AJAY BEHL ACADEMY OF CHEMISTRY

CaCO3 ( s )  CaO ( s )  CO2 ( g ) .

Chapter 7: Equilibrium What is the effect of increasing concentration of CO2
on direction of reaction?
Very Short Answer Type Questions 22. Classify the following as homogeneous or heterogeneous
1. Write KP in terms of Kc for the following equilibria:
chemical reaction: 2SO2 ( g )  O2 ( g )  2SO3 ( g ) . (i) 2SO2 ( g )  O2 ( g )  2SO3 ( g )
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2. Why common salt is added to precipitate out

(ii) 2 Mg ( s )  O2 ( g )  2 MgO ( s )
soap from the solution during its manufacture?
23. A tank is full of water. Water is coming in as well as
3. Find the conjugate base for the species H 2 O and NH 4 . going out at same rate. What will happen to level of
4. Define Lewis acids and bases with example. water in a tank ? What is name given to such state?
5. What is the effect of increasing pressure on the 24. What type of chemical reaction attain a state of
equilibrium? N 2 ( g )  3H 2 ( g )  2 NH 3 ( g ) . equilibrium when carried out in closed vessel?
6. Write the expression for the equilibrium con­stant (Kc) 25. A  B K1  1
for the reaction: CH 3COOC2 H 5 ( aq)  H 2 O(l ) B C K2  2
 CH 3COOH ( aq)  C 2 H 5OH ( aq) . C D K3  3
7. Write the equilibrium constant expression for following D E K4  4
reaction: 2 NOCl ( g )  2 NO( g )  Cl 2 ( g ) . What is value of K for A  E?
8. Write expression of Kc for reaction: 26. H 2 ( g )  I 2 ( g )  2 HI ( g ), K  49 . What is the value
N 2 ( g )  3H 2 ( g )  2 NH 3 ( g ) . Give units of K.
of K c for the reaction:
9. At what temperature the solid and liquid are in
equilibrium under 1 atm pressure? 1 1
HI ( g )  H 2 (g)  I2 (g) ?
10. What is the effect of temperature on solubility of gases 2 2
in liquids’
27. A  B  AB ; K  1  10 2
11. What is the relationship between KPand Kc?
12. What is the effect of increasing pressure in the reactions? E  F  EF ; K  1  10 3
(i) PCl5 ( g )  PCl3 ( g )  Cl2 ( g ) Out of AB and EF, which one is more stable AB or EF?
(ii) N 2 ( g )  O2 ( g )  2 NO ( g ) 28. N 2  3H 2  2 NH 3  Heat . What is the effect of
13. What is the effect of temperature on the reactions? increasing temperature on value of K?
29. Which will have CO2 to more extent, hot cold drink
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(i) N 2 ( g )  3H 2 ( g )  2 NH 3 ( g )  Heat
bottle or chilled cold drink bottle, why?
(ii) N 2 ( g )  O2 ( g )  2 NO ( g )  Heat 30. Mention the conditions of temperature and pressure
14. Consider the following equilibrium when gas will dissolve in liquid to maximum extent
CO2(g) + C(graphite)  2CO(g). with decrease in volume and absorption of heat.
Write the equilibrium expression for Kc and calculate 31. How does a catalyst affect the equilibrium constant?
its units. 32. Give the relationship between K a , c and  , where
15. Write expression of Kp for the reaction:
' K a ' is acid dissociation constant. ‘c’ is molar
N 2 O4 ( g )  2 NO2 ( g )
concentration, ‘  ’ is degree of dissociation.
16. N 2 ( g )  3H 2 ( g )  2 NH 3 ( g ) , K  0.50 at 673 K.
33. Write an expression for K a , for ionization of HCN in
Write the equilibrium expression and equilibrium
aqueous solution. Give equation also.
constant for reverse reaction.
34. In qualitative analysis, on what basis cations are
17. What is meant by reaction quotient?
grouped?
18. If Qc  K c , in which direction reaction will proceed? 35. What is the effect of temperature on solubility product
19. If Qc  K c , predict the direction of reaction. (Ksp)?
36. Why is Lewis concept more useful than Bronsted–
20. 2 NO ( g )  O2 ( g )  2 NO2 ( g ), H  117 kJ. Lowry concept?
(i) Predict the effect of an increase in concentration of
37. If K w  49  10 14 ,what will be neutral pH of H 2 O ?
NO on the equilibrium concentration of NO 2 .
38. Why do we pass H2S gas in acidic medium in group 2?
(ii) Predict the effect of pressure decrease as a result of 39. Is it possible to get precipitate of Fe(OH)3 at pH = 2?
increased volume on the equilibrium concentration of Give reason.
NO,. 40. Under what conditions is a substance precipitated from
21. Write an expression of K, for the following reaction:
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 AJAY BEHL ACADEMY OF CHEMISTRY
its solution? OH  , RO  , CH 3COO  , Cl  .
41. Write conjugate acid and conjugate base of H 2 O . 63. Arrange the following in increasing order of pH.
42. How does common ion affect the solubility of
KNO3 ( aq ) , CH 3COONa ( aq ),NH 4 Cl ( aq ) ,
electrolyte?
C6 H 5COONH 4 ( aq ) .
43. What is the expression for K sp of Ag 2 CrO4 ?
Short Answer Type Questions
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44. pK a values of acids A, B, C, D are 1.5, 3.5, 2.0 and

