HANDBOUND

AT THE

UNIVERSITY OF
TORONTO PRESS
 GRAMMAR
OF THE

NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE.

 2
GRAMMAR
OF THE

NEW ZEALAND LANGUAGE

BY

K. MAUNSELL, LL.D.

ARCIIDEACOX OF AUCKLAND

THIRD EDITION

MELBOURNE, SYDNEY, AND ADELAIDE

AUCKLAND: N. O. LENNOX (late E. WAYTE)
M ...... X\\II
 PREFACE TO THE THIKTi EDITION.

THE reader has here before him the analysis of

"
a strange language," unlike anything known in

Europe, with rules of construction and an idiom

peculiar to itself. He must, therefore, when speaking,
endeavour to divest his mind of European rules of
speech, and adopt those of the Antipodes.
His and most effectual course
wisest, shortest, will

be to study tJie examples get them off by heart, think

of them, and make them the models upon which he
frames his sentences. I can conceive no course more

beneficial than making a vocabulary out of them, on

some plan or scheme of his own. The rules and dis-

sertations he can refer to, at his leisure, as guides in
cases of difficulty.

J%, 1882.
 PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION.

INDEPENDENTLY of minute and numerous subdivisions,

it
may, perhaps, l>e correct to state that there are

spoken in this, the northern island, seven leading dia-

lects, each more or less distinguished from the other,

viz. :
1st, the Rarawa, or that spoken to the northward
of Kaitaia ; 2nd, the Ngapuhi, or that spoken iu
that portion of the island as far south of Kaitaia as

l>oint Rodney on the eastern coast, and Kaipara on

the western ; Waikato, or that spoken in the
3rd, the
district lying between Point Rodney and Tauranga on

the east, and Kaipara and Mokau on the west ; 4th,

that spoken in theBay of Plenty 5th, the dialect of
;

the East Cape and its neighbourhood, in which,

perhaps, may be included that of Rotorua, though in

these two places manylittle differences might l>e

detected ; spoken in the line of coast between

6th, that
Port Nicholson and Wanganui, though here, also, at
least four different branches might be traced 7th, and ;

last, that spoken between "Wanganui and Mokau.

The dialect of Taupo may be, perhaps, considered a
mixture of those of Rotorua and Waikato.
Vlli PREFACE.

All these may be stated to bear to each other a

remarkable radical affinity. Many words, it is true,

may be found in one which are unknown in another ;

but the grammar of any one will give a great insight

into the texture of all.

The Waikato dialect is very generally known

throughout the larger portion of the island. It has

deeply tinctured that of Taupo, is well known at

Tauranga and the Bay of Plenty, and has been carried
to the summits of Taranaki by the multitudes whom
its fierce warriors once dragged from thence in slavery,
and whose chains have since been snapped by the
power of the Gospel. Ngapuhi to the northward are
well acquainted with it, from the number of slaves who
had been fetched from thence by the warrior Hongi ;
and a little before his time it was carried to the neigh-
bourhood of Port Nicholson by two large and distinct
migrations one by Ngatitoa, who were the original
possessors of Kawhia another by Ngatiraukawa, who
;

formerly occupied Maungatautari, and as far as Taupo.

The four tribes, also, who now occupy the banks of
the Thames, resided formerly for a very long period
in Waikato, and, being sprung from the same stock,

speak a language so similar that a critical ear can

scarcely tell the difference between the dialects of the

two people.*
*
Marutuahu, from Kawhia, is the great progenitor of the
Thames tribes, and his name is often used to designate that
people. Kawhia, we may add, is the place at which, according
to the accounts of the people of Waikato, Taranaki, as well as
those of Ngatiruanui, the early immigrants, landed.
 1'KKi IX

The origin of this people, what part <>!' this i.

first occupied, whether it was not coloni/.ed

l>y

ditl'erent migrations from ditlerent islands, are point.-

as yet buried in darkn
That it was not occupied by merely one migration
lias ever been the opinion of the author since lu> h<
of the different condition and habits of the peopl
tlif East
Cape and those of Waikato. survey of A
the different dialects will confirm the conjecture, and
nowhere can we get a better illustration than at Taupo.
For that magnificent lake, in the centre of the island,
and the point of meeting for two parties, as they
approach from either coast, presents also a remarkable
diversity in the languages spoken on the eastern and
rii hanks. On the eastern, the dialect con

ponds closely with that of Rotorua, from which it is

;nt about a four days' journey ; on the north -

rii, which is occupied by a remnant left by the

tiraukawa in their great migration to the south-

ward, the dialect is remarkably similar to that spoken
in Waikato.*
The points of similarity between the fundamental
principles of the Hebrew language and those of Maori
have been occasionally noticed not, however, because
:

author entertains any opinion that the two

* These
remarks might also be extended to Rotorua lakes,
on the north-western extremity also of which are resulini,
<
r ivnmaiit of Njatiraukawa, whose dialect is, a.s far

ie author recolleets, different from that spoken by

.
. okaaue.
X PREFACE.

