Artificial Intelligence

By
Malik Abdul Manan
 About me
• MS (ECE) from COMSATS University in 2019
• Visiting Lecturer in Ghazi, Mir Chakar, UE
• Research assistant in COMSATS University
• Working as Lecturer in IHS D.G.Khan
 ITEC4119-Artificial Intelligence
Course Outline:
• Introduction: What is AI, Foundations of AI, and History of AI.
• Intelligent Agents: Agents and environments, Structure of agents.
• Problem Solving by Searching: Problem solving agents, Searching for solutions
:Uninformed Search Strategies: Breadth-first search, Depth-first search, Depth-limited
search, Iterative deepening depth-first Search, Comparison of uninformed search strategies.
• Informed (Heuristic) Search Strategies: Greedy best-first Search, A* search, Heuristic
functions, Local search algorithms and Optimization problems.
• Constraint Satisfaction Problems: Backtracking Search for CSPs, Local Search for CSPs.
• Adversarial Search: Games, Minimax algorithm, Alpha-beta pruning.
• Reasoning and Knowledge Representation: Introduction to reasoning and
knowledge Representation, propositional logic, First order logic, Semantic nets,
Other knowledge representation schemes.
• Reasoning with Uncertainty & Probabilistic Reasoning: Acting under uncertainty,
Bayes’ rule, Representing knowledge in an uncertain domain, Bayesian networks.
• Learning: Forms of learning, Decision trees and the ID3 algorithm, Statistical learning,
Summary of other approaches.
 Online video lectures on AI
• MIT openCourseWare
• Virtual university
• Comsats university
 The main objectives of this course are to:

• Have an appreciation for and understanding

of both the achievements of AI and the theory
underlying those achievements.
• Have an appreciation for the engineering
issues underlying the design of AI systems.
• Have an understanding of the basic issues of
knowledge representation, blind and
heuristic search.
ITEC4119-Artificial Intelligence
Text books
 Prerequisite
• Data Structure and Algorithm
– Queue
– Stack
– Searching techniques
– Complexity analysis
• Programming
• Discrete Mathematics
 Let’s begin
• Introduction to Artificial intelligence
– Newest discipline
– Formally initiated in 1956
– The study of intelligence is also one of the oldest
discipline
• For over 1000 years philosopher have tried to
understand how
– Seeing
– Learning
– Memorize
– Reasoning could or should be done?
ITEC4119-Artificial Intelligence
 What is intelligence
• Ability to learn, understand and think(Oxford
dictionary )
• Intelligence is the ability to learn about, to learn
from, to understand about, and interact with
one’s environment
• Intelligence is the faculty of understanding
• Capacity of mind, especially to understand
principle, truths, facts or meaning, acquire
knowledge, and apply it to practice: the ability to
learn and comprehend
 What is intelligence
• So there is no single definition of Intelligence
• There is not a single test to measure the
intelligence
 What is Intelligence?
Tom is intelligent according to Jack is not intelligent according
school teacher to school teacher
 Ingredients of intelligence
• There is no proper definition but there are some
thoughts which includes following ingredients
• Problem Solving
• Decision making
• Learning
• Memory
• Analyzing
• Reactive & Response
• Planning
Are machines/computers intelligent ?
Applications of AI
• Google Duplex: A.I. Assistant Calls Local
Businesses To Make Appointments
Self driving car
• 39805*34859= ?
• Chess winning machine(deep blue)
• Facebook profile data collection.
• Robotics football team in NUST

• Are machines more intelligent than Human?

• Strong AI and Weak AI

 What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• Not a single definition
• View of AI fall into four category
Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally

Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally

Systems that act like humans
 Alan Turing
• Born: June 23, 1912, Maida Vale, London,
United Kingdom
 Alan Turing
“I believe that in about fifty years’ time it will be
possible to program a computers to make them
play an imitation game so well that an average
interrogator will not have more than 70 percent
chance of making the right identification after
five minutes of questioning.”
• Turing was convinced that if a computer could
do all mathematical operations, it could also
do anything a person can do.
Turing test
 Turing test
•natural language processing to enable it to
communicate successfully in English;
•knowledge representation to store what it knows
or hears;
•automated reasoning to use the stored
information to answer questions and to draw new
conclusions;
•machine learning to adapt to new circumstances
and to detect and extrapolate patterns.
 Total Turing Test
• computer vision to perceive objects, and
• robotics to manipulate objects and move
about.

• “machines that fly so exactly like pigeons that

they can fool even other pigeons.”
 Thinking humanly: The cognitive
modeling approach
• Cognition is defined as 'the mental action or process
of acquiring knowledge and understanding through
thought, experience, and the senses
• Goal: Develop precise theories of human thinking
• determining how humans think.
– Through introspection: trying to catch our own
thoughts as they go by (The examination or observation of one's
own mental and emotional processes.)

– Through psychological experiments—observing a

person in action;
– Through brain imaging—observing the brain in action
 Thinking humanly: The cognitive
modeling approach
• Through sufficiently precise theory of mind, it
is possible to express the theory, as a
computer program. (Russell)
• “General Problem Solver” (Newell and
Simon,1961)
• Problem: It may be impossible to identify the
detailed structure of human problem solving
only externally available data
 Acting Rationally
• Rational agent approach (based on current knowledge)
– Act and behave rightly
– Maximize the performance
– Generalized approach
All the skills needed for the Turing Test also allow an
agent to act rationally
 Thinking rationally
• Logic
• Required 100% knowledge
• To many computation
 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
Philosophy
– formal rules (we make) Can be used
to draw valid conclusions?
– How does the thinking arise from a physical
brain?
– Where does knowledge come from?
– How does knowledge lead to action?
Mathematics
– What are the formal rules to draw valid
conclusions?
– What can be computed?
– How do we reason with uncertain information?
Neuroscience
– How do brains process information?
Psychology
– How do humans and animals think and act?
Computer engineering
– How can we build an efficient computer?