1. (i) Write the conjugate acid for NH 2 and NH 3 .
5.0. Which of them is strongest acid?
(ii) What is the relationship between pKa and pKb values?
45. SO32 is Bronsted base or acid and why?
2. One mole of H 2 O and one mole of CO are taken in 10
46. Which of the following are Lewis acid? H 2 O , BF3 , H  L vessel and heated to 725 K. At equilibrium 40% of
water (by mass) reacts with CO according to the
and NH 4 .
equation:
47. What will be the conjugate bases for Bronsted acids
H 2O( g )  CO ( g )  H 2 ( g )  CO2 ( g )
HF, H2SO4 and HCO3 ? Calculate equilibrium constant for the reaction.
48. Write the conjugate acids for Bronsted bases 3. At 700 K, the equilibrium constant for the reaction:
NH 2 , NH 3 and HCOO . H 2 ( g )  I 2 ( g )  2 HI ( g ) is 54.8. If 0.5 mol L1 of
49. Write two equations to show the amphiprotic (acid as HI(g) is present at equilibrium at 700 K, what are the
well as base) property of water. concentrations of H2(g) and I2(g) assuming that we
50. Which of the following is strongest Lewis acid? initially started with HI(g) and allowed it to reach
CCl4 , AlCl3 , NCl , OCl3 . equilibrium at 700 K?
4. The reaction:
51. Which of the following is Lewis acid but not Bronsted
CO ( g )  3H 2 ( g )  CH 4  H 2 O ( g )
acid? HBrO3 , SbCl 3 , HSO 4 ,AlF3 .
is at equilibrium at 1300 K in a one litre flask. The
52. ‘All Lewis bases are also Bronsted bases’. Is it true? If gaseous equilibrium mixture contains 0.30 mol of CO,
yes, Why? 0.10 mol of H2 and 0.020 mol of H2O and an unknown
53. All Bronsted acids are not Lewis acids. Explain. amount of CH4 in the flask. Determine the concentration
54. Which of the following is strongest acid? of CH4 in the mixture. The equilibrium constant, Kc for
HCl , HClO3 , HNO3 , H 2 SO4 , HClO4 . the reaction at the given temperature is 3.90.
55. Which of the following is weakest acid? 5. What is Kc for the following equilibrium when the
equilibrium concentration of each substance is:
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HClO4 , HClO3 , HClO2 , HClO .

56. Which of the following is strongest conjugate base? [ SO2 ]  0.60M ,[O2 ]  0.82M and [ SO3 ]  1.90M ?

CH 3 , NH 2 , OH  , F  . 2SO2 ( g )  O2 ( g )  2SO3 ( g ) .
6. Explain why pure liquids and solids can be ignored while
57. K b for NH 4OH is 1.8  10 5 and for CH 3 NH 2 is writing the equilibrium constant expression.
4.4  10 4 . Which of them is strongest base and why? 7. Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc
58. The equilibrium constant expression for a gas reaction for each of the following reactions:
is (i) 2 NOCl ( g )  2 NO( g )  Cl 2 ( g )
[ NH 3 ]4 [O2 ]5 (ii) 2Cu ( NO3 ) 2 ( s)  2CuO( s )  4 NO2 ( g )  O2 ( g )
Kc  .
[ NO]4 [ H 2O]6 (iii) CH 3COOC 2 H 5 ( aq )  H 2 O (l ) 
Write the balanced chemical equation corresponding to CH 3COOH ( aq)  C2 H 5OH ( aq)
this expression.
59. What is the effect of increase in pressure on the volubility (iv) Fe 3 ( aq )  3OH  (aq )  Fe(OH ) 3 ( s )
of gases in liquids? (v) I 2 ( s )  5F2  2 IF5
60. Give relationship between KP and Kc reversible reaction.
8. Reaction between N2 and O2 takes place as following:
61. Write the expression for equilibrium constant KP for
the reaction: 2 N 2 ( g )  O2 ( g )  2 N 2 O ( g )
3Fe( s )  4 H 2 O ( g )  Fe3O4 ( s )  4 H 2 ( g ) If a mixture of 0.482 mol of N2 and 0.933 mol of O2 is
placed in a 10 L reaction vessel and allowed to form
62. Conjugate acid of a weak base is always stronger. What
will be the decreasing order of basic strength of the N2O at a temperature for which K c  2.0  10 37 ,
following conjugate bases? determine the composition of equilibrium mixture.
9. Nitric oxide reacts with bromine and give nitrosyl

