VISUAL ART

Part 1

ASTU – BSc. in Architecture

ARCH 3310 –Visual Perception & Art

Lecturer:
M.Sc. ANTONIO PATRUNO
Practicing Professional Architect

October, 2017
 CONTENTS
 Definition of Visual Art
 History of Visual Art:
 From the origin to the Middle Age
 Renaissance and Baroque
 18th 19th and 20th Century
What is VISUAL ART?
 The visual arts are art forms such
as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture,
printmaking, design, crafts, photography, video,
filmmaking, and architecture.
Many artistic disciplines (performing
arts, conceptual arts, textile arts, etc.) involve
aspects of the visual arts as well as arts of other
types.
Also included within the visual arts are
the applied arts such as industrial
design, graphic design, fashion design, interior
design and decorative art.
Current usage of the term "visual arts"
includes fine art as well as the applied,
decorative arts and crafts, but this was not
always the case.

M.K.Esher - dwg
“Form and content are indivisible“
[Rudolph Arnheim, 1982]
History of Visual Art
 In the Prehistoric Era drawings and
paintings has its documented origins in
caves and on rock faces. The finest examples,
believed by some to be 32,000 years old, are
in the Chauvet and Lascaux caves in
southern France.
In shades of red, brown,
yellow and black, the
paintings on the walls
and ceilings are of bison,
cattle, horses and deer.

Chauvet cave – France 30° century BC

The first relevant visual art
(drawing, painting, sculpture
and architecture) is the
Egyptian one.

Temples, Pyramids and

Sphinx show, with intense
colors of ornate murals, that
culture of 5000 years ago.

Isis and Nefertari - Egypt

Pyramid and Sphinx – Giza, Egypt, 2558 BC
Democracy in Greece and a more civilized way
of life allowed normal citizens to show their
personal tastes through interior design.

Ancient Greece Interiors

Nike of Samotracia, Louvre (F), 2° century BC

Hellas and Roma were the most important
expressions of the development of the visual arts
in the ancient history.

Frescoes of Pompeii

Caracalla
«Roman Engenering» spread out all over the
known world with the construction of bridges,
anphiteatres and basilicas.

Coliseum
Rome, Italy
In the 10th century the establishment of
churches and monasteries led to the
development of stone architecture that
elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from
which the term "Romanesque" is derived.

La Bocca della Verità

S. Maria in Cosmendin
Rome, Italy
 Roman Basilica Iulia

Christian Basilica
of St. Paulus
Romanesque

From the tentative beginnings known as the

First Romanesque, the style flourished and
spread across Europe in a remarkably
homogeneous form.
Just before 1000 there was a great wave of
building stone churches all over Europe.
 Cathedral of Bari – Puglia, Italy

Cathedral of Trani
Puglia, Italy
Romanesque art, especially
metalwork, was at its most
sophisticated in Mosan Art

Portable Altar
Nicholas of Verdun

Klosterneuburg Altar, 1181

Nicholas of Verdun
The Gothic architecture
From the early 12th century, French builders
developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of
rib-vaults, pointed arches, flying buttress, and large
stained glass windows.
It was used mainly in
cathedrals and churches
and lasted until the 16th
century in much of
Europe.

Laon Cathedral, France

The Gothic architecture cont..

Flying Buttress
Cathedral of Chartre - France
Laon Cathedral, France
The illuminated manuscripts produced by monks
during the Middle Ages are the most significant
contribution to European visual art.
The Byzantine art was the expression of deep
changes in the Roman Empire

Queen Theodora
Byzantine S. Marco Church
Venice - Italy
Apart from the illuminated manuscripts produced
by monks during the Middle Ages, the next
significant contribution to European art was
from Italy's renaissance painters.

