New problem 9.1:

Consider an air-standard Otto cycle in which compression ratio is 10. At the

beginning of compression, T1  298 K and p1  1 bar . During the cycle there is a heat
addition of 1300 kJ per kg of flowing air. Determine
(a) the net work in kJ per kg of air.
(b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
(c) the mean effective pressure, in bar.
(d) the maximum temperature attained during the cycle, in K.

Solution:

p-V diagram for the cycle is shown below:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  298 K .
u1  212.64 kJ / kg
vr1  631.9

State 2: Use the following expression to determine the value of vr 2 :

V 
vr 2  vr1  2 
 V1 
1 V
Substitute for 2 and 631.9 for vr1 .
10 V1
1
vr 2   631.9     63.19
 10 
 

Take the following values at state 2 from the table A-22 corresponding to vr 2  63.19 .
T2  725.6 K
u2  532.57 kJ / kg

State 3: Volume remains constant during process 2-3 that means :

W23
0
m
Write the energy balance equation for process 2-3 as follows:
Q23 W
  u3  u2   23
m m
Q W
u3  23  u2  23
m m
 1300 kJ / kg  532.57 kJ / kg  0
 1832.57 kJ / kg

Take the following values at state 3 from the table A-22 corresponding to
u3  1832.57 kJ / kg .
T3  2159 K
vr 3  2.146

(d) Thus, the maximum temperature attained during the cycle is 2159 K .

State 4: Use the following expression to determine the value of vr 4 :

V 
vr 4  vr 3  4 
 V3 
V  V4 V1 
 vr 3  1    
 V2   V3 V2 
V
Substitute 10 for 1 and 2.146 for vr 3 .
V2
vr 4   2.146 10 
 21.46

Take the following values at state 4 from the table A-22 corresponding to vr 4  21.46 .
T4  1054.9 K
u4  806.2 kJ / kg

(a) Calculate the net work as follows:

 

It is known that
Wcycle  Qcycle
Wcycle Qcycle Q23 Q41
  
m m m m
Q23
   u4  u1 
m
 1300 kJ / kg   806.2 kJ / kg  212.64 kJ / kg 
 706.44 kJ / kg

Thus, the net work is 706.44 kJ / kg .

(b) Use the following expression to determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle:
Wcycle
706.44 kJ / kg
 m   0.543 or 54.3%
Q23 1300 kJ / kg
m

Thus, the efficiency of the cycle is 54.3% .

(c) Use the following expression to determine the mean effective pressure (mep):
Wcycle
mep  m
v1  v2
Wcycle
 m
 v2 
v1 1  
 v1 
Wcycle
m  v2 V2 
    …… (1)
 V   v1 V1 
v1 1  2 
 V1 

Calculate the value of v1 from the following expression:

RT
v1  1
p1

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 298 K for T1 and 1 bar for p1 .
28.97
 

 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   298 K 
103 N  m
v1   
28.97 1 bar
 0.855 m3 / kg
1 bar 105 N / m 2 1 kJ

Wcycle 1 V
Substitute 706.44 kJ / kg for , 0.855 m3 / kg for v1 and for 2 in equation
m 10 V1
(1).
706.44 kJ / kg 103 N  m 1 bar
mep   9.18 bar
 1  1 kJ
 0.855 m / kg  1  10  10 N / m 2
5
3

Thus, the mean effective pressure is 9.18 bar .

 

New problem 9.2:

A single cylinder, four stroke internal combustion engine operates at 2500 RPM. The
engine works on an air-standard Otto cycle in which compression ratio is 10. At the
beginning of compression, T1  298 K and p1  1 bar . During the cycle there is a heat
addition of 1300 kJ per kg of flowing air. Determine
(a) the net power developed by the engine in kW per kg of air.
(b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
(c) the mean effective pressure, in bar.
(d) the maximum temperature attained during the cycle, in K.

Solution:

p-V diagram for the cycle is shown below:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  298 K .
u1  212.64 kJ / kg
vr1  631.9

State 2: Use the following expression to determine the value of vr 2 :

V 
vr 2  vr1  2 
 V1 
1 V
Substitute for 2 and 631.9 for vr1 .
10 V1
 

1
vr 2   631.9     63.19
 10 
Take the following values at state 2 from the table A-22 corresponding to vr 2  63.19 .
T2  725.6 K
u2  532.57 kJ / kg

State 3: Volume remains constant during process 2-3 that means :

W23
0
m
Write the energy balance equation for process 2-3 as follows:
Q23 W
  u3  u2   23
m m
Q W
u3  23  u2  23
m m
 1300 kJ / kg  532.57 kJ / kg  0
 1832.57 kJ / kg

Take the following values at state 3 from the table A-22 corresponding to
u3  1832.57 kJ / kg .
T3  2159 K
vr 3  2.146

(d) Thus, the maximum temperature attained during the cycle is 2159 K .

State 4: Use the following expression to determine the value of vr 4 :

V 
vr 4  vr 3  4 
 V3 
V  V4 V1 
 vr 3  1    
 V2   V3 V2 
V
Substitute 10 for 1 and 2.146 for vr 3 .
V2
vr 4   2.146 10 
 21.46

Take the following values at state 4 from the table A-22 corresponding to vr 4  21.46 .
T4  1054.9 K
u4  806.2 kJ / kg
 

(a) It is known that

Wcycle  Qcycle
Wcycle Qcycle Q23 Q41
  
m m m m
Q
 23   u4  u1 
m
 1300 kJ / kg   806.2 kJ / kg  212.64 kJ / kg 
 706.44 kJ / kg

For a single cylinder, four stroke engine use the following expression to determine the
net power developed:
N
Wnet     Wcycle
2
Wnet N  Wcycle 
  
m 2  m 
Here, N is speed of engine.

Wcycle
Substitute 2500 RPM for N and 706.44 kJ / kg for .
m
Wnet  2500 RPM  1 min 1 kW
    706.44 kJ / kg   14, 717.5 kW / kg
m  2  60 s 1 kJ / s

Thus, the net power developed by the engine is 14, 717.5 kW per kg of flowing air.

(b) Use the following expression to determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle:
Wcycle
706.44 kJ / kg
 m   0.543 or 54.3%
Q23 1300 kJ / kg
m

Thus, the efficiency of the cycle is 54.3% .

(c) Use the following expression to determine the mean effective pressure (mep):
 

Wcycle
mep  m
v1  v2
Wcycle
 m
 v 
v1 1  2 
 v1 
Wcycle
m  v2 V2 
    …… (1)
 V   v1 V1 
v1 1  2 
 V1 

Calculate the value of v1 from the following expression:

RT
v1  1
p1

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 298 K for T1 and 1 bar for p1 .
28.97
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   298 K 
103 N  m
v1   
28.97 1 bar
 0.855 m3 / kg
1 bar 105 N / m 2 1 kJ

Wcycle 1 V
Substitute 706.44 kJ / kg for , 0.855 m3 / kg for v1 and for 2 in equation
m 10 V1
(1).
706.44 kJ / kg 103 N  m 1 bar
mep   9.18 bar
 1  1 kJ
 0.855 m / kg  1  10  10 N / m 2
5
3

Thus, the mean effective pressure is 9.18 bar .

 

New problem 9.4

9.3:

A single-cylinder, four-stroke internal combustion engine operates at 2500 RPM. The

processes within the cylinder are modeled as an air-standard Otto cycle with a
pressure of 100 kPa, a temperature of 22 C and a volume of 1.4  104 m3 at the
beginning of compression. The compression ratio is 9, and maximum pressure in the
cycle is 6800 kPa. Determine, using a cold air-standard analysis with k  1.4 , the
power developed by the engine, in horsepower, and the mean effective pressure, in
kPa.

Solution:

p-V diagram for the cycle is shown below:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 2: Use the following expression to determine the value of temperature T2 :

k 1
V 
T2   1  T1
 V2 

V1
Substitute 9 for , 1.4 for k and 295 K for T1 .
V2
T2   9    295 K   710.4 K
1.4 1
 

Use the following expression to determine the value of pressure p2 :

k
V 
p2   1  p1
 V2 

V1
Substitute 9 for , 1.4 for k and 100 kPa for p1 .
V2
p2   9   100 kPa   2167 kPa
1.4

State 3: Process 2-3 is isochoric that is volume remains constant, V2  V3 . So use the
following expression to determine temperature T3 :
p 
T3   3  T2
 p2 

Substitute 2167 kPa for p2 , 6800 kPa for p3 and 710.4 K for T2 .
 6800 kPa 
T3     710.4 K   2229.2 K
 2167 kPa 

State 4: Use the following expression to determine the value of temperature T4 :

k 1
V 
T4   3  T3
 V4 
k 1
V   V3 V2 
 2  T3   
 V1  V4 V1 

1 V
Substitute for 2 , 1.4 for k and 2229.2 K for T3 .
9 V1
1.4 1
1
T4      2229.2 K   925.7 K
9

Initially determine the net work per cycle to determine the power.

Calculate the mass of air inside the cylinder.

pV
m 1 1
RT1

8.314
Substitute 100 kPa for p1 , 1.4 104 m3 for V1 , kJ / kg  K for R and 295 K for
28.97
T1 .
100 kPa  1.4 104 m3 
m  1.65 104 kg
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   295 K 
 28.97 
 

Calculate the work done per cycle as follows:

Wcycle  W12  W34
 mcv T1  T2   mcv T3  T4 
 mcv T1  T2   T3  T4  
Here, cv is specific heat capacity of air at constant volume.

Take the value of cv to be 0.716 kJ / kg  K . Insert all the known values in above
expression.
Wcycle  1.65 104 kg   0.716 kJ / kg  K   295  710.4    2229.2  925.7   K
 0.105 kJ

For a four stroke engine use the following expression to determine the net power
developed:
N
Wnet     Wcycle
2
Here, N is speed of engine.

Substitute 2500 rpm for N and 0.105 kJ for Wcycle .

 2500 RPM  1 min 1 kW 1 hp
Wnet      0.105 kJ   2.93 hp
 2  60 s 1 kJ / s 0.746 kW

Thus, the net power developed by the engine is 2.93 hp .

Use the following expression to determine the mean effective pressure (mep):
W
mep  cycle
V1  V2
Wcycle

 V 
V1 1  2 
 V1 

1 V
Substitute 0.105 kJ for Wcycle , 1.4 104 m3 for V1 and for 2 .
9 V1
0.105 kJ
mep   843.75 kPa
3  1
1.4  10 4
m   10 
1 

Thus, the mean effective pressure is 843.75 kPa .

 

9.4

Revalued data:

A four-cylinder, four-stroke internal combustion engine operates at 2700 RPM. The

processes within each cylinder are modeled as an air-standard Otto cycle with a
pressure of 100 kPa, a temperature of 25 C and a volume of 5.4  104 m3 at the
beginning of compression. The compression ratio is 10, and maximum pressure in the
cycle is 7500 kPa. Determine, using a cold air-standard analysis with k  1.4 , the
power developed by the engine, in horsepower, and the mean effective pressure, in
kPa.

Solution:

p-V diagram for the cycle is shown below:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 2: Use the following expression to determine the value of temperature T2 :

 

k 1
V 
T2   1  T1
 V2 

V1
Substitute 10 for , 1.4 for k and 298 K for T1 .
V2
T2  10    298 K   748.5 K
1.4 1

Use the following expression to determine the value of pressure p2 :

k
V 
p2   1  p1
 V2 

V1
Substitute 10 for , 1.4 for k and 100 kPa for p1 .
V2
p2  10   100 kPa   2511.88 kPa
1.4

State 3: Process 2-3 is isochoric that is volume remains constant, V2  V3 . So use the
following expression to determine temperature T3 :
p 
T3   3  T2
 p2 

Substitute 2511.88 kPa for p2 , 7500 kPa for p3 and 748.5 K for T2 .
 7500 kPa 
T3     748.5 K   2234.9 K
 2511.88 kPa 

State 4: Use the following expression to determine the value of temperature T4 :

k 1
V 
T4   3  T3
 V4 
k 1
V   V3 V2 
 2  T3   
 V1  V4 V1 

1 V
Substitute for 2 , 1.4 for k and 2234.9 K for T3 .
10 V1
1.4 1
1
T4      2234.9 K   889.7 K
 10 
 

Initially determine the net work per cycle to determine the power.

Calculate the mass of air inside the cylinder.

pV
m 1 1
RT1

8.314
Substitute 100 kPa for p1 , 5.4  104 m3 for V1 , kJ / kg  K for R and 298 K for
28.97
T1 .
100 kPa   5.4 104 m3 
m  6.3 104 kg
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   298 K 
 28.97 

Calculate the work done per cycle as follows:

Wcycle  W12  W34
 mcv T1  T2   mcv T3  T4 
 mcv T1  T2   T3  T4  
Here, cv is specific heat capacity of air at constant volume.

Take the value of cv to be 0.716 kJ / kg  K . Insert all the known values in above
expression.
Wcycle   6.3 104 kg   0.716 kJ / kg  K   298  748.5    2234.9  889.7   K
=0.40358 kJ

For a four cylinder, four stroke engine use the following expression to determine the
net power developed:
N
Wnet  4     Wcycle
2
Here, N is speed of engine.

Substitute 2700 rpm for N and 0.40358 kJ for Wcycle .

 2700 RPM  1 min 1 kW 1 hp
Wnet  4      0.40358 kJ   48.7 hp
 2  60 s 1 kJ / s 0.746 kW

Thus, the net power developed by the engine is 48.7 hp .

Use the following expression to determine the mean effective pressure (mep):
 

Wcycle
mep 
V1  V2
Wcycle

 V 
V1 1  2 
 V1 

1 V
Substitute 0.40358 kJ for Wcycle , 5.4 104 m3 for V1 and for 2 .
10 V1
0.40358 kJ
mep   830.4 kPa
3  1
 5.4 10 m  1  10 
4

Thus, the mean effective pressure is 830.4 kPa .

 

New problem 9.7

9.5:

An engine working on the air standard Otto cycle is supplied with air at 0.1 MPa,
27 C . The compression ratio is 8. Heat supplied is 1400 kJ/kg. Calculate the
maximum pressure and temperature of the cycle, the cycle efficiency, and the mean
effective pressure.

Solution:

p-V diagram for the cycle is shown below:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  27 C  300 K .
u1  214.07 kJ / kg
vr1  621.2
pr1  1.386

State 2: Use the following expression to determine the value of vr 2 :

V 
vr 2  vr1  2 
 V1 
1 V
Substitute for 2 and 621.2 for vr1 .
8 V1
 

1
vr 2   621.2     77.65
8
Take the following values at state 2 from the table A-22 corresponding to vr 2  77.65 .
T2  673 K
u2  491.22 kJ / kg
pr 2  24.89

Calculate the pressure at state 2 as follows:

p 
p2  p1  r 2 
 pr1 
 24.89 
  0.1 MPa   
 1.386 
 1.796 MPa

State 3: Volume remains constant during process 2-3 that means :

W23
0
m
Write the energy balance equation for process 2-3 as follows:
Q23 W
  u3  u2   23
m m
Q W
u3  23  u2  23
m m
 1400 kJ / kg  491.22 kJ / kg  0
 1891.22 kJ / kg

Take the following values at state 3 from the table A-22 corresponding to
u3  1891.22 kJ / kg .
T3  2219.2 K
vr 3  1.955

Thus, the maximum temperature T3  attained during the cycle is 2219.2 K .

For constant volume process 2-3,

p3 T3

p2 T2
T3
p3  p2 
T2
 2219.2 K 
 1.796 MPa    
 673 K 
 5.92 MPa
 

Thus, the maximum pressure  p3  is 5.92 MPa .

State 4: Use the following expression to determine the value of vr 4 :
V 
vr 4  vr 3  4 
 V3 
V  V4 V1 
 vr 3  1    
 V2   V3 V2 
V
Substitute 8 for 1 and 1.955 for vr 3 .
V2
vr 4  1.955  8 
 15.64

Take the following values at state 4 from the table A-22 corresponding to vr 4  15.64 .
T4  1170.3 K
u4  907 kJ / kg

Calculate the net work as follows:

It is known that
Wcycle  Qcycle
Wcycle Qcycle Q23 Q41
  
m m m m
Q
 23   u4  u1 
m
 1400 kJ / kg   907 kJ / kg  214.07 kJ / kg 
 707.07 kJ / kg

Thus, the net work is 707.07 kJ / kg .

Use the following expression to determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle:
Wcycle
707.07 kJ / kg
 m   0.505 or 50.5%
Q23 1400 kJ / kg
m

Thus, the efficiency of the cycle is 50.5% .

Use the following expression to determine the mean effective pressure (mep):
 

Wcycle
mep  m
v1  v2
Wcycle
 m
 v 
v1 1  2 
 v1 
Wcycle
m  v2 V2 
    …… (1)
 V   v1 V1 
v1 1  2 
 V1 

Calculate the value of v1 from the following expression:

RT
v1  1
p1

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 300 K for T1 and 0.1 MPa for p1 .
28.97
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   300 K 
1 MPa 103 N  m
v1   
28.97
 0.861 m3 / kg
0.1 MPa 106 N / m 2 1 kJ

Wcycle 1 V
Substitute 707.07 kJ / kg for , 0.861 m3 / kg for v1 and for 2 in equation
m 8 V1
(1).
707.07 kJ / kg 103 N  m 1 MPa
mep   0.938 MPa
 1  1 kJ
 0.861 m / kg  1  8 
3 106 N / m 2

Thus, the mean effective pressure is 0.938 MPa .

 

New problem 9.8

9.6:

An engine working on the air standard Otto cycle is supplied with air at 0.1 MPa,
27 C . The compression ratio is 8. Heat supplied is 1400 kJ/kg. Calculate the
maximum pressure and temperature of the cycle, the cycle efficiency, and the mean
effective pressure. For air, take c p  1.005 kJ / kg  K , cv  0.718 kJ / kg  K and
k  1.4 .

Solution:

p-V diagram for the cycle is shown below:

For the air standard Otto cycle use the following expression to determine the
efficiency of the cycle:
1
  1  k 1
r
Here, r is compression ratio.

Substitute 8 for r and 1.4 for k.

1
  1  1.41  0.565 or 56.5%
8

Thus, the cycle efficiency is 56.5% .

For the isentropic compression process 1-2,

 

k 1
T2  v1 
 
T1  v2 
k 1
v 
T2  T1   1 
 v2 

v1
Substitute 300 K for T1 , 1.4 for k and 8 for .
v2
T2  300 K   8 
1.4 1
 689.2 K

For the isentropic compression process 1-2,

k
p2  v1 
 
p1  v2 
k
v 
p2  p1   1 
 v2 

v1
Substitute 0.1 MPa for T1 , 1.4 for k and 8 for .
v2
p2  0.1 MPa   8  1.838 MPa
1.4

Volume remains constant during process 2-3 that means :

W23
0
m

Write the energy balance equation for process 2-3 as follows:

Q23 W
  u3  u2   23
m m
 cv T3  T2   0
1  Q23 
T3   T2
cv  m 

Q23
Substitute 1400 kJ/kg for , 689.2 K for T2 and 0.718 kJ / kg  K for cv .
m
1400 kJ / kg
T3   689.2 K
0.718 kJ / kg  K
 2639.1 K

Thus, the maximum temperature T3  attained during the cycle is 2639.1 K .
 

For constant volume process 2-3,

p3 T3

p2 T2
T3
p3  p2 
T2
 2639.1 K 
 1.838 MPa    
 689.2 K 
 7.04 MPa

Thus, the maximum pressure  p3  is 7.04 MPa .

Use the following expression of thermal efficiency to determine the net work done:
Wcycle
 m
Q23
m
Wcycle Q
   23
m m
 0.565  1400 kJ / kg
 791 kJ / kg

Use the following expression to determine the mean effective pressure (mep):
Wcycle
mep  m
v1  v2
Wcycle
 m
 v2 
v1 1  
 v1 
Wcycle
m  v2 V2 
    …… (1)
 V   v1 V1 
v1 1  2 
 V1 

Calculate the value of v1 from the following expression:

RT
v1  1
p1
 

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 300 K for T1 and 0.1 MPa for p1 .
28.97
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   300 K 
1 MPa 103 N  m
v1   
28.97
6 2
 0.861 m3 / kg
0.1 MPa 10 N / m 1 kJ

Wcycle 1 V
Substitute 791 kJ / kg for , 0.861 m3 / kg for v1 and for 2 in equation (1).
m 8 V1
791 kJ / kg 103 N  m 1 MPa
mep   1.05 MPa
 1  1 kJ
 0.861 m / kg  1  8 
3 106 N / m 2

Thus, the mean effective pressure is 1.05 MPa .

 

New problem 9.9

9.7:

The compression ratio of an air-standard Otto cycle is 10. At the beginning of

compression stroke, T1  298 K and p1  100 kPa . There is a heat addition of 1300
kJ/kg of air. Determine
(a) The net work done in kJ/kg of of air.
(b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle.

Solution:

p-V diagram for the cycle is shown below:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  298 K .
u1  212.64 kJ / kg
vr1  631.88

State 2: Use the following expression to determine the value of vr 2 :

V 
vr 2   2  vr1
 V1 

1 V
Substitute for 2 and 631.88 for vr1 .
10 V1
 

1
vr 2     631.88   63.188
 10 

Take the value of specific internal energy at state 2  u2  from the table A-22
corresponding to vr 2  63.188 .
T2  725.6 K
u2  532.57 kJ / kg

State 3: Write the energy balance equation for process 2-3 as follows:
m  u3  u2   Q23  W23

Since, process 2-3 is a constant volume process it implies that W23  0 .

Q
u3  23  u2
m

Q23
Substitute 1300 kJ/kg for and 532.57 kJ / kg for u2 .
m
u3  1300 kJ / kg  532.57 kJ / kg
 1832.57 kJ / kg

Take the following values at state 3 from the table A-22 corresponding to
u3  1832.57 kJ / kg .
T3  2159 K
vr 3  2.1455

State 4: Use the following expression to determine the value of vr 4 :

V 
vr 4   4  vr 3
 V3 
V   V1 V4 
  1  vr 3   
 V2  V2 V3 

V1
Substitute 10 for and 2.1455 for vr 3 .
V2
vr 4  10  2.1455   21.455

Take the value of specific internal energy at state 4  u4  from the table A-22
corresponding to vr 4  21.455 .
T4  1055 K
u4  806.27 kJ / kg
 

(a) Use the following expression to determine the work done per cycle:
Wcycle  Q23  Q41
 Q23  m  u4  u1 
Wcycle Q23
   u4  u1 
m m

Q23
Substitute 1300 kJ/kg for , 806.27 kJ / kg for u4 and 212.64 kJ / kg for u1 .
m
Wcycle
 1300 kJ / kg   806.27 kJ / kg  212.64 kJ / kg 
m
 706.37 kJ / kg

Thus, the net work done per cycle is 706.37 kJ / kg .

(b) Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle from the following expression:
Wcycle
706.37 kJ / kg
 m   0.543 or 54.3%
Q23 1300 kJ / kg
m

Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 54.3% .

 9.8

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9.9
  

9.10

Revalued data:

Consider a modification of the air-standard Otto cycle in which the isentropic

compression and expansion processes are each replaced with polytropic processes
having n  1.25 . The compression ratio is 10 for the modified cycle. At the beginning
of compression, p1  1 bar and T1  298 K and V1  2200 cm3 . The maximum
temperature during the cycle is 1900 K. Determine
(a) the heat transfer and work in kJ, for each process in the modified cycle.
(b) the thermal efficiency.
(c) the mean effective pressure, in bar.

Solution:

p-V diagram for the cycle is shown below:

Determine the properties at different states.

 

State 1: Take the value of specific internal energy at state 1  u1  from the table A-22
corresponding to T1  298 K .
u1  212.64 kJ / kg

State 2: Use the following expression to determine the value of temperature T2 :

n 1
V 
T2   1  T1
 V2 

V1
Substitute 10 for , 1.25 for n and 298 K for T1 .
V2
T2  10    298 K   529.9 K
1.25 1

Take the value of specific internal energy at state 2  u2  from the table A-22
corresponding to T2  529.9 K .
u2  381.77 kJ / kg

State 3: Take the value of specific internal energy at state 3  u3  from the table A-22
corresponding to T3  1900 K .
u3  1582.6 kJ / kg

State 4: Use the following expression to determine the value of temperature T4 :

n 1
V 
T4   3  T3
 V4 
n 1
V   V3 V2 
 2  T3   
 V1  V4 V1 

1 V
Substitute for 2 , 1.25 for n and 1900 K for T3 .
10 V1
1.25 1
1
T4     1900 K   1068.4 K
 10 

Take the value of specific internal energy at state 4  u4  from the table A-22
corresponding to T4  1068.4 K .
u4  817.87 kJ / kg

(a) Consider process 1-2:

 

Use the following expression to determine the work done in process 1-2:
W12 2 R T2  T1 
  pdV 
m 1 1 n

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 298 K for T1 , 529.9 K for T2 and 1.25 for n.
28.97
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   529.9  298  K
W12  28.97 
  266.2 kJ / kg
m 1  1.25

Write the energy balance equation for process 1-2 as follows:

Q12 W
  u2  u1   12
m m
 381.77 kJ / kg  212.64 kJ / kg   266.2 kJ / kg 
 97.07 kJ / kg

Consider process 2-3:

Volume remains constant during process 2-3 that means :

W23
0
m

Write the energy balance equation for process 2-3 as follows:

Q23 W
  u3  u2   23
m m
 1582.6 kJ / kg  381.77 kJ / kg  0
 1200.83 kJ / kg

Consider process 3-4:

Use the following expression to determine the work done in process 3-4:
W34 4 R T4  T3 
  pdV 
m 3 1 n

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 1068.4 K for T4 , 1900 K for T3 and 1.25 for n.
28.97
 8.314 
kJ / kg  K  1068.4  1900  K
W34  28.97 
  954.63kJ / kg
m 1  1.25

Write the energy balance equation for process 3-4 as follows:

 

Q34 W
  u4  u3   34
m m
 817.87 kJ / kg  1582.6 kJ / kg  954.63kJ / kg
 189.9 kJ / kg

Consider process 4-1:

Volume remains constant during process 4-1 that means :

W41
0
m

Write the energy balance equation for process 4-1 as follows:

Q41 W
  u1  u4   41
m m
 212.64 kJ / kg  817.87 kJ / kg  0
 605.23 kJ / kg

(b) Use the following expression to determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle:
Wcycle
 m …… (1)
Qin
m

Wcycle
Calculate the value of as follows:
m
WcycleW12 W34


m m m
 266.2 kJ / kg  954.63kJ / kg
 688.43 kJ / kg

Qin
Calculate the value of as follows:
m
Qin Q23 Q34
 
m m m
 1200.83 kJ / kg  189.9 kJ / kg
 1390.73 kJ / kg

Substitute these obtained values in equation (1).