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 AJAY BEHL ACADEMY OF CHEMISTRY
bromide as per reaction given below. for which Kc = 32 at 500 K. If initially pure BrCl is
2 NO ( g )  Br2 ( g )  2 NOBr ( g ) . present at a concentration of 3.30  10 3 mol L1 , what
When 0.087 mol of NO and 0.0437 mol of Br, is its molar concentration in the mixture at equilibrium?
are mixed in a closed container at constant temperature, 16. Find out the value of K, for each of the following
0.0518 mot of NOBr is obtained equilibria from the value of KP
at equilibrium. Calculate equilibrium amount of (i) 2 NOCl ( g )  2 NO( g )  Cl 2 ( g ) ;
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NO and Br2.
10. A sample of pure PC15 was introduced into an evacuated K p  1.8  10 2 at 500 K.
vessel at 473 K. After equilibrium was attained,
concentration of PCl 5 was found to be 17. For the following equilibrium, K c  6.3  1014 at
100 K
0.5  10 1 mol L1 . If value of Kc is 8.3  10 3 , what are
the concentrations of PC13 and Cl2 at equilibrium? NO ( g )  O3 ( g )  NO2 ( g )  O2 ( g )
Both the forward and reverse reactions in the
PCl5 ( g )  PCl3 ( g )  Cl2 ( g )
equilibrium are elementary bimolecular reactions. What
11. Which of the following reactions will get affected by is K,, for the reverse reaction?
increasing the pressure? Also, mention whether change
will cause the reaction to go into forward or backward 18. At 450 K, K p  2.0  1010 /bar for the given reaction at
direction. equilibrium.
(i) COCl2 ( g )  CO ( g )  Cl 2 ( g ) 2SO( g )  O2 ( g )  2SO3 ( g )
(ii) CH 4 ( g )  2S 2 ( g )  CS 2 ( g )  2 H 2 S ( g ) What is K, at this temperature?
19. A mixture of 1.57 mol of N2, 1.92 mol of H2 and 8.13
(iii) CO2 ( g )  C ( s )  2CO ( g )
mol of NH3 is introduced into a 20 L reaction vessel at
(iv) 2 H 2 ( g )  CO( g )  CH 3OH ( g ) 500 K. At this temperature, the equilibrium constant K,
(v) CaCO3 ( s )  CaO ( s )  CO2 ( g ) for the reaction: N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g) is 1.7  10 2 .
(vi) 4 NH 3 ( g )  5O2 ( g )  4 NO ( g )  6 H 2 O ( g ) Is the reaction mixture at equilibrium ? If not, what is
the direction of the net reaction?
12. For the reaction,
20. What is the equilibrium concentration of each of the
CH 4 ( g )  2 H 2 S ( g )  CS 2 ( g )  4 H 2 ( g ) at 1173 K, substances in the equilibrium when the initial
the magnitude of the equilibrium constant, Kc is 3.6. concentration of ICl was 0.78 M?
For each of the following compositions, decide whether 2 ICl ( g )  I 2 ( g )  Cl 2 ( g ); K c  0.14 .
reaction mixture is at equilibrium. If it is not, decide in
21. The ionization constant of HF, HCOOH and HCN at
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which direction the reaction should go?

298 K are 6.8  10 4 ,1.8  10 4 and
(i) [CH 4 ]  1.07 M ,[ H 2 S ]  1.20 M ,
[CS 2 ]  0.90M , [ H 2 ]  1.78 M 4.8  10 9 respectively. Calculate the ionization
constants of the corresponding conjugate bases.
(ii) [CH 4 ]  1.45M , [ H 2 S ]  1.29 M
22. The ionization constant of phenol is 1.0  10 10 . What
[CS 2 ]  1.25M ,[ H 2 ]  1.75M is the concentration of phenolate ion in 0.05 M solution
13. At 1127 K and 1 atm pressure, a gaseous mixture of of phenol? What will be its degree of ionization if the
CO and CO2 in equilibrium with solid carbon has solution is also 0.01 M in sodium phenolate?
90.55% CO by mass.
23. The first ionization constant of H2S is 9.1  10 8 .
C ( s )  CO2 ( g )  2CO ( g ) .
Calculate the concentration of HS  ion in its 0.1 M
Calculate K, for this reaction at the above
temperature. solution. How will this concentration be affected if the
14. Equilibrium constant, Kc for the reaction solution is 0.1 M in HCl also? If the second dissociation
N 2 ( g )  3H 2 ( g )  2 NH 3 ( g ) constant of H 2 S is 1.2  10 13 , calculate the
at 500 K is 0.061. At a particular time, the analysis shows concentration of S 2 under both conditions.
that composition of the reaction mixture is 3.00 mol 24. Assuming complete dissociation, calculate the pH of
L­1 of N2, 2.00 mot L­1 of H2, and 0.500 mol L­1 of NH3. the following solutions:
Is the reaction at equilibrium? If not, in which direction (i) 0.003 M HCl (ii) 0.005 M NaOH
does the reaction tend to proceed to reach equilibrium? (iii) 0.002 M HBr (iv) 0.002 M KOH
15. Bromine monochloride, BrCl, decomposes into bromine 25. Calculate the pH of the following solutions:
and chlorine and reaches the equilibrium: (i) 2 g of TlOH dissolved in water to give 2 litre of
2 BrCl ( g )  Br2 ( g )  Cl 2 ( g ) solution.

