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Combustion: Flame Theory and Heat Produced: Arthur Anconetani Oscar Castillo Everett Henderson

1) The document discusses different types of flames including premixed and diffusion flames that can be laminar or turbulent. 2) It explains how to calculate the heat released during combustion using balanced chemical equations and energy balances. 3) The concept of adiabatic flame temperature is introduced, which gives the maximum theoretical flame temperature assuming no heat loss, though in reality the temperature is lower due to factors like heat loss and dissociation.

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Tommy Cha Yee Wen
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150 views29 pages

Combustion: Flame Theory and Heat Produced: Arthur Anconetani Oscar Castillo Everett Henderson

1) The document discusses different types of flames including premixed and diffusion flames that can be laminar or turbulent. 2) It explains how to calculate the heat released during combustion using balanced chemical equations and energy balances. 3) The concept of adiabatic flame temperature is introduced, which gives the maximum theoretical flame temperature assuming no heat loss, though in reality the temperature is lower due to factors like heat loss and dissociation.

Uploaded by

Tommy Cha Yee Wen
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Combustion: Flame Theory

and Heat Produced


Arthur Anconetani
Oscar Castillo
Everett Henderson
What is a Flame?
! Reaction Zone
! Thermo/Chemical characteristics
Types of Flame

! Premixed
! Diffusion
! Both can be Laminar
or Turbulent
Premixed

! Mixed before
Combustion
! Characteristics
! Reacts Rapidly
! Constant Pressure
! Propagates as Thin
Zone
! Ex: Spark Engine
Temp Intensity
Diffusion

! Mixed during
Combustion
! Characteristics
! Reaction occurs at
Fuel/Air interface
! Controlled by the
Mixing of the
Reactants
! Ex:Diesel Engines
Laminar

! Premixed
! Simplest flame type
! Ex: Bunsen burner

! Diffusion
! Ex: Candle
Turbulent

! Premixed
! Faster heat release
than laminar
! Ex: Indirect fuel
injection engines
! Diffusion
! Ex: Direct fuel
injection engines
Chemical Energy
! The energy inside fuel can be
considered “potential energy”

! Combustion unleashes that


“potential energy”

! How do we calculate the amount of


energy released?
Basic Chemistry
! Hydrocarbon fuels
! Air
! Nitrogen (79%)
! Oxygen (21%)
! 1 mol O2:3.76 mol N2
! Common Products:
H2O, CO2, N2
Basic Chemistry-Moles
! Amount of mass of an element or compound that
contains Avogadro’s number of atoms or
molecules

! Avogadro’s number = 6.022 E 23

! For example one mole of Hydrogen contains


6.022E 23 Hydrogen atoms.

! Molar mass is the amount of mass in one mole of


a substance.
Basic Chemistry–Molar Mass
Mass is conserved in chemical equations

1 kmol H2 + ½ kmol O2 1 kmolH2O

1kmol⋅ H2 
2.016kg  1  32kg  1kmol⋅ H2 O 
18.02kg 
+
 2 ⋅ kmol⋅ O 2  
 kmol⋅ H 2   kmol⋅ O 2   kmol⋅ H 2 O 

18.02kg = 18.02 kg
Balancing an Equation
Original Chemical Equation:

C4H10 + a(O2 + 3.76N2) bCO2 + cH20 + dN2


Write equations for each element, solve:

C: 4 = b H: 10 = 2c O: 2a = 2b + c
c=5 a = 6.5

N: 2(3.76)a = 2d
d = 24.44
Final Balanced Equation:

C4H10 + 6.5(O2 + 3.76N2) 4CO2 + 5H20 + 24.44N2


Focusing on the Problem

! We have
! Basics of Flame Theory
! Balanced Equations

! What’s Missing?
Enthalpy

! Definition h = u + Pv
! Reference State
! 25 °C
! 1 atm

! Δh = h(T,P) – h(T,P)ref
Enthalpy
! Enthalpy of Total Enthalpy

Formation
! Energy exchanged h of formation

during compound
formation h at T, P
! N2, O2, & H2 have
hform=0
! Total Enthalpy ∆h

h=hform + Δh
h at reference T, P
More Enthalpy
! Enthalpy of HR = HP-ideal
Combustion Qloss
HP-loss
! Higher and Lower
Heating Values
! Liquid H2O Hcombustion
! Vapor H20

HP-Ref
Energy Equation

Q-W = ΔU
Q= ΔU+W= ΔU+ PΔV
Q = ΔH
Q = Hp – H r
Combustion Chamber
! Burned and
Unburned regions

! Flame propagation

! Constant Pressure
Heat Loss Example
A mixture of 1kmol of gaseous methane and air, originally at
reference state, burns completely in a combustion chamber, at
constant pressure. Determine the amount of heat the chamber loses
if the Product temperature measured after combustion is 890K.

