Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY-CCAT

Cavite College of Arts and Trades Campus
Rosario, Cavite
 (046)437-9505 /  (046)437-6659
[email protected]
www.cvsu-rosario.edu.ph

LEARNING MODULE

CALCULUS 1 – DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

(MATH 11B)

Prepared by:

MICHAEL EDWARD T. ARMINTIA, REE, RME

Lecturer, Department of Engineering

First Semester
AY: 2021–2022
 CHAPTER 1: FUNCTIONS

I. OBJECTIVES
After the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to:
✓ identify terms and notation used in writing a function;
✓ determine the domain and the range of a function;
✓ draw the graph of a function;
✓ combine functions through addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and
composition of function;
✓ explain the difference between algebraic and transcendental functions;
✓ familiarize with the basic trigonometric identities for trigonometric functions;
✓ familiarize with the laws of exponent for exponential functions;
✓ familiarize with the properties of logarithm for logarithmic functions;
✓ familiarize with the basic identities involving hyperbolic functions;
✓ determine the conditions for when a function has an inverse;
✓ use the horizontal line test to recognize when a function is one-to-one; and
✓ find the inverse of a function.

II. INTRUCTIONS TO THE LEARNERS

This learning module must be utilized as follow:
✓ Keep and use it as neat as possible.
✓ For every chapter, pre-test will be given. This will be used to assess how much does
a student already know for that chapter. Answer key will be provided with this learning
module. Answer key must only be accessed right after finishing the pre-test.
✓ Lessons under each chapter will be discussed in “Learning Activities” section.
Learning activities include discussion, assignments, and exercises. Assignments and
exercises will be done on this learning module. Submission of assignments and
exercises will be online for those who chose online class and face-to-face for those
who chose modular learning. NOTE: Submission of requirements will be scheduled at
least once a month to limit physical contact.
✓ Post-test will also be provided in each chapter. This will be used to assess if the
students really learned from different learning activities conducted. Answer key will
also be provided and must only be accessed after completing the post-test.
✓ This learning module is intended for electrical engineering students enrolled in Cavite
State University – CCAT Campus for academic year 2020-2021. Any form of
reciprocation of this learning module without the consent of the author is not allowed.
Once caught, proper sanction will be applied.
III. PRE-TEST

A. Chose the correct answer for each number by encircling the letter of your choice.

1. A mapping from a set of inputs to set of outputs with exactly one output for each
input.
a. Cartesian graph b. Inverse function
c. Function d. Notation

2. A function involving any combination of only the basic operations of addition,

subtraction, multiplication, division, powers, and roots applied to an input variable x
a. Algebraic function b. Transcendental function
c. Linear function d. Composite function

3. A function that cannot be expressed by a combination of basic arithmetic

operations
a. Algebraic function b. Transcendental function
c. Linear function d. Composite function

4. The set of inputs for a function.

a. Degree b. Domain
c. Range d. Power

5. The set of outputs for a function

a. Degree b. Domain
c. Range d. Power

6. When the set of input for a function is all nonnegative real numbers, it can be called
as the ________.
a. Real domain b. Real range
c. Natural range d. Natural domain

7. States that, given a function, every vertical line may intersect the graph of function
no more than once.
a. Vertical line test b. Intersection test
c. Function test d. Linear test

8. States that, for a function to be a one-to-one function, a horizontal line drawn in the
xy plane cannot intersect the graph of the function more than once.
a. Horizontal line test b. Intersection test
c. Function test d. Linear test

9. A table containing a list of inputs and their corresponding outputs.

a. Table of function b. Table of values
c. Table of equivalence d. Table of summary

10. Reverses the operation done by a particular function.

a. Reverse function b. Implicit function
c. Composite function d. Inverse function
B. Perform the following operations on functions as indicated in each number. Show your
solution on the space provided.

1.
Given: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1
Solve for:
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(2)

2.
Given: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 3
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2
Solve for:
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(−2)

3.

Given: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4
𝑔(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 2
Solve for:
(𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(3)

4.
Given: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 1
𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 9
Solve for:
𝑓
( ) (2)
𝑔

5.

Given: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑔(𝑥) = 1/𝑥
Solve for:
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(2)
C. Solve for the inverse function of the following. Show your solution on the space
provided.