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 AJAY BEHL ACADEMY OF CHEMISTRY
(ii) 0.3 g of Ca(OH)2 dissolved in water to give 500 ml 40. Describe the effect of
of solution. (i) addition of H 2
(iii) 0.3 g of NaOH dissolved in water to give 200 ml
of solution. (ii) addition of CH 3 OH
(iv) 1 ml of 13.6 M HCl is diluted with water to give 1 (iii) removal of CH3OH on the equilibrium of the
litre of solution. reaction: 2 H 2 ( g )  CO( g )  CH 3OH ( g ) .
26. Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration in the following
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41. Explain the following:

biological fluids whose pH are given below: (i) Common ion effect
(i) Human muscle­fluid, 6.83 (ii) Bronsted Lowry concepts of acids and bases
(ii) Human stomach fluid, 1.2 42. (i) Why is NH4Cl added before addition of NH4OH in
(iii) Human blood, 7.38 qualitative analysis of 3rd group?
(iv) Human saliva, 6.4 (ii)Which will be added to precipitate soap
27. The pH of milk, black coffee, tomato juice, lemon juice
(RCOONa) ? NaCl or KCl and why?
and egg white are 6.8, 5.0, 4.2, 2.2 and 7.8 respectively.
Calculate corresponding hydrogen ion concentration in 43. A certain buffer is made by mixing sodium formate and
each. formic acid in water with the help of equations explain
28. If 0.561 g of KOH is dissolved in water to give 200 ml how this buffer neutralizes addition of a small amount
of solution at 298 K. Calculate the concentrations of of an acid or a base.
potassium, hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. What is its pH? 44. A basic buffer is made by mixing ammonium hydroxide
29. The solubility of Sr(OH)2 at 298 K is 19.23 g/L of and ammonium nitrate in water. Explain how this buffer
solution. Calculate the concentrations of strontium and resists change in its pH on addition of a small amount
hydroxyl ions and the pH of the solution. of an acid or a base.
45. The aqueous solution of sugar does not conduct
30. The ionization constant of propanoic mid 1.32  10 5 .
electricity. However, when sodium chloride is added to
Calculate the degree of ionization of the acid in its 0.05 water, it conducts electricity. How will you explain this
M solution and also its pH. What will be its degree of statement on the basis of ionisation and how is it affected
ionization if the solution is 0.01 M in HCl also? by concentration of sodium chloride?
31. The pH of 0.1 M solution of cyanic acid (HCNO) is 46. BF3 does not have proton but still acts as an acid and
2.34. Calculate the ionization constant or acid and its reacts with NH3. Why is it so? What type of bond is
degree of ionization in the solute formed between the two?
32. The ionization constant of nitrous acid is 4.5  10 4 . 47. Ionisation constant of a weak base MOH, is
Calculate the pH of 0.04 M sodium nitrite solution and [ M  ][OH  ]
also its degree of hydrolysis. given by the expression K b 
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[ MOH ]
33. A 0.02 M solution of pyridinium hydrochloride has pH
= 3.44. Calculate the ionization constant of pyridine. values of ionization constant of some weak bases at a
particular temperature are given below:
34. The species H 2 O , HCO 3 , HSO 4 and NH 3 can act both Base Dimethylamine Urea Pyridine Ammonia
as Bronsted acids and bases. For each case give 4 14
K b 5.4  10 1.3  10 1.77  10 1.77  10 5
9
corresponding conjugate acid and base.
35. Classify the following species into Lewis acids and Arrange the bases in decreasing order of the extent of
Lewis bases and show how these act as, Lewis acid/ their ionization at equilibrium. Which of the above base
base: is the strongest?
48. pH of a solution of a strong acid is 5.0. What will be
(i) OH  (ii) F  the pH of the solution obtained after diluting the given
(iii) H  (iv) BCl3 solution a 100 times?
36. The concentration of hydrogen ion in a sample of soft 49. Calculate the pH of a solution formed by mixing equal
volumes of two solutions A and B of a strong acid having
drink is 3.8  10 3 M . What is its pH
pH = 6 and pH = 4 respectively.
37. The pH of a sample of vinegar is 3.76. Calculate the 50 . Following data is given for the reaction:
concentration of hydrogen ion in it.
CaCO3 ( s )  CaO ( s )  CO2 ( g )
38. The ionization constant of acetic acid is 1.74  10 5 .
Calculate the degree of dissociation of acetic acid in its  f H [CaO( s)]  635.1 kJ mol 1
0.05 M solution. Calculate the concentration of acetate
 f H [CO2 ( g )]  393.5 kJ mol 1
ion in the solution and its PH.
39. It has been found that the pH of a 0.01 M solution of an  f H [CaCO3 ( s )]  1206.9 kJ mol 1
organic acid is 4.15. Calculate the concentration of the
Predict the effect of temperature on the
anion, the ionization constant of the acid and its pK a .