Leonardo da Vinci
Self-portrait &
Homo ad Circulum and
homo ad Quadratum
From Giotto in the 13th
century to Leonardo da
Vinci and Raphael at the
beginning of the 16th
century, this was the richest
period in Italian art as
the chiaroscuro techniques
were used to create the
illusion of 3-D space.
Giotto
Madonna di Ognissanti
Giotto - San Francesco
 Giotto
Incontro di Anna e Gioacchino

Giotto
Deposizione di Gesù
 Ambrogio Lorenzetti
Allegoria del buon governo e del cattivo governo
(Allegory and effect of good and bad government)
Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper

Leonardo da Vinci, La Gioconda

Michelangelo Buonarroti, Sistine Chappel
Michelangelo Buonarroti, Sistine Chappel
Michelangelo Buonarroti, Sistine Chappel
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Self-portrait

Michelangelo Buonarroti, Pietà

Michelangelo Buonarroti
David – 1501/1504
Donatello
David 1440
Botticelli, Venere 1485
 Raffaello Sanzio
Dama con licorno, 1506

Raffaello Sanzio
Via Crucis (Spasimo) 1517
Raffaello Sanzio, The School of Athens, 1509
 Raffaello Sanzio
Eraclito
Detail from
The School of Athens
 Raffaello Sanzio
Aristoteles and Plato
Detail from
The School of Athens
Ops!
Leonardo da Vinci
Dama con ermellino, 1491
Raffaello Sanzio
Dama con liocorno, 1506
Leonardo da Vinci
Monnalisa, 1506
 Albrecht Dürer
Innsbruck castle courtyard
Albrecht Dürer
Self Portrait with Fur
The 17th century witnessed the emergence of
the great Dutch masters such as the versatile
Rembrandt who was especially remembered for
his portraits and Bible scenes, and Vermeer who
specialized in interior scenes of Dutch life.
Rembrandt, Leçon d’anatomie
Rembrandt, Self-portrait
Vermeere, Les Enfants Terrible
Vermeere, Girl with ear-ring
The Baroque started
after the Renaissance,
from the late 16th
century to the late
17th century. Main
artists of the Baroque
included Caravaggio,
who made heavy use
of tenebrism.

Caravaggio, Self-portrait
Caravaggio
Flagellazione di Gesù
Peter Paul Rubens was a flemish painter who
studied in Italy, worked for local churches
in Antwerp and also painted a series
for Maria de' Medici.

Rubens,
Judgement of Paris
 Rubens,
La chasse de Meleagre et Atlante
 Rubens,
The Nightwatch
Annibale Carracci took
influences from the Sistine
Chapel and created the
genre of illusionistic ceiling
painting.

Carracci, Young man that drink

 Carracci
Dead Christ
 The development that happened in the Baroque
was caused by the Protestant Reformation and
the resulting Counter Reformation. Much of
what defines the Baroque is dramatic lighting
and overall visuals.

The Baroque interior of

Palazzo Corsini, Florence
Baroque console table
St. Domenico – Noto, Italy
 Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Four Rivers Fountain
Rome, Italy

Borromini Sant’Agnese Church

Rome, Italy
In the visual arts the European movement called
"neoclassicism" began after 1765, as a reaction
against both the surviving Baroque and Rococo
styles, and as a desire to return to the perceived
"purity" of the arts of Rome, the more vague
perception of ancient Greek arts, and, to a lesser
extent, 16th century Renaissance.

Italian Neoclassical Style and French Empire

Style influenced the “Interior Design“.
Brustolon’s chair

Villa Tasca
Palermo Italy
Antonio Canova
Amore e Psiche
The French Empire style is an early-nineteenth-
century design movement in architecture,
furniture production, decorative arts and visual
arts that flourished between 1800 and 1815
during the Consulate and the First French
Empire.

From France it spread into much of Europe and

the United States.
The French Empire style corresponds in that intent
to the Biedemeier style in the German-speaking
lands, Federal style in the USA, and the Regency
style in Britain. The previous style in France was
called Louis XVI style.
The apartment
of empress
Joséphine in
Malmaison

Napoleon’s
bedchamber in
Versaille
Romanticism
The Romantic Period born in Europe toward the
end of the 18th century as an artistic, literary,
musical, cultural and intellectual movement.
It was partly a reaction to the Age of
Enlightment and emphasized intense emotion as
an authentic source of aesthetic experience.
The Romanticism was characterized by its
emphasis on emotion and individualism as well
as glorification of all the past and nature,
preferring the medieval rather than the classical.
Romanticism

