This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D92 − 18 American Association State

Highway and Transportation Officials Standard
AASHTO No.: T48
DIN 51 376

Standard Test Method for

Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D92; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

INTRODUCTION

This flash point and fire point test method is a dynamic method and depends on definite rates of
temperature increases to control the precision of the test method. Its primary use is for viscous
materials having flash point of 79 °C (175 °F) and above. It is also used to determine fire point, which
is a temperature above the flash point, at which the test specimen will support combustion for a
minimum of 5 s. Do not confuse this test method with Test Method D4206, which is a sustained
burning test, open cup type, at a specific temperature of 49 °C (120 °F).
Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and
the operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standard
test method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by different
test methods, or with test apparatus different from that specified.

1. Scope* 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the

1.1 This test method describes the determination of the flash standard.
point and fire point of petroleum products by a manual 1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for
Cleveland open cup apparatus or an automated Cleveland open information only.
cup apparatus. 1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
NOTE 1—The precisions for fire point were not determined in the regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause
current interlaboratory program. Fire point is a parameter that is not serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been dem-
commonly specified, although in some cases, knowledge of this flamma- onstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials.
bility temperature may be desired. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing
1.2 This test method is applicable to all petroleum products products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
with flash points above 79 °C (175 °F) and below 400 °C for additional information. The potential exists that selling
(752 °F) except fuel oils. mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited
by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales
NOTE 2—This test method may occasionally be specified for the in their location.
determination of the fire point of a fuel oil. For the determination of the
flash points of fuel oils, use Test Method D93. Test Method D93 should 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
also be used when it is desired to determine the possible presence of small safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
but significant concentrations of lower flash point substances that may
escape detection by Test Method D92. Test Method D1310 can be
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
employed if the flash point is known to be below 79 °C (175 °F). priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.1, 11.1.3, and
1
11.2.4.
This test method is under the joint jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of 1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
Subcommittee D02.08 on Volatility. In the IP, this test method is under the dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee. This test method was adopted as a ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
joint ASTM-IP standard in 1965.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originally
approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D92 – 16b. DOI: mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
10.1520/D0092-18. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 D92 − 18
2. Referenced Documents 4. Summary of Test Method
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: 4.1 Approximately 70 mL of test specimen is filled into a
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens test cup. The temperature of the test specimen is increased
Closed Cup Tester rapidly at first and then at a slower constant rate as the flash
D140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Materials point is approached. At specified intervals, a test flame is
D1310 Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point of Liquids passed across the cup. The flash point is the lowest liquid
by Tag Open-Cup Apparatus temperature at which application of the test flame causes the
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and vapors of the test specimen of the sample to ignite. To
Petroleum Products determine the fire point, the test is continued until the appli-
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and cation of the test flame causes the test specimen to ignite and
Petroleum Products sustain burning for a minimum of 5 s.
D4206 Test Method for Sustained Burning of Liquid Mix-
5. Significance and Use
tures Using the Small Scale Open-Cup Apparatus
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers 5.1 The flash point is one measure of the tendency of the test
E300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under con-
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:3 trolled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of
Specifications for IP Standard Thermometers properties that should be considered in assessing the overall
flammability hazard of a material.
2.3 ISO Standards:4
Guide 34 General requirements for the competence of refer- 5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to
ence material producers define flammable and combustible materials. Consult the
Guide 35 Reference materials—General and statistical prin- particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these
ciples for certification classifications.
5.3 Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highly
3. Terminology volatile and flammable materials in a relatively nonvolatile or
3.1 Definitions: nonflammable material. For example, an abnormally low flash
3.1.1 dynamic, adj—in petroleum products, the condition point on a test specimen of engine oil can indicate gasoline
where the vapor above the test specimen and the test specimen contamination.
are not in temperature equilibrium at the time that the ignition 5.4 This test method shall be used to measure and describe
source is applied. the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response
3.1.1.1 Discussion—This is primarily caused by the heating to heat and a test flame under controlled laboratory conditions
of the test specimen at the constant prescribed rate with the and shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or
vapor temperature lagging behind the test specimen tempera- fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire
ture. conditions. However, results of this test method may be used as
3.1.2 fire point, n—in flash point test methods, the lowest elements of a fire risk assessment that takes into account all of
temperature of the test specimen, adjusted to account for the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard
variations in atmospheric pressure from 101.3 kPa, at which of a particular end use.
application of an ignition source causes the vapors of the test
5.5 The fire point is one measure of the tendency of the test
specimen to ignite and sustain burning for a minimum of 5 s
specimen to support combustion.
under specified conditions of test.
3.1.3 flash point, n—in flash point test methods, the lowest 6. Apparatus
temperature of the test specimen, adjusted to account for 6.1 Cleveland Open Cup Apparatus (manual)—This appa-
variations in atmospheric pressure from 101.3 kPa, at which ratus consists of the test cup, heating plate, test flame
application of an ignition source causes the vapors of the test applicator, heater, and supports described in detail in the Annex
specimen to ignite under specified conditions of test. A1. The assembled manual apparatus, heating plate, and cup
are illustrated in Figs. 1-3, respectively. Dimensions are listed
with the figures.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM 6.2 Cleveland Open Cup Apparatus (automated)—This ap-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on paratus is an automated flash point instrument that shall
the ASTM website.
3
perform the test in accordance with Section 11 Procedure. The
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR,
U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.
apparatus shall use the test cup with the dimensions as
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., described in Annex A1 and the application of the test flame
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. shall be as described in Annex A1.