languages can claim any direct relationship to each

other. Upon this only would he insist, in reply to
those who would bind him down to the model of some
of the European grammars, that Maori, like Hebrew,
is altogether different from those languages in
structure that every subject of scientific inquiry
;

must have rules and an arrangement suited to its

nature ;
and that, as it would be absurd to construct

the English 011 the basis of the Latin, so would it be

more out of course to think of finding in Maori
declensions, conjugations, modes of comparison, itc.,

kc., as accurately defined, or conducted on the same

principles, as those of languages so polished, and so
adapted for expressing as well the minutest varieties
in thought as the tenderest emotions of the feelings.
And here the author would acknowledge his obli-

gations to Professor Lee for his theory of the Hebrew

tenses. On no other hypothesis can a satisfactory
solution be given of the Maori tense.

The student is requested to notice that the remarks

that are more suited to a beginner are printed in

large type, and that matters which are of less import-

ance to him are contained in the smaller. It will be,

perhaps, most advisable for him to omit the perusal of

the latter until he has mastered the former.

WAIKATO HEADS,
February, 1842.
 TABLE OF OiNTKNTS.

CHAPTKU I.

ORTHOEPY.
The letters of Maori
Of the sound of the vowels
Of the diphthongs
Homogeneous sounds, when they meet in a sentence
Of the consonants
A table of peculiarities of pronunciation in the princi]
dialects.

CHAITKK II.

OP THE ARTICLE.
The articles
Of the definite article te
Of its plural ////
Of the indefinite article lie
Of te talti when used as an article
Of the particle a.

CHAPTER III.

OF THE NOUNS.
Nouns primitive and derivative
Compound words
Verbal nouns
Proper names
(Jender of nouns
Number of nouns
<)f the postfix nin

Reduplication of nouns
of nouns.
Xll CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IV.
OF THE ADJECTIVES.
Their gender, number, and case
Eeduplication of.

CHAPTER V.
OF THE NUMERALS.
Of the cardinals
Their prefixes
Their manner of combination, &c.
Prefixes for denoting
Persons
Distribution
Fractions of length.

Ordinals.
Three ways for denoting them.

CHAPTER VI.
OF THE PRONOUNS.
Of the personal pronouns
Of the possessive pronouns
Of the relative pronouns
Of the
demonstrative pronouns
Of and ra
nei, na,
Of the interrogative pronouns
Mode of supplying the defect of distributive pronouns
Of the indefinite pronouns.

CHAPTER VII.
OF THE VERBS.
Verbs primitive, derivative, and compound
Mood
Tense
Imperative mood
Paradigm of tense in simple sentences
Passive voice (table of examples)
Remarks on
Verbal nouns (their formation)
Neuter verbs
Participial adjectives.
 CONTEXTS. Mil

CHAITKR VIII.

OF TIN: i>ui:i>osiTiONS.

List of prepositions
Remarks on them
Proper meaning of na, ma. Sec.

CHAPTER IX.
OP THE ADVERBS.
Primitive and derivative adverbs
Classification and list of adverbs and adverbial exprc-

CHAPTER X.
OF THE PARTICLES.
Atu, mai, ake, iho, ai, ano, ra, koa, u, hoki, kau.

CHAPTER XI.
Of the conjunctions.

CHAPTER XII.
Of the interjections.

CHAPTER XIII.
OF THE SYNTAX.
Preliminary Remarks.
Terms explained
Complex and incomplex propositions
Remarks on the general features of Maori
Epanorthosis.

CHAPTER XIV.
SYNTAX OF THE ARTICLE.
Ko an article
Its peculiar features
The omission of the article
ire and te ta?d
The particle a.
XIV CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XV.
SYNTAX OF THE NOUN.

Nouns in apposition
Article prefixed to them
Preposition
Exceptions
Clauses in epanorthosis, irregularity of
The answer to a question, construction of.

Possessive Case denotes

Intensity
Date of an act
Useful in predication
Used instead of other cases
Position of, when the governing word is twice repeated
Governing word often omitted
Material, or quality, of a thing how denoted by a sub-
stantive
The form of the substantive often used for that of the adjec-
tive.