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 AJAY BEHL ACADEMY OF CHEMISTRY
equilibrium constant of the above reaction. (v) Fe3 (aq)  3OH  (aq)  Fe(OH ) 3 ( s)
Short Answer Questions
1. (i) The reaction, quotient of a reversible reaction is Qc, 10. For the reaction N 2 ( g )  3H 2 ( g )  at 400K,
and the equilibrium constant is K c. What do you
K p  41 . Find the value of K p for each of the following
conclude for the reaction if Qc  K c ?
reactions at the same temerpature.
(ii) State Le Chatelier’s principle.
(i) 2 NH 3 ( g )  N 2 ( g )  3H 2 ( g )
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(iii) In qualitative analysis, NH4Cl is added

before adding NH2OH solution for testing of 1 3
3 3 3 (ii) N 2 ( g )  H 2 ( g )  NH 3 ( g )
III group radicals [ Fe , Cr and Al ] . Explain by 2 2
using concept of common ion effect. (iii) 2 N 2 ( g )  6 H 2 ( g )  4 NH 3 ( g )
2. Calculate the pH of 0.4 g of NaOH dissolved
11. In reaction: CO ( g )  2 H 2 ( g )  CH 3OH ( g ) .
in water to give 200 ml of solution.
3. Calculate the molar solubility of Ni(OH)2 in 0.10 M Concentration of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and
methanol become constant at equilibrium, What will
NaOH. The ionic product of Ni(OH)2 is 2.0  10 15 .
happen if:
4. What do you understand by following? (i) volume of the reaction vessel in which reactants and
(i) Dissociation constant of an acid products are contained is suddenly reduced by half?
(ii) Buffer solution (ii) the partial pressure of hydrogen is suddenly doubled?
(iii) Solubility product (iii) an inert gas is added to the system?
5. (i) Hydrolysis of sucrose give 12. Dihydrogen gas is obtained from natural gas by partial
Sucrose + H 2 O  Glucose + Fructose Equilibrium oxidation with steam as per following endothermic
constant K c for the reaction is 2  1013 at 300K. reaction:
Calculate ΔGº at 300 K. CH 4 ( g )  H 2 O ( g )  CO ( g )  3H 2 ( g )
(ii) The concentration of hydrogen in two samples of (i) Write an expression of K p for the above reaction.
soft drinks A and B are 4.0  10 7 and (ii) How will the value of K P and composition of
3.2  10 6 respectively. Which of these two soft drinks equilibrium mixture. be affected by
has higher pH? (a) increasing the pressure;
6. The values of Ksp of two sparingly soluble salts Ni(OH)2 (b) increasing the temperature;
(c)using a catalyst?
and AgCN are 2.0  10 15 and 6  10 17 respectively.. 13. At 473 K, equilibrium constant, Kc for decomposition
Which salt is more soluble? Explain. of phosphorus pentachloride,
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7. A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapours in a sealed

PCl5 is 8.3  10 3 .
container at a fixed temperature. The volume of the
container is suddenly increased. It’ decomposition is depicted as:
(i) What is the initial effect of change on vapour PCl5 ( g )  PCl3 ( g )  Cl 2 ( g );  r H  = 124.0 kJ
pressure?
mol 1 .
(ii) How do rates of evaporation and condensation
(i) Write an expression for K, for the reaction?
change initially?
(ii) What is the value of K, for the reverse reaction at the
(iii) What happens when equilibrium is restored finally
same temperature?
and what will be the final vapour pressure?
(iii) What would be the effect on Kc if (a) more PCl5 is added
8. At a certain temperature and a total pressure of 105 Pa,
(b) pressure is increased (c) the temperature is increased?
iodine vapour contains 40% by volume of atoms:
14. The equilibrium constant for the following reaction
I 2 ( g )  2I ( g )
is 1.6  10 5 at 1024 K.
Calculate KP for the equilibrium.
9. Which of the following reactions involve homogeneous H 2 ( g )  Br2 ( g )  2 HBr ( g )
equilibria and which involve heterogeneous equilibria? Find the equilibrium pressure of all gases if 10.0 bar
(i) 2 N 2 O ( g )  2 N 2 ( g )  O2 ( g ) of HBr is introduced into a sealed container at 1024 K.
15. What is meant by the conjugate acid­base pair? Find the
(ii) 2 NH 3 ( g )  N 2 ( g )  3H 2 ( g ) conjugate acid/base for the following species:
(iii) 2Cu ( NO3 ) 2 ( s)  2CuO( s )  4 NO2 ( g )  O2 ( g ) HNO2 , CN  , HClO4 , F  , OH  , CO32 and S 2 .
(iv) CH 3COOC 2 H 5 ( aq )  H 2 O (l )  16. Predict if the solutions of the following salts are
neutral, acidic or basic:
CH 3COOH ( aq )  C 2 H 5OH ( aq )
NaCl, KBr, NaCN, NH4NO3, NaNO2 and KF