2
 D92 − 18

FIG. 1 Cleveland Open Cup Apparatus

3
 D92 − 18

millimetres inches
min max min max
A 6 7 0.236 0.276
B 0.5 1.0 0.020 0.039
C 6 7 0.236 0.276
D—Diameter 55 56 2.165 2.205
E—Diameter 69.5 70.5 2.736 2.776
F—Diameter 146 159 5.748 6.260

FIG. 2 Heating Plate

FIG. 3 Cleveland Open Cup

6.3 Temperature Measuring Device—A thermometer having Thermometer Number

the range as shown below and conforming to the requirements Temperature Range ASTM IP
−6 °C to +400 °C 11C 28C
prescribed in Specification E1 or in the Specifications for IP 20 °F to 760 °F 11F
Standard Thermometers, or an electronic temperature measur-
ing device, such as a resistance thermometer or thermocouple. 6.4 Test Flame—Natural gas (methane) flame and bottled
The device shall exhibit the same temperature response as the gas (butane, propane) flame have been found acceptable for use
mercury thermometers. as the ignition source. The gas flame device is described in

4
 D92 − 18
detail in Annex A1. (Warning—Gas pressure supplied to the 9. Preparation of Apparatus
apparatus must not be allowed to exceed 3 kPa (12 in.) of water 9.1 Support the manual or automated apparatus on a level
pressure.) steady surface, such as a table.
7. Reagents and Materials 9.2 Tests are to be performed in a draft-free room or
compartment. Tests made in a laboratory hood or in any
7.1 Cleaning Solvents—Use suitable technical grade solvent location where drafts occur are not to be relied upon.
capable of cleaning out the test specimen from the test cup and
drying the test cup. Some commonly used solvents are toluene NOTE 6—A draft shield is recommended to prevent drafts from
disturbing the vapors above the test cup. This shield should cover at least
and acetone. (Warning—Toluene, acetone, and many solvents three sides of the test cup vicinity. Some apparatus may already include a
are flammable. Health hazard. Dispose of solvents and waste built-in draft shield.
material in accordance with local regulations.) NOTE 7—With some samples whose vapors or products of pyrolysis are
objectionable, it is permissible to place the apparatus along with a shield
into a hood, the draft of which is adjusted so that the vapors may be
8. Sampling
withdrawn without causing air currents over the test cup during the final
8.1 Obtain a sample in accordance with the instructions 56 °C (100 °F) rise in temperature prior to the flash point.
given in Practices D140, D4057, D4177 or E300. 9.3 Wash the test cup with the cleaning solvent to remove
8.2 At least 70 mL of sample is required for each test. Refer any test specimen or traces of gum or residue remaining from
to Practice D4057. a previous test. If any deposits of carbon are present, they
should be removed with a material such as a very fine grade of
8.3 Erroneously high flash points may be obtained if pre- steel wool. Ensure that the test cup is completely clean and dry
cautions are not taken to avoid the loss of volatile material. Do before using again. If necessary, flush the test cup with cold
not open containers unnecessarily; this will prevent loss of water and dry for a few minutes over an open flame or a hot
volatile material and possible introduction of moisture. Do not plate to remove the last traces of solvent and water. Cool the
make a transfer of the sample unless the sample temperature is test cup to at least 56 °C (100 °F) below the expected flash
at least 56 °C (100 °F) below the expected flash point. When point before using.
possible, flash point should be the first test performed on a