688.43 kJ / kg
  0.495 or 49.5%
1390.73 kJ / kg
Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 49.5% .
(c) Use the following expression to determine the mean effective pressure (mep):
 

Wcycle
mep  m
v1  v2
Wcycle
 m
 v 
v1 1  2 
 v1 
Wcycle
m  v2 V2 
    …… (2)
 V   v1 V1 
v1 1  2 
 V1 

Calculate the value of v1 from the following expression:

RT
v1  1
p1

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 298 K for T1 and 1 bar for p1 .
28.97
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   298 K 
v1   
28.97 1 bar
 0.855 m3 / kg
1 bar 10 N / m 2
5

1 V
Substitute 688.43 kJ / kg for Wcycle , 0.855 m3 / kg for v1 and for 2 in equation
10 V1
(2).
688.43 kJ / kg 103 N  m 1 bar
mep   8.95 bar
  1 kJ
 0.855 m / kg  1  10  10 N / m 2
5
3 1

Thus, the mean effective pressure is 8.95 bar .

 

9.11

Revalued data:

A four-cylinder, four-stroke internal combustion engine has a bore of 66 mm and a

stroke of 54 mm. The clearance volume is 13% of the cylinder volume at bottom dead
center and the crankshaft rotates at 3500 RPM. The processes within each cylinder are
modeled as an airstandard Otto cycle with a pressure of 100 kPa and a temperature of
27 C at the beginning of compression. The maximum temperature in the cycle is
2250 K. Based on this model, calculate the net work per cycle, in kJ, and the power
developed by the engine, in kW.

Solution:

p-V diagram for the cycle is shown below:

Calculate the volume swept by the piston in a stroke:


V1  V2 d2 S
4
Here, d is bore diameter and S is stroke length.

Substitute 66 mm for d and 54 mm for S.

 

 1 m3
V1  V2    66 mm    54 mm   1.847 104 m3
2
9 3
4 10 mm

It is given that, V2  0.13V1 , therefore

V1  0.13V1  1.847 104 m3
1.847 104 3
V1  m  2.12 104 m3
0.87

Use the following expression to determine the mass of air:

pV
m 1 1
RT1

8.314
Substitute 100 kPa for p1 , 2.12 104 m3 for V1 , kJ / kg  K for R and 300 K
28.97
for T1 .
100 kPa   2.12 104 m3 
m  0.000246 kg
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   300 K 
 28.97 

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  300 K .
u1  214.07 kJ / kg
vr1  621.2

State 2: Use the following expression to determine the value of vr 2 :

V 
vr 2   2  vr1
 V1 

V2
Substitute 0.13 for and 621.2 for vr1 .
V1
vr 2   0.13 621.2   80.756

Take the value of specific internal energy at state 2  u2  from the table A-22
corresponding to vr 2  80.756 .
u2  483.7 kJ / kg

State 3: Take the following values at state 3 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T3  2250 K .
 

u3  1921.3 kJ / kg
vr 3  1.864

State 4: Use the following expression to determine the value of vr 4 :

V 
vr 4   4  vr 3
 V3 
V   V1 V4 
  1  vr 3   
 V2  V2 V3 

1 V
Substitute for 1 and 1.864 for vr 3 .
0.13 V2
 1 
vr 4    1.864   14.338
 0.13 

Take the value of specific internal energy at state 4  u4  from the table A-22
corresponding to vr 4  14.338 .
u4  936.57 kJ / kg

Use the following expression to determine the work done per cycle:
Wcycle  Q23  Q41
 m  u3  u2   m  u4  u1 
 m  u3  u2    u4  u1  

Substitute 0.000246 kg for m, 1921.3 kJ / kg for u3 , 483.7 kJ / kg for u2 ,

936.57 kJ / kg for u4 and 214.07 kJ / kg for u1 .
Wcycle   0.000246 kg  1921.3  483.7    936.57  214.07   kJ / kg
 0.176 kJ

Thus, the net work done per cycle is 0.176 kJ .

For a four cylinder, four stroke engine use the following expression to determine the
net power developed:
N
Wnet  4     Wcycle
2
Here, N is speed of engine.

Substitute 3500 rpm for N and 0.176 kJ for Wcycle .

 

 3500 RPM  1 min 1 kW

Wnet  4      0.176 kJ   20.53 kW
 2  60 s 1 kJ / s

Thus, the net power developed by the engine is 20.53 kW .

 

New problem 9.16

9.12:

The pressure-specific volume diagram of the air-standard Atkinson cycle is shown in

Fig. Fig.1. During isentropic compression the compression ratio of an Atkinson cycle
is 9. At the beginning of this compression process, p1  98 kPa and T1  295 K . There
is heat addition of 1250 kJ/kg of mass of air during constant volume process. (a)
Sketch the cycle on T–s coordinates. Determine (b) the net work, in kJ per kg of air,
and (c) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

Figure 1

Solution:

(a) The sketch of the given cycle on T–s coordinates is shown below:
 

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  295 K .
u1  210.49 kJ / kg
vr1  647.9
pr1  1.3068
h1  295.17 kJ / kg

State 2: Use the following expression to determine the value of vr 2 :

V 
vr 2   2  vr1
 V1 

1 V
Substitute for 2 and 647.9 for vr1 .
9 V1
1
vr 2     647.9   71.989
9

Take the following values at state 2 from the table A-22 corresponding to
vr 2  71.989 .
T2  692 K
pr 2  27.59
u2  506.06 kJ / kg

Use the following expression to determine the pressure at state 2:

 

p 
p2   r 2  p1
 pr1 
 27.59 
   98 kPa 
 1.3068 
 2069 kPa

State 3: Write the energy balance equation for process 2-3 as follows:
m  u3  u2   Q23  W23

Since, process 2-3 is constant volume process which implies that W23  0 . Therefore,
m  u3  u2   Q23
Q23
u3   u2
m

Q23
Substitute 1250 kJ/kg for and 506.06 kJ / kg for u2 .
m
u3  1250 kJ / kg  506.06 kJ / kg  1756.06 kJ / kg

Take the following values at state 3 from the table A-22 corresponding to
u3  1756.06 kJ / kg .
T3  2080 K
pr 3  2457

Use the following expression to determine the pressure at state 3:

T 
p3   3  p2
 T2 
 2080 K 
   2069 kPa 
 692 K 
 6218.96 kPa

State 4: Use the following expression to determine the value of pr 4 :

 

p 
pr 4   4  pr 3
 p3 
p 
  1  pr 3  p4  p1 
 p3 
 98 kPa 
   2457 
 6218.96 kPa 
 38.72

Take the following values at state 4 from the table A-22 corresponding to
pr 4  38.72 .
T4  757 K
h4  775.06 kJ / kg

(a) Use the following expression to determine the work done per cycle:
Wcycle  Q23  Q41  Q23  m  h4  h1 
Wcycle Q23
   h4  h1 
m m

Q23
Substitute 1250 kJ/kg for , 775.06 kJ / kg for h4 and 295.17 kJ / kg for h1 .
m
Wcycle
 1250 kJ / kg   775.06 kJ / kg  295.17 kJ / kg 
m
 770.11 kJ / kg

Thus, the work done per cycle is 770.11 kJ / kg .

(b) Calculate the thermal efficiency from the following expression:

Wcycle
 m
Q23
m
770.11 kJ / kg

1250 kJ / kg
 0.616 or 61.6%

Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 61.6% .

Problem
9.13
 

9.14

Revalued data:

The pressure-specific volume diagram of the air-standard Atkinson cycle is shown in

Fig. P9.18. The cycle consists of isentropic compression, constant volume heat
addition, isentropic expansion, and constant pressure compression. For a particular
Atkinson cycle, the compression ratio during isentropic compression is 8. At the
beginning of this compression process, p1  100 kPa and T1  298 K . The constant
volume heat addition per unit mass of air is 1350 kJ/kg. (a) Sketch the cycle on T–s
coordinates. Determine (b) the net work, in kJ per kg of air, (c) the thermal efficiency
of the cycle, and (d) the mean effective pressure, in kPa.

Solution:

(a) The sketch of the given cycle on T–s coordinates is shown below:
 

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  298 K .
u1  212.64 kJ / kg
vr1  631.88
pr1  1.3543
h1  298.18 kJ / kg

State 2: Use the following expression to determine the value of vr 2 :

V 
vr 2   2  vr1
 V1 

1 V
Substitute for 2 and 631.88 for vr1 .
8 V1
1
vr 2     631.88   78.985
8

Take the following values at state 2 from the table A-22 corresponding to
vr 2  78.985 .
T2  668.8 K
pr 2  24.308
u2  487.92 kJ / kg

Use the following expression to determine the pressure at state 2:

 

p 
p2   r 2  p1
 pr1 
 24.308 
  100 kPa 
 1.3543 
 1794.9 kPa

State 3: Write the energy balance equation for process 2-3 as follows:
m  u3  u2   Q23  W23

Since, process 2-3 is constant volume process which implies that W23  0 . Therefore,
m  u3  u2   Q23
Q23
u3   u2
m

Q23
Substitute 1350 kJ/kg for and 487.92 kJ / kg for u2 .
m
u3  1350 kJ / kg  487.92 kJ / kg  1837.92 kJ / kg

Take the following values at state 3 from the table A-22 corresponding to
u3  1837.92 kJ / kg .
T3  2164.5 K
pr 3  2924

Use the following expression to determine the pressure at state 3:

T 
p3   3  p2
 T2 
 2164.5 K 
  1794.9 kPa 
 668.8 K 
 5809 kPa

State 4: Use the following expression to determine the value of pr 4 :

p 
pr 4   4  pr 3
 p3 
p 
  1  pr 3  p4  p1 
 p3 
 100 kPa 
   2924 
 5809 kPa 
 50.33
 

Take the following values at state 4 from the table A-22 corresponding to
pr 4  50.33 .
T4  810.7 K
h4  833.69 kJ / kg

(a) Use the following expression to determine the work done per cycle:
Wcycle  Q23  Q41  Q23  m  h4  h1 
Wcycle Q23
   h4  h1 
m m

Q23
Substitute 1350 kJ/kg for , 833.69 kJ / kg for h4 and 298.18 kJ / kg for h1 .
m
Wcycle
 1350 kJ / kg   833.69 kJ / kg  298.18 kJ / kg 
m
 814.49 kJ / kg

Thus, the work done per cycle is 814.49 kJ / kg .

(b) Calculate the thermal efficiency from the following expression:

Wcycle
 m
Q23
m
814.49 kJ / kg

1350 kJ / kg
 0.603 or 60.3%

Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 60.3% .

(c) Use the following expression to determine the mean effective pressure (mep):
Wcycle
mep  m
v4  v2
Wcycle
 m …… (1)
 v2 
v4 1  
 v4 

Calculate the value of v4 from the following expression:

 

RT4
v4 
p4

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 810.7 K for T4 and 100 kPa for p4 .
28.97
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   810.7 K 
v4   
28.97 1 kPa
3 2
 2.326 m3 / kg
100 kPa 10 N / m
v2
Now, calculate the specific volume ratio as follows:
v4
v2 v2 v1
 
v4 v1 v4
v2 p1v1
   p1  p4 
v1 p4 v4
v2 T1
 
v1 T4

1 v
Substitute for 2 , 298 K for T1 and 810.7 K for T4 .
8 v1
v2  1   298 K 
     0.0459
v4  8   810.7 K 

v2
Substitute 814.49 kJ / kg for Wcycle , 2.326 m3 / kg for v4 and 0.0459 for in
v4
equation (1).
814.49 kJ / kg 103 N  m 1 kPa
mep   367 kPa
 2.326 m / kg  1  0.0459  1 kJ 10 N / m2
3 3

Thus, the mean effective pressure is 367 kPa .

 

9.15

Revalued data:

The pressure and temperature at the beginning of compression of an air-standard

Diesel cycle are 100 kPa and 298 K, respectively. At the end of the heat addition, the
pressure is
7 MPa and the temperature is 2100 K. Determine
(a) the compression ratio.
(b) the cutoff ratio.
(c) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
(d) the mean effective pressure, in kPa.

p-V diagram for the given diesel cycle is shown below:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  298 K .
u1  212.64 kJ / kg
vr1  631.88
pr1  1.3543
h1  298.18 kJ / kg
 

State 2: Use the following expression to determine the value of pr 2 :

p 
pr 2   2  pr1
 p1 

Substitute 100 kPa for p1 , 7 MPa for p2 and 1.3543 for pr1 .
 7 MPa 
pr 2    1.3543  94.801
 100 kPa 

Take the following values at state 2 from the table A-22 corresponding to
pr 2  94.801 .
T2  954.3 K
vr 2  28.92
h2  994.1 kJ / kg

State 3: At this state T3  2100 K and p3  7 MPa . Take the following values at state
3 from the table A-22 corresponding to T3  2100 K :
h3  2377.4 kJ / kg
vr 3  2.356

v4
State 4: Now, calculate the specific volume ratio as follows:
v3
v4 v4 v2
 
v3 v2 v3
v1 v2
  v4  v1 
v2 v3
v1 p2 v2
   p2  p3 
v2 p3v3
vr1 T2  v1 vr1 
    
vr 2 T3  v2 vr 2 

Substitute 631.88 for vr1 , 28.92 for vr 2 , 954.3 K for T2 and 2100 K for T3 .
v4  631.88   954.3 K 
    9.929
v3  28.92   2100 K 

Use the following expression to determine the value of vr 4 :

v 
vr 4   4  vr 3  9.929  2.356  23.39
 v3 

Take the following values at state 4 from the table A-22 corresponding to vr 4  23.39 .
 

T4  1025 K
u4  780.38 kJ / kg

(a) Calculate the compression ratio from the following relation:

v v 631.88
r  1  r1   21.85
v2 vr 2 28.92

Thus, the compression ratio is 21.85 .

(b) Calculate the cut off ratio from the following relation:
v
rc  3
v2
p3v3
  p2  p3 
p2 v2
T3

T2
2100 K

954.3 K
 2.2

Thus, the cut off ratio is 2.2 .

(c) Use the following relation to determine the value of thermal efficiency:
Wcycle
 m  3 2
 h  h    u4  u1 
Q23 h3  h2
m

Substitute 2377.4 kJ / kg for h3 , 994.1 kJ / kg for h2 , 780.38 kJ / kg for u4 and

212.64 kJ / kg for u1 .


 2377.4 kJ / kg  994.1 kJ / kg    780.38 kJ / kg  212.64 kJ / kg 
 2377.4 kJ / kg  994.1 kJ / kg 
815.56 kJ / kg

1383.3 kJ / kg
 0.5896 or 58.96%

Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 58.96% .

(d) Use the following expression to determine the mean effective pressure (mep):
 

Wcycle
mep  m
v1  v2
Wcycle
 m …… (1)
 v 
v1  1  2 
 v1 

Calculate the value of v4 from the following expression:

RT
v1  1
p1

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 298 K for T1 and 100 kPa for p1 .
28.97
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   298 K 
v1   
28.97 1 kPa
3 2
 0.855 m3 / kg
100 kPa 10 N / m

1 v
Substitute 815.56 kJ / kg for Wcycle , 0.855 m3 / kg for v1 and for 2 in
21.85 v1
equation (1).
815.56 kJ / kg 103 N  m 1 kPa
mep   999.6 kPa
  1 kJ
 0.855 m / kg  1  21.85  10 N / m 2
3
3 1

Thus, the mean effective pressure is 999.6 kPa .

 

9.16

Revalued data:

The pressure and temperature at the beginning of compression of an air-standard

Diesel cycle are 100 kPa and 298 K, respectively. At the end of the heat addition, the
pressure is
7 MPa and the temperature is 2100 K. Determine
(a) the compression ratio.
(b) the cutoff ratio.
(c) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
(d) the mean effective pressure, in kPa.

Solve above problem on a cold air-standard basis with specific heats evaluated at 298
K.

Solution:

p-V diagram for the given diesel cycle is shown below:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  298 K .
u1  212.64 kJ / kg
vr1  631.88
pr1  1.3543
h1  298.18 kJ / kg
 

State 2: For isentropic compression process use the following expression to determine
the value of temperature T2 :
k 1
p  k
T2   2  T1
 p1 

Substitute 100 kPa for p1 , 7 MPa for p2 , 1.4 for k and 298 K for T1 .
1.4 1
 7 MPa  1.4
T2     298K   1003.2 K
 100 kPa 

State 3: At this state T3  2100 K and p3  7 MPa .

v4
State 4: Now, calculate the specific volume ratio as follows:
v3
v4 v4 v2
 
v3 v2 v3
v1 v2
  v4  v1 
v2 v3
v pv
 1 2 2  p2  p3 
v2 p3v3
v1 T2  v1 vr1 
    
v2 T3  v2 vr 2 

1
v  T  k 1
For isentropic compression, 1   2  . Therefore,
v2  T1 
1
v4  T2  k 1 T2
  
v3  T1  T3

Substitute 298 K for T1 , 1003.2 K for T2 , 1.4 for k and 2100 K for T3 .
1
v4  1003.2 K 1.41 1003.2 K
    9.93
v3  298 K  2100 K

Use the following expression to determine the value of temperature T4 :

k 1 1.4 1
v   1 
T4   3  T3     2100 K  838.4 K
 v4   9.93 

(a) Calculate the compression ratio from the following relation:

 

1 1
v  T  k 1  1003.2 K 1.41
r  1  2     20.79
v2  T1   298 K 

Thus, the compression ratio is 20.79 .

(b) Calculate the cut off ratio from the following relation:
v
rc  3
v2
p3v3
  p2  p3 
p2 v2
T3

T2
2100 K

1003.2 K
 2.09

Thus, the cut off ratio is 2.09 .

(c) Use the following relation to determine the value of thermal efficiency:
Wcycle
 m
Q23
m
c p T3  T2   cv T4  T1 
 …… (1)
c p T3  T2 

Take the following values of c p and cv of air from the table A-20 corresponding to
298 K:
cv  0.718 kJ / kg  K
c p  1.005 kJ / kg  K

Substitute all the known values in equation (1).


1.005 kJ / kg  K  2100 K  1003.2 K    0.718 kJ / kg  K 838.4 K  298 K 
1.005 kJ / kg  K  2100 K  1003.2 K 
714.28 kJ / kg

1102.28 kJ / kg
 0.648 or 64.8%
 

Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 64.8% .

(d) Use the following expression to determine the mean effective pressure (mep):
Wcycle
mep  m
v1  v2
Wcycle
 m …… (1)
 v2 
v1  1  
 v1 

Calculate the value of v4 from the following expression:

RT
v1  1
p1

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 298 K for T1 and 100 kPa for p1 .
28.97
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   298 K 
v1   
28.97 1 kPa
 0.855 m3 / kg
100 kPa 103 N / m 2

1 v
Substitute 714.28 kJ / kg for Wcycle , 0.855 m3 / kg for v1 and for 2 in
20.79 v1
equation (1).
714.28 kJ / kg 103 N  m 1 kPa
mep   877.6 kPa
 1  1 kJ
   20.79  10 N / m 2
3
0.855 m 3
/ kg 1 

Thus, the mean effective pressure is 877.6 kPa .

9.17
9.17 (continued)
 9.18

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students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
 9.19

Continued on next slide

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 9.19 continued
Problem 9-24 (continued)

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students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
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 9.20

Continued on next slide

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Problem 9-25
9.20 continued
(continued)

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
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9.21
9.21 (continued) Page 2
9.21 (continued) Page 3
9.22
 

New problem 9.29

9.23:

In an air-standard Diesel cycle the temperature and pressure at the beginning of

compression of 295 K and 101 kPa, respectively. At the end of the heat addition, the
temperature is 2050 K and pressure is 6.5 MPa. Determine
(a) the compression ratio.
(b) the cutoff ratio.
(c) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

p-V diagram for the given diesel cycle is shown below:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  298 K .
u1  210.49 kJ / kg
vr1  647.9
pr1  1.3068
h1  295.17 kJ / kg

State 2: Use the following expression to determine the value of pr 2 :

p 
pr 2   2  pr1
 p1 

Substitute 101 kPa for p1 , 6.5 MPa for p2 and 1.3068 for pr1 .
 6.5 MPa 
pr 2    1.3068   84.1
 101 kPa 
 

Take the following values at state 2 from the table A-22 corresponding to pr 2  84.1 .
T2  925.6 K
vr 2  31.62
h2  961.77 kJ / kg

State 3: At this state T3  2050 K and p3  6.5 MPa . Take the following values at
state 3 from the table A-22 corresponding to T3  2050 K :
h3  2314.6 kJ / kg
vr 3  2.555

v4
State 4: Now, calculate the specific volume ratio as follows:
v3
v4 v4 v2
 
v3 v2 v3
v1 v2
  v4  v1 
v2 v3
v1 p2 v2
   p2  p3 
v2 p3v3
vr1 T2  v1 vr1 
    
vr 2 T3  v2 vr 2 

Substitute 647.9 for vr1 , 31.62 for vr 2 , 925.6 K for T2 and 2050 K for T3 .
v4  647.9   925.6 K 
    9.25
v3  31.62   2050 K 

Use the following expression to determine the value of vr 4 :

v 
vr 4   4  vr 3  9.25  2.555  23.63
 v3 

Take the following values at state 4 from the table A-22 corresponding to vr 4  23.63 .
T4  1021.3 K
u4  777.27 kJ / kg

(a) Calculate the compression ratio from the following relation:

v v 647.9
r  1  r1   20.5
v2 vr 2 31.62

Thus, the compression ratio is 20.5 .

(b) Calculate the cut off ratio from the following relation:
 

v3
rc 
v2
p3v3
  p2  p3 
p2 v2
T3

T2
2050 K

925.6 K
 2.21

Thus, the cut off ratio is 2.21 .

(c) Use the following relation to determine the value of thermal efficiency:
Wcycle
 m  3 2
 h  h    u4  u1 
Q23 h3  h2
m

Substitute 2314.6 kJ / kg for h3 , 961.77 kJ / kg for h2 , 777.27 kJ / kg for u4 and

210.49 kJ / kg for u1 .


 2314.6 kJ / kg  961.77 kJ / kg    777.27 kJ / kg  210.49 kJ / kg 
 2314.6 kJ / kg  961.77 kJ / kg 
786.05 kJ / kg

1352.83 kJ / kg
 0.581 or 58.1%

Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 58.1% .

 

New problem 9.30

9.24:

A diesel engine has a compression ratio of 14 and cut-off takes place at 7% of the
stroke. Determine the air standard efficiency.

Solution:

p-V diagram for the diesel cycle is shown below:

It is given that compression ratio

v
r  1  14
v2

Therefore,
v1  14v2

The cut-off takes place at 6% of the stroke that is

v3  v2  0.07  v1  v2 
 0.07 14v2  v2 
 0.91v2
v3  1.91v2

Calculate the cut-off ratio as follows:

v 1.91v2
rc  3   1.91
v2 v2

Calculate the air standard thermal efficiency of the diesel cycle from the following
expression:
1  r k 1 
  1  k 1  c 
r  k  rc  1 
 

Substitute 14 for r, 1.91 for rc and 1.4 for k.

1  1.911.4  1 
  1 1.4 1    0.597 or 59.7%
14   1.4 1.91  1 

Thus, the air standard efficiency of the cycle is 59.7% .

 

9.25

Revalued data:

At the beginning of compression in an air-standard Diesel cycle, p1  150 kPa ,

V1  0.015 m3 and T1  310 K . The compression ratio is 16 and the maximum cycle
temperature is 1440 K. Determine
(a) the mass of air, in kg.
(b) the heat addition and heat rejection per cycle, each in kJ.
(c) the net work, in kJ, and the thermal efficiency.

Solution:

p-V diagram for the given diesel cycle is shown below:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  310 K .
u1  221.25 kJ / kg
vr1  572.3
pr1  1.5546
h1  310.24 kJ / kg

State 2: Use the following expression to determine the value of vr 2 :

 

v 
vr 2   2  vr1
 v1 

1 v
Substitute for 2 and 572.3 for vr1 .
16 v1
1
vr 2     572.3  35.768
 16 

Take the following values at state 2 from the table A-22 corresponding to
vr 2  35.768 .
T2  887.3 K
h2  918.75 kJ / kg

State 3: Take the following values at state 3 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T3  1440 K :
h3  1563.51 kJ / kg
vr 3  8.153

State 4: Now, calculate the value of vr 4 as follows:

v 
vr 4   4  vr 3
 v3 
v v 
  4  2  vr 3
 v2 v3 
v v 
  1  2  vr 3  v4  v1 
 v2 v3 
v pv 
  1  2 2  vr 3  p2  p3 
 v2 p3v3 
v T 
  1  2  vr 3
 v2 T3 

v1
Substitute 16 for , 8.153 for vr 3 , 887.3 K for T2 and 1440 K for T3 .
v2
 887.3 K 
vr 4  16     8.153  80.379
 1440 K 

Take the following values at state 4 from the table A-22 corresponding to
vr 4  80.379 .
 

T4  664.6 K
u4  484.6 kJ / kg

(a) Use the following expression to determine the mass of air:

pV
m 1 1
RT1

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 0.015 m3 for V1 , 150 kPa for p1 and 310 K for T1 .
28.97
150 kPa   0.015 m3 
m  0.025 kg
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   310 K 
 28.97 

Thus, the mass of air is 0.025 kg .

(b) Calculate the heat addition as follows:

Q23  m  h3  h2 
  0.025 kg 1563.51 kJ / kg  918.75 kJ / kg 
 16.119 kJ

Thus, heat addition during the cycle is 16.119 kJ .

Calculate the heat rejected as follows:

Q41  m  u4  u1 
  0.025 kg  484.6 kJ / kg  221.25 kJ / kg 
 6.584 kJ

Thus, heat rejected during the cycle is 6.584 kJ .

(c) Net work done during the cycle is equal to the net heat transfer, therefore,
Wcycle  Q23  Q41
 16.119 kJ  6.584 kJ
 9.535 kJ

Thus, work done during the cycle is 9.535 kJ .

Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle as follows:

 

Wcycle

Q23
9.535 kJ

16.119 kJ
 0.5915 or 59.15%

Thus, the thermal efficiency is 59.15% .

 

New problem 9.32

9.26::

In an air standard Diesel cycle, the compression ratio is 15, and at the beginning of
isentropic compression, the temperature is 27 C and the pressure is 0.1 MPa. Heat is
added until the temperature at the end of the constant pressure process is 1450 C .
Calculate
(a) The cut-off ratio,
(b) The heat supplied per kg of air.
(c) The cycle efficiency, and
(d) The mean effective pressure in kPa.
For air, take c p  1.005 kJ / kg  K and cv  0.718 kJ / kg  K .