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 AJAY BEHL ACADEMY OF CHEMISTRY
17. The ionization constant of chloroacetic acid is 27. The degree of ionisation of a 0.1 M bromoacetic acid
solution is 0.132. Calculate the pH of the solution
1.35  10 3 . What will be pH of 0.1 M acid and
and the pKa of bromoacetic acid.
its 0.1 M sodium salt solution?
28. The pH of 0.005 M codeine (C18H21NO3) solution is
18. Ionic product of water at 310 K is 2.7  10 14 . 9.95. Calculate its ionisation constant and pKb.
What is the pH of neutral water at this 29. Calculate the degree of ionisation of 0.05 M acetic acid
temperature? if its pKa value is 4.74. How is the degree of dissociation
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19. Calculate the pH of the resultant mixtures: affected when its solution also contains.
(i) 10 ml of 0.2 M Ca(OH)2 + 25 ml of 0.1 M HCl (i) 0.01 M (ii) 0.1 M in HCl?
(ii) 10 ml of 0.01 M H 2 SO4  10 ml of 0.01 M Ca(OH)2 30. The ionisation constant of dimethylamine is 5.4  10 4 .
(iii) 10 ml of 0.1 M H 2 SO4  10 ml of 0.1 M KOH Calculate its degree of ionisation in its 0.02 M solution.
20. Determine the solubilities of (i) silver What percentage of dimethylamine is ionised if the
chromate, (ii) barium chromate, (iii) ferric solution is also 0.1 M in NaOH?
hydroxide, 31. Kp = 0.04 atm at 899 K for the equilibrium shown below.
(iv) lead chloride and (v) mercurous iodide at What is the equilibrium concentration of C2H6 when it
298 K from their solubility product constant given is placed in a flask at 4.0 atm pressure and allowed to
below. Determine also the molarities of individual come to equilibrium?
ions. 32. One of the reaction that takes place in producing steel
from iron ore is the reduction of iron (II) oxide by carbon
[ K sp of Ag 2 CrO4  1.1  10 12 ; monoxide to give iron metal and CO2.
K sp of Fe(OH ) 3  1  1038 ; FeO( s )  CO ( g )  Fe( s)  CO2 ( g ) K p  0.265 atm
at 1050 K.
K sp of BaCrO4  1.2  1010 ;
What are the equilibrium partial pressures of CO and
K sp of PbCl2 = 1.6  10 5 ; CO2 at 1050 K if the initial partial pressures are: pCO =
K sp of Hg 2 I 2  4.5  1029 ] 1.4 atm and pCO2 = 0.80 atm?
21. The solubility product constants of Ag2CrO4 and 33. Calculate (i)  Gº and (ii) the equilibrium constant for
AgBr are 1.1  10 12 and 5.0  10 13 respectively. the formation of NO2 from NO and O2 at 298 K.
Calculate the ratio of the molarities of their saturated 1
NO( g )  O2 ( g )  NO2 ( g )
solutions. 2
22. Equal volumes of 0.002 M solutions of sodium iodate where
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and copper chlorate are mixed together. Will it lead to

precipitation of copper iodate? (For copper iodate  f G( NO2 )  52.0 kJ / mol
Ksp= 7.4  10 8 ).  f G( NO)  87.0 kJ / mol
23. The ionization constant of benzoic acid is 6.46  10 5  f G(O2 )  0 kJ / mol
and K sp for silver benzoate is 2.5  10 13 . How many 34. Does the number of moles of reaction products increase,
times is silver benzoate ore soluble in a buffer of pH decrease or remain same when each of the following
3.19 compared to its solubility in pure water? equilibria is subjected to a decrease in pressure by
24. What is the maximum concentration of equimolar increasing the volume?
solutions of ferrous sulphate and sodium sulphide so (i) PCl5 ( g )  PCl3 ( g )  Cl2 ( g )
that when mixed in equal volumes, there is no (ii) CaO ( s )  CO2 ( g )  CaCO3 ( s )
precipitation of iron sulphide?
(iii) 2 Fe( s )  4 H 2 O ( g )  Fe3O4 ( s )  4 H 2 ( g )
(for iron sulphide 6.3  1018 )
32. Dihydrogen gas used in Haber’s process is produced
25. What is the minimum volume of water required to by reacting methane from natural gas with high
dissolve 1 g of calcium sulphate at 298 K? (Ksp of temperature steam. The first stage of two stage reaction
CaSO4 = 9.1  106 ) . involves the formation of CO and H 2 . In second stage,
26. The concentration of sulphide ion in 0.1 M HCl solution CO formed in first stage is reacted with more steam in
saturated with hydrogen sulphide is 1.0  10 19 M . If water gas shift reaction:
10 ml of this is added to 5 ml of 0.04 M solution of the CO ( g )  H 2 O( g )  CO2 ( g )  H 2 ( g )
following: FeSO4, MnC12, ZnC12 and CdC12. In which If a reaction vessel at 400 °C is charged with an
solutions precipitation will take place? equimolar mixture of CO and steam such that