sample and the sample should be stored at low temperature. 9.4 Support the temperature measuring device in a vertical
position with the bottom of the device located
NOTE 3—Typical sample storage temperature is normal room tempera- 6.4 mm 6 0.5 mm (1⁄4 in. 6 1⁄50 in.) up from the bottom of the
ture or lower.
inside of the test cup and located at a point halfway between
8.4 Do not store samples in gas-permeable containers since the center and the side of the test cup on a diameter perpen-
volatile material may diffuse through the walls of the enclo- dicular to the arc (or line) of the sweep of the test flame and on
sure. Samples in leaky containers are suspect and not a source the side opposite to the test flame applicator mounting position.
of valid results. It is permissible for electronic temperature measuring devices
8.5 Light hydrocarbons may be present in the form of gases, to be mounted in a non-vertical position provided that perfor-
such as propane or butane, and may not be detected by testing mance is in accordance with the requirements given in 6.3.
because of losses during sampling and filling of the test cup. NOTE 8—The immersion line engraved on the ASTM or IP thermometer
This is especially evident on heavy residuums or asphalts from will be 2 mm 6 0.5 mm (5⁄64 in. 6 1⁄50 in.) below the level of the rim of
solvent extraction processes. the cup when the thermometer is properly positioned.
NOTE 9—Some automated apparatus is capable of positioning the
8.6 Samples of very viscous materials can be warmed until temperature measuring device automatically. Refer to the manufacturer’s
they are reasonably fluid before they are tested. However, no instructions for proper installation and adjustment.
sample shall be heated more than is absolutely necessary. It 9.5 Prepare the manual apparatus or the automated appara-
shall never be heated above a temperature of 56 °C (100 °F) tus for operation according to the manufacturer’s instructions
below its expected flash point. When the sample has been for calibrating, checking, and operating the equipment.
heated above this temperature, allow the sample to cool until it
is at least 56 °C (100 °F) below the expected flash point before 10. Calibration and Standardization
transferring. 10.1 Adjust the automated flash point detection system,
NOTE 4—Typically, the sample containers for these types of samples when used, according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
will remain closed during the warming process. 10.2 Calibrate the temperature measuring device according
8.7 Samples containing dissolved or free water can be to the manufacturer’s instructions.
dehydrated with calcium chloride or by filtering through a 10.3 Verify the performance of the manual apparatus or the
qualitative filter paper or a loose plug of dry absorbent cotton. automated apparatus at least once per year by determining the
Samples of very viscous materials can be warmed until they are flash point of a certified reference material (CRM), such as
reasonably fluid before they are filtered, but they shall not be those listed in Annex A2, which is reasonably close to the
heated for prolonged periods or above a temperature of 56 °C expected temperature range of the samples to be tested. The
(100 °F) below its expected flash point. material shall be tested according to the procedure of this test
NOTE 5—If the sample is suspected of containing volatile contaminants, method and the observed flash point obtained in 11.1.10 or
the treatment described in 8.6 and 8.7 should be omitted. 11.2.5 shall be corrected for barometric pressure (see Section