1.
Given: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 4

2.
Given: Solution:
3
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 4

3.
Given: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 1

4.
Given: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1

5.
Given: Solution:
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+2
IV. PRE-TEST FEEDBACK

A. Multiple choices
1. c. Function 6. d. Natural domain
2. a. Algebraic function 7. a. Vertical line test
3. b. Transcendental function 8. a. Horizontal line test
4. b. Domain 9. b. Table of values
5. c. Range 10. d. Inverse function

B. Computation (Operations on functions)

1.
Given: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 (𝑓 + 𝑔)(2) = 𝑓(2) + 𝑔(2)
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 𝑓(2) = (2)2 − (2) − 2 = 0
Solve for: 𝑔(2) = (2) + 1 = 3
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(2) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(2) = 0 + 3
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(2) = 3

2.
Given: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 3 (𝑓 − 𝑔)(−2) = 𝑓(−2) − 𝑔(−2)
2
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2 𝑓(−2) = 2(−2)3 − 4(−2) + 3 = −5
Solve for: 𝑔(−2) = (−2)2 − 2 = 2
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(−2) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(−2) = −5 − (2)
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(−2) = −7

3.
Given: Solution:
3 (𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(3) = 𝑓(3) ∙ 𝑔(3)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4
𝑔(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 2 𝑓(3) = (3)3 − 4 = 23
Solve for: 𝑔(3) = 4(3) + 2 = 14
(𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(3) (𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(3) = 23 ∙ 14
(𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(3) = 322

4.
Given: Solution:
𝑓 𝑓(2)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 1 ( ) (2) =
𝑔 𝑔(2)

𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 9 𝑓(2) = (2)3 + 2(2)2 − 1 = 15

Solve for: 𝑔(2) = 3(2)2 − 9 = 3
𝑓 𝑓 15
( ) (2) ( ) (2) =
𝑔 𝑔 3
𝑓
( ) (2) = 5
𝑔
 5.

Given: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1 (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(2) = 𝑔(𝑓(2))
𝑔(𝑥) = 1/𝑥 𝑓(2) = (2)2 + 1 = 5
Solve for: ` 𝑔(𝑓(2)) = 𝑔(5)
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(2) 𝑔(5) = 1/5
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(2) = 1/5

C. Computation (Inverse function)

1.
Given: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 4 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 4 = 𝑦
𝑥 = (𝑦 + 4)/3
𝑥+4
𝑦= = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
3

2.
Given: Solution:
3 3
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 4 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 4 = 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑦3 + 4
3
(𝑦)3 = ( 3√𝑥 − 4) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 4 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑦3 = 𝑥 − 4

3.
Given: Solution:
3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 1 = 𝑦 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 1 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
3
√𝑥 3 = 3√𝑦 − 1
𝑥 = 3√𝑦 − 1

4.
Given: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1 = 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑦2 + 1
2
(√𝑥 − 1) = 𝑦 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑥 − 1 = 𝑦2

5.
Given: Solution:
1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) = =𝑦
𝑥+2 𝑥+2
1
𝑥 = −2
𝑦
1
𝑦 = − 2 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑥
V. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

A. Discussion
B. Exercises
C. Assignment

A. DISCUSSION

1) Key Terms
2) Review of Function
3) Representing Function
4) Operations on Function
5) Symmetry of Function
6) Basic Classes of Function
7) Review on Trigonometric Identities, Laws of Exponent, Properties of Logarithm, and
Identities Involving Hyperbolic Functions
8) Inverse Function