Objective Case.

Position of
How compound words govern others
Kai prefixed to a verb
Te prefixed to proper names
Nfjat'iand ranf/i
O and A. distinction between.

CHAPTER XVI.

SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVES.

Position of adjectives
Verbal adjectives
Exceptions
Many adjectives to one substantive
One adjective to two or more substantives
Of the forms occasionally assumed by the adjective
Comparison of adjectives.
 CONTENTS. XV

(
I1A1TKK XVII.
SYNTAX OF Nr.MKKAI.-.

Particles prefixed to numerals

l'ase following
1'osition of numeral
;ion of numeral
Tua ami n-liaka as numeral prefixes.

CHAPTER XVIII.
SYNTAX OF PRONG IN-.
Position of pronouns
Often omitted
Singular and dual often denote a tribe
Other uses of
A pronoun in the singular will refer to a noun in the plural
In the third person will refer to the first or second
person
Used for the conjunction and
The noun belonging to the pronoun often omitted
litlatict- pronouns, the substitutes for them.

Demomtratice Pronouns.
Useful as auxiliaries
Other peculiarities of
JVH, na, and ra
Interrogative pronouns (strange use of).

CHAPTER XIX.
SYNTAX OP THE VERB.
Tim Verbal Particle*.
I

A nn
K ana
Ka
I
Knn
A ;,/

-listinction between
irnesno verbal particle prefixed
ts used in connection with the verb
l\'/mka t uses of
XVi CONTENTS.

Adverbs as auxiliaries
Defect of substantive verb, how supplied
Prepositions as auxiliaries
Tendency of Maori verb to assume the form of a sub-
stantive
The finite verb may follow the oblique case
Predication performed by the possessive case
Compound tenses
Other circumstances which affect the time or voice of a
verb
Verbs associated to qualify each other
Repetition of verbs
Of other words
Passive verbs, use of
Sometimes supplanted by the active
Neuter verbs which assume the passive form.

CHAPTER XX.
OF THE PREPOSITIONS, ADVERBS, AND CONJUNCTIONS.

EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS.

adj. adjective.

adv. adverb.

n. noun.

verb. adj. verbalized adjective.

v. verb.

v. a. verb active.

vide S. denotes tJiat further information will be found in

the Syntax.
GRAMMAR OF THE NEW ZEALAND
LANGUAGE.

CHAPTER I.

OF THE PRONUNCIATION OF MAORI.

The letters of Maori are as follows :

 PRONUNCIATION.

The following is a list of words classified under

these heads:

1.
 PRONUNCIATION. 3

as if it were keta, meta, tfcc. It should be pronounced

clearly and distinctly.
/:

Is pronounced as a in bate, hate, <tc., only not

quite so slow, or so broad. Perhaps the final e in the
French words cafe, felicite, would be a closer resem-
blance e.g. koe, rea, re, kete, mate, tenei, rere.
;

(2.) As
e in poetical, t/tere; e.g. tena, renga,-reng&,
kete, rere.

Few sounds in Maori are more frequently mispronounced

by foreigners than e. Tofo, nga/r, kut/ica. \\oeti niai te waka,
'.ngn, te rangi. rewera, korm>, have been all so carelessly
pronounced as to sound to the native ear as if spelt to/ti,
ngari, kumia, hoia mai ti waka, to reinga, to rangi, rewara,
kororo. The reader should also be careful not to give e the
diphthongal sound of ei ; as in ne, the interrogative par-
ticle, &c.

/.

I pronounced like the French i ; as ee in sleep,

is

green, tfec. when distinctly and fully pronounced, it

;

imparts much melodiousness to the sentence; e.g.

ar/ki, klki to cftatter, <kc.

In the following it has a shorter sound :

K?ki,
crowded; mtti, tlti, fcc.

N.B. The sneaker should be careful not to cinfound i with

the Maori e ; as in such words as wakatoi, hoi, &c.

Has a long and a short sound a long ;

as tot-"), to

drag.
A short ;
as toto, blood.

N.B. We have no sound in Maori to correspond to the o in

net, hot. pot, &c.
u.
sound uniform in kind, and always
is also

corresponds to oo in book, fcc. It sometimes, however,

4 PRONUNCIATION.

experiences a more quick, sometimes a more slow

pronunciation.
The following table exhibits two variations, begin-
ning with the shorter :

1. 2.

twri, a linee. disobedient.

lut?7,

tfitti, same as tnpakihi of tutu (manu), a blrdstand.