5
 D92 − 18
12). The flash point obtained shall be within the limits stated in manual apparatus, before heating the test cup and specimen, to
Table A2.1 for the identified CRM or within the limits pass the test flame across the specimen in the test cup to check
calculated for an unlisted CRM (see Annex A2). for the presence of unexpected volatile material.) (Warning—
10.4 Once the performance of the apparatus has been The operator shall exercise care and take appropriate safety
verified, the flash point of secondary working standards precautions during the performance of this test method. The
(SWSs) can be determined along with their control limits. temperatures attained during this test, up to 400 °C (752 °F),
These secondary materials can then be utilized for more are considered hazardous.)
frequent performance checks (see Annex A2). NOTE 12—Some further preliminary test flame applications during the
initial heating phase may be useful in detecting whether unexpected
NOTE 10—The verification fluid is a material with a predetermined, volatile material is present in the sample. A typical interval is at the
interlaboratory tested, flash point temperature that is used to verify proper beginning of the initial heating phase and then every 10 °C up to the
operation of the apparatus. Calibration is undertaken by the operator standard test flame application temperature. See 11.1.5.
according to the apparatus manufacturer’s instructions should the result of
the verification be outside the stated reproducibility. 11.1.4 Apply heat initially at such a rate that the temperature
10.5 When the flash point obtained is not within the limits as indicated by the temperature measuring device increases
stated in 10.3 or 10.4, check the condition and operation of the 5 °C to 17 °C (9 °F to 30 °F)/min. When the test specimen
apparatus to ensure conformity with the details listed in Annex temperature is approximately 56 °C (100 °F) below the
A1, especially in regard to the position of the temperature expected flash point, decrease the heat so that the rate of
measuring device, the application of the test flame, and the temperature rise during the last 28 °C (50 °F) before the flash
heating rate. After adjustment of the apparatus, repeat the test point is 5 °C to 6 °C (9 °F to 11 °F)/min.
with a fresh test specimen (see 10.3) with special attention to NOTE 13—With low flash point material or with highly viscous
the procedural details prescribed in Section 11. material, it is advised to use the 5 °C/min to 6 °C/min heating rate from
the start of the test to the end.
11. Procedure
11.1.5 Apply the test flame when the temperature of the test
11.1 Manual Apparatus: specimen is approximately 28 °C below the expected flash
11.1.1 Fill the test cup with the sample so that the top of the point and each time thereafter at a temperature reading that is
meniscus of the test specimen is level with the filling mark, and a multiple of 2 °C. Pass the test flame across the center of the
position the test cup on the center of the heating plate. The test cup at right angles to the diameter, which passes through
temperature of the test cup and the sample shall not exceed the temperature measuring device. With a smooth, continuous
56 °C (100 °F) below the expected flash point. If too much test motion, apply the test flame either in a straight line or along the
specimen has been added to the cup, remove the excess using circumference of a circle having a radius of at least 150 mm 6
a syringe or similar device for withdrawal of fluid. However, if 1 mm (6.00 in. 6 0.039 in.). The center of the test flame shall
there is test specimen on the outside of the test cup, empty, move in a horizontal plane not more than 2 mm (5⁄64 in.) above
clean, and refill it. Destroy any air bubbles or foam on the the plane of the upper edge of the test cup and passing in one
surface of the test specimen with a sharp knife or other suitable direction only. At the time of the next test flame application,
device and maintain the required level of test specimen. If a pass the test flame in the opposite direction of the preceding
foam persists during the final stages of the test, terminate the application. The time consumed in passing the test flame across
test and disregard any results. the test cup in each case shall be approximately 1 s 6 0.1 s.
NOTE 11—Initially the test cup may be filled below the filling mark to NOTE 14—Some automated apparatus pass the test flame in one single
allow for thermal expansion of the sample. direction. Apparatus that operate in this manner will typically shut off the
11.1.2 Solid material shall not be added to the test cup. Solid test flame gas after each application, return to the starting position without
creating a draft near and over the test cup, and the test flame will be
or viscous samples shall be heated until they are fluid before relighted in such a manner that no fuel gas enters the cup vapor space
being poured into the test cup; however, the temperature of the before the next test application.
sample during heating shall not exceed 56 °C (100 °F) below NOTE 15—When determining the flash point of asphalt, it is recom-
the expected flash point. mended to carefully move fully to one side, such as with a spatula, any
11.1.3 Light the test flame and adjust it to a diameter of surface film formed before each application of the ignition source.
Available data indicate that higher flash point is observed for asphalt
3.2 mm to 4.8 mm (1⁄8 in. to 3⁄16 in.) or to the size of the samples when surface film formed is not moved aside, compared to the
comparison bead, if one is mounted on the apparatus (see flash point observed when the surface film is moved aside prior to the
Annex A1). (Warning—Gas pressure supplied to the apparatus application of the ignition source.
must not be allowed to exceed 3 kPa (12 in.) of water pressure.) NOTE 16—An alternative to the moving aside of the formed surface film
(Warning—Exercise care when using a gas test flame. If it can be found in Appendix X1.
should be extinguished it will not ignite the vapors in the test 11.1.6 During the last 28 °C (50 °F) rise in temperature prior
cup, and the gas for the test flame that then enters the vapor to the expected flash point, care shall be taken to avoid
space can influence the result.) (Warning—The operator shall disturbing the vapors in the test cup with rapid movements or
exercise care and take appropriate safety precautions during the drafts near the test cup.
initial application of the test flame since test specimens 11.1.7 When a foam persists on top of the test specimen
containing low-flash material can give an abnormally strong during the last 28 °C (50 °F) rise in temperature prior to the
flash when the test flame is first applied.) (Warning—As a expected flash point, terminate the test and disregard any
safety practice, it is strongly advised, when using automated or results.