1) Key Terms

−𝑥, 𝑥 < 0
▪ Absolute value function - 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0
▪ Algebraic function – a function involving any combination of only the basic operations
of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, powers, and roots applied to an input
variable x
▪ Base – the number 𝑏 in the exponential function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 and the logarithmic function
𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑏 𝑥
▪ Composite function – given two functions 𝑓 and 𝑔, a new function denoted by 𝑔 ∙ 𝑓,
such that (𝑔 ∙ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
▪ Cubic function – a polynomial of degree 3; that is, a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 3 +
𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑, where 𝑎 ≠ 0
▪ Degree – for a polynomial function, the value of the largest exponent of any term
▪ Dependent variable – the output variable for a function
▪ Domain – the set of inputs for a function
▪ Even function – a function is even if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓
▪ Exponent – the value of 𝑥 in the expression 𝑏 𝑥
▪ Function – a set of inputs, a set of outputs, and a rule for mapping each input into
exactly one output
▪ Graph of a function – the set of points (𝑥, 𝑦) such that 𝑥 is in the domain of 𝑓 and 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑥)
▪ Horizontal line test – a function of 𝑓 is one-to-one if and only if every horizontal line
intersects the graph of 𝑓, at most, once
▪ Hyperbolic function – the functions denoted 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ, 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ, 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ, 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ, 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ, and 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ which
involve certain combination of 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑒 −𝑥
▪ Independent variable – the input variable for a function
▪ Inverse function – for a function 𝑓, the inverse function 𝑓 − satisfies 𝑓 − (𝑦) = 𝑥 if 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑦
▪ Inverse hyperbolic function – the inverses of the hyperbolic functions where 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ and
𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ are restricted to the domain [0, ∞); each of these functions can be expressed in
terms of a composition of natural logarithmic function and an algebraic function
▪ Inverse trigonometric function – the inverses of the trigonometric functions are defined
on the restricted domains where they are one-to-one functions
▪ Linear function – a function that can be written in the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
▪ Logarithmic function – a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑏 𝑥 for some base 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1
such that 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 if and only if 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥
▪ Natural exponential function – the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥
▪ Natural logarithm – the function ln 𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑥
▪ Odd function – a function is odd if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) fpr all 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓
▪ One-to-one function – a function 𝑓 is one-to-one if 𝑓(𝑥1 ) ≠ 𝑓(𝑥2 ) if 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2
▪ Piecewise-defined function – a function that is defined differently on different parts of
its domain
▪ Polynomial function – a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0
▪ Power function – a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 for any positive integer 𝑛 ≥ 1
▪ Quadratic function – a polynomial of degree 2; that is, a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑎 ≠ 0
▪ Range – the set of outputs for function
▪ Rational function – a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑝(𝑥)/𝑞(𝑥), where 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥) are
polynomials
▪ Root function – a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 1/𝑛 for any integer 𝑛 ≥ 2
▪ Table of values – a table containing a list of inputs and their corresponding outputs
▪ Transcendental function – a function that cannot be expressed by a combination of
basic arithmetic operations
▪ Trigonometric function – functions of an angle defined as ratios of the lengths of the
sides of a triangle
▪ Trigonometric identity – an equation involving trigonometric functions that is true for all
angles 𝜃 for which the functions in the equation are defined
▪ Vertical line test – given the graph of a function, every vertical line test intersects the
graphs, at most, once
▪ Zeros of a function – when a real number 𝑥 is a zero function of 𝑓, 𝑓(𝑥) = 0

2) Review of Function
• A function is a mapping from a set of inputs to set of outputs with exactly one output
for each input.
• The set of inputs is called domain of the function and the set of outputs is called
range of the function

Figure 1.1 A function can be visualized as an input/output device

 Figure 1.2 A function maps every element in the
domain to exactly one element in the range. Although
each input can be sent into only one output, two
different inputs can be sent to the same output.

• A function can also be visualized by plotting points (𝑥, 𝑦) in the coordinate plane
where 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). The graph of function is the set of all points.

Example 1.1:
Consider the function 𝑓 where the domain 𝐷 = {1,2,3} and the rule is 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 𝑥

Figure 1.3 The graph consist of the points (𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥)) for all 𝑥 in the domain

• Every function has a domain. However, sometimes a function is described by an

equation, as in 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , with no specific domain given. In this case, the domain is
taken to be the set of all real numbers 𝑥 for which 𝑓(𝑥) is a real number.

Example 1.2:
For the power function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , since all numbers can be squared, if no other
domain is specified, the domain is considered to be the set of all real numbers. On
the other hand, the square root function 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 only gives a real output if 𝑥 is
nonnegative. Therefore, the domain of this function is the set of nonnegative real
numbers, sometimes called natural domain.

• For the functions 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 and 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥, the domains are sets with an infinite
number of elements. When describing a set with an infinite number of elements, it is
often helpful to use set-builder or interval notation.

Example 1.3:
▪ Subset of all real numbers:
{𝑥|𝑥 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦} – set of real numbers 𝑥 such that 𝑥 has some property
▪ Set of real numbers that are greater than one but less than five (with one and
five being the endpoint)
 {𝑥|1 < 𝑥 < 5}
(1,5) = {𝑥|1 < 𝑥 < 5}
▪ Including the endpoint from above example:
{𝑥|1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5}
[1,5] = {𝑥|1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5}
▪ Including one of the endpoints for the set of nonnegative real numbers:
{𝑥|0 ≤ 𝑥}
▪ From above example, the smallest number is zero. This set does not have a
largest number. In this case, ∞ symbol can be used:
[0, ∞) = {𝑥|0 ≤ 𝑥}
▪ It is important to note that ∞ is not a real number. It is used symbolically to
indicate that this set includes all real numbers greater than or equal to zero.
▪ For the set of all real number:
{𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠}
(−∞, ∞) = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠}

• Some functions are defined using different equations for different parts of their
domain. These types of functions are called piecewise-defined functions.

Example 1.4:
Define a function 𝑓 with a domain that is the set of all real numbers such that 𝑓(𝑥) =
3𝑥 + 1 for 𝑥 ≥ 2 and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 for 𝑥 < 2. This is denoted by:
3𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 ≥ 2
𝑓(𝑥) = { 2
𝑥 , 𝑥<2
When evaluating this function for an input 𝑥, the equation to use depends on
whether 𝑥 < 2 or 𝑥 ≥ 2.