Solution:

p-V diagram for the cycle is shown below:

Convert the units of temperature to K as follows:

T1  27C   27  273 K  300 K
T3  1450C  1450  273 K  1723 K

For the isentropic compression process 1-2,

k 1
T2  v1 
 
T1  v2 
k 1
v 
T2  T1   1 
 v2 
v1
Substitute 300 K for T1 , 1.4 for k and 15 for .
v2
 

T2  300 K  15 
1.4 1
 886.3 K

According to ideal gas equation,

p3v3 p2 v2

T3 T2
v3 v2
  p2  p3 
T3 T2
v3 T3
 …… (1)
v2 T2

(a) Calculate the cut-off ratio as follows:

v
rc  3
v2
From equation (1),
T 1723 K
rc  3   1.94
T2 886.3 K

Thus, the cut-off ratio is 1.94 .

(b) Calculate the heat supplied from the following expression:

Q23
 c p T3  T2 
m
 1.005 kJ / kg  K 1723 K  886.3 K 
 840.88 kJ / kg

Thus, the heat supplied per kg of air is 840.88 kJ / kg .

For the isentropic compression process 3-4,

 

k 1
T3  v4 
 
T4  v3 
k 1
v v 
 4  2 
 v2 v3 
k 1
v v 
 1  2  v4  v1 
 v2 v3 
 v1 

k 1 v  r 
1  2 
 r 
 rc   v2 1 
v  r 
 3 c 

Substitute 15 for r, 1.4 for k and 1.94 for rc .

1.4 1
T3  1 
 15    2.2663
T4  1.94 
Therefore,
T3 1723 K
T4    760.3 K
2.2663 2.2663

Calculate the heat rejected during the cycle from the following relation:
Q41  cv T4  T1 
  0.718 kJ / kg  K  760.3 K  300 K 
 330.5 kJ / kg

(c) Calculate the cycle efficiency from the following expression:

Q
  1  41
Q23
330.5 kJ / kg
 1
840.88 kJ / kg
 0.607 or 60.7%

Thus, the cycle efficiency is 60.7% .

Use the following expression of thermal efficiency to determine the net work done:
 

Wcycle
 m
Q23
m
Wcycle Q
   23
m m
 0.607  840.88 kJ / kg
 510.4 kJ / kg

(d) Use the following expression to determine the mean effective pressure (mep):
Wcycle
mep  m
v1  v2
Wcycle
 m …… (1)
 v2 
v1  1  
 v1 

Calculate the value of v1 from the following expression:

RT
v1  1
p1

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 300 K for T1 and 0.1 MPa for p1 .
28.97
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   300 K 
1 MPa 103 N  m
v1   
28.97
 0.861 m3 / kg
0.1 MPa 106 N / m 2 1 kJ

Wcycle 1 v
Substitute 510.4 kJ / kg for , 0.861 m3 / kg for v1 and for 2 in equation
m 15 v1
(1).
510.4 kJ / kg 103 N  m 1 kPa
mep   635.14 kPa
 1  1 kJ
 0.861 m / kg  1  15  10 N / m 2
3
3

Thus, the mean effective pressure is 635.14 kPa .

  

9.27

Revalued data:

An air-standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 10. At the beginning of

compression, p1  100 kPa , T1  298 K and V1  12 L . and The heat addition is 20 kJ,
with one half added at constant volume and one half added at constant pressure.
Determine
(a) the temperatures at the end of each heat addition process, in K.
(b) the net work of the cycle per unit mass of air, in kJ/kg.
(c) the thermal efficiency.
(d) the mean effective pressure, in kPa.

Solution:

p-V diagram for the given diesel cycle is shown below:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  298 K .
u1  212.64 kJ / kg
vr1  631.88

State 2: Use the following expression to determine the value of vr 2 :

 

v 
vr 2   2  vr1
 v1 

1 v
Substitute for 2 and 631.88 for vr1 .
10 v1
1
vr 2     631.88   63.188
 10 

Take the following values at state 2 from the table A-22 corresponding to
vr 2  63.188 .
T2  725.6 K
u2  532.57 kJ / kg

(a) Use the following expression to determine the mass of air:

pV
m 1 1
RT1

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 14 103 m3 for V1 , 100 kPa for p1 and 298 K for
28.97
T1 .
100 kPa  14 103 m3 
m  0.01637 kg
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   298 K 
 28.97 

Thus, the mass of air is 0.01637 kg .

State 3: Write the energy balance equation for process 2-3 as follows:
m  u3  u2   Q23  W23

Since, process 2-3 is constant volume process which implies that W23  0 . Therefore,
m  u3  u2   Q23
Q23
u3   u2
m

 20 kJ 
Substitute   for Q23 , 0.01637 kg for m and 532.57 kJ / kg for u2 .
 2 
 20 
 kJ 
u3   2   532.57 kJ / kg  1143.44 kJ / kg
0.01637 kg
 

Take the following values at state 3 from the table A-22 corresponding to
u3  1143.44 kJ / kg :
h3  1554.74 kJ / kg
T3  1432.7 K

State 4: Use the expression for heat addition at constant pressure to determine the
specific enthalpy at state 4:
Q34  m  h4  h3 
Q34
h4   h3
m

 20 kJ 
Substitute   for Q34 , 0.01637 kg for m and 1554.74 kJ / kg for h3 .
 2 
 20 
 kJ 
h4   2   1554.74 kJ / kg  2165.61 kJ / kg
0.01637 kg

Take the following values at state 4 from the table A-22 corresponding to
h4  2165.61 kJ / kg .
T4  1930.6 K
vr 4  3.127

State 5: Now, calculate the value of vr 5 as follows:

v 
vr 5   5  vr 4
 v4 
v v 
  5  2  vr 4
 v2 v4 
v v  v5  v1 
  1  3  vr 4 v  v 
 v2 v4   3 2

v pv 
  1  3 3  vr 4  p3  p4 
 v2 p4 v4 
v T 
  1  3  vr 4
 v2 T4 

v1
Substitute 10 for , 3.127 for vr 4 , 1432.7 K for T3 and 1930.6 K for T4 .
v2
 1432.7 K 
vr 5  10     3.127   23.205
 1930.6 K 
 

Take the following values at state 5 from the table A-22 corresponding to
vr 5  23.205 .
T5  1027.7 K
u5  782.78 kJ / kg

(b) Net work done during the cycle is equal to the net heat transfer, therefore,
Wcycle  Qcycle
 Q23  Q34  Q51
 Q23  Q34  m  u5  u1 
 10 kJ  10 kJ   0.01637 kg  782.78 kJ / kg  212.64 kJ / kg 
 10.667 kJ

So,
Wcycle 10.667 kJ
  651.619 kJ / kg
m 0.01637 kg

Thus, work done during the cycle is 651.619 kJ / kg .

(c) Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle as follows:

W
  cycle
Qin
10.667 kJ

20 kJ
 0.533 or 53.3%

Thus, the thermal efficiency is 53.3% .

(d) Use the following expression to determine the mean effective pressure (mep):
W
mep  cycle
V1  V2
Wcycle

 V 
V1 1  2 
 V1 
1 V
Substitute 10.667 kJ for Wcycle , 12 103 m3 for V1 and for 2 .
10 V1
10.667 kJ
mep   987.685 kPa
3  1
12 10 m  1  10 
3
 

Thus, the mean effective pressure is 987.685 kPa .

 

New problem 9.28:

9.34:

In an air-standard Diesel cycle, at the beginning of compression, T1  305 K ,

V1  0.01 m3 , and p1  120 kPa . The maximum cycle temperature is 1320 K and the
compression ratio is 14. Determine
(a) the mass of air, in kg.
(b) the heat addition and heat rejection per cycle, each in kJ.
(c) the net work, in kJ.
(d) the thermal efficiency.

Solution:

p-V diagram for the given diesel cycle is shown below:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  305 K .
u1  217.67 kJ / kg
vr1  596
pr1  1.4686
h1  305.22 kJ / kg

State 2: Use the following expression to determine the value of vr 2 :

v 
vr 2   2  vr1
 v1 

1 v
Substitute for 2 and 596 for vr1 .
14 v1
 

1
vr 2     595   42.5
 14 

Take the following values at state 2 from the table A-22 corresponding to vr 2  42.5 .
T2  835.7 K
h2  861.27 kJ / kg

State 3: Take the following values at state 3 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T3  1320 K :
h3  1419.76 kJ / kg
vr 3  10.747

State 4: Now, calculate the value of vr 4 as follows:

v 
vr 4   4  vr 3
 v3 
v v 
  4  2  vr 3
 v2 v3 
v v 
  1  2  vr 3  v4  v1 
 v2 v3 
v pv 
  1  2 2  vr 3  p2  p3 
 v2 p3v3 
v T 
  1  2  vr 3
 v2 T3 

v1
Substitute 14 for , 10.747 for vr 3 , 835.7 K for T2 and 1320 K for T3 .
v2
 835.7 K 
vr 4  14    10.747   95.256
 1320 K 

Take the following values at state 4 from the table A-22 corresponding to
vr 4  95.256 .
T4  624 K
u4  453.22 kJ / kg
 

(a) Use the following expression to determine the mass of air:

pV
m 1 1
RT1

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 0.01 m3 for V1 , 120 kPa for p1 and 305 K for T1 .
28.97
120 kPa   0.01 m3 
m  0.0137 kg
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K  305 K 
 28.97 

Thus, the mass of air is 0.0137 kg .

(b) Calculate the heat addition as follows:

Q23  m  h3  h2 
  0.0137 kg 1419.76 kJ / kg  861.27 kJ / kg 
 7.651 kJ

Thus, heat addition during the cycle is 7.651 kJ .

Calculate the heat rejected as follows:

Q41  m  u4  u1 
  0.0137 kg  453.22 kJ / kg  217.67 kJ / kg 
 3.227 kJ

Thus, heat rejected during the cycle is 3.227 kJ .

(c) Net work done during the cycle is equal to the net heat transfer, therefore,
Wcycle  Q23  Q41
 7.651 kJ  3.227 kJ
 4.424 kJ

Thus, work done during the cycle is 4.424 kJ .

(d) Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle as follows:

 

Wcycle

Q23
4.424 kJ

7.651 kJ
 0.578 or 57.8%

Thus, the thermal efficiency is 57.8% .

 

New problem 9.35

9.29::

In an air-standard dual cycle at the beginning of compression process, T1  298 K ,

V1  0.013 m3 and p1  100 kPa . The cycle has a compression ratio of 8.5. There is a
heat addition of 9 kJ at constant volume and a heat addition of 11 kJ at constant
pressure. Determine
(a) the temperatures at the end of each heat addition process, in K.
(b) the net work of the cycle per unit mass of air, in kJ/kg.
(c) the thermal efficiency.
(d) the mean effective pressure, in kPa.

Solution:

p-V diagram for the given diesel cycle is shown below:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  298 K .
u1  212.64 kJ / kg
vr1  631.88

State 2: Use the following expression to determine the value of vr 2 :

v 
vr 2   2  vr1
 v1 

1 v
Substitute for 2 and 631.88 for vr1 .
8.5 v1
 1 
vr 2     631.88   74.338
 8.5 
 

Take the following values at state 2 from the table A-22 corresponding to
vr 2  74.338 .
T2  684 K
u2  499.71 kJ / kg

(a) Use the following expression to determine the mass of air:

pV
m 1 1
RT1

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 0.013 m3 for V1 , 100 kPa for p1 and 298 K for T1 .
28.97
100 kPa   0.013 m3 
m  0.0152 kg
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   298 K 
 28.97 

Thus, the mass of air is 0.0152 kg .

State 3: Write the energy balance equation for process 2-3 as follows:
m  u3  u2   Q23  W23

Since, process 2-3 is constant volume process which implies that W23  0 . Therefore,
m  u3  u2   Q23
Q23
u3   u2
m

Substitute 9 kJ for Q23 , 0.0152 kg for m and 499.71 kJ / kg for u2 .

9 kJ
u3   499.71 kJ / kg  1091.82 kJ / kg
0.0152 kg

Take the following values at state 3 from the table A-22 corresponding to
u3  1091.82 kJ / kg :
h3  1486.9 kJ / kg
T3  1376.2 K
 

State 4: Use the expression for heat addition at constant pressure to determine the
specific enthalpy at state 4:
Q34  m  h4  h3 
Q34
h4   h3
m

Substitute 11 kJ for Q34 , 0.0152 kg for m and 1486.9 kJ / kg for h3 .

11 kJ
h4   1486.9 kJ / kg  2210.58 kJ / kg
0.0152 kg

Take the following values at state 4 from the table A-22 corresponding to
h4  2210.58 kJ / kg .
T4  1966.7 K
vr 4  2.94

State 5: Now, calculate the value of vr 5 as follows:

v 
vr 5   5  vr 4
 v4 
v v 
  5  2  vr 4
 v2 v4 
v v  v5  v1 
  1  3  vr 4 v  v 
 v2 v4   3 2

v pv 
  1  3 3  vr 4  p3  p4 
 v2 p4 v4 
v T 
  1  3  vr 4
 v2 T4 

v1
Substitute 8.5 for , 2.94 for vr 4 , 1376.2 K for T3 and 1966.7 K for T4 .
v2
 1376.2 K 
vr 5   8.5     2.94   17.487
 1966.7 K 

Take the following values at state 5 from the table A-22 corresponding to
vr 5  17.487 .
T5  1128.5 K
u5  870.24 kJ / kg

(b) Net work done during the cycle is equal to the net heat transfer, therefore,
 

Wcycle  Qcycle
 Q23  Q34  Q51
 Q23  Q34  m  u5  u1 
 9 kJ  11 kJ   0.0152 kg  870.24 kJ / kg  212.64 kJ / kg 
 10 kJ

So,
Wcycle 10 kJ
  657.89 kJ / kg
m 0.0152 kg

Thus, work done during the cycle is 657.89 kJ / kg .

(c) Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle as follows:

W Wcycle
  cycle 
Qin Q23  Q34
10 kJ

 9 kJ  11 kJ 
 0.5 or 50%

Thus, the thermal efficiency is 50% .

(d) Use the following expression to determine the mean effective pressure (mep):
W
mep  cycle
V1  V2
Wcycle

 V 
V1 1  2 
 V1 

1 V
Substitute 10 kJ for Wcycle , 0.013 m3 for V1 and for 2 .
8.5 V1
10 kJ
mep   871.8 kPa
3  1 
 0.013 m  1  8.5 

Thus, the mean effective pressure is 871.8 kPa .

 9.30

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 9.31

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
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permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
 

New problem 9.38

9.32:

An air standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 15, and compression begins at
100 kPa, 25 C . The maximum pressure is 7.5 MPa. The heat transferred to air at
constant pressure is equal to that at constant volume. Estimate the cycle efficiency.
For air, take c p  1.005 kJ / kg  K and cv  0.718 kJ / kg  K .

Solution:

p-V diagram for the given diesel cycle is shown below:

Determine the temperatures at different states.

For the isentropic compression process 1-2,

k 1
T2  v1 
 
T1  v2 
k 1
v 
T2  T1   1 
 v2 

v1
Substitute 298 K for T1 , 1.4 for k and 15 for .
v2
T2  298 K  15 
1.4 1
 880.3 K

For the isentropic compression process 1-2,

k
p2  v1 
 
p1  v2 
k
v 
p2  p1   1 
 v2 
 

v1
Substitute 100 kPa for T1 , 1.4 for k and 15 for .
v2
1 MPa
p2  100 kPa  15   4431 kPa  4.431 MPa
1.4

1000 kPa

For constant volume process 2-3,

p2 p3

T2 T3
p3 7.5 MPa
T3   T2   880.3 K  1490 K
p2 4.431 MPa

Calculate the heat transferred to the air at constant volume during process 2-3 as
follows:
Q23
 u3  u2
m
 cv T3  T2 
  0.718 kJ / kg  K 1490 K  880.3 K 
 437.76 kJ / kg

Write the expression for heat transfer to the air at constant pressure during the process
3-4.
Q34
 h4  h3
m
 c p T4  T3 

It is given that
Q34 Q23

m m
Q23
c p T4  T3  
m
Q
T4  23  T3
mc p
437.76 kJ / kg
  1490 K
1.005 kJ / kg  K
 1925.6 K
 

For constant pressure process 3-4,

v4 v3

T4 T3
v4 T4 1925.6 K
   1.292
v3 T3 1490 K

v5 v5 v2
 
v4 v2 v4
v1 v3 v5  v1 
  v  v 
v2 v4  4 3

1
 15 
1.292
 11.61

For the isentropic expansion process 4-5,

k 1
T5  v4 
 
T4  v5 
k 1
v 
T5  T4   4 
 v5 
1.4 1
 1 
 1925.6 K   
 11.61 
 722.2 K

Net work done during the cycle is equal to the net heat transfer, therefore,
Wcycle  Qcycle
 Q23  Q34  Q51
 Q23  Q34  mcv T5  T1 
WcycleQ23 Q34
  cv T5  T1 
m m m
 437.76 kJ / kg  437.76 kJ / kg   0.718 kJ / kg  K  722.2 K  298 K 
 570.94 kJ / kg

Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle as follows:

 

Wcycle

Q23  Q34
Wcycle
 m
Q23 Q34

m m
570.94 kJ / kg

437.76 kJ / kg  437.76 kJ / kg
 0.652 or 65.2%

Thus, the thermal efficiency is 65.2% .

Problem 9.33
 

New problem 9.42

9.34:

In an air standard Brayton cycle, air from the atmosphere at 1 bar, 300 K is
compressed to 6 bar and the maximum cycle temperature is limited to 1050 K. If the
heat supply is 95 MW, determine
(a) Thermal efficiency of the cycle
(b) Back work ratio
(c) Power output in MW.
Take specific heat for air  c p  to be 1.005 kJ / kg  K and k  1.4 .

Solution:

T-s diagram for an ideal Brayton cycle is shown below:

(a) Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle as follows:

1
  1 k 1
 p2  k
 
 p1 

Substitute 6 bar for p2 , 1 bar for p1 and 1.4 for k.

1
  1 1.4 1
 0.401 or 40.1%
 6 bar  1.4
 
 1 bar 

Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 40.1% .

 

For the isentropic compression process 1-2,

k 1
T2  p2  k
 
T1  p1 
k 1
p  k
T2  T1   2 
 p1 

Substitute 300 K for T1 , 6 bar for p2 , 1 bar for p1 and 1.4 for k.
1.4 1
 6 bar  1.4
T2  300 K     500.6 K
 1 bar 

For the isentropic compression process 3-4,

k 1
T3  p3  k
 
T4  p4 
k 1
p k  p3 p2 
 2    
 p1   p4 p1 
T3
T4  k 1
 p2  k
 
 p1 

Substitute 1050 K for T3 , 6 bar for p2 , 1 bar for p1 and 1.4 for k.
1050 K
T4  1.4 1
 629.3 K
 6 bar  1.4
 
 1 bar 

Calculate the power required by the compressor as follows:

 T  T 
W  mc
c p 2 1

Wc
 c p T2  T1 
m
 1.005 kJ / kg  K  500.6 K  300 K 
 201.6 kJ / kg

Calculate the power developed by the turbine as follows:

 

 p T3  T4 
Wt  mc
Wt
 c p T3  T4 
m
 1.005 kJ / kg  K 1050 K  629.3 K 
 422.8 kJ / kg

(b) Calculate the back work ratio as follows:

Wc
W
bwr  c  m
W t W t
m
201.6 kJ / kg

422.8 kJ / kg
 0.477

Thus, the back work ratio is 0.477 .

(c) Use the following expression to determine the net power output:
Power output    Power input
 0.401 95 MW
 38.095 MW

Thus, the net power output is 38.095 MW .

 

9.35

Revalued data:

The rate of heat addition to an air-standard Brayton cycle is 800 kW. The pressure
ratio for the cycle is 12 and the minimum and maximum temperatures are 298 K and
1600 K respectively. Determine
(a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
(b) the mass flow rate of air, in kg/s.
(c) the net power developed by the cycle, in kJ/s.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  298 K .
 

pr1  1.3543
h1  298.18 kJ / kg

State 2: Calculate the value of pr 2 from the following relation:

p 
pr 2  pr1  2 
 p1 

p 
Compressor pressure ratio  2  is 12. Therefore,
 p1 
pr 2  1.354312   16.25

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 2
corresponding to pr 2  16.25 .
h2  606.7 kJ / kg

State 3: Take the following values at state 3 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T3  1600 K .
h3  1757.57 kJ / kg
pr 3  791.2

State 4: Calculate the value of pr 4 from the following relation:

p 
p r 4  pr 3  4 
 p3 

p 
Compressor pressure ratio  3  is 12. Therefore,
 p4 
1
pr 4   791.2     65.93
 12 

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 2
corresponding to pr 4  65.93 .
h4  899 kJ / kg

(a) Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle as follows:

Q out
  1 m   1   h4  h1 
Q in  h3  h2 
m

Substitute all the known values.

 

  1
899 kJ / kg  298.18 kJ / kg 
1757.57 kJ / kg  606.7 kJ / kg 
 0.478 or 47.8%

Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 47.8% .

(b) Use the following expression of heat addition to determine the value of mass
flow rate of air:
Q in  m  h3  h2 
Q in
m 
 h3  h2 

Substitute 800 kW for Q in , 1757.57 kJ / kg for h3 and 606.7 kJ / kg for h2 .

800 kW
m   0.695 kg / s
1757.57 kJ / kg  606.7 kJ / kg

Thus, the required mass flow rate of air is 0.695 kg / s .

(c) Calculate the net power develped from the following expression:
Wcycle  m  h3  h4    h2  h1  
  0.695 kg / s  1757.57  899    606.7  298.18   kJ / kg
=382.28 kJ / s

Thus, the net power developed is 382.28 kJ / s .

 

9.36

Revalued data:

The rate of heat addition to an air-standard Brayton cycle is 800 kW. The pressure
ratio for the cycle is 12 and the minimum and maximum temperatures are 298 K and
1600 K respectively. Determine
(a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
(b) the mass flow rate of air, in kg/s.
(c) the net power developed by the cycle, in kJ/s.

Solve Problem 9.43 on a cold air-standard basis with specific heats evaluated at 298
K.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

From table A-20 take the following values corresponding to temperature of 298 K:
c p  1.005 kJ / kg  K
k  1.4

Determine the temperatures at different states.

 

For isentropic compression process 1-2, use the following expression to determine the
value of temperature T2 .
k 1
p  k
T2  T1  2 
 p1 

p2
Substitute 12 for , 298 K for T1 and 1.4 for k.
p1
1.4 1
T2   298 K 12  1.4  606.1 K

For isentropic compression process 3-4, use the following expression to determine the
value of temperature T2 .
k 1
p  k
T4  T3  4 
 p3 
k 1
p  k  p4 p1 
 T3  1    
 p2   p3 p2 

1 p
Substitute for 1 , 1600 K for T3 and 1.4 for k.
12 p2
1.4 1
 1  1.4
T4  1600 K     786.6 K
 12 

(a) Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle as follows:

1
  1 k 1
 p2  k
 
 p1 
p
Substitute 12 for 2 and 1.4 for k.
p1
1
  1   1.41 
 
12 1.4 
 0.508 or 50.8%

Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 50.8% .

(b) Use the following expression of heat addition to determine the value of mass
flow rate of air:
 

 p T3  T2 
Q in  mc
Q in
m 
c p T3  T2 
Substitute 800 kW for Q in , 1.005 kJ / kg  K for c p , 1600 K for T3 and 606.1 K for
T2 .
800 kW
m   0.8 kg / s
1.005 kJ / kg  K 1600 K  606.1 K 
Thus, the required mass flow rate of air is 0.8 kg / s .
(c) Calculate the net power developed from the following expression:
 p T3  T4   T2  T1  
Wcycle  mc
  0.8 kg / s 1.005 kJ / kg  K  1600  786.6    606.1  298   kJ / kg
 406.26 kJ / s

Thus, the net power developed is 406.26 kJ / s .

 

9.37

Revalued data:

Consider an ideal air-standard Brayton cycle with minimum and maximum

temperatures of 298 K and 1400 K, respectively. The pressure ratio is that which
maximizes the
net work developed by the cycle per unit mass of air flow. On a cold air-standard
basis, calculate
(a) the compressor and turbine work per unit mass of air
flow, each in kJ/kg.
(b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

From table A-20 take the following values corresponding to temperature of 298 K:
c p  1.005 kJ / kg  K
k  1.4

Use the final result obtained in example 9.5, to obtain the value of pressure ratio that
corresponds to maximum work developed by the cycle per unit mass of air flow.
k
p2  T3  2 k 1
  …… (1)
p1  T1 
 

Substitute 1400 K for T3 , 298 K for T1 and 1.4 for k.

1.4
p2  1400 K   2 1.41
   15
p1  298 K 

Determine the temperatures at different states.

For isentropic compression process 1-2, use the following expression to determine the
value of temperature T2 .
k 1
p  k
T2  T1  2 
 p1 

p2
Substitute 15 for , 298 K for T1 and 1.4 for k.
p1
1.4 1
T2   298 K 15  1.4  646 K

For isentropic compression process 3-4, use the following expression to determine the
value of temperature T2 .
k 1
p  k
T4  T3  4 
 p3 
k 1
p  k  p4 p1 
 T3  1    
 p2   p3 p2 

1 p
Substitute for 1 , 1400 K for T3 and 1.4 for k.
15 p2
1.4 1
 1  1.4
T4  1400 K     646 K
 15 

(a) Calculate the compressor work per unit mass of air flow from the following
expression:
Wc
 h2  h1  c p T2  T1 
m

Substitute 1.005 kJ / kg  K for c p , 298 K for T1 and 646 K for T2 .

Wc
 1.005 kJ / kg  K  646 K  298 K   349.74 kJ / kg
m
Thus, the compressor work per unit mass of air flow is 349.74 kJ / kg .

Calculate the turbine work per unit mass of air flow from the following expression:
 

Wt
 h3  h4  c p T3  T4 
m

Substitute 1.005 kJ / kg  K for c p , 1400 K for T3 and 646 K for T4 .

Wt
 1.005 kJ / kg  K 1400 K  646 K   757.77 kJ / kg
m

Thus, the turbine work per unit mass of air flow is 757.77 kJ / kg .

(b) Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle as follows:

1
  1 k 1
 p2  k
 
 p1 

From equation (1),

1
  1 k 1
 k
 k

 3 T  2 k 1

 T1  
 
T1
 1
T3

Substitute 1400 K for T3 and 298 K for T1 .

298
  1
1400
 0.539 or 53.9%

Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 53.9% .