6
 D92 − 18
11.1.8 Meticulous attention to all details relating to the test 11.2.1 The automated apparatus shall be capable of per-
flame, size of the test flame, rate of temperature increase, and forming the procedure as described in 11.1, including control
rate of passing the test flame over the test specimen is required of the heating rate, application of the test flame, detection of
for proper results. the flash point, or fire point, or both, and recording the flash
11.1.9 When testing a sample whose expected flash point point or fire point, or both.
temperature is not known, bring the test specimen in the test 11.2.2 Fill the test cup with the sample so that the top of the
cup to a temperature no greater than 50 °C (122 °F), or if the meniscus of the test specimen is level with the filling mark, and
sample required heating to be transferred into the test cup, position the test cup on the center of the heating plate. The
bring the test specimen in the test cup to that temperature. temperature of the test cup and the sample shall not exceed
Apply the test flame, in the manner described in 11.1.5, 56 °C (100 °F) below the expected flash point. If too much test
beginning at least 5 °C (9 °F) above the starting temperature. specimen has been added to the cup, remove the excess using
Continue heating the test specimen at 5 °C to 6 °C (9 °F to a syringe or similar device for withdrawal of fluid; however, if
11 °F) ⁄min and testing the test specimen every 2 °C (5 °F) as there is test specimen on the outside of the test cup, empty,
described in 11.1.5 until the flash point is obtained. clean, and refill it. Destroy any air bubbles or foam on the
surface of the test specimen with a sharp knife or other suitable
NOTE 17—Flash point results determined in an unknown expected flash
point mode should be considered approximate. This value can be used as device, and maintain the required level of test specimen. If a
the expected flash point when a fresh specimen is tested in the standard foam persists during the final stages of the test, terminate the
mode of operation. test, and disregard any results.
11.1.10 Record, as the observed flash point, the reading on NOTE 19—Initially the test cup may be filled below the filling mark to
the temperature measuring device at the time the test flame allow for thermal expansion of the sample.
causes a distinct flash in the interior of the test cup. 11.2.3 Solid material shall not be added to the test cup. Solid
11.1.10.1 The sample is deemed to have flashed when a or viscous samples shall be heated until they are fluid before
large flame appears at any point on the surface of the test being poured into the test cup; however, the temperature of the
specimen and instantaneously propagates itself over the surface sample during heating shall not exceed 56 °C (100 °F) below
of the test specimen. the expected flash point.
11.1.11 The application of the test flame can cause a blue 11.2.4 Light the test flame, when necessary, and adjust it to
halo or an enlarged flame prior to the actual flash point. This is a diameter of 3.2 mm to 4.8 mm (1⁄8 in. to 3⁄16 in.) or to the size
not a flash point and shall be ignored. of the comparison bead, if one is mounted on the apparatus.
11.1.12 When a flash point or fire point is detected during (Warning—Gas pressure supplied to the apparatus must not be
any preliminary test flame application, or on the first applica- allowed to exceed 3 kPa (12 in.) of water pressure.)
tion of the test flame, see 11.1.5, the test shall be discontinued, (Warning—Exercise care when using a gas test flame. If it
the result discarded, and the test repeated with a fresh test should be extinguished it will not ignite the vapors in the test
specimen. The first application of the test flame with the fresh cup, and the gas for the test flame that then enters the vapor
test specimen shall be at least 28 °C (50 °F) below the space can influence the result.) (Warning—The operator shall
temperature found when the flash point was detected under the exercise care and take appropriate safety precautions during the
conditions in 11.1.12. initial application of the test flame since test specimens
11.1.13 When the apparatus has cooled down to a safe containing low-flash material can give an abnormally strong
handling temperature, less than 60 °C (140 °F), remove the test flash when the test flame is first applied.) (Warning—The
cup and clean the test cup and the apparatus as recommended operator shall exercise care and take appropriate safety precau-
by the manufacturer. tions during the performance of this test method. The tempera-
NOTE 18—Exercise care when cleaning the apparatus so as not to tures attained during this test, up to 400 °C (752 °F), are
damage or dislocate the automated flash detection system, when used, or considered hazardous.)
temperature measuring device. See the manufacturer’s instructions for
proper care and maintenance. NOTE 20—Some automated apparatus can perform preliminary test
flame applications during the initial heating phase.
11.1.14 To determine the fire point, continue heating the test NOTE 21—Some automated apparatus can light the test flame automati-
specimen after recording the flash point such that the test cally and the size of the flame is preset.
specimen temperature increases at a rate of 5 °C to 6 °C (9 °F NOTE 22—Test samples containing >1 % silicones can create an
insulating deposit on ionization ring flash detectors, as used on most
to 11 °F)/min. Continue the application of the test flame at 2 °C
automated apparatus, that can lead to erroneous results. If test samples are
(5 °F) intervals until the test specimen ignites and sustains known to contain silicones, the use of the manual test is recommended.
burning for a minimum of 5 s. Record the temperature of the Ionization ring flash detectors suspected of giving erroneous results can be
test specimen when the test flame, which caused the test cleaned using a suitable solvent.
specimen to ignite was applied. Sustain burning as the ob- 11.2.5 Start the automated apparatus according to the manu-
served fire point of the test specimen. facturer’s instructions. The apparatus shall follow the proce-
11.1.15 When the apparatus has cooled down to a safe dural details described in 11.1.4 through 11.1.15.
handling temperature, less than 60 °C (140 °F), remove the test
cup and clean the test cup and the apparatus as recommended 12. Calculations
by the manufacturer. 12.1 Observe and record the ambient barometric pressure
11.2 Automated Apparatus: (see Note 23) at the time of the test. When the pressure differs