Théodore Géricault
The Raft of Medusa 1819
Romanticism

Henry Fuseli
Nightmare, 1781
Romanticism

C. D. Friedrich
Wanderer above the Sea of Fog, 1818
Romanticism

Francisco Goya
Saturno devorando a su hijo, 1823
 Spanish etching

Francisco Goya
El sueño de la razòn produce monstruos
1799
Interior Design
Owen Jones, father figure
A pivotal figure in popularizing theories of interior
design to the middle class was the architect Owen
Jones. Jones was one of the most influential design
theorists of the 19th century.
His first project was his most important – in 1851
he was responsible for not only the decoration of
Joseph Paxton’s gigantic Crystal Palace for the
Great Exhibition, but also for the arrangement of
the exhibits within.
Interior Design

J. Paxton - Crystal Palace

 Interior Design

The most significant work of Jones was “The

Grammar of Ornament” (1856) in which Jones
formulated 37 key principles of interior
design and decoration.

Fifty-two years later Adolf Loos, an Austrian

architect wrote “Ornament and Crime”
Interior Design
Owen Jones
Indian Court at the Great
Exhibition, 1851

Adolf Loos – Villa Müller

(1930) – Czech Republic
 Art Deco
The Art Deco Style began in Europe in the early
years of the 20th century, with the waning of Art
Nouveau. The term "Art Deco" was taken from
the Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs
et Industriels Modernes, a world’s fair held in Paris
in 1925.

Use of metal work in Art Deco

 Art Deco
Art Deco style is mainly based on geometric
shapes, streamlining, and clean lines. The style
offered a sharp, cool look of mechanized living
utterly at odds with anything that came before.
Black and white was
a very popular color
scheme during the
1920s and 1930s.

MS Kungsholm
First Class Smoking Room
Art Deco

New Home in Art Deco Style

 Art Deco
In Italy the “art deco“ was called “Liberty“
(Floreale style in the early 20th century) from the
Londoner warehouse Arthur Lasenby Liberty
built in 1875.

Guido Balsamo Stella

Cup Siren and Moon, 1925-1928
 Art Deco
In Spain the “art deco“
was called
“Modernismo“ and
many relevant examples
are in Bilbao, Madrid,
Seville and Barcelona
where Antoni Gaudì
made his famous
architectural works as
Sagrada Familia, La
Pedrera, Casa Batlò. Casa Batllò in Barcelona
 Art Deco
In Portugal the “art deco“ was called “Arte
Nova“

Casa Decha’ in Lisboa

 Art Deco
In USA the “art deco“ was called “Tiffany
style“ from the firm Louis Comfort Tiffany.

Peacock Lantern

Macy’s mall in New York

Art Deco

Lead glass window - Tiffany

 Art Deco
In Germany the “art deco“ was called
“Jungenstil“
Haute Residence

Eclectic Staircase Zillow Digs

 Art Deco

In Austria the “art

deco“ was called
“Vienna Secession“

Entrance to the bar room of th

Cabaret Fledemarmaus, Vien
Impressionism
Impressionism is a 19th-century art movement
characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush
strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate
depiction of light in its changing qualities (often
accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary
subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial
element of human perception and experience, and
unusual visual angles.
Impressionism

Montmartre was the

center of the cultural life
in Paris during the “Belle
Époque”.
The Impressionism was
the most significant
expression of the visual
arts of that cultural and
artistic wave.

Toulouse Lautrec
Mulin Rouge Label
Impressionism

Claude Monet
Degas Breackfast on the grass
The school of dance
Impressionism

Renoire
Le Mulin de la Galette
Impressionism

Paul Cézanne
Madam Cèzanne
in Yellow Chair
Impressionism

Museé d’Orsay - Paris

By Gae Aulenti
Impressionism

Auguste Rodin
The Thinker

Auguste Rodin
The Body in Bronze
Post-impressionism

Towards the end of the 19th

century, several young
painters took impressionism
a stage further, using
geometric forms and
unnatural color to depict
emotions while striving for
deeper symbolism.

Paul Gaugin, Saule Marie

Post-impressionism
Paul Gaugin
was influenced
by Asian,
African &
Japanese
culture.
In the island of
Haiti he draw
the life of the
Pacific Ocean
islands.

Paul Gaugin, Arearea

Post-impressionism

Vincent van Gogh was a

Dutchman who moved to
France where he draw
inspired by the strong
sun of the South.