 9.38

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
 

9.39:
New problem 9.47

In an air standard Brayton cycle, air from the atmosphere at 1 bar, 300 K is
compressed to 6 bar and the maximum cycle temperature is limited to 1050 K. The
mass flow rate of air is 4 kg/s. The turbine and the compressor have isentropic
efficiencies of 85% and 88%, respectively, determine
(a) Thermal efficiency of the cycle
(b) Back work ratio
(c) Power output in kW.
Take specific heat for air  c p  to be 1.005 kJ / kg  K and k  1.4 .

Solution:

T-s diagram for an ideal Brayton cycle is shown below:

For the isentropic compression process 1-2s,

k 1
T2 s  p2 s  k
 
T1  p1 
k 1
p  k
T2 s  T1   2 s 
 p1 

Substitute 300 K for T1 , 6 bar for p2 s , 1 bar for p1 and 1.4 for k.
1.4 1
 6 bar  1.4
T2 s  300 K     500.6 K
 1 bar 
 

Calculate the temperature at state 2 by using the following expression of isentropic

compressor efficiency:
T T
c  2 s 1
T2  T1
T2 s  T1
T2  T1 
c
500.6 K  300 K
 300 K 
0.88
 527.95 K

For the isentropic compression process 3-4s,

k 1
T3  p3  k
 
T4 s  p4 s 
k 1
p k  p3 p 
 2    2
 p1   p4 s p1 
T3
T4 s  k 1
 p2  k
 
 p1 

Substitute 1050 K for T3 , 6 bar for p2 , 1 bar for p1 and 1.4 for k.
1050 K
T4 s  1.4 1
 629.3 K
 6 bar  1.4
 
 1 bar 

Calculate the temperature at state 4 by using the following expression of isentropic

turbine efficiency:
T T
t  3 4
T3  T4 s
T4  T3  t T3  T4 s   
 1050 K   0.85 1050 K  629.3 K 
 692.4 K

Calculate the rate of heat input from the following relation:

 p T3  T2 
Q in  mc

Substitute 4 kg/s for m , 1.005 kJ / kg  K for c p , 1050 K for T3 and 527.95 K for T2 .
Q   4 kg / s 1.005 kJ / kg  K 1050 K  527.95 K 
in

 2098.64 kJ / s
Calculate the rate of heat output from the following relation:
 

 p T4  T1 
Q out  mc

Substitute 4 kg/s for m , 1.005 kJ / kg  K for c p , 692.4 K for T4 and 300 K for T1 .
Q   4 kg / s 1.005 kJ / kg  K  692.4 K  300 K 
out

 1577.45 kJ / s

(a) Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle as follows:

Q
  1  out
Q in

1577.45 kJ / s
 1
2098.64 kJ / s
 0.248 or 24.8%

Thus, the efficiency of the cycle is 24.8% .

Calculate the power required by the compressor as follows:

 p T2  T1 
Wc  mc
  4 kg / s 1.005 kJ / kg  K  527.95 K  300 K 
 916.36 kJ / s

Calculate the power developed by the turbine as follows:

 p T3  T4 
Wt  mc
  4 kg / s 1.005 kJ / kg  K 1050 K  692.4 K 
 1437.55 kJ / s

(b) Calculate the back work ratio as follows:

W
bwr  c
Wt
916.36 kJ / s

1437.55 kJ / s
 0.637

Thus, the back work ratio is 0.637 .

(c) Use the following expression to determine the net power output:
 

Wcycle  Wt  Wc

1 kW
 1437.55 kJ / s  916.36 kJ / s 
1 kJ / s
 521.2 kW

Thus, the net power output is 521.2 kW .

 

9.40

Revalued data:
Air enters the compressor of an air-standard Brayton cycle with a volumetric flow rate
of 50 m3 / s at 1 bar, 285 K. The compressor pressure ratio is 18, and the maximum
cycle temperature is 2050 K. For the compressor, the isentropic efficiency is 91% and
for the turbine the isentropic efficiency is 94%. Determine
(a) the net power developed, in MW.
(b) the rate of heat addition in the combustor, in MW.
(c) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Refer the following values for air at T1  285 K from table A-22:
h1  285.14 kJ / kg
pr1  1.1584

State 2: Calculate the value of pr 2 s from the following relation:

 

p 
pr 2 s  pr1  2 s 
 p1 

p 
Compressor pressure ratio  2 s  is 18. Therefore,
 p1 
pr 2 s  1.1584 18   20.85

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 2s
corresponding to pr 2 s  20.85 .
h2 s  651 kJ / kg

Use the following expression of compressor isentropic efficiency to determine the

value of specific entropy at state 2:
h h
C  2 s 1
h2  h1
h2 s  h1
h2  h1 
C
651 kJ / kg  285.14 kJ / kg
 285.14 kJ / kg 
0.91
 687.18 kJ / kg

State 3: Refer the following values for air at T3  2050 K from table A-22:
h3  2314.6 kJ / kg
pr 3  2303

State 4: Calculate the value of pr 4 s from the following relation:

p 
p r 4 s  pr 3  4 s 
 p3 

 p 
Compressor pressure ratio  3  is 18. Therefore,
 p4 s 
1
pr 4 s   2303    127.94
 18 

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 2
corresponding to pr 4 s  127.94 .
h4 s  1079.42 kJ / kg

Use the following expression of turbine isentropic efficiency to determine the value of
specific entropy at state 4:
 

h3  h4
t 
h3  h4 s
h4  h3   t  h3  h4 s 
 2314.6 kJ / kg   0.94  2314.6  1079.42  kJ / kg
 1153.53 kJ / kg

Use the following expression to determine the mass flow rate:

 AV 1
m 
v1
 AV 1 p1

RT1

8.314
Substitute 50 m3 / s for  AV 1 , 1 bar for p1 , kJ / kg  K for R and 285 K for
28.97
T1 .

m 
 50 m / s  1 bar 
3
105 N / m 2 1 kJ
 8.314  10 N  m
3
kJ / kg  K   285 K 
1 bar

 28.97 
 61.13 kg / s

(a) Calculate the compressor work from the following expression:

Wc  m  h2  h1 

Substitute 61.13 kg/s for m, 285.14 kJ / kg for h1 and 687.18 kJ / kg for h2 .

W   61.13 kg / s  687.18 kJ / kg  285.14 kJ / kg 
c

 2.4577  104 kW

Calculate the turbine work from the following expression:

Wt  m  h3  h4 

Substitute 61.13 kg/s for m, 2314.6 kJ / kg for h3 and 1153.53 kJ / kg for h4 .

W   61.13 kg / s  2314.6 kJ / kg  1153.53 kJ / kg 
t

 7.0976  104 kW

Calculate the net power developed as follows:

 

Wcycle  Wt  Wc

 7.0976 104 kW  2.4577 104 kW
1 MW
 4.64 104 kW
103 kW
 46.4 MW

Thus, the net power developed is 46.4 MW .

(b) Calculate the rate of heat addition in the combustor from the following
relation:
Q in  m  h3  h2 

Substitute 61.13 kg/s for m, 2314.6 kJ / kg for h3 and 687.18 kJ / kg for h2 .

1 MW
Q in   61.13 kg / s  2314.6 kJ / kg  687.18 kJ / kg 
1000 kJ / s
 99.48 MW

Thus, the rate of heat addition in the combustor is 99.48 MW .

(c) Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

W
  cycle
Q in

46.4 MW

99.48 MW
 0.466 or 46.6%

Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 46.6% .

 

9.41

Revalued data:

Air enters the compressor of a simple gas turbine at p1  96 kPa, T1  298 K . The
isentropic efficiencies of the compressor and turbine are 85 and 89%, respectively.
The compressor pressure ratio is 13 and the temperature at the turbine inlet is 1340
K.The net power developed is 1450 kW.
On the basis of an air-standard analysis, calculate
(a) the volumetric flow rate of the air entering the compressor, in m3 / s
(b) the temperatures at the compressor and turbine exits, each in K.
(c) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  298 K .
 

pr1  1.3543
h1  298.18 kJ / kg

State 2: Calculate the value of pr 2 s from the following relation:

p 
pr 2 s  pr1  2 s 
 p1 

p 
Compressor pressure ratio  2 s  is 13. Therefore,
 p1 
pr 2 s  1.354313  17.606

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 2s
corresponding to pr 2 s  17.606 .
h2 s  620.68 kJ / kg

Use the following expression of compressor isentropic efficiency to determine the

value of specific entropy at state 2:
h h
C  2 s 1
h2  h1
h2 s  h1
h2  h1 
C
620.68 kJ / kg  298.18 kJ / kg
 298.18 kJ / kg 
0.85
 677.59 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of temperature T2 corresponding to

h2  677.59 kJ / kg .
T2  666.67 K

Thus, the temperature at the exit of compressor is 666.67 K .

State 3: Refer the following values for air at T3  1340 K from table A-22:
h3  1443.6 kJ / kg
pr 3  375.3

State 4: Calculate the value of pr 4 s from the following relation:

p 
pr 4 s  pr 3  4 s 
 p3 
 p 
Compressor pressure ratio  3  is 13. Therefore,
 p4 s 
 

1
pr 4 s   375.3    28.869
 13 

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 4s
corresponding to pr 4 s  28.869 .
h4 s  713.74 kJ / kg

Use the following expression of turbine isentropic efficiency to determine the value of
specific entropy at state 4:
h h
t  3 4
h3  h4 s
h4  h3   t  h3  h4 s 
 1443.6 kJ / kg   0.89 1443.6  713.74  kJ / kg
 794 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of temperature T4 corresponding to

h4  794 kJ / kg .
T4  774.48 K

Thus, the temperature at the exit of turbine is 774.48 K .

(a) Use the expression of net power to determine the mass flow rate:
Wcycle  m  h3  h4    h2  h1  
Wcycle
m 
 h3  h4    h2  h1 
1450 kW

1443.6  794    677.59  298.18   kJ / kg
 5.366 kg / s

Use the following expression to determine the mass flow rate of air entering the
compressor:
 AV 1  mv
 1
 1
mRT

p1

8.314
Substitute 5.366 kg/s for m, 96 kPa for p1 , kJ / kg  K for R and 298 K for T1 .
28.97
 

 5.366 kg / s   
8.314
kJ / kg  K   298 K 
 28.97 
 AV 1 
96 kPa
 4.78 m3 / s

Thus, the volumetric flow rate of air entering the compressor is 4.78 m3 / s .

(c) Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle as follows:

h h
  1 4 1
h3  h2
794 kJ / kg  298.18 kJ / kg
 1
1443.6 kJ / kg  677.59 kJ / kg
 0.3527 or 35.27%

Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 35.27% .

 

9.42

Revalued data:

Air enters the compressor of a simple gas turbine at p1  96 kPa, T1  298 K . The
isentropic efficiencies of the compressor and turbine are 85 and 89%, respectively.
The compressor pressure ratio is 13 and the temperature at the turbine inlet is 1340
K.The net power developed is 1450 kW.
On the basis of an air-standard analysis, calculate
(a) the volumetric flow rate of the air entering the compressor, in m3 / s
(b) the temperatures at the compressor and turbine exits, each in K.
(c) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

Solve above mentioned problem on a cold air-standard basis with specific heats
evalued at 298 K.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

From table A-20 take the following values corresponding to temperature of 298 K:
c p  1.005 kJ / kg  K
k  1.4

For the isentropic compression process 1-2, use the following expression to determine
the value of T2s :
k 1
p  k
T2 s   2  T1
 p1 
 

p2
Substitute 13 for , 1.4 for k and 298 K for T1 .
p1
1.4 1
T2 s  13 1.4   298 K   620.1 K

Use the following expression of compressor isentropic efficiency to determine the

value of temperature at state 2:
h  h c T  T  T  T
C  2 s 1  p 2 s 1  2 s 1
h2  h1 c p T2  T1  T2  T1
T2 s  T1
T2  T1 
C
620.1 K  298 K
 298 K 
0.85
 676.9 K

Thus, the temperature at the exit of compressor is 676.9 K .

For the isentropic expansion process 3-4s, use the following expression to determine
the value of T4s :
k 1
p k
T4 s   4  T3
 p3 
1 p
Substitute for 4 , 1.4 for k and 1340 K for T3 .
13 p3
1.4 1
 1  1.4
T4 s     1340 K   643.9 K
 13 

Use the following expression of turbine isentropic efficiency to determine the value of
temperature at state 4:
h h c T  T  T  T
t  3 4  p 3 4  3 4
h3  h4 s c p T3  T4 s  T3  T4 s
T4  T3   t T3  T4 s 
 1340 K   0.89 1340  643.9  K
 720.5 K
Thus, the temperature at the exit of turbine is 720.5 K .

(a) Use the expression of net power to determine the mass flow rate:
 

Wcycle  m  h3  h4    h2  h1  
 p T3  T4   T2  T1  
 mc
Wcycle
m 
c p T3  T4   T2  T1  
1450 kW

1.005 kJ / kg  K  1340  720.5   676.9  298 K
 5.997 kg / s

Use the following expression to determine the mass flow rate of air entering the
compressor:
 AV 1  mv
 1
 1
mRT

p1

8.314
Substitute 5.997 kg/s for m, 96 kPa for p1 , kJ / kg  K for R and 298 K for T1 .
28.97
 5.997 kg / s   
8.314
kJ / kg  K   298 K 
 28.97 
 AV 1 
96 kPa
 5.342 m3 / s

Thus, the volumetric flow rate of air entering the compressor is 5.342 m3 / s .

(c) Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle as follows:

h h
  1 4 1
h3  h2
c p T4  T1 
 1
c p T3  T2 
T4  T1
 1
T3  T2
720.5 K  298 K
 1
1340 K  676.9 K
 0.3628 or 36.28%

Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 36.28% .

 9.43

Continued on next slide

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Problem 9-53
9.43 continued
(continued)

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
 

9.44

Revalued data:

Air enters the compressor of a simple gas turbine at 100 kPa, 298 Kand exits at 700
kPa, 550 K. The air enters the turbine at 700 kPa, 1120 Kand expands to 100 kPa, 770
K. The compressor and turbine operate adiabatically, and kinetic and potential energy
effects are negligible. On the basis of an air-standard analysis,
(a) develop a full accounting of the net exergy increase of the air passing through the
gas turbine combustor, in kJ/kg.
(b) devise and evaluate an exergetic efficiency for the gas turbine cycle.
Let T0  298 K, p0  100 kPa .

Solution:

Take the following data for the principle states from table A-22:

State T K p  kPa  h  kJ / kg  s  kJ / kg  K 

1 298 100 298.18 1.69527
2 550 700 554.74 2.31809
3 1120 700 1184.28 3.09825
4 770 100 789.11 2.67595

Input Exergy:
The increase in flow exergy of the working fluid passing through the heat exchanger
is equal the input of exergy.
  p 
e f 3  e f 2  h3  h2  T0  s3   s2    R ln  3  
  p2  
1184.28 kJ / kg  554.74 kJ / kg 
 
   8.314   700 kPa   
 
 298 K   3.09825  2.31809      ln    kJ / kg  K 
   28.97   700 kPa  
 397.05 kJ / kg

Exergy destruction:
 

Due to irreversibilities in the turbine and compressor exergy is destroyed.

Use the following expression to determine the exergy destruction for compressor:
 E d    p2  
   T0  s2   s1    R ln   
 m C   p1  
  8.314   700 kPa  
  298 K   2.31809  1.69527      ln  
  28.97   100 kPa  
 19.18 kJ / kg

Use the following expression to determine the exergy destruction for turbine:
 E d    p4  
   T0  s4   s3    R ln   
 m T   p3  
  8.314   100 kPa  
  298 K   2.67595  3.09825      ln  
  28.97   700 kPa  
 40.57 kJ / kg

Exergy is also carried by the net work.

Use the following expression to determine the net work:
Wcycle
  h3  h4    h2  h1 
m
 1184.28  789.11 kJ / kg   554.74  298.18  kJ / kg
 138.61 kJ / kg

Exergy is also carried by the stream exiting at state 4. Calculate the net exergy loss as
follows:

  p 
e f 4  e f 1  h4  h1  T0  s4   s1    R ln  4  
  p1  
 789.11 kJ / kg  298.18 kJ / kg 
 
   8.314   100 kPa   
 
 298 K   2.67595  1.69527      ln    kJ / kg  K 
   28.97   100 kPa  
 198.69 kJ / kg
 

(a) Summarise the above obtained results as follows:

Input 397.05 kJ / kg

Disposition
Net Power 138.61 kJ / kg 34.9%
Destroyed 59.75 kJ/kg 15.04%
Loss 198.69 kJ / kg 50.04%
Total 397.05 kJ/kg

(b) Calculate the exergetic efficiency for the gas turbine cycle as follows:
Net power output 138.61 kJ / kg
   34.9%
Input 397.05 kJ / kg

Thus, the exergetic efficiency for the gas turbine cycle is 34.9% .
 

9.45

Revalued data:

Air enters the compressor of a cold air-standard Brayton cycle with regeneration at
100 kPa, 300 K, with a mass flow rate of 5 kg/s. The compressor pressure ratio is 9,
and the turbine inlet temperature is 1320 K. The turbine and compressor each have
isentropic efficiencies of 85% and the regenerator effectiveness is 85%. For k  1.4
calculate
(a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
(b) the back work ratio.
(c) the net power developed, in kW.
(d) the rate of exergy destruction in the regenerator, in kW, for T0  300 K .

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

From table A-20 take the following values corresponding to temperature of 300 K:
c p  1.005 kJ / kg  K
k  1.4
 

For the isentropic compression process 1-2, use the following expression to determine
the value of T2s :
k 1
p  k
T2 s   2  T1
 p1 

p2
Substitute 9 for , 1.4 for k and 300 K for T1 .
p1
1.4 1
T2 s   9  1.4   300 K   562 K

Use the following expression of compressor isentropic efficiency to determine the

value of temperature at state 2:
h  h c T  T  T  T
C  2 s 1  p 2 s 1  2 s 1
h2  h1 c p T2  T1  T2  T1
T2 s  T1
T2  T1 
C
562 K  300 K
 300 K 
0.85
 608.2 K

For the isentropic expansion process 3-4s, use the following expression to determine
the value of T4 s :
k 1
p  k
T4 s   4  T3
 p3 

1 p
Substitute for 4 , 1.4 for k and 1320 K for T3 .
9 p3
1.4 1
 1  1.4
T4 s     1320 K   704.6 K
9

Use the following expression of turbine isentropic efficiency to determine the value of
temperature at state 4:
h h c T  T  T  T
t  3 4  p 3 4  3 4
h3  h4 s c p T3  T4 s  T3  T4 s
T4  T3   t T3  T4 s 
 1320 K   0.85 1320  704.6  K
 796.9 K
 

Use the following expression of regenerator efficiency to determine the value of

temperature at state x:
h  h c T  T  T  T
reg  x 2  p x 2  x 2
h4  h2 c p T4  T2  T4  T2
Tx  T2  reg T4  T2 
 608.2 K   0.85  796.9  608.2  K
 768.6 K

Write the energy balance equation for the control volume enclosing the regenerator as
follows:
0  m   h2  hx    h4  hy  

 p  T2  Tx   T4  Ty  
0  mc  
Ty  T2  Tx   T4
 608.2 K  768.6 K  796.9 K
 636.5 K

(a) Calculate the rate at which heat is given to the system as follows:
 p T3  Tx 
Q in  mc
  5 kg / s 1.005 kJ / kg  K 1320  768.6  K
 2770.8 kJ / s

Calculate the rate at which heat is taken out from the system as follows:
 p Ty  T1 
Q out  mc
  5 kg / s 1.005 kJ / kg  K  636.5  300  K
 1690.9 kJ / s

Use the following expression to determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle:
Q
  1  out
Qin
1690.9 kJ / s
 1
2770.8 kJ / s
 0.3897 or 38.97%

Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 38.97% .

(b) Calculate the power consumed by the compressor as follows:

 

 p T2  T1 
Wc  mc
  5 kg / s 1.005 kJ / kg  K  608.2  300  K
 1548.7 kJ / s

Calculate the power developed by the turbine as follows:

 p T3  T4 
Wt  mc
  5 kg / s 1.005 kJ / kg  K 1320  796.9  K
 2628.6 kJ / s

Use the following expression to determine the back work ratio as follows:
W 1548.7 kJ / s
bwr  c   0.589
Wt 2628.6 kJ / s

Thus, the back work ratio is 0.589 .

(c) Calculate the net power developed as follows:

Wcycle  Wt  Wc
 2628.6 kJ / s  1548.7 kJ / s
1 kW
 1079.9 kJ / s
1 kJ/s
 1079.9 kW

Thus, the net power developed is 1079.9 kW .

(d) Write the exergy rate balance equation for the regenerator:
 Q 
0      m  s2  sx    s4  s y     cv
j  T j

There is no heat transfer between the regenerator and its surroundings that is term
 Q 
j  T   0 . Therefore,
 j
 cv  m  sx  s2    s y  s4  
 T  p  T   p 
 m  c p ln  x   R ln  x   c p ln  y   R ln  y  
  T2   p2   T4   p4  

Since, px  p2 and p y  p4 above expression becomes

 

  Tx   Ty 
 cv  mc
 p  ln    ln  
  T2   T4 
Use the following expression to determine the rate of exergy destruction in the
regenerator:
E d  T0 cv
 T  T 
 T0  mc
 p  ln  x   ln  y 
  T2   T4 

Substitute all the known values.

  768.6 K   636.5 K  1 kW
E d   300 K  5 kg / s 1.005 kJ / kg  K   ln    ln  
  608.2 K   796.9 K  1 kJ / s
 14.05 kW

Thus, the rate of exergy destruction in the regenerator is 14.05 kW .

 9.46

Continued on next slide

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 9.46 continued
Problem 9-56 (continued)

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 9.47

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9.48
9.48 (continued)
  

9.49

Revalued data:

Air enters the compressor of a regenerative gas turbine with a volumetric flow rate of
125 m3 / s at 100 kPa, 25 C and is compressed to 400 kPa. The air then passes
through the regenerator and exits at 600 K. The temperature at the turbine inlet is 940
K. The compressor and turbine each has an isentropic efficiency of 85%. Using an air-
standard analysis, calculate
(a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
(b) the regenerator effectiveness.
(c) the net power output, in kJ/s.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  298 K .
 

pr1  1.3543
h1  298.18 kJ / kg

State 2: Calculate the value of pr 2 s from the following relation:

p 
p r 2 s  pr 1  2 s 
 p1 

Substitute 1.3543 for pr1 , 100 kPa for p1 and 400 kPa for p2 s .
 400 kPa 
pr 2 s  1.3543    5.4172
 100 kPa 

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 2s
corresponding to pr 2 s  5.4172 .
h2 s  443.57 kJ / kg

Use the following expression of compressor isentropic efficiency to determine the

value of specific entropy at state 2:
h h
C  2 s 1
h2  h1
h2 s  h1
h2  h1 
C
443.57 kJ / kg  298.18 kJ / kg
 298.18 kJ / kg 
0.85
 469.23 kJ / kg

State 3: Refer the following values for air at T3  940 K from table A-22:
h3  977.92 kJ / kg
pr 3  89.28

State 4: Calculate the value of pr 4 s from the following relation:

p 
pr 4 s  pr 3  4 s 
 p3 

Substitute 89.28 for pr 3 , 100 kPa for p4s and 400 kPa for p3 .
 100 kPa 
pr 4 s   89.28     22.32
 400 kPa 

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 4s
corresponding to pr 4 s  22.32 .
h4 s  663.69 kJ / kg
 

Use the following expression of turbine isentropic efficiency to determine the value of
specific enthalpy at state 4:
h h
t  3 4
h3  h4 s
h4  h3   t  h3  h4 s 
 977.92 kJ / kg   0.85  977.92  663.69  kJ / kg
 710.82 kJ / kg

State x: Take the following values at state x from the table A-22 corresponding to
Tx  600 K .
hx  607.02 kJ / kg

(a) Calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle as follows:

Wcycle
 m    h3  h4    h2  h1 
Q in h3  hx
m


 977.92  710.82  kJ / kg   469.23  298.18 kJ / kg
 977.92  607.02  kJ / kg
 0.259 or 25.9%

Thus, the thermal efficiency of the cycle is 25.9% .

(b) Calculate the effectiveness of regenerator from the following relation:

h h
reg  x 2
h4  h2
607.02  469.23

710.82  469.23
 0.57 or 57%

Thus, the regenerator effectiveness is 57% .

(c) Use the following expression to determine the mass flow rate of air entering
the compressor:
 AV 1  mv
 1
 1
mRT

p1
p1  AV 1
m 
RT1
 

8.314
Substitute 125 m3 / s for  AV 1 , 100 kPa for p1 , kJ / kg  K for R and 298 K
28.97
for T1 .
100 kPa  125 m3 / s 
m 
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   298 K 
 28.97 
 146.16 kg / s

Use the expression to determine the net power output:

Wcycle  m  h3  h4    h2  h1  
 146.16 kg / s   977.92  710.82    469.23  298.18   kJ / kg
 14038.67 kJ / s

Thus, the net power output is 14038.67 kJ / s .

  

9.50

Revalued data:

Air enters the turbine of a gas turbine at 1100 kPa, 1100 K, and expands to 100 kPa in
two stages. Between the stages, the air is reheated at a constant pressure of 325 kPa
to 1100 K. The expansion through each turbine stage is isentropic. Determine
(a) the work developed by each stage, in kJ per kg of air flowing
(b) the heat transfer for the reheat process, in kJ per kg of air flowing
(c) the percentage increase in net work as compared to a single stage of expansion
with no reheat.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  1100 K .
pr1  167.1
h1  1161.07 kJ / kg

State 2: Calculate the value of pr 2 from the following relation:

p 
pr 2  pr1  2 
 p1 

Substitute 167.1 for pr1 , 1100 kPa for p1 and 325 kPa for p2 .
 

 325 kPa 
pr 2  167.1    49.37
 1100 kPa 

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 2
corresponding to pr 2  49.37 .
h2  829.32 kJ / kg

State 3: Refer the following values for air at T3  1100 K from table A-22:
pr 3  pr1  167.1
h3  h1  1161.07 kJ / kg

State 4: Calculate the value of pr 4 from the following relation:

p 
pr 4  pr 3  4 
 p3 

Substitute 167.1 for pr 3 , 100 kPa for p4 and 325 kPa for p3 .
 100 kPa 
pr 4  167.1    51.415
 325 kPa 

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 4
corresponding to pr 4  51.415 .
h4  838.63 kJ / kg

(a) Calculate the work developed by turbine 1 as follows:

Wt1
 h1  h2
m
 1161.07 kJ / kg  829.32 kJ / kg
 331.75 kJ / kg

Thus, the work developed by stage 1 turbine is 331.75 kJ / kg .