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 AJAY BEHL ACADEMY OF CHEMISTRY
pCO  p H 2O = 4.0 bar, what will be the partial pressure g lead (II) chloride to get a saturated solution. (Ksp of
of H2 at equilibrium? PbC12 = 3.2  10 8 atomic mass of Pb = 207 u).
36. Predict which of the following reaction will have 47. A sparingly soluble salt having general formula Axp  B yq 
appreciable concentration of reactants and products:
and molar solubility S is in equilibrium with its saturated
(i) Cl2 ( g )  2Cl ( g ); K c  5  1030 solution. Derive a relationship between the solubility
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and solubility product for such salt.

(ii) Cl 2 ( g )  2 NO ( g )  2 NOCl ( g ) ; K c  3.7  108
Long Answer Questions
(iii) Cl 2 ( g )  2 NO2 ( g )  2 NO2Cl ( g ); K c  1.8 1. (i) Write the conjugate acid of HCOO  .
37. The value of Kc for the reaction
(ii) Calculate the pH of 1.0  10 8 M solution of HCl.
3O2 ( g )  2O3 ( g ) is 2.0  10 50 at 25ºC. If the
(ii) Calculate the solubility of A2 X 3 in pure water,,
equilibrium concentration of O2 in air at 25°C. is
assuming that neither kind of ion reacts with water. [The
1.6  10 2 , what is the concentration of O3.
38. What is the pH of 0.001 M aniline solution? The solubility product of A2 X 3 , K sp  1.1  10 23 ]
ionization constant of aniline is 4.27  10 10 . Calculate 2. (i) Write the conjugate acid of NH3.
the degree of ionization of aniline in the solution. Also (ii) Assign reason for the following:
calculate the ionization constant of the conjugate acid (a) A solution of NH4Cl in water shows pH less than 7.
of aniline. (b) In qualitative analysis NH4Cl is added before
39. (i) What are buffer solutions? Give an example of acidic adding NH4OH for testing Fe 3 or Al 3 ions.
buffer solution. (iii) Consider the reaction:
(ii) If the solubility of Ca (IO3 ) 2 in water at N 2 ( g )  3H 2 ( g )  2 NH 3  Heat Indicate the
18°C is 2.1 g/litre. Calculate the value direction in which the equilibrium will shift when:
of solubility product. (a)temperature is increased.
[Molecular mass of Ca( IO3 ) 2 = 390] . (b) pressure is increased.
40. (i) The equilibrium constant of a reaction 3. (i) Which of the following are Lewis acids?
is 2  10 3 at 25ºC and 2  10 2 at 50 °C. Is the H 2O, BF3 , H  and NH 4
reaction endothermic or exothermic? (ii)The pH of a sample of vinegar is 3.76.
(ii) The solubility of CaF2 in water at 298 K is Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ion in it.
(iii) What is common ion effect? Explain its application
1.7  10 3 gram per 100 ml of the solution.
in qualitative analysis of II group radicals.
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Calculate solubility product of CaF2. 4. (i) Define buffer solution.

41. What would be the pH of a solution obtained (ii) The value of Kc in the reaction:
by mixing 10 g of acetic acid and 15g of sodium acetate
and making the volume equal to 1 L? 2 A  B  C is 2  10 3 . At a given time, the
Dissociation constant of acetic acid is 25ºCis composition of reaction mixture is [A] = [B] =
1.75  10 5 . [C] = 3  10 4 M . In which direction the reaction will
42. A buffer solution contains 0.40 mol of ammonium proceed?
hydroxide and 0.50 mol of ammonium chloride to make (ii) The solubility of Sr(OH)2 at 298 K is 19.23
a buffer solution of 1 L. Calculate the pH of the resulting g/L of solution. Calculate the concentration of
buffer solution. Dissociation constant of ammonium strontium and hydroxyl ions and the pH of the
hydroxide at 25ºC is 1.81  10 5 . solution.
43. A sparingly soluble salt gets precipitated only when the 5. (i) The species H 2O, HCO3 , HSO4 and NH3 can act
product of concentration of its ions in the solution (Qsp) both as Bronsted acids and bases. For each case give
becomes greater than its solubility product. If the the corresponding conjugate acid and base.
solubility of BaSO4 in water is 8  10 4 mol dm 3 . (ii) Consider the following endothermic reaction:
Calculate its solubility in 0.01 mol dm­3 of H2SO4. CH 4 ( g )  H 2 O ( g )  CO ( g )  3H 2 ( g )
44. pH of 0.08 mol dm­3 HOCl solution is 2.85. (a) Write expression for Kp for the above reaction.
Calculate its ionisation constant.
(b) How will the values of K p and composition
45. The solubility product of Al(OH) 3 is 2.7  10 11 .
of equilibrium mixture be affected by
Calculate its solubility in g L­1 and also find out pH of 1. increasing the pressure
this solution. 2. increasing the temperature
46. Calculate the volume of water required to dissolve 0.1 3. using a catalyst?