Van Gogh
Self-portrait with grey hat
Post-impressionism

Van Gogh, Starry night

Post-impressionism

Van Gogh, Arles

Van Gogh
The Church in Auvers-surOise
Post-impressionism

Toulouse-Lautrec was
famous for his vivid
paintings of night life
in the Paris district of
Montmartre

Toulouse Lautrec
Ambassadeur Label
Symbolism

The Norwegian artist Edvar

Munch was the most
important painter of the so
called “symbolic approach”;
a wave borne at the end of
the 19th Century.

Edvar Munch
The Scream
Symbolism

Jerome
Diogenes the Cinic
Symbolism

El simbolismo alquimico
Panteon de Juda
Expressionism
Partly as a result of Munch's
influence, began in Germany
the expressionist movement
that distort reality for an
emotional effect.

Kirkener
L’artiste Marcella
Cubism
The style known as Cubism developed in
France as artists focused on the volume and
space of sharp structures within a composition.
Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were the
leading proponents of the movement. Objects
are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in
an abstracted form. By the 1920s, the style had
developed into surrealism.
Cubism

Pablo Picasso
Guernica
Cubism

Pablo Picasso
 Cubism

Pablo Picasso
Dora Maar
 Cubism

Pablo Picasso
Fabrica a Horta de Hebra
 Cubism

Pablo Picasso – Self-portrait 1901

Pablo Picasso
Self-portrait 1907
Cubism

Pablo Picasso
Maria Picasso
 Cubism

Pablo Picasso
Science and Charity
Cubism

Pablo Picasso
Olga Picasso
 Cubism

Georges Braque
Glass on Table
Cubism

Franz Marc
Abstract with Cattle
Surrealism
It was a visual arts and writings that began in
the early 1920s in France.
Surrealist works feature the element of
surprise and unexpected juxtapositions .

Salvador
Dalì

Max Ernst
The Elephant Celebes
Surrealism

Savador Dalì
Persistence of Memory
Surrealism

Savador Dalì
White Horse
Surrealism

Magritte
Golconde
 Surrealism

Magritte Magritte
Dreamland Son of Man
Surrealism

Mirò
Constelaciones
Surrealism

Mirò
Sueño y color
Vienna Secession

Gustave Klimt
Sleeping Danae
Vienna Secession

Rembrandt
Sleeping Danae

Gustave Klimt
Detail of Sleeping Danae
Modern Art
The Modern Design grew out of the decorative arts
(Art Deco) in the early 20th century. One of the first
to introduce this style was Frank Lloyd Wright, who
hadn't become hugely popularized until completing
the house called Falling Water in the 1930s.
Other masters of the Modern Design were C.R.
Mackintosh, Le Coubusier, Mies Van der Rohe and
Walter Gropius (one of the founders of the
Bauhaus).
Modern Art

C. R. Mackintosh Chairs, 1902

Cassina production, 1973

Le Corbusier – Chaise Longue, 1928

Cassina production, 1965
Modern Art

Mies Van der Rohe

MR Chair , 1929

Mies Van der Rohe

Barcelona Chair, 1929
Modern Art
Staatliches Bauhaus, commonly known simply as
Bauhaus was a German art school operational
from 1919 to 1933, that combined crafts and the
fine arts, and was famous for the approach to
design that it publicized and taught.
The school existed in three German cities:
Weimar from 1919 to 1925, Dessau from 1925 to
1932 and Berlin from 1932 to 1933.
Modern Art
Founded with the idea of creating a "total" work of
art (Gesamtkunstwerk) in which all arts, including
architecture, would eventually be brought
together, the Bauhaus style later became one of
the most influential currents in modern design.