Calculate the work developed by turbine 2 as follows:

Wt 2
 h3  h4
m
 1161.07 kJ / kg  838.63 kJ / kg
 322.44 kJ / kg

Thus, the work developed by stage 1 turbine is 322.44 kJ / kg .

(b) Calculate the heat transfer for the reheat process as follows:
 

Q in
 h3  h2
m
 1161.07 kJ / kg  829.32 kJ / kg
 331.75 kJ / kg

Thus, the heat transfer for the reheat process is 331.75 kJ / kg .

(c) State a will be achieved on single stage expansion process.

Calculate the value of pra from the following relation:

p 
pra  pr1  a 
 p1 

Substitute 167.1 for pr1 , 1100 kPa for p1 and 100 kPa for pa .
 100 kPa 
pra  167.1    15.19
 1100 kPa 

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 2
corresponding to pr 2  15.19 .
ha  595.17 kJ / kg

Calculate the work developed in a single stage expansion process as follows:

Wt
 h1  ha
m
 1161.07 kJ / kg  595.17 kJ / kg
 565.9 kJ / kg

Calculate the percentage increase in net work as compared to a single stage of

expansion with no reheat as follows:
 Wt1 Wt 2  Wt
     
% increase  
m m  m
100
W t
m
  331.75  322.44  kJ / kg  565.9 kJ / kg 
  100
 565.9 kJ / kg 
 15.6%

Thus, there will a percentage increase of 15.6% .

 

9.51::
New problem 9.63

Air enters the turbine of a gas turbine at 1100 kPa, 1100 K, and expands to 100 kPa in
two stages. Between the stages, the air is reheated at a constant pressure of 325 kPa
to 1100 K. Each turbine stage has isentropic efficiencies of 80%. Determine
(a) the work developed by each stage, in kJ per kg of air flowing
(b) the heat transfer for the reheat process, in kJ per kg of air flowing
(c) the percentage increase in net work as compared to a single stage of expansion
with no reheat, if the isentropic efficiency of the single stage turbine is 80%.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  1100 K .
pr1  167.1
h1  1161.07 kJ / kg

State 2: Calculate the value of pr 2 s from the following relation:

p 
pr 2 s  pr1  2 s 
 p1 

Substitute 167.1 for pr1 , 1100 kPa for p1 and 325 kPa for p2 s .
 325 kPa 
pr 2 s  167.1    49.37
 1100 kPa 

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 2s
corresponding to pr 2 s  49.37 .
h2 s  829.32 kJ / kg

Use the following expression of turbine isentropic efficiency to determine the value of
specific enthalpy at state 2:
 

h1  h2
t 
h1  h2 s
h2  h1   t  h1  h2 s 
 1161.07 kJ / kg   0.80 1161.07  829.32  kJ / kg
 895.67 kJ / kg

State 3: Refer the following values for air at T3  1100 K from table A-22:
pr 3  pr1  167.1
h3  h1  1161.07 kJ / kg

State 4: Calculate the value of pr 4 s from the following relation:

p 
pr 4 s  pr 3  4 s 
 p3 

Substitute 167.1 for pr 3 , 100 kPa for p4 s and 325 kPa for p3 .
 100 kPa 
pr 4 s  167.1    51.415
 325 kPa 

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 4
corresponding to pr 4 s  51.415 .
h4 s  838.63 kJ / kg

Use the following expression of turbine isentropic efficiency to determine the value of
specific enthalpy at state 4:
h h
t  3 4
h3  h4 s
h4  h3   t  h3  h4 s 
 1161.07 kJ / kg   0.80 1161.07  838.63 kJ / kg
 903.12 kJ / kg

(a) Calculate the work developed by turbine 1 as follows:

 

Wt1
 h1  h2
m
 1161.07 kJ / kg  895.67 kJ / kg
 265.4 kJ / kg

Thus, the work developed by stage 1 turbine is 265.4 kJ / kg .

Calculate the work developed by turbine 2 as follows:

Wt 2
 h3  h4
m
 1161.07 kJ / kg  903.12 kJ / kg
 257.95 kJ / kg

Thus, the work developed by stage 1 turbine is 257.95 kJ / kg .

(b) Calculate the heat transfer for the reheat process as follows:
Q in
 h3  h2
m
 1161.07 kJ / kg  895.67 kJ / kg
 265.4 kJ / kg

Thus, the heat transfer for the reheat process is 265.4 kJ / kg .

(c) State 5 will be achieved on single stage expansion process.

Calculate the value of pr 5 s from the following relation:

p 
pr 5 s  pr1  5 s 
 p1 

Substitute 167.1 for pr1 , 1100 kPa for p1 and 100 kPa for p5 s .
 100 kPa 
pr 5 s  167.1    15.19
 1100 kPa 

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 5s
corresponding to pr 5 s  15.19 .
h5 s  595.17 kJ / kg

Use the following expression of turbine isentropic efficiency to determine the value of
specific enthalpy at state 5:
 

h1  h5
t 
h1  h5 s
h5  h1   t  h1  h5 s 
 1161.07 kJ / kg   0.80 1161.07  595.17  kJ / kg
 708.35 kJ / kg

Calculate the work developed in a single stage expansion process as follows:

Wt
 h1  h5
m
 1161.07 kJ / kg  708.35 kJ / kg
 452.72 kJ / kg

Calculate the percentage increase in net work as compared to a single stage of

expansion with no reheat as follows:
 Wt1 Wt 2  Wt
     
% increase  
m m  m
100
W t
m
  265.4  257.95  kJ / kg  452.72 kJ / kg 
  100
 452.72 kJ / kg 
 15.6%

Thus, there will a percentage increase of 15.6% .

 9.52

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
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9.53

Revalued data:

A two-stage air compressor operates at steady state, compressing 0.15 m3 / s of air

from 100 kPa, 300 K, to 1100 kPa. An intercooler between the two stages cools the
air to 300 K at a constant pressure of 325 kPa. The compression processes are
isentropic. Calculate the power required to run the compressor, in kW, and compare
the result to the power required for isentropic compression from the same inlet state to
the same final pressure.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

 

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  300 K .
pr1  1.386
h1  300.19 kJ / kg

State c: Calculate the value of prc from the following relation:

p 
prc  pr1  c 
 p1 

Substitute 1.386 for pr1 , 100 kPa for p1 and 325 kPa for pc .
 325 kPa 
prc  1.386     4.5045
 100 kPa 

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state c
corresponding to prc  4.5045 .
hc  420.78 kJ / kg

State d: Take the following values at state d from the table A-22 corresponding to
Td  T1  300 K .
prd  1.386
hd  300.19 kJ / kg

State 2: Calculate the value of pr 2 from the following relation:

p 
pr 2  prd  2 
 pd 

Substitute 1.386 for prd , 1100 kPa for p2 and 325 kPa for pd .
 

 1100 kPa 
pr 2  1.386     4.691
 325 kPa 

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 2
corresponding to pr 2  4.691 .
h2  425.63 kJ / kg

Use the following expression to determine the mass flow rate of air entering the
compressor:
 AV 1  mv
 1
 1
mRT

p1
p1  AV 1
m 
RT1

8.314
Substitute 0.15 m3 / s for  AV 1 , 100 kPa for p1 , kJ / kg  K for R and 300 K
28.97
for T1 .
100 kPa   0.15 m3 / s 
m 
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   300 K 
 28.97 
 0.1742 kg / s

Calculate the power required to run the stage 1 compressor as follows:

W  m  h  h 
c1 c 1

1 kW
  0.1742 kg / s  420.78  300.19  kJ / kg
1 kJ/s
 21 kW

Calculate the power required to run the stage 2 compressor as follows:

Wc 2  m  h2  hd 
1 kW
  0.1742 kg / s  425.63  300.19  kJ / kg
1 kJ/s
 21.85 kW

Calculate the total power required to run the compressors.

W  W  W
c c1 c2

 21 kW  21.85 kW
 42.85 kW
Thus, the power required to run the compressors is 42.85 kW .
 

State 3 will be achieved on single stage isentropic compression process.

Calculate the value of pr 3 from the following relation:

p 
pr 3  pr 1  3 
 p1 

Substitute 1.386 for pr1 , 1100 kPa for p3 and 100 kPa for p1 .
 1100 kPa 
pr 3  1.386     15.246
 100 kPa 

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 3
corresponding to pr 3  15.246 .
h3  595.8 kJ / kg

Calculate the power required in the single stage compression process as follows:
Wc   m  h3  h1 
1

1 kW
  0.1742 kg / s  595.8  300.19  kJ / kg
1 kJ/s
 51.5 kW

Calculate the percentage decrease in power required as compared to a single stage of

compression with no intercooler as follows:

% decrease 
Wc 1  Wc 100
W  c 1

 51.5 kW  42.85 kW 
   100
 51.5 kW 
 16.8%

Thus, there will a percentage reduction of 16.8% in the power required to run the
compressors.
 

9.54:
New problem 9.68

A two-stage air compressor operates at steady state, compressing 0.15 m3 / s of air

from 100 kPa, 300 K, to 1100 kPa. An intercooler between the two stages cools the
air to 300 K at a constant pressure of 325 kPa. Each compressor stage has isentropic
efficiencies of 80%. Calculate the power required to run the compressor, in kW, and
compare the result to the power required for a single stage compression from the same
inlet state to the same final pressure, if the isentropic efficiency of the single stage
compressor is 80%.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

Determine the properties at different states.

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  300 K .
 

pr1  1.386
h1  300.19 kJ / kg

State 2: Calculate the value of pr 2 s from the following relation:

p 
pr 2 s  pr1  2 s 
 p1 

Substitute 1.386 for pr1 , 100 kPa for p1 and 325 kPa for p2 s .
 325 kPa 
pr 2 s  1.386     4.5045
 100 kPa 

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 2s
corresponding to pr 2 s  4.5045 .
h2 s  420.78 kJ / kg

Use the following expression of compressor isentropic efficiency to determine the

value of specific enthalpy at state 2:
h h
C  2 s 1
h2  h1
h2 s  h1
h2  h1 
C
420.78 kJ / kg  300.19 kJ / kg
 300.19 kJ / kg 
0.80
 450.93 kJ / kg

State 3: Take the following values at state 3 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T3  T1  300 K .
pr 3  1.386
h3  300.19 kJ / kg

State 4: Calculate the value of pr 4 from the following relation:

p 
pr 4 s  pr 3  4 s 
 p3 

Substitute 1.386 for pr 3 , 1100 kPa for p4 s and 325 kPa for p3 .
 1100 kPa 
pr 4 s  1.386     4.691
 325 kPa 

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 4
corresponding to pr 4 s  4.691 .
h4 s  425.63 kJ / kg
 

Use the following expression of compressor isentropic efficiency to determine the

value of specific enthalpy at state 4:
h h
C  4 s 3
h4  h3
h4 s  h3
h4  h3 
C
425.63 kJ / kg  300.19 kJ / kg
 300.19 kJ / kg 
0.80
 457 kJ / kg

Use the following expression to determine the mass flow rate of air entering the
compressor:
 AV 1  mv
 1
 1
mRT

p1
p1  AV 1
m 
RT1

8.314
Substitute 0.15 m3 / s for  AV 1 , 100 kPa for p1 , kJ / kg  K for R and 300 K
28.97
for T1 .
100 kPa   0.15 m3 / s 
m 
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   300 K 
 28.97 
 0.1742 kg / s

Calculate the power required to run the stage 1 compressor as follows:

Wc1  m  h2  h1 
1 kW
  0.1742 kg / s  450.93  300.19  kJ / kg
1 kJ/s
 26.259 kW

Calculate the power required to run the stage 2 compressor as follows:

Wc 2  m  h4  h3 
1 kW
  0.1742 kg / s  457  300.19  kJ / kg
1 kJ/s
 27.316 kW

Calculate the total power required to run the compressors.

 

Wc  Wc1  Wc 2

 26.259 kW  27.316 kW
 53.575 kW

Thus, the power required to run the compressors is 53.575 kW .

State 5 will be achieved on single stage isentropic compression process.

Calculate the value of pr 5 s from the following relation:

p 
pr 5 s  pr1  5 
 p1 

Substitute 1.386 for pr1 , 1100 kPa for p5 and 100 kPa for p1 .
 1100 kPa 
pr 5 s  1.386     15.246
 100 kPa 

Use data in table A-22 to determine the value of specific enthalpy at state 3
corresponding to pr 5 s  15.246 .
h5 s  595.8 kJ / kg

Use the following expression of compressor isentropic efficiency to determine the

value of specific enthalpy at state 5:
h h
C  5 s 1
h5  h1
h5 s  h1
h5  h1 
C
595.8 kJ / kg  300.19 kJ / kg
 300.19 kJ / kg 
0.80
 669.7 kJ / kg

Calculate the power required in the single stage compression process as follows:
W   m  h  h 
c 1 5 1

1 kW
  0.1742 kg / s  669.7  300.19  kJ / kg
1 kJ/s
 64.359 kW
 

Calculate the percentage decrease in power required as compared to a single stage of

compression with no intercooler as follows:

% decrease 
 Wc   Wc
1
 100
W 
c 1

 64.369 kW  53.575 kW 
   100
 64.369 kW 
 16.8%

Thus, there will a percentage reduction of 16.8% in the power required to run the
compressors.
9.55
 9.56

Continued on next slide

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permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
 9.56 continued
Problem 9-70 (continued)

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
 9.57

Continued on next slide

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students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Problem 9.57
9-74 (continued)
continued

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
 9.58

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
9.59
9.59 (continued) page 2
9.59 (continued - page 3)
 

9.60

Revalued data:

Air at 30 kPa, 240 K, and 200 m/s enters a turbojet engine in flight. The air mass flow
rate is 26 kg/s. The compressor pressure ratio is 11, the turbine inlet temperature is
1360 K, and air exits the nozzle at 30 kPa. The diffuser and nozzle processes are
isentropic, the compressor and turbine have isentropic efficiencies of 85% and 88%,
respectively, and there is no pressure drop for flow through the combustor. Kinetic
energy is negligible everywhere except at the diffuser inlet and the nozzle exit. On the
basis of air standard analysis, determine
(a) the pressures, in kPa, and temperatures, in K, at each principal state.
(b) the rate of heat addition to the air passing through the combustor, in kJ/s.
(c) the velocity at the nozzle exit, in m/s.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

 

Determine the properties at different states.

State a: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
Ta  240 K .
pra  0.6355
ha  240.02 kJ / kg

State 1: Write the energy balance equation for the control volume enclosing diffuser:
V2
0  ha  a  h1
2
V2
h1  ha  a
2

Substitute 240.02 kJ / kg for ha and 200 m/s for Va .

 200 m / s 
2
1N 1 kJ
h1  240.02 kJ / kg 
2 1 kg  m / s 10 N  m
2 3

 260.02 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following values at state 1 corresponding to
h1  260.02 kJ / kg .
T1  259.9 K
pr1  0.8397

Calculate the value of p2 from the following relation:

p   0.8397 
p1  pa  r1    30 kPa     39.6 kPa
 pra   0.6355 

State 2: Calculate the value of pr 2 s from the following relation:

p 
pr 2 s  pr 1  2 s 
 p1 
 

p2 s
Substitute 0.8397 for pr1 and 11 for .
p1
pr 2 s   0.8397 11  9.2367

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value of specific enthalpy at state 2
corresponding to pr 2 s  9.2367 .
h2 s  516.57 kJ / kg
Use the following expression of compressor isentropic efficiency to determine the
value of specific entropy at state 2:
h h
C  2 s 1
h2  h1
h2 s  h1
h2  h1 
C
516.57 kJ / kg  260.02 kJ / kg
 260.02 kJ / kg 
0.85
 561.84 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 2 corresponding to
h2  561.84 kJ / kg .
T2  556.8 K

And the pressure at state 2 is

p2  11 p1  11 39.6 kPa   435.6 kPa

State 3: Refer the following values for air at T3  1360 K from table A-22:
pr 3  399.1
h3  1467.49 kJ / kg

And p3  p2  435.6 kPa

State 4: For a turbojet engine,

Wc  Wt
m  h2  h1   m  h3  h4 
h4  h3   h2  h1 
 1467.49 kJ / kg   561.84 kJ / kg  260.02 kJ / kg 
 1165.67 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following values at state 4 corresponding to
h4  838.63 kJ / kg
T4  1104 K
pr 4  169.6
 

Use the following expression of turbine isentropic efficiency to determine the value of
specific enthalpy at state 4s:
h h
t  3 4
h3  h4 s
h h 
h4 s  h3   3 4 
 t 

 1467.49 kJ / kg 
1467.49  1104  kJ / kg
0.88
 1054.43 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 4s corresponding to
h4 s  1054.43 kJ / kg :
pr 4 s  117.45

Calculate the value of p4 from the following relation:

p 
p4  p3  r 4 s 
 pr 3 

Substitute 399.1 for pr 3 , 117.45 for pr 4 s and 435.6 kPa for p3 .

 117.45 
p4   435.6 kPa     128.2 kPa
 399.1 

State 5: Calculate the value of pr 5 s from the following relation:

p 
pr 5  pr 4  5 
 p4 

Substitute 128.2 kPa for p4 , 169.6 for pr 4 and 30 kPa for p5 .

 30 
pr 5  169.6     39.688
 128.2 

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following values at state 5 corresponding to
pr 5  39.688 .
h5  780.42 kJ / kg
T5  762 K

(a) The properties at principle states are given below:

State p  kPa  T (K) h  kJ / kg 

1 39.6 259.9 260.02
2 435.6 556.8 561.84
3 435.6 1360 1467.49
 

4 128.2 1104 1165.67

5 30 762 780.42

(b) Calculate the rate of heat addition to the air passing through the combustor as
follows:
Q in  m  h3  h2 

Substitute 26 kg/s for m , 1467.49 kJ/kg for h3 and 561.84 kJ/kg for h2 .
Q   26 kg / s 1467.49  561.84  kJ / kg
in

 23546.9 kJ / s

Thus, the rate of heat addition to the air passing through the combustor is
23546.9 kJ / s .

(c) Write the steady flow energy equation for the nozzle as follows:
 V 2  V52 
0  h4  h5   4 
 2 

Take the velocity of air at state 4 to be equal to zero that is V4  0 , therefore above
equation becomes
V5  2  h4  h5 

Substitute 1165.67 kJ/kg for h4 and 780.42 kJ/kg for h5 .

103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
V5   2 1165.67  780.42  kJ / kg
1 kJ 1N
 877.8 m / s

Thus, the velocity at the nozzle exit is 877.8 m / s .

 

9.61

Revalued data:

Air enters the diffuser of a turbojet engine with a mass flow rate of 35 kg/s at 50 kPa,
230 K and a velocity of 210 m/s. The pressure ratio for the compressor is 12, and its
isentropic efficiency is 89%. Air enters the turbine at 1340 K with the same pressure
as at the exit of the compressor. Air exits the nozzle at 50 kPa. The diffuser operates
isentropically and the nozzle and turbine have isentropic efficiencies of 90% and
88%, respectively. On the basis of an air-standard analysis, calculate
(a) the rate of heat addition, in kJ/h.
(b) the pressure at the turbine exit, in kPa.
(c) the compressor power input, in kJ/h.
(d) the velocity at the nozzle exit, in m/s.
Neglect kinetic energy except at the diffuser inlet and the nozzle exit.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

 

Determine the properties at different states.

State a: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
Ta  230 K .
pra  0.5477
ha  230.02 kJ / kg

State 1: Write the energy balance equation for the control volume enclosing diffuser:
V2
0  ha  a  h1
2
V2
h1  ha  a
2

Substitute 230.02 kJ / kg for ha and 210 m/s for Va .

 210 m / s 
2
1N 1 kJ
h1  230.02 kJ / kg 
2 1 kg  m / s 10 N  m
2 3

 252.07 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following values at state 1 corresponding to
h1  252.07 kJ / kg .
T1  252 K
pr1  0.7545

Calculate the value of p2 from the following relation:

p   0.7545 
p1  pa  r1    50 kPa     68.9 kPa
 pra   0.5477 

State 2: Calculate the value of pr 2 s from the following relation:

p 
p r 2 s  pr 1  2 s 
 p1 

p2 s
Substitute 0.7545 for pr1 and 12 for .
p1
pr 2 s   0.7545 12   9.054

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value of specific enthalpy at state 2
corresponding to pr 2 s  9.054 .
h2 s  513.68 kJ / kg
 

Use the following expression of compressor isentropic efficiency to determine the

value of specific entropy at state 2:
h h
C  2 s 1
h2  h1
h2 s  h1
h2  h1 
C
513.68 kJ / kg  252.07 kJ / kg
 252.07 kJ / kg 
0.89
 546.01 kJ / kg

And the pressure at state 2 is

p2  12 p1  12  68.9 kPa   826.8 kPa

State 3: Refer the following values for air at T3  1340 K from table A-22:
pr 3  375.3
h3  1443.6 kJ / kg

And p3  p2  826.8 kPa

State 4: For a turbojet engine,

W  W
c t

m  h2  h1   m  h3  h4 
h4  h3   h2  h1 
 1443.6 kJ / kg   546.01 kJ / kg  252.07 kJ / kg 
 1149.66 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 4 corresponding to
h4  1149.66 kJ / kg :
pr 4  161.2

Use the following expression of turbine isentropic efficiency to determine the value of
specific enthalpy at state 4s:
h h
t  3 4
h3  h4 s
h h 
h4 s  h3   3 4 
 t 

 1443.6 kJ / kg 
1443.6  1149.66  kJ / kg
0.88
 1109.58 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 4s corresponding to
h4 s  1109.58 kJ / kg :
 

pr 4 s  141.5

Calculate the value of p4 from the following relation:

p 
p4  p3  r 4 s 
 pr 3 

Substitute 375.3 for pr 3 , 141.5 for pr 4 s and 826.8 kPa for p3 .

 141.5 
p4   826.8 kPa     311.7 kPa
 375.3 

Thus, the pressure at the exit of turbine is 311.7 kPa .

State 5: Calculate the value of pr 5 s from the following relation:

p 
pr 5  pr 4  5 
 p4 

Substitute 311.7 kPa for p4 , 161.2 for pr 4 and 50 kPa for p5 .

 50 
pr 5  161.2     25.858
 311.7 

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following values at state 5s corresponding to
pr 5  25.858 .
h5 s  691.88 kJ / kg

(a) Calculate the rate of heat addition to the air passing through the combustor as
follows:
Q in  m  h3  h2 

Substitute 35 kg/s for m , 1443.6 kJ / kg for h3 and 546.01 kJ / kg for h2 .

3600 s
Q in   35 kg / s 1443.6  546.01 kJ / kg
1h
 1.131108 kJ / h

Thus, the rate of heat addition to the air passing through the combustor is
1.131108 kJ / h .

(b) Calculate the compressor power input as follows:

Wc  m  h2  h1 
 

Substitute 35 kg/s for m , 252.07 kJ / kg for h1 and 546.01 kJ / kg for h2 .

3600 s
Wc   35 kg / s  546.01  252.07  kJ / kg
1h
 3.7  107 kJ / h

Thus, the compressor power input is 3.7  107 kJ / h .

(c) Write the energy rate balance equation for the isentropic expansion through
the nozzle as follows:
 V42  V52s 
0  h4  h5 s   
 2 

Take the velocity of air at state 4 to be equal to zero that is V4  0 , therefore above
equation becomes
V5 s  2  h4  h5 s 

Substitute 1149.66 kJ / kg for h4 and 691.88 kJ / kg for h5s .

103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
V5 s   2 1149.66  691.88  kJ / kg
1 kJ 1N
 956.85 m / s

Calculate the velocity at the nozzle exit as follows:

V5  V5 s  N
Here,  N is nozzle efficiency.

Substitute 956.85 m/s for V5 s and 0.90 for  N .

V5   956.85 m / s   0.90
 907.75 m / s

Thus, the velocity at the nozzle exit is 907.75 m / s .

 

9.62

Revalued data for problem 9.77:

Air at 30 kPa, 240 K, and 200 m/s enters a turbojet engine in flight. The air mass flow
rate is 26 kg/s. The compressor pressure ratio is 11, the turbine inlet temperature is
1360 K, and air exits the nozzle at 30 kPa. The diffuser and nozzle processes are
isentropic, the compressor and turbine have isentropic efficiencies of 85% and 88%,
respectively, and there is no pressure drop for flow through the combustor. Kinetic
energy is negligible everywhere except at the diffuser inlet and the nozzle exit. On the
basis of air standard analysis, determine
(a) the pressures, in kPa, and temperatures, in K, at each principal state.
(b) the rate of heat addition to the air passing through the combustor, in kJ/s.
(c) the velocity at the nozzle exit, in m/s.

Revalued data for problem 9.80:

Consider the addition of an afterburner to the turbojet in Problem 9.77 that raises the
temperature at the inlet of the nozzle to 1260 K. Determine the velocity at the nozzle
exit, in m/s.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data for problem 9.77:

Determine the properties at different states.

State a: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
Ta  240 K .
 

pra  0.6355
ha  240.02 kJ / kg

State 1: Write the energy balance equation for the control volume enclosing diffuser:
V2
0  ha  a  h1
2
V2
h1  ha  a
2

Substitute 240.02 kJ / kg for ha and 200 m/s for Va .

 200 m / s 
2
1N 1 kJ
h1  240.02 kJ / kg 
2 1 kg  m / s 10 N  m
2 3

 260.02 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following values at state 1 corresponding to
h1  260.02 kJ / kg .
T1  259.9 K
pr1  0.8397

Calculate the value of p2 from the following relation:

p   0.8397 
p1  pa  r1    30 kPa     39.6 kPa
 pra   0.6355 

State 2: Calculate the value of pr 2 s from the following relation:

p 
pr 2 s  pr1  2 s 
 p1 

p2 s
Substitute 0.8397 for pr1 and 11 for .
p1
pr 2 s   0.8397 11  9.2367

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value of specific enthalpy at state 2
corresponding to pr 2 s  9.2367 .
h2 s  516.57 kJ / kg
 

Use the following expression of compressor isentropic efficiency to determine the

value of specific entropy at state 2:
h h
C  2 s 1
h2  h1
h2 s  h1
h2  h1 
C
516.57 kJ / kg  260.02 kJ / kg
 260.02 kJ / kg 
0.85
 561.84 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 2 corresponding to
h2  561.84 kJ / kg .
T2  556.8 K

And the pressure at state 2 is

p2  11 p1  11 39.6 kPa   435.6 kPa

State 3: Refer the following values for air at T3  1360 K from table A-22:
pr 3  399.1
h3  1467.49 kJ / kg

And p3  p2  435.6 kPa

State 4: For a turbojet engine,

W  W
c t

m  h2  h1   m  h3  h4 
h4  h3   h2  h1 
 1467.49 kJ / kg   561.84 kJ / kg  260.02 kJ / kg 
 1165.67 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following values at state 4 corresponding to
h4  838.63 kJ / kg
T4  1104 K
pr 4  169.6

Use the following expression of turbine isentropic efficiency to determine the value of
specific enthalpy at state 4s:
 

h3  h4
t 
h3  h4 s
h h 
h4 s  h3   3 4 
 t 

 1467.49 kJ / kg 
1467.49  1104  kJ / kg
0.88
 1054.43 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 4s corresponding to
h4 s  1054.43 kJ / kg :
pr 4 s  117.45

Calculate the value of p4 from the following relation:

p 
p4  p3  r 4 s 
 pr 3 

Substitute 399.1 for pr 3 , 117.45 for pr 4 s and 435.6 kPa for p3 .