3) Representing Function
• A function can be represented using one or more tools; table, graph, and formula.

A. Table
Table 1.1 Temperature as function of time and day
B. Graph

Figure 1.4 The graph of the data from Table 1.1

shows that temperature is a function of time

C. Formula

▪ Sometimes, values of a function are not given in a table or a graph, rather

given in an explicit formula. These formulas are important to calculate
function values.
▪ Given a formula for a function 𝑓, the graph of 𝑓 is the set of points (𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥)),
where 𝑥 is the domain of 𝑓 and 𝑓(𝑥) is the range.
▪ It is helpful to start with a table before proceeding in making a graph from
the given formula.
▪ When creating a table of inputs and outputs, checking whether zero is an
output or not is typically done. Those values of 𝑥 where 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 are called
the zeros of a function. The zeros determine where the graph of 𝑓
intersects the x-axis. The graph may intersect the x-axis multiple times or
never at all.
▪ Another point of interest is the y-intercept, if it exists. The y-intercept is
given by (0, 𝑓(0)). Since a function has exactly one output for each input,
the graph of a function can have, at most, one y-intercept.

Vertical Line Test

Given a function 𝑓, every vertical line that may be drawn intersects the
graph of 𝑓 no more than once. If any vertical line intersects a set of points
more than once, the set of points does not represent a function.
 Figure 1.5 (a) The set of plotted points represents the graph of a
function because every vertical line intersects the set of points, at
most, once. (b) The set of plotted point does not represent the
graph of a function because some vertical lines intersect the set
of points more than once.

4) Operations on Function
• Several functions can work together in one larger function. There are 5 common
operations that can be performed on functions; addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, and composition of functions.

A. Addition
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
Example 1.5:
Given: Solve for:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 (𝑓 + 𝑔)(2)
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1
Solution:
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(2) = 𝑓(2) + 𝑔(2)
𝑓(2) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2
𝑓(2) = (2)2 − (2) − 2
𝑓(2) = 0
𝑔(2) = 𝑥 + 1
𝑔(2) = (2) + 1
𝑔(2) = 3
𝑓(2) + 𝑔(2) = 0 + 3
𝑓(2) + 𝑔(2) = 3

B. Subtraction
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)
 Example 1.6:
Given: Solve for:
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 3 (𝑓 − 𝑔)(−2)
2
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2
Solution:
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(−2) = 𝑓(−2) − 𝑔(−2)
𝑓(−2) = 2(−2)3 − 4(−2) + 3
𝑓(−2) = −5
𝑔(−2) = (−2)2 − 2
𝑔(−2) = 2
𝑓(−2) − 𝑔(−2) = −5 − (2)
𝑓(−2) − 𝑔(−2) = −7

C. Multiplication
(𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)
Example 1.7:
Given: Solve for:
3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4 (𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(3)
𝑔(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 2
Solution:
(𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(3) = 𝑓(3) ∙ 𝑔(3)
𝑓(3) = (3)3 − 4
𝑓(3) = 23
𝑔(3) = 4(3) + 2
𝑔(3) = 14
𝑓(3) ∙ 𝑔(3) = 23 ∗ 14
𝑓(3) ∙ 𝑔(3) = 322

D. Division
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
( ) (𝑥) =
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
Example 1.8:
Given: Solve for:
𝑓
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 1 ( ) (2)
𝑔

𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 9
Solution:
𝑓 𝑓(2)
( ) (2) =
𝑔 𝑔(2)

𝑓(2) = (2)3 + 2(2)2 − 1

𝑓(2) = 15
 𝑔(2) = 3(2)2 − 9
𝑔(2) = 3
𝑓(2) 15
=
𝑔(2) 3
𝑓(2)
=5
𝑔(2)

E. Composition of Functions – a function inside a function.

(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥))
▪ A composite function can be viewed in two steps. First, the function
𝑓maps each input 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓 to its output in the range of 𝑓.
Second, since the range of 𝑓 is a subset of the domain of 𝑔, the output of
𝑓(𝑥) is an element in the domain of 𝑔, and therefore it is mapped to an
output 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) in the range of 𝑔.

Example 1.9:

Given:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑔(𝑥) = 1/𝑥

Solve for:
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(2)

Solution: Another Solution:

1
(𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔 ( )
𝑓(𝑥)

1
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔 ( )
𝑥 2 +1

1 1
𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑔 ( ) 𝑔(𝑓(2)) =
𝑥 2 +1 (2)2 +1

1 1
𝑔(𝑓(2)) = 𝑔(𝑓(2)) =
(2)2 +1 5

1
𝑔(𝑓(2)) =
5

5) Symmetry of Function

• The graphs of certain functions have symmetry which helps in understanding the
function and the shape of its graph.