Ngapuhf.
kuku. a shell. kukil. a pigeon.
knhiu tutua.
buna,
ulu. to pay. utu, to dram water.

In pronouncing n, the speaker will have to guard against

the error of those who prefix the aspirate when no aspirate is
admissible. According to them w, ittu, &c. are pronounced as
if spelt ////.. hutu.
He will also have to beware of the more common and
stubborn error of giving u the diphthongal sound of ?/ in cube,
tube, nmte, &c. Tonu, ketu, tonutia. are, in this way, pro-
nounced as spelt torn?/, toniutia, ketiu.
if

U, again, sometimes, by careless speakers, confounded

is
with o, and rice versa. Thus ihu, nose; niho, t orf h ; have
been erroneously pronounced as if spelt iho, uihu.

OF THE DIPHTHONGS.
This portion of Maori literature has been as yet
but little explored and as each person's notions will
;

vary with the acuteness of his ear, and the extent to

which his judgment has been exercised, we may be pre-
pared to expect a considerable discrepancy of opinion.
Weshall therefore proceed with caution, and offer
only what may be most useful, and most necessary for
the student.
The field of discussion may be much limited if we
firstdefine what we mean by the word "diphthong."
Thebest definition we can find, and the one most
suited to the nature of the diphthong, is, we think.
 PRONUNCIATION. 5

that of Mr. Smith in Walker. "

diphthong," he A
**
says, I would define to be two simple vocal sounds
uttered by one and the same emission of breath, and
joined in such a manner that each loses a portion of
its natural length, but from the junction producetli a

compound sound -jual in the time of pronouncing to

either of them taken separately, and so making still
but one syllable."
Following this definition, three tests for a diphthong
suggest themselves
1. The emission of the two sounds
by the same
breath.
2. Their amalgamation, or, more correctly, their
coalescing for each vowel in the Maori diphthong is
;

distinctly heard.
3. The abbreviation in the natural length of each

simple sound.
In applying these rules to the diphthongs, it will be
perhaps most prudent to divide them, under the pre-
sent imperfect state of our knowledge, into two
classes 1. The certain, or those of the
:
diphthongal
character of which there can be but little question.
2. The doubtful, or those upon which inquirers may
be likely to entertain different opinions.
The diphthongs which we consider certain are as
follows :

aa, ae, ai, ao, au, ee, ei, ii, oo, on, un.

On these we will offer a few remarks.

Those diphthongs which are formed by a double
letter, such as cut, are distinguished by a stronger and
fuller sound ; as in Wakaaro, rapuittu, tfcc.

AE
Is a sound for which to find a parallel
it is difficult
in English, and which most speakers confound with ai
in such words as waewae, waeroa, paewae, &c.
6 PRONUNCIATION.

The English aye comes perhaps closer to it. It must

be pronounced broad and open, and care must be taken
to keep out the squeezed sound of the i.

AI
May be well represented by the i in shine.

AO
Has no representative in English that we are aware
of. In pronouncing it, the speaker must be careful to
let the o be distinctly, but not too prominently, heard ;
and considerable care will be required to keep it dis-
tinct from au in the following words, as otawhao,
whawhao, tao, hao, &c. ; neither, again, must the
speaker divide the diphthong into two syllables, as
some speakers do in otaota, &c.

AU
May be pronounced like ou in drought, trout, pound,
(fee,

El
May be represented by the ai in hail, pail, <tc.
Care must be taken not to suppress altogether the i,
as is sometimes done in such words as tend, penei,
&c.
OU
Is a sound of some difficulty. There is no sound
that we are aware of in the English language that
exactly corresponds to it. Low, sow, mow, &c. may
be made to resemble it, by pronouncing them slowly,
and letting the sound die away into u.
Most foreigners are apt to pronounce it as a simple o. The
firstsyllable of Itontou is one of very difficult pronunciation.
Without great care it will be variously pronounced, as if koitou,
kotou, or kutu.
By not attending to these distinctions the speaker will often
lose the benefit of a good thought. A speaker, guarding his
 PRONUNCIATION. 7

hearers against spiritual temptations, borrowed his illustra-

tion from ajunikaka (the porch for the parrot, by which it 19
caujrht). tellintr them that Satan often presents poukakas to
attract them t. ruin unfortunately, however, instead ofpon-
:

kaka he used y;kaka. a xjtttill of iriml and rain, and only

expressed his point by exciting their risibility.

The doubtful class of diphthongs are mau (as in

man,/"/- th??, tun, My), ai (as in maia, brave), ea, eo,
eu, io, iu.

these we do not wish at present to make many observations.