7
 D92 − 18
from 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg), correct the flash point or fire Flash point 18 °C (32 °F)
point, or both, as follows: Fire point 14 °C (25 °F)

Corrected flash point 5 C10.25 ~ 101.3 2 K ! (1)

14.2 The precision data for fire point is not known to have
been developed in accordance with Precision Manual RR:D02-
Corrected flash point 5 F10.06 ~ 760 2 P ! (2) 1007.
Corrected flash point 5 C10.033 ~ 760 2 P ! (3) NOTE 24—The precisions for fire point were not determined in the
where: current interlaboratory program. Fire point is a parameter that is not
commonly specified, although in some cases, this temperature may be
C = observed flash point, °C, desired.
F = observed flash point, °F, NOTE 25—The precision for asphalt type samples which have had any
P = ambient barometric pressure, mm Hg, and formed surface film removed has not been determined.
K = ambient barometric pressure, kPa. NOTE 26—The precision for asphalt type samples which have utilized
NOTE 23—The barometric pressure used in this calculation is the the procedure in Appendix X1 have not been determined.
ambient pressure for the laboratory at the time of test. Many aneroid 14.3 Bias—The procedure of this test method has no bias
barometers, such as those used at weather stations and airports, are because flash point and fire point can be defined only in terms
precorrected to give sea level readings and would not give the correct
of this test method.
reading for this test.
14.4 Relative Bias—Statistical evaluation of the data did not
12.2 Using the corrected flash point or fire point, or both, as
detect any significant difference between the reproducibility
determined in 12.1, round the values to the nearest 1 °C (2 °F)
variances of manual and automated Cleveland flash point
and record.
results for the samples studied with the exception of multi-
viscosity lubricating oil and white mineral oil. Evaluation of
13. Report
the data did not detect any significant difference between
13.1 Report the corrected flash point or fire point value, or averages of manual and automated Cleveland flash point for
both, as the Test Method D92 Cleveland open cup flash point the samples studied with the exception of multi-viscosity
or fire point, or both, of the test specimen. lubricating oil, which showed some bias. In any case of
dispute, the flash point as determined by the manual procedure
14. Precision and Bias shall be considered the referee test.
14.1 Precision—The precision of this test method as deter- 14.5 The precision data for flash point were developed in a
mined by the statistical examination of the interlaboratory test 1991 cooperative test program using seven samples of base
results is as follows: oils, asphalt, and lubricating oils. Five laboratories participated
14.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive with the manual apparatus and eight laboratories participated
results, obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus with the automated equipment. Information on the type of
under constant operating conditions on identical test material, samples and their average flash point are in the research report
would in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of available at ASTM Headquarters.5
the test method, exceed the following values in 1 case in 20. 15. Keywords
Flash point 8 °C (15 °F)
Fire point 8 °C (15 °F) 15.1 automated Cleveland open cup; Cleveland open cup;
fire point open cup for flash point; flammability; flash point;
14.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two single
petroleum products
and independent results, obtained by different operators work-
ing in different laboratories on identical material, would in the 5
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:S15-1009. Contact ASTM Customer
method, exceed the following values only in 1 case in 20. Service at [email protected].