CH4 + (O2 + 3.76 ⋅ N2) CO2 + H2O + N2

Balanced CH4 + 2 ⋅ (O2 + 3.76N2) CO2 + 2H2O + 7.52N2

Q Hp − H r
Q
∑ (n⋅h) − ∑ (n⋅h)
P R
Heat Loss Example
Q Hp − H r
Q
∑ (n⋅h) − ∑ (n⋅h)
P R

1 ⋅ (hCO2) + 2(hH2O) + 7.52(hN2)


∑ (n⋅h)
P
1(hCH4) + 2 ⋅ (hO2) + 7.52(hN2)
∑ (n⋅h)
R

h hform + ∆h
A lot of terms
h hform + (h ( T) − h (Tref )) Lets look at two of them.
Heat Loss Example-CO2
H CO2 1 (h CO2) h form + (h (T p) − h (T ref ))

h°° f h at 298 K h at 890 K


(kJ/kmol)
Carbon Dioxide -393,520 9364 36876
CO2
Water Vapor -241,820 9904 31429
H2O
Oxygen O2 0 8682 27584
Nitrogen N2 0 8669 26568
Methane Ch4 -74850
Octane C8H18 -249910

H CO2 −393520 + ( 36876 − 9364)


H CO2 −366008 kJ
Heat Loss Example-O2
H O2 2 (h O2) 2 h form + (h (T R) − h (T ref ))

h°° f h at 298 K h at 890 K


(kJ/kmol)
Carbon Dioxide -393,520 9364 36876
CO2
Water Vapor -241,820 9904 31429
H2O
Oxygen O2 0 8682 27584
Nitrogen N2 0 8669 26568
Methane Ch4 -74850
Octane C8H18 -249910

HO2 2[ 0 + ( 8682 − 8682) ]


HO2 0
Heat Loss Example
The remaining terms are evaluated, using the
above techniques.
Q (hCO2 + 2hH2O + 7.52⋅ hN2) − (hCH4 + 2⋅ hO2 + 7.52⋅ hN2)
Q [ ( −366008) + 2( −220295) + 7.52 ⋅ ( 17899) ] − [ −74850 + 2( 0) + 7.52 ⋅ ( 0) ]

Q −597148 kJ

597148 kJ of heat was lost to the surroundings.


Departures From Ideal

! Combustion not always complete


! Insufficient Mixing
! Insufficient Air

! May Lead to Knocking


Adiabatic Flame
Temperature

! Adiabatic
Conditions
! Limiting Value of
Flame
Temperature
! Iterative Process
AFT Example
This problem has the same set of assumptions as
the last problem. The only difference is that now
we are assuming adiabatic flame conditions

CH4 + 2(O2 +3.76N2) CO2 + 2H2O + 7.52 N2

Q = HP - HR
HP = HR

h CO2 + 2 ⋅ (h H2O) + 7.52 ⋅ (h N2) (h CH4) + 2⋅ (h O2) + 7.52⋅ (h N2)


AFT Example

evaluate the products:

HCO2 (hformCO2 + hCO2 (TP) − hCO2 (Tref ))


HH2O 2(hformH2O + hH2O (TP) − hH2O (Tref ))

HN2 7.52(hformN2 + hN2 (TP) − hN2 (Tref ))

None of these enthalpy terms can be


fully evaluated since Tp is unknown
Keeping it Real
! Efficiency
! How far does AFT
fall from actual?
! Factors influencing
! Dissociation
! Chamber not really
adiabatic
Conclusion
! Premixed and Diffusion
! Laminar and Turbulent
! Finding Qin
! Balancing Chemical Equation
! Energy Balance Equation
! Finding Adiabatic Flame Temperature
! Gives Limit of Product Temperature
! Dissociation, other factors decrease
temperature

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