Foyer of the Bauhaus University of

Weimar
Modern Art
Modern art reached its peak in the 1950s and 60s
which is why designers and decorators today may
refer to modern design as being "mid-century”.
Modern Art does not refer to the era or age of
design. Modern art is not the same as
contemporary design, which is a term that
designers apply to a shifting group of recent styles
and trends.
Modern Art

Lenno villa - USA

Bar in Rotterdam
Modern Art – Italian Industrial Design
The International Turin Exposition in 1902 was one
of the most important manifestations concerning the
relationship between industry, applied arts and
architecture. It was an extremely successful
exposition with great influence on Italian industrial
design and on its specificity.
It was in this period that furniture design came to life
(design of fanciful furniture conceived by authors
like Duilio Ciambellotti, Ernesto Basile and the
Bugatti brothers). It was the time of luxury industry.
Modern Art – Italian Industrial Design
The vanguard movement that more influenced the
idea of an aesthetic revolution of the world was
Futurism. It was closely related to fascism and its
“spiritual leaders” were Tommaso Marinetti and
Umberto Boccioni.
The project's culture knew great growth between
1920's and 1930's thanks to trade journals. The most
important were “Domus”(founded in 1928 by Gio
Ponti) and “Casabella”. This second review became
the Modernism's official voice thanks to Giuseppe
Pagano and Edoardo Persico's articles.
Gio Ponti - Oak and Pear Wood
Console by Roncoroni, 1940.
The most interesting personalities in this period were
Gio Ponti, Mario Asnago, Claudio Vender, Franco
Albini, Piero Bottoni and Giuseppe Terragni.

Gio Ponti – Armchair, 1960

Gio Ponti – Italian Cultur Institute
Stocholm, 1954
Achille Castiglioni Achille Castiglioni
Sedia Mezzadro, 1957 Arco-piantana, 1962

Achille e Piergiacomo
Castiglioni Sedia Tric, 1979
Installment by L. Gargantini
for the Bolzano fair, 1957
Memphis Group
Lido Sofa 1980

Studio Alchimia
Olo Chair 1988
The most important Italian Exhibition for Design
is the Triennale di Milano.

Inaugurated in Monza in 1923 with a two-year

cadence, the Esposizione Internazionale delle Arti
Decorative e Industriali e dell'Architettura
Moderna (International Exhibition of Decorative and
Industrial Arts and Modern Architecture) became
triennial in 1930 and three years later moved to its
new home in Milan (Palazzo dell’Arte) to celebrate
its fifth edition.
Scandinavia Early On
Scandinavia here means the countries of Northern
Europe: Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Norway.
Design from there is described by many as being
fairly minimalist, with clean simple lines.
Highly functional, the style is effective without
needing heavy elements; only what is needed is used.
Survival in the north required products to be
functional, and this was the basis of all design from
early on.
In Denmark, Skønvirke magazine started
publishing in 1914. Its content was inspired by old
Danish handicrafts and national Romanticism, with
international influences appearing in decorations.
The word “Skønvirke” became synonymous with Art
Nouveau and Jugend.
The delicate nature-
inspired forms, graceful
lines and colors fit the
Scandinavian aesthetic
well.
Interior of Sankt Hans Apothek (Saint
John’s Pharmacy), representative of the
Skønvirke style, in Odense, Denmark, 1903.
The concept of “beautiful things that make your life
better” was highly regarded. Scandinavian design is
often referred to as democratic design, because of its
aim to appeal to the masses through products that are
accessible and affordable.
El Lissitzky
Cover of the book Teyashim
 Left: Piet Mondrian
Composition, 1937

Right: Gerrit Rietveld

Red and Blue Chair, 1917

Interior of Stockholm Exhibition 1930

Arne Jacobsen – Staircase in Aarhus Radhus
 Verner Panton
Panthella Lamp, 1971 and
Panton Chair, 1967

Eero Aarnio – Globe Chair, 1963

Aarno Saarinen – Tulip Chair, 1957
Japanese interior design has a unique aesthetic
derived from specific religious-philosophical
figures as Taoism, Zen and Buddhism. This
aesthetic has in turn influenced western style,
particularly Modernism.
The Japanese aesthetic stems from ideals
of Taoism, imported from China in ancient
times, and, in terms of interior, the aesthetic is
one of simplicity and minimalism.
Japanese design of interiors is very simple but
made with attention to detail and intricacy,
highlighting minimal and natural decoration.
Japanese interior design is very efficient in the
use of resources. Traditional and modern
Japanese interiors have been flexible in use and
designed mostly with natural materials. The
spaces are used as multifunctional rooms. The
rooms can be opened to create more space for a
particular occasion or for more privacy, or vice
versa closed-off by pulling closed paper screens
called shoji.
The shoji screen allow light through. This is an
important aspect to Japanese design. Paper
translucent walls allow light to be diffused
through the space and create light shadows and
patterns.
Another way to connect rooms in Japan’s
interiors is through sliding panels made of
wood and paper, like the shoji screens, or cloth.
These panels are called fusuma and are used as
an entire wall. They are traditionally hand
painted.
Bamboo is prominently used and even expected
in the Japanese house, used both for decorative
and functional purposes.
Tatami mats are rice straw floor mats often
used to cover the floor in Japan’s interiors. They
are the basis of traditional Japanese architecture,
regulating a building's size and dimensions.
Japanese Zen interior designs draw inspiration
from elements of nature as they have immense
respect for nature.
 Interior Design by
Shinichi Ogawa & Associates
 Old & Modern Japanese paintings