Example 1.10:
Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 2 − 3 and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥
 Figure 1.6 (a) Graph for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥4 − 2𝑥2 − 3 which shows symmetry
about the y-axis. (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 which shows symmetry
about the origin.

• Given a graph, it is easy to determine if a function has symmetry. How about when
the function is expressed in algebraic formula? Analysing Figure 1.6(a), it can be
seen that since 𝑓 is symmetric about the y-axis, if the point (𝑥, 𝑦) is on the graph,
the point (−𝑥, 𝑦) is on the graph. In other words, 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥). If a function 𝑓 has
this property, it is an even function which has symmetry about the y-axis.

Example 1.11:
Assume 𝑥 = 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 = (2)2 = 4
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 = (−2)2 = 4 = 𝑓(𝑥)
• In contrast, looking at Figure 1.6(b) again, it can be seen that since 𝑓 is symmetric
about the origin, if the point (𝑥, 𝑦) is on the graph, the point (– 𝑥, −𝑦) is on the
graph. In other words, 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥). If a function 𝑓 has this property, it is an odd
function which has symmetry about the origin.

Example 1.12:
Assume 𝑥 = 2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 = (2)3 = 8
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)3 = (−2)3 = −8 = −𝑓(𝑥)

6) Basic Classes of Function

A. Algebraic Functions
i. Polynomial Function
ii. Rational Function
iii. Root Function
B. Transcendental Functions
i. Trigonometric
ii. Exponential
iii. Logarithmic
A. Algebraic Functions – one that involves addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, rational powers, and roots.

i. Polynomial Function – a function given by

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎0

where 𝑎𝑜 , 𝑎1 , … 𝑎𝑛 are constants where 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0.

▪ If 𝑛 = 0, the given is a constant function (𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐)

▪ If 𝑛 = 1, the given is a linear function (𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
▪ If 𝑛 = 2, the given is a quadratic function (𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)

ii. Rational Function – a function in the form

𝑝(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑞(𝑥)

where 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥) are polynomial functions.

Example 1.13:
3𝑥 − 1 4
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) =
5𝑥 + 2 𝑥2 + 1

iii. Root Function – a function in the form

𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 1/𝑛 = √𝑥

where 𝑛 is a positive integer greater than one.

Example 1.14:
3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 1/2 = √𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 1/3 = √𝑥

B. Transcendental Function – functions that cannot be described by basic

algebraic operations.

i. Trigonometric Function - relates the two sides of a right triangle.

sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
sec 𝑥 csc 𝑥
tan 𝑥 cot 𝑥
ii. Logarithmic Function – a function of the form
𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑏 𝑥
for some constant greater than 𝑏, 𝑏 ≠ 1, where log 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑦 if and only if 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥
iii. Exponential Function – a function of the form
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥
where 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑎 ≠ 1
7) Review on Trigonometric Identities, Laws of Exponent, Properties of Logarithm,
and Identities Involving Hyperbolic Functions

A. Trigonometric Identities

Figure 1.12 By inscribing a right triangle in a circle, the

ratios of the side lengths in terms of the trigonometric
functions evaluated at 𝜃 can be expressed.

• Reciprocal identities:
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
1 1
csc 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

• Pythagorean identities:
sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃
1 + cot 2 𝜃 = csc 2 𝜃

• Addition and subtraction formulas:

sin(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 ± cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽
cos(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 ∓ sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽

• Double angle formulas:

sin(2𝜃) = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
cos(2𝜃) = 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
B. Laws of Exponent
For any constants 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0, and for all 𝑥 and 𝑦,
1. 𝑏 𝑥 ∙ 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥+𝑦

𝑏𝑥
2. = 𝑏 𝑥−𝑦
𝑏𝑦

3. (𝑏 𝑥 ) 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥𝑦

4. (𝑎𝑏)𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥

𝑎𝑥 𝑎 𝑥
5. 𝑥
=( )
𝑏 𝑏

C. Properties of Logarithm
If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, and 𝑟 is a real number, then:

1. log 𝑏 (𝑎𝑐) = log 𝑏 (𝑎) + log 𝑏 (𝑐) ->Product property

𝑎
2. log 𝑏 ( ) = log 𝑏 (𝑎) − log 𝑏 (𝑐) ->Quotient property
𝑐

3. log 𝑏 (𝑎𝑟 ) = 𝑟 log 𝑏 (𝑎) ->Power property

Change-of-Base Formulas:
Let 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0, and 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑏 ≠ 1

1. 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑥 log𝑏 𝑎 for any real number 𝑥

If 𝑏 = 𝑒, this equation reduces to 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑎

log𝑏 𝑥
2. log 𝑎 𝑥 = for any real number 𝑥 > 0
log𝑏 𝑎

ln 𝑥
If 𝑏 = 𝑒, this equation reduces to log 𝑎 𝑥 =
ln 𝑎

D. Identities Involving Hyperbolic Functions

1. cosh(−𝑥) = cosh 𝑥

2. sinh(−𝑥) = − sinh 𝑥

3. cosh 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

4. cosh 𝑥 − sinh 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥

5. cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1

6. 1 − tanh2 𝑥 = sech2 𝑥

7. coth2 𝑥 − 1 = csch2 𝑥

8. sinh(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 ± cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦

 9. cosh(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 ± sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦

𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
10. cosh 𝑥 =
2

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
11. sinh 𝑥 =
2

8) Inverse Function

• An inverse function reverses the operation done by a particular function. In other

words, whatever a function does, the inverse function undoes it.
• Given a function 𝑓 with the domain 𝐷 and range 𝑅, its inverse function (if it exists)
is the function 𝑓 −1 with the domain 𝑅 and range 𝐷 such that 𝑓 −1 (𝑦) = 𝑥 if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦.

Figure 1.13 The range of 𝑓 becomes the domain of

𝑓 −1 and the domain of 𝑓 becomes the range of 𝑓 −1 .

• Recall that a function has exactly one output for each input. Therefore, to define an
inverse function, we need to map each input to exactly one output.
• In finding the inverse of a function, two steps must be followed. First, solve the
equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) for 𝑥. Second, interchange the variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 and write 𝑦 =
𝑓 −1 (𝑥).

Example 1.15:
Find the inverse for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 4.

Step 1:
Solve for 𝑥 in the equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 4, then 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 4
Solving for 𝑥,
3𝑥 = 𝑦 + 4
𝑦+4
𝑥=
3

Step 2:
Interchange the variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 and write 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
𝑥+4
𝑦= = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
3

• For 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) to be an inverse of 𝑓(𝑥), both 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥 and 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑥 must be
satisfied for all 𝑥 in the domain of the inside function.
 Example 1.16:
From Example 1.15, verify that 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) is the inverse of 𝑓(𝑥).
▪ For 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥 ▪ For 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑥
Given: Given:
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 4 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 4
𝑥 + 4 𝑥+4
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) =
3 3
Solution: Solution:
𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑥
𝑓 −1 (3𝑥
− 4) = 𝑥 𝑥+4
𝑓( )=𝑥
(3𝑥 − 4) + 4 3
=𝑥 𝑥+4
3 3( )−4=𝑥
3𝑥 − 4 + 4 3
=𝑥 𝑥+4−4= 𝑥
3
3𝑥 𝑥=𝑥
=𝑥
3
𝑥=𝑥

• A function that sends each input to a different output, like previous example, is
called a one-to-one function. One way to determine whether a function is one-to-
one is by looking at its graph. If a function is one-to-one, then no two inputs can be
sent to the same output. Therefore, according to horizontal line test, a horizontal
line drawn in the 𝑥𝑦 plane cannot intersect the graph of the function more than
once.

Figure 1.14 (a) The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 is not one-to-one function

because it fails the horizontal line test. (b) The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3
is one-to-one because it passes the horizontal line test.

• As shown in Figure 1.14(a), 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 does not have an inverse function because it
is not one-to-one. However, such function can be considered to have inverse only a
subset of the domain, restricted domain, is chosen.

Example 1.17:

Since 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 is one-to-one on the interval [0, ∞), a new function 𝑔 can be
defined such that the domain of 𝑔 is [0, ∞) and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 for all 𝑥 in its domain.
Since 𝑔 is a one-to-one function, it has an inverse function given by 𝑔−1 (𝑥) = √𝑥.
On the other hand, the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 is also one-to-one on the domain
(−∞, 0]. Therefore, a new function ℎ can defined such that the domain of ℎ is
(−∞, 0] and ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 for all x in the domain of ℎ. Since 𝑓h is one-to-one function, it
has an inverse function. Its inverse is given by ℎ−1 (𝑥) = −√𝑥.
B. EXERCISES

Exercise Number 1
Objective(s) Identify terms and notations used in writing function.
Instruction Match the symbol or letter in A with the correct meaning in B.

A
B
𝑓 ○
o represents the inverse of a function
𝐷 ○ o based on this chapter, common letter to
𝑓(𝑥) ○ denote a function
o represents all real numbers
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ○
o represents the output of a function
ℝ ○ o letter used in representing domain

Exercise Number 2
Objective(s) Determine the domain and the range of a function.
Instruction State the domain and the range of the function. Calculator is
allowed to verify your answers.