8
 D92 − 18

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. CLEVELAND OPEN CUP TESTER

A1.1 Test Cup, conforming to Fig. 3 with dimensions as NOTE A1.1—A test flame relighting device, such as a pilot flame, is
shown with the figure. The cup shall be made of brass or other sometimes used to automatically relight the test flame in the event that it
non-rusting metal of equivalent heat conductivity. The cup may is extinguished during the test. This device should be designed such that
the unburned gas will not spread out over the test cup during the
be equipped with a handle. relighting.
A1.2 Heating Plate, shall be of sufficient dimension and A1.4 Heater—Heat may be supplied from any convenient
materials to ensure that thermal heat to the test cup is only source. The use of a gas burner or alcohol lamp is permitted,
applied to the bottom of the test cup and that extraneous heat but under no circumstances are products of combustion or free
to the test cup other than to the bottom is minimized. An
flame to be allowed to come up around the cup. An electric
example for manual apparatus that utilize Bunsen burners or
heater which can be controlled automatically or controlled by
exposed electric heating elements is shown in Fig. 2.
the user is preferred. The source of heat shall be centered under
A1.3 Ignition Source Applicator—The device for applying the opening of the heating plate with no local superheating.
the test flame may be of any suitable type. When using a test Flame-type heaters may be protected from drafts or excessive
flame, it is suggested that the tip be 1.6 mm 6 0.05 mm radiation by any suitable type of shield that does not project
(1⁄16 in.) in diameter at the end, and that the orifice be above the level of the upper surface of the heating plate.
approximately 0.8 mm 6 0.05 mm (1⁄32 in.) in diameter. The
device for operating the test flame applicator may be mounted A1.5 Temperature Measuring Device Support—Any conve-
in such a manner as to permit automated duplication of the nient device that will hold the temperature measuring device in
sweep of the test flame, the radius of swing being not less than the specified position during a test and that will permit easy
150 mm (6 in.). The center of the test flame should be removal of the temperature measuring device from the test cup
supported so that it swings in a plane not greater than 2 mm upon completion of a test may be used.
(5⁄64 in.) above the plane of the rim of the cup. It is desired that
a bead, having a diameter of 3.2 mm to 4.8 mm (1⁄8 in. to 3⁄16 A1.6 Heating Plate Support—Any convenient support that
in.), be mounted in a convenient position on the apparatus so will hold the heating plate level and steady may be employed.
that the size of the test flame can be compared to it.