 117.45 
p4   435.6 kPa     128.2 kPa
 399.1 

It is given that afterburner is added before nozzle so schematic diagram and T-s
diagram for the remaining states will be as follows:

State 4’: Refer the following values for air at T4  1260 K from table A-22:
pr 4  290.8
h4  1348.55 kJ / kg

And p4  p4  128.2 kPa

 

State 5’: Calculate the value of pr 5 from the following relation:

p 
pr 5  pr 4  5 
 p4 

Substitute 128.2 kPa for p4 , 290.8 for pr 4 and 30 kPa for p5 .
 30 
pr 5   290.8     68.05
 128.2 
Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following values at state 5 corresponding to
pr 5  68.05 .
h5  907.04 kJ / kg

Write the steady flow energy equation for the nozzle as follows:
 V 2  V52 
0  h4  h5   4 
 2 

Take the velocity of air at state 4’ to be equal to zero that is V4  0 , therefore above
equation becomes
V5  2  h4  h5 

Substitute 1348.55 kJ / kg for h4 and 907.04 kJ / kg for h5 .

103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
V5   2 1348.55  907.04  kJ / kg
1 kJ 1N
 939.7 m / s

Thus, the velocity of air at nozzle exit is 939.7 m / s .

 

9.63

Revalued data of problem 9-79:

Air enters the diffuser of a turbojet engine with a mass flow rate of 35 kg/s at 50 kPa,
230 K and a velocity of 210 m/s. The pressure ratio for the compressor is 12, and its
isentropic efficiency is 89%. Air enters the turbine at 1340 K with the same pressure
as at the exit of the compressor. Air exits the nozzle at 50 kPa. The diffuser operates
isentropically and the nozzle and turbine have isentropic efficiencies of 90% and
88%, respectively. On the basis of an air-standard analysis, calculate
(a) the rate of heat addition, in kJ/h.
(b) the pressure at the turbine exit, in kPa.
(c) the compressor power input, in kJ/h.
(d) the velocity at the nozzle exit, in m/s.
Neglect kinetic energy except at the diffuser inlet and the nozzle exit.

Revalued data of problem 9-81:

Consider the addition of an afterburner to the turbojet in Problem 9.79 that raises the
temperature at the inlet of the nozzle to 1220 K. Determine the velocity at the nozzle
exit, in m/s.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data of problem 9-79:

Determine the properties at different states.

State a: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
Ta  230 K .
pra  0.5477
ha  230.02 kJ / kg
 

State 1: Write the energy balance equation for the control volume enclosing diffuser:
V2
0  ha  a  h1
2
V2
h1  ha  a
2

Substitute 230.02 kJ / kg for ha and 210 m/s for Va .

 210 m / s 
2
1N 1 kJ
h1  230.02 kJ / kg 
2 1 kg  m / s 10 N  m
2 3

 252.07 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following values at state 1 corresponding to
h1  252.07 kJ / kg .
T1  252 K
pr1  0.7545

Calculate the value of p2 from the following relation:

p   0.7545 
p1  pa  r1    50 kPa     68.9 kPa
 pra   0.5477 

State 2: Calculate the value of pr 2 s from the following relation:

p 
pr 2 s  pr1  2 s 
 p1 

p2 s
Substitute 0.7545 for pr1 and 12 for .
p1
pr 2 s   0.7545 12   9.054

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value of specific enthalpy at state 2
corresponding to pr 2 s  9.054 .
h2 s  513.68 kJ / kg

Use the following expression of compressor isentropic efficiency to determine the

value of specific enthalpy at state 2:
 

h2 s  h1
C 
h2  h1
h2 s  h1
h2  h1 
C
513.68 kJ / kg  252.07 kJ / kg
 252.07 kJ / kg 
0.89
 546.01 kJ / kg

And the pressure at state 2 is

p2  12 p1  12  68.9 kPa   826.8 kPa

State 3: Refer the following values for air at T3  1340 K from table A-22:
pr 3  375.3
h3  1443.6 kJ / kg

And p3  p2  826.8 kPa

State 4: For a turbojet engine,

Wc  Wt
m  h2  h1   m  h3  h4 
h4  h3   h2  h1 
 1443.6 kJ / kg   546.01 kJ / kg  252.07 kJ / kg 
 1149.66 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 4 corresponding to
h4  1149.66 kJ / kg :
pr 4  161.2

Use the following expression of turbine isentropic efficiency to determine the value of
specific enthalpy at state 4s:
h h
t  3 4
h3  h4 s
h h 
h4 s  h3   3 4 
 t 

 1443.6 kJ / kg 
1443.6  1149.66  kJ / kg
0.88
 1109.58 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 4s corresponding to
h4 s  1109.58 kJ / kg :
pr 4 s  141.5
 

Calculate the value of p4 from the following relation:

p 
p4  p3  r 4 s 
 pr 3 

Substitute 375.3 for pr 3 , 141.5 for pr 4 s and 826.8 kPa for p3 .

 141.5 
p4   826.8 kPa     311.7 kPa
 375.3 

It is given that afterburner is added before nozzle so schematic diagram and T-s
diagram for the remaining states will be as follows:

State 4’: Refer the following values for air at T4  1220 K from table A-22:
pr 4  254.7
h4  1301.31 kJ / kg

And p4  p4  311.7 kPa

State 5’s: Calculate the value of pr 5 s from the following relation:

p 
pr 5 s  pr 4  5 s 
 p4 

Substitute 311.7 kPa for p4 , 254.7 for pr 4 and 50 kPa for p5 s .
 50 
pr 5 s   254.7     40.856
 311.7 

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following values at state 5’s corresponding to
pr 5 s  40.856 .
h5 s  786.68 kJ / kg
 

Write the energy rate balance equation for the isentropic expansion through the nozzle
as follows:
 V 2  V52 s 
0  h4  h5 s   4 
 2 

Take the velocity of air at state 4’ to be equal to zero that is V4  0 , therefore above
equation becomes
V5 s  2  h4  h5 s 

Substitute 1301.31 kJ / kg for h4 and 786.68 kJ / kg for h5 s .

103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
V5 s   2 1301.31  786.68 kJ / kg
1 kJ 1N
 1014.5 m / s

Calculate the velocity at the nozzle exit as follows:

V5  V5 s  N
Here,  N is nozzle efficiency.

Substitute 1014.5 m/s for V5 s and 0.90 for  N .

V5  1014.5 m / s   0.90
 962.4 m / s

Thus, the velocity at the nozzle exit is 962.4 m / s .

 

9.64

Revalued data:

Air enters the diffuser of a ramjet engine at 45 kPa, 240 K, with a velocity of 450 m/s,
and decelerates essentially to zero velocity. After combustion, the gases reach a
temperature of 1120 K before being discharged through the nozzle at 45 kPa. On the
basis of an air-standard analysis, determine
(a) the pressure at the diffuser exit, in kPa.
(b) the velocity at the nozzle exit, in m/s.
Neglect kinetic energy except at the diffuser inlet and the nozzle exit.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

(a) State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22
corresponding to T1  240 K .
pr1  0.6355
h1  240.02 kJ / kg

State 2: Write the energy balance equation for the control volume enclosing diffuser:
 

V12
0  h1   h2
2
V2
h2  h1  1
2

Substitute 240.02 kJ / kg for h1 and 450 m/s for V1 .

 450 m / s 
2
1N 1 kJ
h2  240.02 kJ / kg 
2 1 kg  m / s 10 N  m
2 3

 341.27 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 2 corresponding to
h2  341.27 kJ / kg .
pr 2  2.168

Calculate the value of p2 from the following relation:

p   2.168 
p2  p1  r 2    45 kPa     153.5 kPa
 pr1   0.6355 

Thus, the pressure at the diffuser exit is 153.5 kPa .

(b) State 3: Take the following values at state 3 from the table A-22
corresponding to T3  1120 K .
pr 3  179.9
h3  1184.28 kJ / kg

And pressure at state 3 is

p3  p2  153.5 kPa

State 4: Calculate the value of pr 4 from the following relation:

p   45 kPa 
pr 4  pr 3  4   179.9     52.74
 p3   153.5 kPa 

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 4 corresponding to
pr 4  52.74 .
h4  845.85 kJ / kg

Write the energy balance equation for the control volume enclosing the nozzle:
 V42 
0  h3   h4  
 2 
V4  2  h3  h4 
 

Substitute 845.85 kJ / kg for h4 and 1184.28 kJ / kg for h3 .

103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
V4  2 1184.28  845.85  kJ / kg
1 kJ 1N
 822.7 m / s

Thus, the velocity at nozzle exit is 822.7 m / s .

 

9.65

Revalued data:

Air enters the diffuser of a ramjet engine at 50 kPa, 230 K, with a velocity of 2600
km/h and decelerates to negligible velocity. On the basis of an air-standard analysis,
the heat
addition is 1050 kJ per kg of air passing through the engine. Air exits the nozzle at 50
kPa. Determine
(a) the pressure at the diffuser exit, in kPa.
(b) the velocity at the nozzle exit, in m/s.
Neglect kinetic energy except at the diffuser inlet and the nozzle exit.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

(a) State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22
corresponding to T1  230 K .
pr1  0.5477
h1  230.02 kJ / kg

State 2: Write the energy balance equation for the control volume enclosing diffuser:
V2
0  h1  1  h2
2
V2
h2  h1  1
2
 

Substitute 230.02 kJ / kg for h1 and 2600 km/h for V1 .

2
 1000 m 1 h 
 2600 km / h 
h2  230.02 kJ / kg   1 km 3600 s  1N 1 kJ
2 1 kg  m / s 10 N  m
2 3

 230.02 kJ / kg  260.80 kJ / kg
 490.82 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 2 corresponding to
h2  490.82 kJ / kg .
pr 2  7.7198

Calculate the value of p2 from the following relation:

p   7.7198 
p2  p1  r 2    50 kPa     704.7 kPa
 pr1   0.5477 

Thus, the pressure at the diffuser exit is 704.7 kPa .

(b) State 3: Use the following expression for heat addition process to determine
the specific enthalpy at state 3:
Q in  m  h3  h2 
Q
h3  in  h2
m
 1050 kJ / kg  490.82 kJ / kg
 1540.82 kJ / kg

Take the following values at state 3 from the table A-22 corresponding to
h3  1540.82 kJ / kg .
pr 3  479.6

And pressure at state 3 is

p3  p2  704.7 kPa

State 4: Calculate the value of pr 4 from the following relation:

p   50 kPa 
pr 4  pr 3  4    479.6     34.028
 p3   704.7 kPa 

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 4 corresponding to
pr 4  34.028 .
h4  747.49 kJ / kg
 

Write the energy balance equation for the control volume enclosing the nozzle:
 V2 
0  h3   h4  4 
 2 
V4  2  h3  h4 

Substitute 747.49 kJ / kg for h4 and 1540.82 kJ / kg for h3 .

103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
V4  2 1540.82  747.49  kJ / kg
1 kJ 1N
 1259.6 m / s

Thus, the velocity at nozzle exit is 1259.6 m / s .

9.66
9.66 (continued)
9.67
9.67 (continued)
 9.68

Continued on next slide

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
 9.68 continued
Problem 9-89 (continued)

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to
students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
9.69
9.69 (continued - page 2)
9.69 (continued - page 3)
Problem 9.70
 

New problem 9.92

9.71:

Air enters the compressor of an Ericsson cycle at 298 K, 100 kPa, with a mass flow
rate of 3 kg/s. The pressure and temperature at the inlet to the turbine are 900 kPa and
1300 K, respectively. Determine
(a) The net work, in kJ/kg per kg of flowing air
(b) The thermal efficiency

Solution:

Schematic and given data:

Calculate the turbine power as follows:

Wt 2
  vdp
m 1

p 
  RT1 ln  2 
 p1 
p   p2 p3 
  RT1 ln  3    
 p4   p1 p4 

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 100 kPa for p3 , 900 kPa for p4 and 1300 K for T1 .
28.97
Wt  8.314   100 
  kJ / kg  K  1300 K   ln    819.75 kJ / kg
m  28.97   900 

Calculate the compressor power as follows:

Wc p 
 RT3 ln  4 
m  p3 

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 100 kPa for p3 , 900 kPa for p4 and 298 K for T3 .
28.97
Wc  8.314   900 
 kJ / kg  K   298 K   ln    187.91 kJ / kg
m  28.97   100 
 

(a) Calculate the net work as follows:

Wcycle Wt Wc
 
m m m
 819.75 kJ / kg  187.91 kJ / kg
 631.84 kJ / kg

Thus, the net work is 631.84 kJ / kg of flowing air.

(b) Use the following expression to determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle:
T
  1 3
T1
298 K
 1
1300 K
 0.7708 or 77.08%

Thus, the thermal efficiency is 77.08% .

Problem 9.72
 

9.73:
New problem 9.94

In a Stirling cycle carbon dioxide is used as the working fluid. In isothermal

compression process carbon dioxide is compressed from 305 K, 1 bar to 10 bar.
During the isothermal expansion temperature is 1050 K. Determine
(c) The net work per kg of carbon dioxide, in kJ/kg
(d) The thermal efficiency

Solution:

p-v diagram of the Stirling cycle is shown below:

Calculate the work in isothermal compression process 1-2:

W12 2
  pdv
m 1

v 
 RT1 ln  2 
 v1 
p   v2 p1 
 RT1 ln  1    
 p2   v1 p2 

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 1 bar for p1 , 10 bar for p2 and 305 K for T1 .
44.01
W12  8.314  1
 kJ / kg  K   305 K   ln    132.67 kJ / kg
m  44.01   10 

Calculate the work in isothermal expansion process 3-4:

 

W34 v 
 RT3 ln  4 
m  v3 
v   v4 v1 
 RT3 ln  1    
 v2   v3 v2 
p   v1 p2 
 RT3 ln  2    
 p1   v2 p1 

8.314
Substitute kJ / kg  K for R, 1 bar for p1 , 10 bar for p2 and 1050 K for T3 .
44.01
W34  8.314   10 
 kJ / kg  K  1050 K   ln    456.73 kJ / kg
m  44.01  1

(a) Calculate the net work as follows:

Wcycle W34 W12
 
m m m
 456.73 kJ / kg   132.67 kJ / kg 
 324.06 kJ / kg

Thus, the net work is 324.06 kJ / kg of carbon dioxide.

(b) Use the following expression to determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle:
T
  1 1
T3
305 K
 1
1050 K
 0.7095 or 70.95%

Thus, the thermal efficiency is 70.95% .

Alternatively,
During isothermal process 3-4, there is no change in the internal energy therefore,
Q34 W34
  456.73 kJ / kg
m m

Use the following expression to determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle:
Wcycle
Wcycle 324.06 kJ / kg
  m   0.7095 or 70.95%
Q34 Q34 456.73 kJ / kg
m
 

New problem 9.74

9.95:

In a Stirling cycle with the compression ratio of 8, air is the working fluid. At the
beginning of isothermal compression, T1  300 K , p1  100 kPa and V1  0.005 m3 .
During the isothermal expansion temperature is 950 K. Determine
(a) The net work, in kJ
(b) The thermal efficiency
(c) The mean effective pressure, in kPa.

Solution:

p-V diagram of the Stirling cycle is shown below:

Calculate the mass of air as follows:

pV
m 1 1
RT1

8.314
Substitute 100 kPa for p1 , 0.005 m3 for V1 , kJ / kg  K for R and 300 K for T1 .
28.97
100 kPa   0.005 m3 
m  0.0058 kg
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   300 K 
 28.97 

Calculate the work in isothermal compression process 1-2:

2
W12   pdV
1

V 
 mRT1 ln  2 
 V1 
 

8.314 1 V
Substitute 0.0058 kg for m, kJ / kg  K for R, for 2 and 300 K for T1 .
28.97 8 V1
 8.314  1
W12   0.0058 kg   kJ / kg  K   300 K   ln    1.038 kJ
 28.97  8

Calculate the work in isothermal expansion process 3-4:

V 
W34  mRT3 ln  4 
 V3 
V  V4 V1 
 mRT3 ln  1    
 V2   V3 V2 

8.314 V
Substitute 0.0058 kg for m, kJ / kg  K for R, 8 for 1 and 950 K for T3 .
28.97 V2
 8.314 
W34   0.0058 kg   kJ / kg  K   950 K   ln  8   3.288 kJ
 28.97 

(a) Calculate the net work as follows:

Wcycle  W34  W12
 3.288 kJ   1.038 kJ 
 2.25 kJ

Thus, the net work is 2.25 kJ .

(b) Use the following expression to determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle:
T
  1 1
T3
300 K
 1
950 K
 0.684 or 68.4%

Thus, the thermal efficiency is 68.4% .

(c) Use the following expression to determine the mean effective pressure (mep):
W
mep  cycle
V1  V2
Wcycle

 V 
V1 1  2 
 V1 
 

1 V
Substitute 2.25 kJ for Wcycle , 0.005 m3 for V1 and for 2 .
8 V1
2.25 kJ 103 N  m 1 kPa
mep   514.3 kPa
3  1  1 kJ
   8  10 N / m 2
3
0.005 m 1 

Thus, the mean effective pressure is 514.3 kPa .

 

9.75

Revalued data for problem 9.77:

Air at 30 kPa, 240 K, and 200 m/s enters a turbojet engine in flight. The air mass flow
rate is 26 kg/s. The compressor pressure ratio is 11, the turbine inlet temperature is
1360 K, and air exits the nozzle at 30 kPa. The diffuser and nozzle processes are
isentropic, the compressor and turbine have isentropic efficiencies of 85% and 88%,
respectively, and there is no pressure drop for flow through the combustor. Kinetic
energy is negligible everywhere except at the diffuser inlet and the nozzle exit. On the
basis of air standard analysis, determine
(a) the pressures, in kPa, and temperatures, in K, at each principal state.
(b) the rate of heat addition to the air passing through the combustor, in kJ/s.
(c) the velocity at the nozzle exit, in m/s.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

Determine the properties at different states.

State a: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
Ta  240 K .
pra  0.6355
ha  240.02 kJ / kg

State 1: Write the energy balance equation for the control volume enclosing diffuser:
V2
0  ha  a  h1
2
V2
h1  ha  a
2
 

Substitute 240.02 kJ / kg for ha and 200 m/s for Va .

 200 m / s 
2
1N 1 kJ
h1  240.02 kJ / kg 
2 1 kg  m / s 10 N  m
2 3

 260.02 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following values at state 1 corresponding to
h1  260.02 kJ / kg .
T1  259.9 K
pr1  0.8397

Calculate the value of p2 from the following relation:

p   0.8397 
p1  pa  r1    30 kPa     39.6 kPa
 pra   0.6355 

State 2: Calculate the value of pr 2 s from the following relation:

p 
p r 2 s  pr 1  2 s 
 p1 

p2 s
Substitute 0.8397 for pr1 and 11 for .
p1
pr 2 s   0.8397 11  9.2367

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value of specific enthalpy at state 2
corresponding to pr 2 s  9.2367 .
h2 s  516.57 kJ / kg
Use the following expression of compressor isentropic efficiency to determine the
value of specific entropy at state 2:
h h
C  2 s 1
h2  h1
h2 s  h1
h2  h1 
C
516.57 kJ / kg  260.02 kJ / kg
 260.02 kJ / kg 
0.85
 561.84 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 2 corresponding to
h2  561.84 kJ / kg .
T2  556.8 K

And the pressure at state 2 is

p2  11 p1  11 39.6 kPa   435.6 kPa
 

State 3: Refer the following values for air at T3  1360 K from table A-22:
pr 3  399.1
h3  1467.49 kJ / kg

And p3  p2  435.6 kPa

State 4: For a turbojet engine,

Wc  Wt
m  h2  h1   m  h3  h4 
h4  h3   h2  h1 
 1467.49 kJ / kg   561.84 kJ / kg  260.02 kJ / kg 
 1165.67 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following values at state 4 corresponding to
h4  838.63 kJ / kg
T4  1104 K
pr 4  169.6

Use the following expression of turbine isentropic efficiency to determine the value of
specific enthalpy at state 4s:
h h
t  3 4
h3  h4 s
h h 
h4 s  h3   3 4 
 t 

 1467.49 kJ / kg 
1467.49  1104  kJ / kg
0.88
 1054.43 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 4s corresponding to
h4 s  1054.43 kJ / kg :
pr 4 s  117.45

Calculate the value of p4 from the following relation:

p 
p4  p3  r 4 s 
 pr 3 

Substitute 399.1 for pr 3 , 117.45 for pr 4 s and 435.6 kPa for p3 .

 117.45 
p4   435.6 kPa     128.2 kPa
 399.1 
 

State 5: Calculate the value of pr 5 s from the following relation:

p 
pr 5  pr 4  5 
 p4 

Substitute 128.2 kPa for p4 , 169.6 for pr 4 and 30 kPa for p5 .

 30 
pr 5  169.6     39.688
 128.2 

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following values at state 5 corresponding to
pr 5  39.688 .
h5  780.42 kJ / kg
T5  762 K

Write the steady flow energy equation for the nozzle as follows:
 V 2  V52 
0  h4  h5   4 
 2 

Take the velocity of air at state 4 to be equal to zero that is V4  0 , therefore above
equation becomes
V5  2  h4  h5 

Substitute 1165.67 kJ/kg for h4 and 780.42 kJ/kg for h5 .

103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
V5   2 1165.67  780.42  kJ / kg
1 kJ 1N
 877.8 m / s

The following figure represents the inlet and exit states of the turbojet engine:

Use the following expression to determine the value of force Fx :

 

Fx  m V5  Va 
1 kN
  26 kg / s  877.8  200  m / s
10 kg  m / s 2
3

 17.62 kN

The thrust is the force developed by the control volume,

Fthrust   Fx  17.62 kN

Negative sign indicates that the direction of thrust is in opposite direction. Thus, the
thrust developed by the turbojet engine is 17.62 kN .
 

9.76

Revalued data of problem 9-79:

Air enters the diffuser of a turbojet engine with a mass flow rate of 35 kg/s at 50 kPa,
230 K and a velocity of 210 m/s. The pressure ratio for the compressor is 12, and its
isentropic efficiency is 89%. Air enters the turbine at 1340 K with the same pressure
as at the exit of the compressor. Air exits the nozzle at 50 kPa. The diffuser operates
isentropically and the nozzle and turbine have isentropic efficiencies of 90% and
88%, respectively. On the basis of an air-standard analysis, calculate
(a) the rate of heat addition, in kJ/h.
(b) the pressure at the turbine exit, in kPa.
(c) the compressor power input, in kJ/h.
(d) the velocity at the nozzle exit, in m/s.
Neglect kinetic energy except at the diffuser inlet and the nozzle exit.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

Determine the properties at different states.

State a: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
Ta  230 K .
pra  0.5477
ha  230.02 kJ / kg

State 1: Write the energy balance equation for the control volume enclosing diffuser:
V2
0  ha  a  h1
2
V2
h1  ha  a
2
 

Substitute 230.02 kJ / kg for ha and 210 m/s for Va .

 210 m / s 
2
1N 1 kJ
h1  230.02 kJ / kg 
2 1 kg  m / s 10 N  m
2 3

 252.07 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following values at state 1 corresponding to
h1  252.07 kJ / kg .
T1  252 K
pr1  0.7545

Calculate the value of p2 from the following relation:

p   0.7545 
p1  pa  r1    50 kPa     68.9 kPa
 pra   0.5477 

State 2: Calculate the value of pr 2 s from the following relation:

p 
pr 2 s  pr1  2 s 
 p1 

p2 s
Substitute 0.7545 for pr1 and 12 for .
p1
pr 2 s   0.7545 12   9.054

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value of specific enthalpy at state 2
corresponding to pr 2 s  9.054 .
h2 s  513.68 kJ / kg

Use the following expression of compressor isentropic efficiency to determine the

value of specific entropy at state 2:
h h
C  2 s 1
h2  h1
h2 s  h1
h2  h1 
C
513.68 kJ / kg  252.07 kJ / kg
 252.07 kJ / kg 
0.89
 546.01 kJ / kg

And the pressure at state 2 is

p2  12 p1  12  68.9 kPa   826.8 kPa

State 3: Refer the following values for air at T3  1340 K from table A-22:
 

pr 3  375.3
h3  1443.6 kJ / kg

And p3  p2  826.8 kPa

State 4: For a turbojet engine,

Wc  Wt
m  h2  h1   m  h3  h4 
h4  h3   h2  h1 
 1443.6 kJ / kg   546.01 kJ / kg  252.07 kJ / kg 
 1149.66 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 4 corresponding to
h4  1149.66 kJ / kg :
pr 4  161.2

Use the following expression of turbine isentropic efficiency to determine the value of
specific enthalpy at state 4s:
h h
t  3 4
h3  h4 s
h h 
h4 s  h3   3 4 
 t 

 1443.6 kJ / kg 
1443.6  1149.66  kJ / kg
0.88
 1109.58 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 4s corresponding to
h4 s  1109.58 kJ / kg :
pr 4 s  141.5

Calculate the value of p4 from the following relation:

p 
p4  p3  r 4 s 
 pr 3 

Substitute 375.3 for pr 3 , 141.5 for pr 4 s and 826.8 kPa for p3 .

 141.5 
p4   826.8 kPa     311.7 kPa
 375.3 

Thus, the pressure at the exit of turbine is 311.7 kPa .

State 5: Calculate the value of pr 5 s from the following relation:

 

p 
pr 5  pr 4  5 
 p4 

Substitute 311.7 kPa for p4 , 161.2 for pr 4 and 50 kPa for p5 .