Given:
Domain Range
1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
1. _____________ 1. _____________
2) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 9 2. _____________
2. _____________
3) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥 − 5) 3. _____________ 3. _____________
𝑥
4) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 4. _____________ 4. _____________
𝑥 − 16
5. _____________ 5. _____________
5) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥

Exercise Number 3
Objective(s) Draw the graph of a function
Instruction Solve for 𝑓(𝑥) using the given values of 𝑥. Show your solution
in solving 𝑓(𝑥) in the space provided. Also, graph the function
using (𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥)).

Function 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
-4
-3
-2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 -1
0
1
2
 𝑓(−4) 𝑓(−3)
Show your solution here!

𝑓(−2) 𝑓(−1) 𝑓(0)

𝑓(1) 𝑓(2)
Show your solution here!

Graph the function in this 𝑥𝑦 plane. Connect the dots (coordinates).

xy
Exercise Number 4
Objective(s) Combine function through addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division and composition of function.
Instruction Using the knowledge in operations on function, solve for the
combination of function as indicated in each given. If needed,
express answer in fraction.

Solve for: (𝑓 + ℎ)(−3)

Given: Solution:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4
ℎ(𝑥) = 6𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2

Solve for: (𝑓 − 𝑔)(2) Solve for: (𝑔 ∙ ℎ)(2)

Solution: Solution:

Solve for: (ℎ/𝑓)(6) Solve for: (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(2)

Solution: Solution:

Exercise Number 5
Objective(s) Explain the difference between algebraic function and
transcendental function.
Instruction In the space provided, briefly explain the difference between
an algebraic function and a transcendental function as
explained in this chapter.

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Exercise Number 6
Objective(s) Familiarize with the basic trigonometric identities, laws of
exponent, properties of logarithm, and basic hyperbolic
trigonometric identities.
Instruction Simplify the given based on trigonometric identities, laws of
exponent, properties of logarithm, and hyperbolic trigonometric
identities. Calculator is allowed for checking.

Simplify the following using trigonometric identities:

1 + tan2 𝑥
1)
1 + cot2 𝑥

sec 2 𝑥 − cos 2 𝑥
2)
tan2 𝑥

Simplify the following using the law of exponents:

1) (100𝑥 95 𝑦 26 )0

𝑥 3 (𝑥 2 𝑦 3 )
2)
𝑥 4 𝑦(𝑦 2 )

Simplify the following using the properties of logarithm:

1) log 4 50 − log 4 10

2) log 3 𝑥 5 + log 3 𝑦 5

Prove the following using hyperbolic trigonometric identities:

1) cosh 𝑥 + sinh 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

2) cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1

Exercise Number 7
Objective(s) Determine the conditions for when a function has an inverse.
Instruction Using the space provided, briefly explain the conditions for
when a function has an inverse

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Exercise Number 8
Objective(s) Use the horizontal line test to recognize when a function is
one-to-one
Instruction Using the horizontal line test, evaluate the following graph of
functions. Determine whether the function is one-to-one or not.
Put a check mark before your answer.

Graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2
One-to-one function NOT one-to-one function

Graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
One-to-one function NOT one-to-one function
Exercise Number 9
Objective(s) Find the inverse of a function.
Instruction Solve for the inverse of the following function. Prove that your
answer is the inverse of the function solved. Show your
solution on the space provided.

Given: Solution: Checking:

1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2

Given: Solution: Checking:

2
2) 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−4

Given: Solution: Checking:

3) 𝑓(𝑥) = √4𝑥 − 2 + 5
C. ASSIGNMENT

1. Are the following functions one-to-one over their domain of existence? Does
the function have an inverse? If so, find the inverse of the function.

One-to-One Has Inverse Solution

Given
Yes or No Yes or No (If the function has inverse)

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1

1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥

2. Determine the largest domain on which the function is one-to-one and find the
inverse on that domain.

Given Domain Solution

𝑓(𝑥) = √9 − 𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4
VI. POST-TEST

A. True of False. Write your answer on the space provided.

____________1. A function is always one-to-one.
____________2. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 assuming 𝑔 and 𝑓 are functions.
____________3. A relation that passes the horizontal and vertical line test is a one-to-
one function.
____________4. A relation passing the horizontal line test is a function.
____________5. The range of a root function is all real numbers denoted by ℝ.

