T1  8 
T2  670.7 K
 A new Tavg may be calculated.

Question 9. An adiabatic compressor has a pressure ratio of 8. The air temperature at inlet is
300K. Find the air temperature at the outlet of compressor, assuming a reversible process.
Calculate also the energy needed per kg of compressed air, assumed as ideal gas. Use both
exact and approximate ways. For the approximate way use cp = 1.013kJ/kgK, cv =
0.726kJ/kgK.

Isentropic processes (6)

Example: An adiabatic compressor has a pressure ratio of 8. The air temperature at
inlet is 300K. Find the air temperature at the outlet of compressor, assuming a
reversible process. Calculate also the energy needed per kg of compressed air.
 Accurate – pressure ratio: 2:
pr 2  8 pr1  11.088
 pr 2  p
   2 T2  540K , h2  544.35kJ / kg
 pr1  s const p1 w  h2  h1   244.16kJ / kg
p 
  r 2  8
 r1  s const
p

1: 1:
Air @ T  300 K
2:
pr1  1.386, h1  300.19kJ / kg
 Isentropic processes (7)
Example: An adiabatic compressor has a pressure ratio of 8. The air temperature at
inlet is 300K. Find the air temperature at the outlet of compressor, assuming a
reversible process. Calculate also the energy needed per kg of compressed air.
 Approximate – pressure ratio:
k 1
T2  p2  k
 
T1  p1 
 Assume a reasonable value of k
e.g. k~1.395 (at Tavg=~ 400K)
1.3951
T2
 8 1.395  1.801  T2  540.54 K
T1
w  c p T2  T1  
w  1.013  540.54  300  243.7kJ / kg
Useful formulae

Ideal gas equation of state: p  RgT

Entropy

Specific entropy change for ideal gas (approximate)

T v T p
s2  s1  cv ,avg ln 2  R ln 2 or s2  s1  c p ,avg ln 2  R ln 2 in J/kg.K
T1 v1 T1 p1
Specific entropy change for ideal gas (exact)
p
s 2  s1  s 20  s10  R ln 2 in J/kg.K
p1

Specific entropy change for incompressible materials (liquids/solids)

T
s 2  s1  c ln 2 in J/kg.K
T1

Entropy generation:
Q dS Q 
Closed system S  
boundariesT
 S gen    S gen
dt boundariesT
Open system:
Q dS Q
S     m  s   m  s  S gen     m  s   m  s  S gen
boundariesT inlets outlets dt boundariesT inlets outlets

Heat engines, Refrigerators Heat pumps.

W W w
Definition of efficiency: th   

QH QH qH
Q L QL qL
Definition of coefficient of performance (refrigerator): COPR   
W W w
Q Q q
Definition of coefficient of performance (heat pump): COPHP  H  H  H
W W w
T
Carnot heat engine:  th  1  L
TH
1
Carnot refrigerator: COPR 
TH  1
TL
1
Carnot heat pump: COPHP 
1  TL
TH

Isentropic ideal gas compression

Exact way
 pr 2  p
   2
 pr1  s const p1

 vr 2  v
   2
 v r1  s const v1

Approximate way
k 1
T2  p2  k
 
T1  p1 
1 k
T2  v 2 
 
T1  v1 

Isentropic efficiency

Compressor
h h
is ,C  2,is 1
h2  h1

Turbine
h h
is ,T  1 2
h1  h2,is

Work for a pump

wpump  v pH  pL 

Energy conservation in flowing systems

Steady state forms

 1   1 
Qin  Win   m h  Vel 2  gz   Qout  Wout   m h  Vel 2  gz  in J
in  2  out  2 
 1   1 
Q in  Win   m   h  Vel 2  gz   Q out  Wout   m   h  Vel 2  gz  in J/s
in  2  out  2 
 1   1 
qin  win   h  Vel 2  gz   qout  wout   h  Vel 2  gz  in J/kg
 2 in  2 out

Mass flow rate through a cross-section

Vel  A
m 
v