Geishe
Mandi Tsung
Ikuyo Toba, Flower
 Bushido Code
The soul of samurai
Zen Circle
The Futurism (Futurismo)
It was a cultural, social and artistic movement born in Italy
at the early 20th century, founded by the Italian poet
Filippo Tommaso Martinetti in 1909.

F. T. Martinetti, Manifesto of Futurismo

The Futurism (Futurismo)

F. T. Martinetti, Images of Futurismo

The Futurism (Futurismo)

The Futurism emphasized speed, technology, youth,

and violence, and objects such as the car, the airplane,
and the industrial city.
Although it was largely an Italian phenomenon, there
were parallel movements in Russia, England, Belgium.
The Futurists practiced in every medium of art,
including painting, sculpture, ceramics, graphic design,
industrial design, interior design, urban design, theatre,
film, fashion, textiles, literature, music, architecture, and
even meals!
The Futurism

Russolo, Carrà, Martinetti, Boccioni and Severini

at the first exposition of the «Italia Futurista» in Paris
 The Futurism

Natalia Gorachova
The Cyclist

Giacomo Balla
Dynamic Expansion + Speed
The Futurism

Giacomo Balla
Dymnamics of a dog on a leash
Umberto Boccioni
The Rising City
The Futurism
Antonio Sant’Elia
Futuristic Architecture

Alessandro Bruschetti
Aereo-self-portrait
The Metaphysical Art
(Pittura Metafisca)
Was a painting style of
the 20th century founded
by the Italians Giorgio de
Chirico e Carlo Carrà.
Dreamlike works with
sharp contrasts of light
and shadow often with a
vaguely threatening and
mysterious quality are
typical of this art.

Giorgio de Chirico
Ettore e Andromaca
Andy Warhol
Balthus
Kathia with cat
Renato Guttuso

Marta 1949
 Renato Guttuso
Il bordello 1956

Sulphur miners 1949

I Campieri 1949
Sears Tower (Willis)
by Bruce Graham & Fazlur Khan
of Skidmore, Owings & Merril
 Norman Foster

The «cocumber» - London, GB

City Hall - London, GB

 Santiago Calatrava

Ciudad de Sciensas et Arts

Valencia, Spain
 Santiago Calatrava

Railway Station «Mediopadana»

Reggio Emilia, Italy

Airport
Bilbao, Spain
 Santiago Calatrava

Bridge
Cosenza, Italy
 Jean Nouvelle

KKL Congress Centre

Lucerne, Switzerland

Galleries Lafayette
Berlin, Germany
 F. O. Gehry

Guggenheim Museum
Bilbao, Spain

Vitra Museum
Weil am Rhein, CH
 Renzo Piano

Stadium - Bari, Italy

Centre Pompidou «Beaubourg»

Paris, France
 Zaha Hadid

Heyedar ar Aliyev Centre

Baku, Azerbaigian

Museum STUA – Rome, Italy

Potzdamer Platz
Berlin, Germany
 Potzdamer Platz
Berlin, Germany

Sony Centre
by Murphy-Jahn, Kollhof,
Isozaki, Piano, Rogers
 Potzdamer Platz
Berlin, Germany

Daimler-Chrysler Centre
by Rogers

Underground Entrance
Jewish Museum - Berlin, Germany
by Libenskid
Dubai Architecture
Dubai Architecture
Residence in Bangkok, Thailand
«L’architettura è un cristallo»
(architecture is a crystal)
Gio Ponti

Thank you