 50 
pr 5  161.2     25.858
 311.7 

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following values at state 5s corresponding to
pr 5  25.858 .
h5 s  691.88 kJ / kg

Write the energy rate balance equation for the isentropic expansion through the nozzle
as follows:
 V 2  V52s 
0  h4  h5 s   4 
 2 

Take the velocity of air at state 4 to be equal to zero that is V4  0 , therefore above
equation becomes
V5 s  2  h4  h5 s 

Substitute 1149.66 kJ / kg for h4 and 691.88 kJ / kg for h5 s .

103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
V5 s   2 1149.66  691.88 kJ / kg
1 kJ 1N
 956.85 m / s

Calculate the velocity at the nozzle exit as follows:

V5  V5 s  N
Here,  N is nozzle efficiency.

Substitute 956.85 m/s for V5 s and 0.90 for  N .

V5   956.85 m / s   0.90
 907.75 m / s

The following figure represents the inlet and exit states of the turbojet engine:
 

Use the following expression to determine the value of force Fx :

Fx  m V5  Va 
1 kN
  35 kg / s  907.75  210  m / s
10 kg  m / s 2
3

 24.42 kN

The thrust is the force developed by the control volume,

Fthrust   Fx  24.42 kN

Negative sign indicates that the direction of thrust is in opposite direction. Thus, the
thrust developed by the turbojet engine is 24.42 kN .
 

9.77

Revalued data for problem 9.77:

Air at 30 kPa, 240 K, and 200 m/s enters a turbojet engine in flight. The air mass flow
rate is 26 kg/s. The compressor pressure ratio is 11, the turbine inlet temperature is
1360 K, and air exits the nozzle at 30 kPa. The diffuser and nozzle processes are
isentropic, the compressor and turbine have isentropic efficiencies of 85% and 88%,
respectively, and there is no pressure drop for flow through the combustor. Kinetic
energy is negligible everywhere except at the diffuser inlet and the nozzle exit. On the
basis of air standard analysis, determine
(a) the pressures, in kPa, and temperatures, in K, at each principal state.
(b) the rate of heat addition to the air passing through the combustor, in kJ/s.
(c) the velocity at the nozzle exit, in m/s.

Revalued data for problem 9.80:

Consider the addition of an afterburner to the turbojet in Problem 9.77 that raises the
temperature at the inlet of the nozzle to 1260 K. Determine the velocity at the nozzle
exit, in m/s.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data for problem 9.77:

Determine the properties at different states.

State a: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
Ta  240 K .
pra  0.6355
ha  240.02 kJ / kg

State 1: Write the energy balance equation for the control volume enclosing diffuser:
 

Va2
0  ha   h1
2
V2
h1  ha  a
2

Substitute 240.02 kJ / kg for ha and 200 m/s for Va .

 200 m / s 
2
1N 1 kJ
h1  240.02 kJ / kg 
2 1 kg  m / s 10 N  m
2 3

 260.02 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following values at state 1 corresponding to
h1  260.02 kJ / kg .
T1  259.9 K
pr1  0.8397

Calculate the value of p2 from the following relation:

p   0.8397 
p1  pa  r1    30 kPa     39.6 kPa
 pra   0.6355 

State 2: Calculate the value of pr 2 s from the following relation:

p 
pr 2 s  pr1  2 s 
 p1 

p2 s
Substitute 0.8397 for pr1 and 11 for .
p1
pr 2 s   0.8397 11  9.2367

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value of specific enthalpy at state 2
corresponding to pr 2 s  9.2367 .
h2 s  516.57 kJ / kg

Use the following expression of compressor isentropic efficiency to determine the

value of specific enthalpy at state 2:
 

h2 s  h1
C 
h2  h1
h2 s  h1
h2  h1 
C
516.57 kJ / kg  260.02 kJ / kg
 260.02 kJ / kg 
0.85
 561.84 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 2 corresponding to
h2  561.84 kJ / kg .
T2  556.8 K

And the pressure at state 2 is

p2  11 p1  11 39.6 kPa   435.6 kPa

State 3: Refer the following values for air at T3  1360 K from table A-22:
pr 3  399.1
h3  1467.49 kJ / kg

And p3  p2  435.6 kPa

State 4: For a turbojet engine,

Wc  Wt
m  h2  h1   m  h3  h4 
h4  h3   h2  h1 
 1467.49 kJ / kg   561.84 kJ / kg  260.02 kJ / kg 
 1165.67 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following values at state 4 corresponding to
h4  838.63 kJ / kg
T4  1104 K
pr 4  169.6

Use the following expression of turbine isentropic efficiency to determine the value of
specific enthalpy at state 4s:
 

h3  h4
t 
h3  h4 s
h h 
h4 s  h3   3 4 
 t 

 1467.49 kJ / kg 
1467.49  1104  kJ / kg
0.88
 1054.43 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 4s corresponding to
h4 s  1054.43 kJ / kg :
pr 4 s  117.45

Calculate the value of p4 from the following relation:

p 
p4  p3  r 4 s 
 pr 3 

Substitute 399.1 for pr 3 , 117.45 for pr 4 s and 435.6 kPa for p3 .

 117.45 
p4   435.6 kPa     128.2 kPa
 399.1 

It is given that afterburner is added before nozzle so schematic diagram and T-s
diagram for the remaining states will be as follows:

State 4’: Refer the following values for air at T4  1260 K from table A-22:
pr 4  290.8
h4  1348.55 kJ / kg

And p4  p4  128.2 kPa

 

State 5’: Calculate the value of pr 5 from the following relation:

p 
pr 5  pr 4  5 
 p4 

Substitute 128.2 kPa for p4 , 290.8 for pr 4 and 30 kPa for p5 .
 30 
pr 5   290.8     68.05
 128.2 
Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following values at state 5 corresponding to
pr 5  68.05 .
h5  907.04 kJ / kg

Write the steady flow energy equation for the nozzle as follows:
 V 2  V52 
0  h4  h5   4 
 2 

Take the velocity of air at state 4’ to be equal to zero that is V4  0 , therefore above
equation becomes
V5  2  h4  h5 

Substitute 1348.55 kJ / kg for h4 and 907.04 kJ / kg for h5 .

103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
V5   2 1348.55  907.04  kJ / kg
1 kJ 1N
 939.7 m / s

The following figure represents the inlet and exit states of the turbojet engine:
 

Use the following expression to determine the value of force Fx :

Fx  m V5  Va 
1 kN
  26 kg / s  939.7  200  m / s
10 kg  m / s 2
3

 19.23 kN

The thrust is the force developed by the control volume,

Fthrust   Fx  19.23 kN

Negative sign indicates that the direction of thrust is in opposite direction. Thus, the
thrust developed by the turbojet engine is 19.23 kN .
 

9.78

Solution:

Use the results obtained in problem 9.79 and problem 9.81 and draw a figure
representing the inlet and exit states of the turbojet engine as follows:

Thrust calculations for problem 9.79:

Use the following expression to determine the value of force Fx :

Fx  m V5  Va 
1 kN
  35 kg / s  907.75  210  m / s
10 kg  m / s 2
3

 24.42 kN

The thrust is the force developed by the control volume,

Fthrust   Fx  24.42 kN

Negative sign indicates that the direction of thrust is in opposite direction. Thus, the
thrust developed by the turbojet engine is 24.42 kN .

Thrust calculations for problem 9.81:

Use the following expression to determine the value of force Fx :

Fx  m V5  Va 
1 kN
  35 kg / s  962.4  210  m / s
10 kg  m / s 2
3

 26.33 kN
 

The thrust is the force developed by the control volume,

Fthrust   Fx  26.33 kN

Negative sign indicates that the direction of thrust is in opposite direction. Thus, the
thrust developed by the turbojet engine is 26.33 kN .

It can be observed from above obtained results that addition of after burner results in
increment of velocity of gases leaving the engine.
Percentage increase in thrust developed is
26.33 kN  24.42 kN
% increase   100  7.8%
24.42 kN

For the given cases there is an increment of 7.8% in the developed thrust when after
burner is added to the turbojet engine.
 

9.79

Revalued data of Problem 9.83:

Air enters the diffuser of a ramjet engine at 50 kPa, 230 K, with a velocity of 2600
km/h and decelerates to negligible velocity. On the basis of an air-standard analysis,
the heat
addition is 1050 kJ per kg of air passing through the engine. Air exits the nozzle at 50
kPa. Determine
(a) the pressure at the diffuser exit, in kPa.
(b) the velocity at the nozzle exit, in m/s.
Neglect kinetic energy except at the diffuser inlet and the nozzle exit.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

State 1: Take the following values at state 1 from the table A-22 corresponding to
T1  230 K .
pr1  0.5477
h1  230.02 kJ / kg

State 2: Write the energy balance equation for the control volume enclosing diffuser:
V2
0  h1  1  h2
2
V12
h2  h1 
2

Substitute 230.02 kJ / kg for h1 and 2600 km/h for V1 .

 

2
 1000 m 1 h 
 2600 km / h 
h2  230.02 kJ / kg  
1 km 3600 s  1N 1 kJ
2 1 kg  m / s 10 N  m
2 3

 230.02 kJ / kg  260.80 kJ / kg
 490.82 kJ / kg

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 2 corresponding to
h2  490.82 kJ / kg .
pr 2  7.7198

Calculate the value of p2 from the following relation:

p   7.7198 
p2  p1  r 2    50 kPa     704.7 kPa
 pr1   0.5477 

Thus, the pressure at the diffuser exit is 704.7 kPa .

State 3: Use the following expression for heat addition process to determine the
specific enthalpy at state 3:
Q in  m  h3  h2 
Q
h3  in  h2
m
 1050 kJ / kg  490.82 kJ / kg
 1540.82 kJ / kg

Take the following values at state 3 from the table A-22 corresponding to
h3  1540.82 kJ / kg .
pr 3  479.6

And pressure at state 3 is

p3  p2  704.7 kPa

State 4: Calculate the value of pr 4 from the following relation:

p   50 kPa 
pr 4  pr 3  4    479.6     34.028
 p3   704.7 kPa 

Use data in table A-22 to obtain the following value at state 4 corresponding to
pr 4  34.028 .
h4  747.49 kJ / kg
 

Write the energy balance equation for the control volume enclosing the nozzle:
 V2 
0  h3   h4  4 
 2 
V4  2  h3  h4 

Substitute 747.49 kJ / kg for h4 and 1540.82 kJ / kg for h3 .

103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
V4  2 1540.82  747.49  kJ / kg
1 kJ 1N
 1259.6 m / s

The following figure represents the inlet and exit states of the ramjet engine:

Use the following expression of force Fx for the ramjet engine:

Fx  m V4  V1 
Fx
 V4  V1
m
 1000 m 1 h  1N
  1259.6 m / s  2600 km / h 
 1 km 3600 s  1 kg  m / s 2
N
 537.4
kg / s

The thrust is the force developed by the control volume, therefore,

Fthrust   Fx
Fthrust F
 x
m  m
N
 537.4
kg / s
 

Negative sign indicates that the direction of thrust is in opposite direction. Thus, the
N
ratio of the thrust developed to the mass flow rate of air is 537.4 .
kg / s
Problem 9.80
 

9.81

Revalued data:

Air enters a horizontal, well-insulated nozzle operating at steady state at 10 bar, 460K,
with a velocity of 45 m/s and exits at 5 bar, 400 K. The mass flow rate is 0.8 kg/s.
Determine the net force, in N, exerted by the air on the duct in the direction of flow.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

Write the momentum equation for the nozzle as follows:

Fx  p1 A1  p2 A2  m V2  V1 
Fx  m V2  V1   p1 A1  p2 A2 …… (1)
Here, Fx is the force exerted by the duct on air.

Write the energy balance equation for the control volume enclosing the nozzle.

  

0  Qcv  Wcv  m  h1  h2  

V12  V22  
 g  z1  z2  
 2 

The nozzle is insulated and there is no work that is Q cv  Wcv  0 . Also neglect the
effect of potential energy that is g  z1  z2   0 . Therefore, above expression becomes
 

0   h1  h2  
V 1
2
 V22 
2
V  2  h1  h2   V12
2
2

V2  2  h1  h2   V12

Refer the following values at T1  460 K and T2  400 K from the table A-22,
respectively:
h1  462.02 kJ / kg
h2  400.98 kJ / kg

Substitute all the known values in above expression of V2 .

103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
V2   2  462.02  400.98 kJ / kg   45 m / s 
2

1 kJ 1N
 352 m / s

Use the following expression to determine the inlet area of the nozzle:

mv
A1  1
V1
 1
mRT

p1V1

8.314
Substitute 0.8 kg/s for m, 10 bar for p1 , kJ / kg  K for R, 45 m/s for V1 and 460
28.97
K for T1 .

 0.8 kg / s   
8.314
kJ / kg  K   460 K 
 28.97  1 bar 103 N  m
A1 
10 bar  45 m / s  105 N / m 2 1 kJ
 2.347 103 m 2

Similarly use the following expression to determine the exit area of the nozzle:

mv
A2  2
V2
 2
mRT

p2V2
 

8.314
Substitute 0.8 kg/s for m, 5 bar for p2 , kJ / kg  K for R, 352 m/s for V2 and
28.97
400 K for T2 .

 0.8 kg / s   
8.314
kJ / kg  K   400 K 
 28.97  1 bar 103 N  m
A2 
 5 bar  352 m / s  105 N / m 2 1 kJ
 5.218 104 m 2

Substitute all the known values in equation (1).

 1N 
 0.8 kg / s  352  45  m / s 
1 kg  m / s 2
Fx   
 


   10 bar   2.347 103 m 2    5 bar   5.218  104 m 2 105 N / m 2
1 bar


 245.6 N  2086.1 N
 1840.5 N

The force exerted by the air on the duct (F) is

F   Fx    1840.5 N   1840.5 N

Thus, the force exerted by the air on the duct in the direction of air flow is 1840.5 N .
 

New problem 9.105

9.82 :

Estimate the sonic velocity in m/s, of nitrogen  N 2  at 450 K. Assume ideal gas
behaviour of nitrogen gas. Also, determine Mach number if the nitrogen is flowing
through a pipe at a velocity of 300 m/s.

Solution:

Calculate the sonic velocity of nitrogen by using the following expression:

c  kRT

Refer the value of constant k for nitrogen from the table A-20 corresponding to
T  450 K :
k  1.395

8.314
Substitute 1.395 for k, kJ / kg  K for R and 450 K for T in above expression of
28.01
c.
 8.314  103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
c  1.395   kJ / kg  K   450 K 
 28.01  1 kJ 1N
 431.66 m / s

Thus, the sonic velocity of nitrogen is 431.66 m / s .

Calculate the Mach number as follows:

V 300 m / s
M   0.695
c 431.66 m / s

Thus, Mach number is 0.695 .

Problem 9.83
 

New problem 9.84

9.107:

Air is flowing through a duct. At a particular location air is at 700 kPa and 450 K, and
it has a velocity of 440 m/s. Assume that air behaves as an ideal gas. Determine
(a) Mach number
(b) Stagnation temperature in K.
(c) Stagnation pressure in kPa.

Solution:

(a) Calculate the sonic velocity of air by using the following expression:
c  kRT

Refer the value of constant k for air from the table A-20 corresponding to T  450 K :
k  1.391

8.314
Substitute 1.391 for k, kJ / kg  K for R and 450 K for T in above expression of
28.97
c.
 8.314  103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
c 1.391 kJ / kg  K  450 K 
 28.97  1 kJ 1N
 423.8 m / s

Calculate the Mach number as follows:

V 440 m / s
M   1.038
c 423.8 m / s

Thus, Mach number is 1.038 and the flow is supersonic.

(b) Calculate the stagnation enthalpy as follows:

V2
h0  h 
2

Refer the following values from the table A-22 corresponding to T  450 K :
h  451.80 kJ / kg
pr  5.775

Substitute 451.80 kJ / kg for h and 440 m/s for V in above expression of h0 .

 440 m / s 
2
1 kJ 1N
h0  451.80 kJ / kg 
2 10 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
3

 548.6 kJ / kg
 

Refer the following values from the table A-22 corresponding to h0  548.6 kJ / kg :
T0  544.1 K
pr 0  11.41

Thus, the stagnation temperature T0  is 544.1 K .

(c) Calculate the stagnation pressure from the following expression:

p 
p0  p  r 0 
 pr 
 11.41 
  700 kPa   
 5.775 
 1383 kPa

Thus, the stagnation pressure  p0  is 1383 kPa .

 

New problem 9.85

9.108:

Using the ideal gas model, determine the sonic velocity in the following cases:
(a) Carbon monoxide at 500 K.
(b) Air at 300 K.

Solution:

(a) Calculate the sonic velocity of carbon monoxide by using the following
expression:
c  kRT

Refer the value of constant k for carbon monoxide from the table A-20 corresponding
to T  500 K :
k  1.387

8.314
Substitute 1.387 for k, kJ / kg  K for R and 500 K for T in above expression of
28.01
c.
 8.314  103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
c 1.387  kJ / kg  K  500 K 
 28.01  1 kJ 1N
 453.7 m / s

Thus, the sonic velocity of carbon monoxide is 453.7 m / s .

(b) Calculate the sonic velocity of air by using the following expression:
c  kRT

Refer the value of constant k for air from the table A-20 corresponding to T  300 K :
k  1.4

8.314
Substitute 1.4 for k, kJ / kg  K for R and 300 K for T in above expression of c.
28.97
103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
1.4   
8.314
c kJ / kg  K   300 K 
 28.97  1 kJ 1N
 347.2 m / s

Thus, the sonic velocity of air is 347.2 m / s .

 

9.86 :
New problem 9.109

Using the ideal gas model, determine the sonic velocity in m/s of steam at 600 K and
50 bar.

Solution:

Use the data given in table A-21 for H 2 O to determine the value of specific heat
capacity at constant pressure  c p  :

c p  R  4.070  1.108 103 T  4.152 106 T 2  2.964 109 T 3  0.807 1012 T 4 

 8.314 
Substitute  kJ / kg  K  for R and 600 K for T.
 18.02 
  4.070  1.108  10  600  4.152 10   600  
3 6 2
 8.314
cp   kJ / kg  K 
 18.02   2.964  109   600 3  0.807 1012   600 4 
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   4.36428 
 18.02 
 2.0136 kJ / kg  K

Now, use the following expression to determine the value of k.

kR
cp 
k 1
R k 1 1
  1
cp k k
1 cp  R

k cp
cp
k
cp  R
2.0136

 8.314 
2.0136   
 18.02 
 1.297

Calculate the sonic velocity of air by using the following expression:

c  kRT

8.314
Substitute 1.297 for k, kJ / kg  K for R and 600 K for T in above expression of
18.02
c.
 

103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
1.297   
8.314
c kJ / kg  K   600 K 
 18.02  1 kJ 1N
 599.2 m / s

The sonic velocity of steam is 599.2 m / s .

  

9.87

Revalued data of problem 9-104:

Air enters a horizontal, well-insulated nozzle operating at steady state at 10 bar, 460K,
with a velocity of 45 m/s and exits at 5 bar, 400 K. The mass flow rate is 0.8 kg/s.
Determine the net force, in N, exerted by the air on the duct in the direction of flow.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

Write the energy balance equation for the control volume enclosing the nozzle.

0  Qcv  Wcv  m  h1  h2  
  V12  V22  
 g  z1  z2  
 2 

The nozzle is insulated and there is no work that is Q cv  Wcv  0 . Also neglect the
effect of potential energy that is g  z1  z2   0 . Therefore, above expression becomes

0   h1  h2  
V
1
2
 V22 
2
V  2  h1  h2   V12
2
2

V2  2  h1  h2   V12

Refer the following values at T1  460 K and T2  400 K from the table A-22:
 

h1  462.02 kJ / kg
pr1  6.245
h2  400.98 kJ / kg
pr 2  3.806

Substitute all the known values in above expression of V2 .

103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
V2   2  462.02  400.98 kJ / kg   45 m / s 
2

1 kJ 1N
 352 m / s

At state 1:

Refer the following value corresponding to T1  460 K from the table A-20:
k1  1.39

Use the following expression to determine the sonic velocity as state 1:

c1  k1 RT1

8.314
Substitute 1.39 for k1 , kJ / kg  K for R and 460 K for T1 .
28.97
 10 N  m 1 kg  m / s
1.39  
3 2
8.314
c1  kJ / kg  K   460 K 
 28.97  1 kJ 1N
 428.4 m / s

Calculate Mach number at state 1.

V 45 m / s
M1  1   0.105
c1 428.4 m / s

Thus, the Mach number at state 1 is 0.105 .

Calculate the stagnation enthalpy at state 1 as follows:

V2
h01  h1  1
2
 45 m / s 
2
1 kJ 1N
 462.02 kJ / kg 
2 10 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
3

 463.03 kJ / kg

Refer the following values corresponding to h01  463.03 kJ / kg from the table A-22:
 

T01  461 K
pr 01  6.2941

Thus, the stagnation temperature at state 1 is 461 K .

Calculate the value of stagnation pressure at state 1  p01  from the following relation:
p   6.2941 
p01  p1  r 01   10 bar     10.08 bar
 pr1   6.245 

Thus, the stagnation pressure at state 1 is 10.08 bar .

At state 2:

Refer the following value corresponding to T2  400 K from the table A-20:
k2  1.395

Use the following expression to determine the sonic velocity as state 2:

c2  k2 RT2

8.314
Substitute 1.395 for k2 , kJ / kg  K for R and 400 K for T2 .
28.97
 10 N  m 1 kg  m / s
1.395 
3 2
8.314
c2  kJ / kg  K   400 K 
 28.97  1 kJ 1N
 400.2 m / s

Calculate Mach number at state 2.

V 352 m / s
M2  2   0.876
c2 400.2 m / s

Thus, the Mach number at state 2 is 0.876 .

At state 2 the stagnation enthalpy is

h02  h01  463.03 kJ / kg

Refer the following values corresponding to h02  463.03 kJ / kg from the table A-22:
T02  461 K
pr 02  6.2941

Thus, the stagnation temperature at state 2 is 461 K .

 

Calculate the value of stagnation pressure at state 2  p02  from the following relation:
p   6.2941 
p02  p2  r 02    5 bar     8.27 bar
 pr 2   3.806 

Thus, the stagnation pressure at state 2 is 8.27 bar .

 

New problem 9.111

9.88 :

Helium gas is flowing through a duct. At a particular location it is at 150 kPa and 300
K, and it has a velocity of 280 m/s. Assume that Helium behaves as an ideal gas.
Determine
(a) Mach number
(b) Stagnation temperature in K.
(c) Stagnation pressure in kPa.

Solution:

(a) Use the data given in table A-21 for monoatomic gas He to determine the
value of specific heat capacity at constant pressure  c p  :
5
cp  R
2

 8.314 
Substitute  kJ / kg  K  for R.
 4.003 
5  8.314 
cp    kJ / kg  K 
2  4.003 
 5.192 kJ / kg  K

Now, use the following expression to determine the value of k.

kR
cp 
k 1
cp
Or k
cp  R
5
R
 2
5
RR
2
 1.667

Calculate the sonic velocity of He by using the following expression:

c  kRT

 8.314 
Substitute 1.667 for k,  kJ / kg  K  for R and 300 K for T in above expression
 4.003 
of c.
103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
1.667   
8.314
c kJ / kg  K   300 K 
 4.003  1 kJ 1N
 1019.16 m / s
 

Calculate the Mach number as follows:

V 280 m / s
M   0.275
c 1019.16 m / s

Thus, Mach number is 0.275 and the flow is subsonic.

(b) Calculate the stagnation temperature from the following expression as follows:
V2
T0  T 
2c p

Substitute 300 K for T, 5.192 kJ / kg  K for c p and 280 m/s for V.

 280 m / s 
2
1 kJ 1N
T0  300 K 
 2  5.192 kJ / kg  K  10 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
3

 300 K  7.6 K
 307.6 K

Thus, the stagnation temperature T0  is 307.6 K .

(c) Calculate the stagnation pressure from the following expression:

k
 T  k 1
p0  p  0 
T 
1.667
 307.6 1.667 1
 150 kPa   
 300 
 159.7 kPa

Thus, the stagnation pressure  p0  is 159.7 kPa .

  

9.89

Revalued data:

Steam flows through a passageway, and at a particular location the pressure is 1.5 bar,
the temperature is 280 C , and the velocity is 650 m/s. Determine the corresponding
specific stagnation enthalpy, in kJ/kg, and stagnation temperature, in C if the
stagnation pressure is 5 bar.

Solution:

Refer the following value of specific enthalpy corresponding to T  280 C and

p  1.5 bar from the table A-4:
h  3032.8 kJ / kg

Calculate the stagnation enthalpy as follows:

V2
h0  h 
2
 650 m / s 
2
1 kJ 1N
 3032.8 kJ / kg 
2 10 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
3

 3244.05 kJ / kg

Thus, the corresponding stagnation enthalpy is 3244.05 kJ / kg .

Refer the following value of stagnation temperature T0  corresponding to

h0  3244.05 kJ / kg and p0  5 bar from the table A-4:
T0  386.6 C

Thus, the corresponding stagnation temperature is 386.6 C .

 

9.90

Revalued data:

Carbon dioxide is contained in a large tank, initially at 700 kPa, 450 K. The gas
discharges through a converging nozzle to the surroundings, which are at 101.3 kPa
and the pressure in the tank drops. Estimate the pressure in the tank, in kPa, when the
flow first ceases to be choked.

Solution:

Assume at an instant the expansion process through the nozzle is isentropic. So, write
equation 9.51.
k
p0  k  1 2  k 1
 1  M 
p  2 
Here, p is pressure of the gas at any instant, p0 is the corresponding stagnation
pressure, M is Mach number and k is constant.

To check if the flow is choked, take M  1 and modify above expression:

k
p0   k  1  2  k 1
 1   1 
p*   2  
k
 k  1  k 1
  …… (1)
 2 
Here, p* is the pressure corresponding to M  1 .

Refer the following value of constant k corresponding to 450 K temperature from the
table A-20:
k  1.239

Substitute 1.239 for k in equation (1).

1.239
p0  1.239  1 1.2391
   1.795 …… (2)
p*  2 

For initial conditions in the tank, substitute 700 kPa for p0 in above expression to
determine the value of p* .
p 700 kPa
p*  0   389.97 kPa
1.795 1.795
 

This value is much greater than the pressure of the surrounding  pB  which is equal
to 101.3 kPa.

At the nozzle exit pressure drops as the pressure inside the tank decreases. Hence, it is
a reasonable estimate to assume that the nozzle ceases to be choked when
pB  p*  101.3 kPa

Substitute this value of p* in modified form of equation (2) to obtain the pressure in
the tank when the flow ceases to be choked:
p0  1.795 p*  1.795 101.3 kPa   181.83 kPa

Thus, the flow ceases to be choked when pressure in the tank becomes 181.83 kPa .
 

