Artificial Intelligence

Chapter
Artificial Intelligence
Overview
I. Introduction
II. Historical Overview
III. AI Applications
IV. AI Programming
I. Introduction : Definitions
 AI : a branch of computer science dealing

with the simulation of intelligent behavior in
computers
 AI : the capability of a machine to imitate

intelligent human behavior
AI : Field of Computer science that has many
intersections with the domains of cognitive
sciences, logic, linguistics, etc.
Database
Cognitives
Artificial Sciences
Intelligence
Sociology
Software
Engineering
Computer Sciences Human Sciences
I. Introduction : AI
Objectives
 Goal : Conceive and design Systems that:
◦ Think& act like humans
◦ Think & act rationally
 Thinking rationally : what are correct

arguments/thought processes?
 Acting rationally : rational behavior : doing the
right thing
 The right thing: which is expected to maximize
goal achievement, given the available

information
⇨ Rational agents
 An agent is an entity that perceives and acts
 Abstractly, an agent is a function from percepts
histories to actions:
f : P* → A
 For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek

the agent (or class of agents) with the best
performance
 Design the best program for given machine resources

according to the studied environement
 AI research tends to make the machine intelligent.
 A smart machine is equipped with intelligent

programs for :
◦ Visual and auditory perception,

◦ Comprehension (text or dialogue in natural language),
◦ Knowledge processing
◦ Reasoning,
◦ Learning,
◦ Decision making,
◦ Solving difficult problems (complex and NP-hard problems,
static and dynamic combinatorial problems, mono-
objective or multi-objectives optimization problems),
◦ Interacting with the environment (acquire information and
proposing a decision or an action plan)
 Goals :
◦ study and simulation of human intellectual
activities in situations where a classical
algorithmic solution is not available
◦ model the reasoning modes of a human expert

and make them accessible to a non-computer
scientist.
II.Historical Overview
1. AI Pre-history
- Among the first problems addressed :

Automatic translation
- The failure led to questions about:

- The representation to be given to knowledge
- How to "extract" this knowledge from an
individual
2. AI beginnings (1955 - 1970)
◦. 1956: AI: name born at a congress in Dartmouth by
two researchers: John McCarthy & Marvin Minsky
◦. 1959: Development of a General Problem Solver

(GPS) system based on the assessment of the
difference between the current situation of the
system and the goal to be achieved.
◦. 1960: McCarthy develops LISP language : the

language of the AI for the next 20 years.
◦ Early 60s: Samuel and Bernstein develop the first
program for playing chess
◦ 1965: Appearance of ELIZA system of automatic

production of speech in natural language
◦ 1969: DENDRAL, one of the first expert systems

(analysis of a mass spectrography in chemistry)
3. Specialization (1970 → …)
◦ Appearance of PROLOG language

◦ Speech recognition and understanding (HEARSAY,
blackboard)
◦ MYCIN: Expert system on bacterial infections (IF-THEN
rules and certainty coefficients, separation of expert
knowledge and inference engines)
◦ Other Expert Systems in industry, in medical diagnosis,
etc.
◦ Automatic Theorem Proof
◦ Games
◦ Knowledge Representation
◦ Perception
◦ Learning
◦ Big Data trends
III.AI Applications
 Autonomous planning (NASA), logistics (Army)
 Traffic planning (transportation companies : road and air)
 Voice recognition and synthesis
 Image recognition and synthesis (face recognition)
 Writing recognition (Check signature, postal code)
 Games (AlphaGo, chess, etc.)
 Automatic control (self-driving cars)
 Diagnostic (expert level, in Medicine)
 Robotics in industry, aerospace, etc.
 Smart home,
 Driving assistance,
 Image recognition to unlock,
 Personal assistants (Iphone, Samsung, etc.),
 Smart grids, ...
IV.AI Programming
 Programming Language
◦ Lisp (1960, J. MacCarthy)

◦ SmallTalk (1972, A. Kay)
◦ Prolog (1973, A. Colmerauer),
◦ Prolog with constraints
◦ JAVA (1994) ,
◦ C++,
◦ Scheme, ...
 Agent Plateforms
◦ IBM Aglets,
◦ JADE,
◦ Jbuilder,
◦ Madkit, etc.

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Chapter

 AI : a branch of computer science dealing

 AI : the capability of a machine to imitate

 Thinking rationally : what are correct

goal achievement, given the available

 For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek

 Design the best program for given machine resources

 A smart machine is equipped with intelligent

◦ Visual and auditory perception,

◦ model the reasoning modes of a human expert

- Among the first problems addressed :

- The failure led to questions about:

◦. 1959: Development of a General Problem Solver

◦. 1960: McCarthy develops LISP language : the

◦ 1965: Appearance of ELIZA system of automatic

◦ 1969: DENDRAL, one of the first expert systems

◦ Appearance of PROLOG language

◦ Lisp (1960, J. MacCarthy)

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