B. Perform the following operations on functions as indicated in each number. Show your
solution on the space provided.

1.
Given: Solution:
2
𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 5
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 1
ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3
Solve for:
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(2) − (𝑔 + ℎ)(3)

2.
Given: Solution:
2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3
𝑔(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 2
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 2
Solve for:
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(−2) ∙ ℎ(2)

3.
Given: Solution:
2
𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 2
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3
Solve for:
𝑓
( ) (−3)
𝑔

4.
Given: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 30000
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 7
ℎ(𝑥) = 8𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1
Solve for:

𝑓 (𝑔(ℎ(2)))
C. Solve for the inverse function of the following. Show your solution on the space
provided.

1.
Given: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 3 + 4

2.
Given: Solution:
4𝑥 3 −2
𝑓(𝑥) =
3

3.
Given: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = √2𝑥 − 5

4.
Given: Solution:
1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 3 −5
VII. POST-TEST FEEDBACK

A. True of False. Write your answer on the space provided.

False 1. A function is always one-to-one.
False 2. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 assuming 𝑔 and 𝑓 are functions.
True 3. A relation that passes the horizontal and vertical line test is a one-to-
one function.
False 4. A relation passing the horizontal line test is a function.
False 5. The range of a root function is all real numbers denoted by ℝ.

B. Perform the following operations on functions as indicated in each number. Show your
solution on the space provided.

1.
Given: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 5 (𝑓 + 𝑔)(2) − (𝑔 + ℎ)(3) = 𝑓(2) + 𝑔(2) − 𝑔(3) − ℎ(3)
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 1 𝑓(2) = 4(2)2 − 5 = 11
ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3 𝑔(2) = (2)3 + 2(2) − 1 = 11
Solve for: 𝑔(3) = (3)3 + 2(3) − 1 = 32
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(2) − (𝑔 + ℎ)(3) ℎ(3) = 2(3) + 3 = 9
(𝑓 + 𝑔)(2) − (𝑔 + ℎ)(3) = 11 + 11 − 32 − 9 = −19

2.
Given: Solution:
2 (𝑓 − 𝑔)(−2) ∙ ℎ(2) = (𝑓(−2) − 𝑔(−2)) ∙ (ℎ(2))
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3
𝑔(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 2 𝑓(−2) = (−2)2 − 2(−2) + 3 = 11
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 2 𝑔(−2) = 5(−2) − 2 = −12
Solve for: ℎ(2) = (2)4 − 2 = 14
(𝑓 − 𝑔)(−2) ∙ ℎ(2) (𝑓 − 𝑔)(−2) ∙ ℎ(2) = (11 − (−12)) ∙ (14) = 322

3.
Given: Solution:
𝑓 𝑓(−3)
𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 2 ( ) (−3) =
𝑔 𝑔(−3)

𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3 𝑓(−3) = 4(−3)2 − 2 = 34

Solve for: 𝑔(−3) = (−3)3 + 3 = −24
𝑓 𝑓 34 17
( ) (−3) ( ) (−3) = =−
𝑔 𝑔 −24 12

4.
Given: Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 30000 ℎ(2) = 8(2)2 + 2 − 1 = 33
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 7 𝑔(ℎ(2) = (33)3 − 2(33)2 − 7 = 33752

ℎ(𝑥) = 8𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1 𝑓 (𝑔(ℎ(2))) = 33752 − 30000 = 3752

Solve for:

𝑓 (𝑔(ℎ(2)))
C. Solve for the inverse function of the following. Show your solution on the space
provided.

1.
Given: Solution:
3 𝑦−4
𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 3 + 4 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 3 + 4 = 𝑦 𝑥=√
5

𝑦−4 3 𝑦−4
𝑥3 = 𝑦= √ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
5 5

3 3 𝑦−4
√𝑥 3 = √ 5

2.
Given: Solution:
4𝑥 3 −2 4𝑥 3 −2 3 3𝑦+2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) = =𝑦 𝑥=√
3 3 4

3𝑦+2 3 3𝑥+2
𝑥3 = 𝑦=√ = 𝑓′ (𝑥)
4 4

3 3 3𝑦+2
√𝑥 3 = √
4

3.
Given: Solution:
𝑦 2 +5
𝑓(𝑥) = √2𝑥 − 5 𝑓(𝑥) = √2𝑥 − 5 = 𝑦 𝑥= 2
2 𝑥 2 +5
(√2𝑥 − 5) = 𝑦 2 𝑦= = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
2

2𝑥 − 5 = 𝑦 2

4.
Given: Solution:
1 1 3 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) = =𝑦 𝑥 = √ +5
𝑥 3 −5 𝑥 3 −5 𝑦

1 3 1
𝑥3 = + 5 𝑦 = √ + 5 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
𝑦 𝑥

3 3 1
√𝑥 3 = √𝑦 + 5