9.91

Revalued data:

Steam expands isentropically through a converging nozzle operating at steady state

from a large tank at 1.92 bar, 320 C . The mass flow rate is 1.75 kg/s, the flow is
choked, and the exit plane pressure is 1 bar. Determine the diameter of the nozzle, in
cm, at locations where the pressure is 1.5 bar, and 1 bar, respectively.

Solution:

For both the cases take p1  p0  1.92 bar and T1  T0  320 C . Refer the following
values corresponding to these conditions from the table A-4:
h1  h0  3112.5 kJ / kg
s1  s0  8.0056 kJ / kg  K

Write the energy balance equation for the control volume enclosing the nozzle.

0  Qcv  Wcv  m  h0  h2  
  V02  V22  
 g  z0  z 2  
 2 

The nozzle is insulated and there is no work that is Q cv  Wcv  0 . Also neglect the
effect of potential energy that is g  z0  z2   0 . Also, take the value of V0  0 .
Therefore, above expression becomes

0  h  h  
 0 2
 V22 
0 2
2
V  2  h0  h2 
2
2

V2  2  h0  h2  …… (1)

Use the following expression to determine the area of the nozzle at which required
pressure is obtained:

mv
A2  2 …… (2)
V2

Use the following expression to determine the diameter of the nozzle at which
required pressure is obtained:
4A2
d2  …… (3)

 

Consider the first case in which pressure is 1.5 bar:

The expansion process in isentropic that is s2  s1  s0  8.0056 kJ / kg  K .

Refer the following values from the table A-4 corresponding to p2  1.5 bar and
s2  8.0056 kJ / kg  K :
h2  3061.5 kJ / kg
v2  1.739 m3 / kg

Substitute 3112.5 kJ / kg for h0 and 3061.5 kJ / kg for h2 in equation (1).

103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
V2  2  3112.5  3061.5  kJ / kg
1 kJ 1N
 319.37 m / s

Substitute 1.75 kg/s for m , 319.37 m / s for V2 and 1.739 m3 / kg for v2 in equation
(2).
1.75 kg / s  1.739 m3 / kg 
A2   9.5289 103 m 2
319.37 m / s

Substitute 9.5289 103 m 2 for A2 in equation (3).

 4   9.5289 103 m 2  100 cm
d2   0.11014 m  11.014 cm
 1m

Thus, the diameter of the nozzle at the location where the pressure is 1.5 bar
11.014 cm .

Consider the second case in which pressure is 1 bar:

The expansion process in isentropic that is s2  s1  s0  8.0056 kJ / kg  K .

Refer the following values from the table A-4 corresponding to p2  1 bar and
s2  8.0056 kJ / kg  K :
h2  2960.2 kJ / kg
v2  2.372 m3 / kg

Substitute 3112.5 kJ / kg for h0 and 2960.2 kJ / kg for h2 in equation (1).

 

103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
V2  2  3112.5  2960.2  kJ / kg
1 kJ 1N
 551.9 m / s

Substitute 1.75 kg/s for m , 551.9 m / s for V2 and 2.372 m3 / kg for v2 in equation
(2).
1.75 kg / s   2.372 m3 / kg 
A2   7.5213  103 m 2
551.9 m / s

Substitute 7.5213 103 m 2 for A2 in equation (3).

 4   7.5213 103 m 2  100 cm
d2   0.09786 m  9.786 cm
 1m

Thus, the diameter of the nozzle at the location where the pressure is 1 bar
9.786 cm .
 

9.92

Revalued data:

An ideal gas mixture with k  1.32 and a molecular weight of 23 is supplied to a

converging nozzle at p0  4 bar, T0  680 K, which discharges into a region where the
pressure is 1 bar. The exit area is 35 cm 2 . For steady isentropic flow through the
nozzle, determine
(a) the exit temperature of the gas, in K.
(b) the exit velocity of the gas, in m/s.
(c) the mass flow rate, in kg/s.

Solution:

(a) Assume at an instant the expansion process through the nozzle is isentropic.
So, write equation 9.51.
k
p0  k  1 2  k 1
 1  M 
p  2 
Here, p is pressure of the gas at any instant, p0 is the corresponding stagnation
pressure, M is Mach number and k is constant.

To check if the flow is choked, take M  1 and modify above expression:

k
p0   k  1  2  k 1
 1   1 
p*   2  
k
 k  1  k 1
 
 2 
Here, p* is the pressure corresponding to M  1 .

Substitute 1.32 for k.

1.32
p0  1.32  1 1.32 1
   1.84
p*  2 

Therefore,
p0
p* 
1.84
 

Substitute 4 bar for p0 .

4 bar
p*   2.174 bar
1.84

This value is greater than the pressure  pB  of the region in which mixture is
discharged which is equal to 1 bar that is pB  1 bar . So, for the choked condition, the
pressure at the nozzle exit is
p2  p*  2.174 bar

Similarly for M 2  1 , T2  T * . Now, use equation 9.50 to determine the value of T * .

T0  k 1  2
 1   1
 2 
*
T
k 1

2
2T
T*  0
k 1

Substitute 1.32 for k and 680 K for T0 .

T* 
 2  680 K   586.2 K
1.32  1
Therefore,
T2  586.2 K

Thus, the exit temperature is 586.2 K .

(b) Since, Mach number at the exit  M 2  is equal to 1. Therefore,

V2  c2  kRT2

 8.314 
Substitute 1.32 for k,  kJ / kg  K  for R and 586.2 K for T2 .
 23 
 8.314  103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
V2   
1.32 kJ / kg  K  586.2 K 
 23  1 kJ 1N
 528.9 m / s

Thus, the exit velocity is 528.9 m / s .

(c) Use the following expression to determine the mass flow rate:
 

A2V2
m 
v2
p2 A2V2

RT2

 8.314 
Substitute 2.174 bar for p2 , 35 cm 2 for A2 , 528.9 m / s for V2 ,  kJ / kg  K 
 23 
for R and 586.2 K for T2 .
 2.174 bar   35 cm 2   528.9 m / s  1 m 2 105 N / m 2 1 kJ
m 
 8.314  4 2
10 N  m
3
kJ / kg  K   586.2 K 
10 cm 1 bar

 23 
 1.899 kg / s

Thus, the mass flow rate is 1.899 kg / s .

 

9.93

Revalued data:

Air at p0  1.5 bar , T0  300 K expands isentropically through a converging nozzle

and discharges to the atmosphere at 1 bar. The exit plane area is 0.0015 m 2 .
(a) Determine the mass flow rate, in kg/s.
(b) If the supply region pressure, were increased to 2.1 bar, what would be the mass
flow rate, in kg/s?

Solution:

For isentropic expansion process through the nozzle write the equation 9.51.
k
p0  k  1 2  k 1
 1  M 
p  2 
Here, p is pressure of the gas at any instant, p0 is the corresponding stagnation
pressure, M is Mach number and k is constant.

To check if the flow is choked, take M  1 and modify above expression:

k
p0   k  1  2  k 1
 1   1 
p*   2  
k
 k  1  k 1
  …… (1)
 2 
Here, p* is the pressure corresponding to M  1 .

Take the value of k from the table A-20 corresponding to 300 K temperature.
k  1.4

Substitute 1.4 for k in equation (1).

1.4
p0  1.4  1 1.41
   1.8929
p*  2 

Therefore,
p0
p*  …… (2)
1.8929
 

(a) Consider the first case when p0  1.5 bar :

Substitute 1.5 bar for p0 in equation (2).

1.5 bar
p*   0.7924 bar
1.8929

This value is less than the pressure  pB  of the atmosphere which is equal to 1 bar
therefore, the nozzle is not choked. So take the pressure at the nozzle exit equal to
pB .
p2  pB  1 bar

For the isentropic expansion use the following expression to determine the
temperature at the nozzle exit:
k 1
p  k
T2  T1  2 
 p1 

Substitute 300 K for T1 , 1.4 for k, 1 bar for p2 and 1.5 bar for p1 .
1.4 1
 1 bar  1.4
T2   300 K     267.2 K
 1.5 bar 

Take the value of specific heat capacity at constant pressure  c p  from the table A-20
corresponding to 300 K temperature.
c p  1.005 kJ / kg  K

Calculate the exit velocity as follows:

V2  2c p T1  T2 

Insert all the known values.

103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
V2   2 1.005 kJ / kg  K  300  267.2  K
1 kJ 1N
 256.76 m / s

Use the following expression to determine the mass flow rate:

AV
m  2 2
v2
p2 A2V2

RT2

 8.314 
Substitute 1 bar for p2 , 0.0015 m 2 for A2 , 256.76 m / s for V2 ,  kJ / kg  K 
 28.97 
for R and 267.2 K for T2 .
 

1 bar   0.0015 m 2   256.76 m / s  105 N / m 2 1 kJ

m 
 8.314  10 N  m
3
kJ / kg  K   267.2 K 
1 bar

 28.97 
 0.5023 kg / s

Thus, the mass flow rate is 0.5023 kg / s .

(b) Consider the second case when p0  2.1 bar :

Substitute 2.1 bar for p0 in equation (2).

2.1 bar
p*   1.1094 bar
1.8929

This value is greater than the pressure  pB  of the atmosphere which is equal to 1 bar
therefore, the nozzle is choked. So, the pressure at the nozzle exit is
p2  p*  1.1094 bar

Similarly for M 2  1 , T2  T * . Now, use equation 9.50 to determine the value of T * .

T0  k 1  2
 1   1
 2 
*
T
k 1

2
2T
T*  0
k 1

Substitute 1.4 for k and 300 K for T0 .

T* 
 2  300 K   250 K
1.4  1
Therefore,
T2  250 K

Since, Mach number at the exit  M 2  is equal to 1. Therefore,

V2  c2  kRT2

 8.314 
Substitute 1.4 for k,  kJ / kg  K  for R and 250 K for T2 .
 28.97 
103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
1.4   
8.314
V2  kJ / kg  K   250 K 
 28.97  1 kJ 1N
 316.93 m / s
 

Use the following expression to determine the mass flow rate:

AV
m  2 2
v2
p2 A2V2

RT2

Substitute 1.1094 bar for p2 , 0.0015 m 2 for A2 , 316.93 m / s for V2 ,

 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K  for R and 250 K for T2 .
 28.97 
1.1094 bar   0.0015 m 2   316.93 m / s  105 N / m 2 1 kJ
m

 8.314  103 N  m
  1 bar
 kJ / kg  K 250 K
 28.97 
 0.7351 kg / s

Thus, the mass flow rate is 0.7351 kg / s .

 

9.94

Revalued data:

Air enters a nozzle operating at steady state at 300 kPa, 440 K, with a velocity of 145
m/s, and expands isentropically to an exit velocity of 455 m/s. Determine
(a) the exit pressure, in kPa.
(b) the ratio of the exit area to the inlet area.
(c) whether the nozzle is diverging only, converging only, or converging–diverging in
cross section.

Solution:

(a) Write the energy balance equation for the control volume enclosing the nozzle.

0  Qcv  Wcv  m  h1  h2  
  V12  V22  
 g  z1  z2  
 2 

For isentropic expansion Q cv  Wcv  0 . Also neglect the effect of potential energy
that is g  z1  z2   0 . Therefore, above expression becomes

0   h1  h2  
V
1
2
 V22 
2
 V V 
2 2
h2  h1   1

2

 2 

Refer the following values at nozzle inlet corresponding T1  440 K from the table A-
22:
h1  441.61 kJ / kg
pr1  5.332

Substitute 441.61 kJ / kg for h1 , 145 m/s for V1 and 455 m/s for V2 in above
expression of h2 .
 145 m / s 2   455 m / s 2  1 kJ 1N
h2  441.61 kJ / kg    3
 10 N  m 1 kg  m / s
2
 2
 441.61 kJ / kg   93 kJ / kg 
 348.61 kJ / kg
 

Refer the following values at nozzle exit corresponding h2  348.61 kJ / kg from the
table A-22:
T2  348.1 K
pr 2  2.336

Calculate the pressure at the nozzle exit as follows:

p 
p2  p1  r 2 
 pr1 
 2.336 
  300 kPa   
 5.332 
 131.4 kPa

Thus, the exit pressure is 131.4 kPa .

(b) Write the mass balance equation for steady state flow as follows:
AV AV
1 1
 2 2
v1 v2
p1 AV p AV
1 1
 2 2 2
RT1 RT2
A2  p1  V1  T2 
    
A1  p2  V2  T1 
 300 kPa   145 m / s  348.1 K 
   
 131.4 kPa   455 m / s  440 K 
 0.5756

Thus, the ratio of exit area to inlet area is 0.5756 .

(c) To determine the type of nozzle, calculate the Mach number at the inlet and
exit.

Take the value of k equal to 1.4.

Calculate the Mach number at the inlet as follows:

V1
M1 
RkT1

 8.314 
Substitute 145 m/s for V1 , 1.4 for k,  kJ / kg  K  for R and 440 K for T1 .
 28.97 
 

145 m / s
M1 
103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
1.4   
8.314
kJ / kg  K   440 K 
 28.97  1 kJ 1N
 0.345

At the inlet M 1  1 , so the nozzle is converging in the direction of flow.

Calculate the Mach number at the exit as follows:

V2
M2 
RkT2

 8.314 
Substitute 455 m/s for V2 , 1.4 for k,  kJ / kg  K  for R and 348.1 K for T2 .
 28.97 
455 m / s
M2 
 8.314  103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
 
1.4 kJ / kg  K  348.1 K 
 28.97  1 kJ 1N
 1.217

At the exit M 2  1 , so the nozzle is diverging in the direction of flow.

Thus, the nozzle is converging-diverging in cross section.

 

9.95

Revalued data:

Air as an ideal gas with enters a converging– diverging nozzle operating at steady
state and expands isentropically as shown in Fig. P9.121. Using data from the figure
and from Table 9.2 as needed, determine
(a) the stagnation pressure, in kPa, and the stagnation temperature, in K.
(b) the throat area, in mm 2 .
(c) the exit area, in mm 2 .

Fig. P9.121

Solution:

p1
Refer the following value of from table 9.2 corresponding to M 1  0.3 :
p0
p1
 0.93947
p0
Here, p1 is inlet pressure and p0 is the corresponding stagnation pressure.
 

Therefore,
p1 540 kPa
p0    574.79 kPa
0.93947 0.93947

Thus, the stagnation pressure is 574.79 kPa .

T1
Refer the following value of from table 9.2 corresponding to M 1  0.3 :
T0
T1
 0.98232
T0
Here, T1 is temperature at inlet and T0 is the corresponding stagnation temperature.

Therefore,
T1 340 K
T0    346.12 K
0.98232 0.98232

Thus, the stagnation temperature is 346.12 K .

It is given that M 1  1 and M 2  1 which means that the flow changes from subsonic
to supersonic, there exists a condition where M  1 and it happens at the throat.

For isentropic expansion process through the nozzle write the equation 9.51.
k
p0  k  1 2  k 1
 1  M 
p  2 
Here, p is pressure of the gas at any instant, p0 is the corresponding stagnation
pressure, M is Mach number and k is constant.

Take M  1 and modify above expression:

k
p0   k  1  2  k 1
 1   1 
pth   2  
k
 k  1  k 1
 
 2 
Here, pth is the pressure at the throat corresponding to M  1 .

Substitute 1.4 for k.

1.4
p0  1.4  1 1.41
   1.8929
pth  2 
Or
p0 574.79 kPa
pth    303.66 kPa
1.8929 1.8929
 

Similarly for M  1 , Tth  T * . Now, use equation 9.50 to determine the value of Tth .
T0  k 1  2
 1   1
Tth  2 
k 1

2
2T
Tth  0
k 1

Substitute 1.4 for k and 346.12 K for T0 .

Tth 
 2  346.12 K   288.43 K
1.4  1

Calculate the specific volume of air at the throat as follows:

 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   288.43 K 
vth  th   
RT 28.97
 0.2726 m3 / kg
pth 303.66 kPa

Since, M  1 ,
Vth  cth  kRTth

 8.314 
Substitute 1.4 for k,  kJ / kg  K  for R and 288.43 K for T2 .
 28.97 
103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
1.4   
8.314
Vth  kJ / kg  K   288.43 K 
 28.97  1 kJ 1N
 340.42 m / s

Calculate the throat area from the following relation:


mv
Ath  th
Vth
 0.40 kg / s   0.2726 m3 / kg  106 mm 2

340.42 m / s 1 m2
 320 mm 2

Thus, the throat area is 320 mm 2 .

A2
Refer the following value of from table 9.2 corresponding to M 2  1.6 :
A*
 

A2
 1.2502
A*
A2  1.2502 A*
 1.2502 Ath  A*  Ath 
 1.2502   320 mm 2 
 400 mm 2

Thus, the exit area is 400 mm 2 .

 

New problem 9.96

9.122:

Air as an ideal gas with k  1.4 enters a diffuser operating at steady state at 3 bar, 280
K, with a velocity of 500 m/s. Assuming isentropic flow, determine
(a) Mach number
(b) Stagnation temperature in K.
(c) Stagnation pressure in bar.

Solution:

(a) Calculate the sonic velocity of air by using the following expression:
c  kRT

8.314
Substitute 1.4 for k, kJ / kg  K for R and 280 K for T in above expression of c.
28.97
103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
1.4   
8.314
c kJ / kg  K   280 K 
 28.97  1 kJ 1N
 335.4 m / s

Calculate the Mach number as follows:

V 500 m / s
M   1.49
c 335.4 m / s

Thus, Mach number is 1.49 and the flow is supersonic.

(c) Calculate the stagnation pressure from the following expression:

k
p0  k  1 2  k 1
 1 M 
p  2 
k
 k  1 2  k 1
p0  p 1  M 
 2 
1.4
  1.4  1  2  1.4 1
  3 bar  1    1.49  
  2  
  3 bar  3.618 
 10.85 bar

Thus, the stagnation pressure  p0  is 10.85 bar .

(b) Calculate the stagnation temperature from the following expression:

 

k 1
p  k
T0  T  0 
 p
1.4 1
 10.85 bar  1.4
  280 K   
 3 bar 
 404.3 K

Thus, the stagnation temperature T0  is 404.3 K .

 9.97

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 9.98

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 9.99

9.97

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9.100

Revalued data:

Air as an ideal gas with k  1.4 enters a converging-diverging duct with a Mach
number of 2.2. At the inlet, the pressure is 200 kPa and the temperature is 260 K. A
normal shock stands at a location in the converging section of the duct, with
M x  1.6 . At the exit of the duct, the pressure is 1200 kPa. The flow is isentropic
everywhere except in the immediate vicinity of the shock. Determine temperature, in
K, and the Mach number at the exit.

Solution:

Schematic diagram and given data:

p1
Refer the following value of from table 9.2 corresponding to M 1  2.2 :
p0 x
p1
 0.09352
p0 x
Here, p1 is inlet pressure and p0 x is the stagnation pressure before the location of
shock wave.

Therefore,
p1 200 kPa
p0 x    2138.58 kPa
0.09352 0.09352

T1
Refer the following value of from table 9.2 corresponding to M 1  2.2 :
T0 x
T1
 0.50813
T0 x
 

Here, T1 is temperature at inlet and T0 is the corresponding stagnation temperature

before the location of shock wave.

Therefore,
T1 260 K
T0 x    511.68 K
0.50813 0.50813

p0 y
Refer the following value of from table 9.3 corresponding to M x  1.6 :
p0 x
p0 y
 0.8952
p0 x
Here, p0 y is the stagnation pressure past the location of shock wave.

Therefore,
p0 y  0.8952 p0 x   0.8952  2138.58 kPa   1914.46 kPa

p2
Now, calculate the pressure ratio .
poy
p2 1200 kPa
  0.62681
poy 1914.46 kPa

p2
Refer the following values from table 9.2 corresponding to  0.62681 :
poy
M 2  0.845
T2
 0.87228
Toy

It is known that Tox  Toy . Therefore,

T2
 0.87228
Tox
T2  0.87228Tox
  0.87228  511.68 K 
 446.3 K

Thus, the temperature and the Mach number at the exit are 446.3 K and 0.845 ,
respectively.
9.101

9.102
9.101
  

9.103

Revalued data:

Air at 3.5 bar, 520 K, and a Mach number of 0.3 enters a converging–diverging
nozzle operating at steady state. A normal shock stands in the diverging section at a
location
where the Mach number is M x  1.7 . The flow is isentropic, except where the shock
stands. If the air behaves as an ideal gas with k  1.4 determine
(a) the stagnation temperature Tox in K.
(b) the stagnation pressure pox in bar.
(c) the pressure px in bar.
(d) the pressure p y in bar.
(e) the stagnation pressure poy in bar.
(f) the stagnation temperature Toy in K.

If the throat area is 7.5  104 m 2 and the exit plane pressure is 2.5 bar, determine the
mass flow rate, in kg/s, and the exit area, in m 2 .

Solution:

Schematic and given data:

 

T1
(a) Refer the following value of from table 9.2 corresponding to M 1  0.3 :
Tox
T1
 0.98232
Tox
Here, T1 is temperature at inlet and Tox is the corresponding stagnation temperature
before the location of shock wave.

Therefore,
T1 520 K
Tox    529.36 K
0.98232 0.98232

Thus, the stagnation temperature Tox is 529.36 K .

p1
(b) Refer the following value of from table 9.2 corresponding to M 1  0.3 :
pox
p1
 0.93947
pox
Here, p1 is inlet pressure and pox is the stagnation pressure before the location of
shock wave.

Therefore,
p1 3.5 bar
pox    3.726 bar
0.93947 0.93947

Thus, the stagnation pressure pox is 3.726 bar .

(c) Refer the following values from table 9.2 corresponding to M  M x  1.7 :
px
 0.20259
pox
px  0.20259 pox
  0.20259  3.726 bar 
 0.755 bar

Thus, the pressure px is 0.755 bar .

 

(d) Refer the following values from table 9.3 corresponding to M x  1.7 :
py
 3.2050
px
p y  3.2050 px
  3.2050  0.755 bar 
 2.42 bar

Thus, the pressure p y is 2.42 bar .

(e) Refer the following values from table 9.3 corresponding to M x  1.7 :
poy
 0.85573
pox
poy  0.85573 pox
  0.85573 3.726 bar 
 3.188 bar

Thus, the stagnation pressure poy is 3.188 bar .

(f) It is known that Toy  Tox  529.36 K

Thus, the stagnation temperature Toy is 529.36 K .

For isentropic expansion process through the nozzle write the equation 9.51.
k
po  k  1 2  k 1
 1  M 
p  2 
Here, p is pressure of the gas at any instant, po is the corresponding stagnation
pressure, M is Mach number and k is constant.

At the throat, take M  1 and modify above expression:

k
pox   k  1  2  k 1
 1   1 
pth   2  
k
 k  1  k 1
 
 2 
Here, pth is the pressure at the throat corresponding to M  1 .

Substitute 1.4 for k.

 

1.4
pox  1.4  1 1.41
   1.8929
pth  2 
Or
pox 3.726 bar
pth    1.968 bar
1.8929 1.8929

At the throat, M  1 , Tth  T * . Now, use equation 9.50 to determine the value of Tth .
Tox  k 1  2
 1   1
Tth  2 
k 1

2
2Tox
Tth 
k 1

Substitute 1.4 for k and 529.36 K for Tox .

Tth 
 2  529.36 K   441.13 K
1.4  1

Calculate the specific volume of air at the throat as follows:

 8.314 
kJ / kg  K   441.13 K 
RTth  28.97  1 bar
vth    0.64328 m3 / kg
pth 1.968 bar 100 kPa

Since, M  1 ,
Vth  cth  kRTth

 8.314 
Substitute 1.4 for k,  kJ / kg  K  for R and 441.13 K for Tth .
 28.97 
103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
1.4   
8.314
Vth  kJ / kg  K   441.13 K 
 28.97  1 kJ 1N
 421 m / s

Calculate the mass flow rate from the following relation:

AV
m  th th
vth


 7.5 10 4
m 2   421 m / s 
0.64328 m3 / kg
 0.4908 kg / s

Thus, the mass flow rate is 0.4908 kg / s .

 

p2
Now, calculate the pressure ratio .
poy
p2 2.5 bar
  0.78419
poy 3.188 bar

p2
Refer the following values from table 9.2 corresponding to  0.78419 :
poy
M 2  0.5996
T2
 0.9329
Toy
T2  0.9329Toy
  0.9329  529.36 K 
 493.8 K

Calculate the value of velocity V2 as follows:

V2  M 2 kRT2

103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
1.4   
8.314
  0.5996   kJ / kg  K   493.8 K 
 28.97  1 kJ 1N
 267.07 m / s

Calculate the exit area as follows:

 2
mRT
A2 
p2V2

 0.4908 kg / s   
8.314
kJ / kg  K   493.8 K 
 28.97  1 bar 103 N  m

 2.5 bar  267.07 m / s  105 N / m 2 1 kJ
 1.0417 103 m 2

Thus, the exit area is 1.0417 103 m 2 .

 

9.104

Revalued data:

Air as an ideal gas with k  1.4 enters a converging–diverging channel at a Mach

number of 1.5. A normal shock stands at the inlet to the channel. Downstream of the
shock the flow is isentropic; the Mach number is unity at the throat; and the air exits
at 135 kPa, 380 K, with negligible velocity. If the mass flow rate is 25 kg/s, determine
the inlet
and throat areas, in m 2 .

Solution:

Schematic and given data:

Refer the following value of M y from table 9.3 corresponding to M x  1.5 :

M y  0.70109

Refer the following values from table 9.2 corresponding to M  M y  0.70109 :

Ty
 0.91049
Toy
py
 0.72021
poy
Ay
 1.09376
A*

Therefore,
Ty  0.91049Toy   0.91049  380 K   345.99 K
p y  0.72021 poy   0.72021135 kPa   97.23 kPa
 

Calculate the value of velocity Vy as follows:

Vy  M y kRTy

103 N  m 1 kg  m / s 2
1.4   
8.314
  0.70109   kJ / kg  K   345.99 K 
 28.97  1 kJ 1N
 261.4 m / s

Calculate the value of specific volume v y as follows:

RTy
vy 
py
 8.314 
 kJ / kg  K   345.99 K 
 
28.97
97.23 kPa
 1.0212 m3 / kg

Calculate the inlet area Ay as follows:

 y
mv
Ay 
Vy
 25 kg / s  1.0212 m3 / kg 

261.4 m / s
 0.09767 m 2

Thus, the inlet area is 0.09767 m 2 .

Calculate the value of throat area  A*  from the following expression:

Ay
 1.09376
A*
Ay
A* 
1.09376
0.09767 m 2

1.09376
 0.0893 m 2

Thus, the throat area is 0.0893 m 2 .

 9.105

Continued on next slide

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 9.105 continued
Problem 9-132

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