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 AJAY BEHL ACADEMY OF CHEMISTRY
(iii) Calculate the pH of the resultant mixturf of 10 ml panipuri and spicy chat very often. She has problem of
of 0.1 M H 2 SO4  10 ml of 0.1 M KOH. hyperacidity.
(i) What is the cause of hyperacidity?
6. (i) Predict the acidic, basic or neutral nature of
(ii) Why should we avoid spicy food?
the following salts :
(iii) How can we get relief from hyperacidity?
NaCN, KBr, NaNO2,NH4NO3
(iv) What are antacids?
(ii)What is the minimum volume of water required
(v) Name some antacids available in market.
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to dissolve 1 g of calcium sulphate at 298 K?

(vi) Can water act as antacid?
6
(For calcium sulphate K sp is 9.1  10 (vii) What value is not possessed by Sarita?
1 (viii) Is NaHCO3, acidic, basic or neutral? Give reason.
(ii)At 450 K; KP = 2.0  1010 bar for the given 3. Ammonia (NH3) is prepared by Haber’s process.
reaction at equilibrium : Ammonia is used for making fertilizers like urea which
2SO2 ( g )  O2 ( g )  2SO3 ( g ) is most commonly used. If we use excess of fertilizers,
What is Kc at this temperature? it will be harmful for crops. Ram Singh uses urea, DAP
7. (i) For the reaction: (Diammonium Phosphate) for his crops whereas Om
N 2 ( g )  3H 2 ( g )  2 NH 3 ( g )
Prakash uses compost.
(i) Why should we avoid using excess of fertilizers
the value of KP is 3.6  10 2 at 500 K. like urea?
Calculate the value of Kc for the reaction at the same (ii) Why should we prefer natural manure than synthetic
temperature R = 0.083 L bar K­1 mol­1. fertilizers?
(i) What do you understand by: (iii) What else should be done with waste products?
(a) Common ion effect 4. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is most important chemical
(b) Buffer solution known as ‘king of chemicals’. It is prepared by contact
8. (i) At 473 K, equilibrium constant, K c for process by using sulphur dioxide gas. Catalyst is used
in order to increase the yield of sulphuric acid and reduce
3 decomposition of PCl, is 8.3  10 3 . the cost. Sulphuric acid is used in production of
If decomposition is depicted as fertilizers, petroleum refining, manufacture of pigments,
PCl5 ( s )  PCl3 ( s )  Cl 2 ( g );  r H   124.0 kJ mol­1 paints, dyes, detergents etc. Class XI children waste lot
(a)Write an expression for I for the reaction. of H2SO4 while working in the lab.
(b) What is the value of Kc, for the reverse reaction (i) What is best source ofsulphur dioxide gas?
at same temperature. (ii) Is sulphur dioxide gas pollutant?
(c) What would be the effect on Kc if: (iii) How can we prevent pollution due to sulphur
dioxide gas?
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1.the pressure is increased?

2. the temperature is increased? (iv) What values are not possessed by students of class XI
(ii) Write equilibrium constant for the who waste lot of H2SO4?
following reactions: 5. Mohan Singh got pH of his soil tested and followed
advice of Agricultural Scientists at ‘Kissan Centre’ in
(a) BaCO3 ( s )  PCl3 ( s)  Cl2 ( g ) growing crops. He got better quality and quantity of
(b) CH 4 ( g )  2O2 ( g )  CO2 ( g )  2 H 2 O( g ) crops this year.
Value Based Questions (i) Why should we get our soil tested?
(ii) If soil has pH less than 7, how can we make it
1. Enamel has calcium phosphate [Ca3 ( PO4 ) 2 ] when we
neutral?
eat sweets, they form acid in our mouth which reacts (iii) What values are possessed by Mohan Singh?
with calcium phosphate and tooth decay starts. To avoid Is ammonia acidic, basic or neutral?
tooth decay, we should brush our teeth after every meal.
Mohan brushes his teeth twice daily whereas Sonu *****
brushes once only.
(i) Is calcium phosphate basic, acidic or neutral?
Why?
(ii) Is tooth paste acidic, basic or neutral? Give reason.
(iii) What values are possessed by Mohan who brush his
teeth twice?
(iv) What is the expression for Ksp of Ca3(PO4)2?
2. Our stomach has buffer solution of HCl and H2CO3 and
pH is maintained nearly equal to 2. If we take Chat,
panipuri and spicy food, we feel irritation in food pipe
and get hyperacidity. Sarita is fond of chat. She takes

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