A2. VERIFICATION OF APPARATUS PERFORMANCE

A2.1 Certified Reference Material (CRM)—CRM is a TABLE A2.1 D92 Typical Flash Point Values and Typical Limits
stable, pure (99 + mole % purity) hydrocarbon or other stable for CRM
petroleum product with a method-specific flash point estab- Hydrocarbon Purity (mole %) Flash Point (°C) Tolerance
Limits
lished by a method-specific interlaboratory study following (0.7R)
RR:D02-10076 guidelines or ISO Guide 34 and 35. (°C)
n–tetradecane 99 + 115.5 12.5
A2.1.1 Typical values of the flash point corrected for n–hexadecane 99 + 138.8 12.5
barometric pressure for some reference materials and their
typical limits are given in Table A2.1 (see Note A2.2).
Suppliers of CRM’s will provide certificates stating the NOTE A2.1—Supporting data for the interlaboratory study to generate
method-specific flash point for each material of the current the flash point in Table A2.1 can be found in research report RR:S15-
production batch. Calculation of the limits for these other 1010.7
CRM’s can be determined from the reproducibility values of NOTE A2.2—Materials, purities, flash point values, and limits stated in
this test method multiplied by 0.7. This value provides a Table A2.1 were developed in an ASTM interlaboratory program to
determine suitability of use for verification fluids in flash point test
nominal coverage of at least 90 % with 95 % confidence. methods. Other materials, purities, flash point values, and limits can be

6 7
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1007. Contact ASTM Customer be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:S15-1010. Contact ASTM Customer
Service at [email protected]. Service at [email protected].

9
 D92 − 18
suitable when produced according to the practices of RR:D02-1007 or ISO A2.2.1 Establish the mean flash point and the statistical
Guides 34 and 35. Certificates of performance of such materials should be control limits (3σ) for the SWS using standard statistical
consulted before use, as the flashpoint value will vary dependent on the
composition of each CRM batch. techniques.8

A2.2 Secondary Working Standard (SWS)—SWS is a stable,

pure (99 + mole % purity) hydrocarbon, or other petroleum
product whose composition is known to remain appreciably 8
MNL7, Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis, 6th ed.,
stable. ASTM International, 1990.

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. TECHNIQUE TO PREVENT SURFACE SKIN FORMATION WHEN TESTING FLASH POINT OF ASPHALTS BY TEST
METHOD D92

X1.1 Introduction X1.3.2 Curl up the sides of the filter paper, about 6 mm all
X1.1.1 This technique to prevent surface skin formation around, and place it in the base of the Cleveland open cup flash
when testing flash point of asphalts by Test Method D92 was point test cup, with the 6 mm skirt facing upward (see Fig.
developed by Imran Hussami of Frontier El Dorado Refining X1.1).
Company. X1.3.3 Place the restraining tension-ring snugly over the
X1.2 Materials Required curved portion of the filter paper in the base of the cup. (The
X1.2.1 Filter Paper, qualitative, No. 417 (or equivalent), 7.5 tension-ring prevents the filter paper from moving upward
cm diameter. during the test.)
X1.2.2 Restraining Tension Ring, metal wire, circular, but X1.3.4 Fill the cup with the sample 4 mm to 5 mm below the
with its 15 mm straight ends folded inwards, parallel to each filling mark (this is to compensate for the sample that is
other (see Fig. X1.1). Dimensions: wire about 2 mm thick, 62 absorbed by the filter paper which will be released during the
to 63 outside diameter with bent ends 15 mm apart along the test). (Warning—Filling all the way to the filling mark could
circumference of the circle. Total length of wire is about 210 produce premature flash point results.)
mm. An ordinary metal coat hanger or similar material can be
used to make the tension-ring. X1.3.5 Start the test either using a manual tester or an
automatic unit (following manufacturer’s instructions) and
X1.2.3 Single-Hole Punch, (or equivalent) capable of mak-
determine the flash point.
ing a 6 mm diameter hole in the center of the filter paper.
X1.3.6 Report the flash point corrected for bariometric
X1.3 Procedure
pressure to the nearest 1 °C.
X1.3.1 Determine the center of the filter paper by means of
a ruler. Using the single-hole punch, punch a 6 mm diameter
hole in the center of the 7.5 cm diameter qualitative filter paper.

10
 D92 − 18

NOTE 1—Use of this alternate technique may cause bubbling in some samples. Bubbling could interfere with automatic flash detection devices, and
it also may cause a slower heating rate in some samples.
FIG. X1.1 Technique to Prevent Surface Skin Formation When Testing Flash Point of Asphalts by Test Method D92

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Subcommittee D02.08 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D92 – 16b) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved July 1, 2018.)

(1) Correction to dimensions and tolerances.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected] (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/

11