On
\\ believe that there is a considerable difference amongst
Maori speakers respecting them. Our own idea is that there
may be a few occasions on which some might be considered
diphthongs and that those occasions are, the position of the
;

syllable, whether at the end of the word or elsewhere, as also

whether it come under the influence of the accent.
We cannot dismiss this subject without mentioning two par-
ticulars, very necessary to be remembered by all who wish to
attain to an accurate pronunciation of Maori. Firt. a> it is in
English, every sentence is to be pronounced as if one word. 2.
Homogeneous vowels will, when they meet, almost always run
into a diphthong.
The following sentence, Itoia i irJ/irin-hiria ai c ia to ratott
iiri.would be thus pronounced by a native: lioiai-mhiri-irhiria-
eia,-to-rtitii r't. A'niu id riri di would run Ito'nti-nirlr'xii.
i

This same subject of homogeneous vowels coalescing into

diphthongs i> one which has not received the attention it
merits.

OF THE CONSONANTS.

This the same as the English h.

is
known on the western coast of
It is not, however,
New / ;ihuil, to the
southward of Mokau, in the dis-
trii.-t of Taranaki. Its place is supplied by a curious
stammer or jerk of the voice. gentle sibilancy A
accompanies it> pronunciation amongst Ngapuhi,
which x'lu' >p -ak.-rs erroneously confound with #h.
8 PRONUNCIATION.

K.
K has the sound of the English k ;
as in kill, &c.

M, N, P.
"M, N, P, have the same sound as in English.

R.
R has two sounds: (1) rough; as in rain, river,
&c. ; e.g. kahore, rorea, roro, roto.
is more soft, and is formed by a
(2) The second
the palate so gentle,
gentle jar of the tongue against ;

indeed, is the vibration that most foreigners pronounce

it like d or I, as in ?-aro, ruru, rimu, pouaru, pari,

muri, mariri, koiri, ko?ikori, kowu, ma?*u.

T.
This a letter which few Europeans pronounce cor-
is
It is not pronounced like the t in temper, tea,
rectly.
<fec. ; but rather like the sharp th of apa^Ay, sympaZAy,

AtfAens, apo^Aecary. Those who watch a native's

tongue while pronouncing this letter, will find that
the rule for attaining this sound is, to apply the tongue,
not to the root, but to the top of the teeth, and hardly
emit a.
W
Has two sounds one simple, as that in wind, <fcc. ;

e.g. wai,
water ; waka, a canoe ; ware, a plebeian.
2. An aspirated w t
as in when, where, &c. ; whai,
follow ; whare, a Jiouse, &c.

NG.
The speaker should be careful in uttering this sound
not to separate the n from the g, as is sometimes done
by foreigners. The n and g intimately coalesce, and
those who have learned to pronounce the French encore
will find no difficulty in catching it. The following
rule will, we trust, help the beginner :
 PRONUNCIATION'. 9

Press the middle of the tongue to the roof of the

mouth, near the throat, and simultaneously relax tin-
pressure, and pronounce na. Of course care must be
taken that the tip of the tongue does not touch the
palate.*
Following is a table setting forlh a few of the variations in
pronunciation of the leading dialects of N.-w Zralaud.
It will be observed that the name of a place is employed to
denote the dialect for which that place and iU vicinity arc
remarkable.

Njrapuhi.
10 OF THE ARTICLE.

CHAPTER II.

OF THE ARTICLE.

1. The articles in Maori are as follows :

(a) The definite article te and its plural nga ; e.g.

tetangata, the man.
nga tngata, the men.

(b) The indefinite articles he, tetahi, and its plural

etahi ; e.g.

Sing, he maripi, a knife.

Plur. lie maripi ena 1 are those knives ?
te tahi, maripi, a knife.

e tahi maripi, some knives.

(c)
The arthritic particles a and ko ; e.g.
a Hone, John.
ko koe, you.

2. Te
not so uniformly definite as the English
is
the ; being sometimes used
(a) Where no article would be employed in English,
i.e. in cases where the noun is taken in its widest

sense; e.g.

Ima te kaipuke, ivent l>y ship.

He kino tutu, disobedience is sinful.
te,

Ko te rangi me te wenua e pahemo, heaven and

earth shall pass away.

(b) Sometimes it is employed instead of the English

a; e.g.
He mea kaha te hoiho, a horse is a strong thing.
E kore te tangata tika e wehi i te mate, a virtuous
man will not fear death.
 TIIK ARTICLE.

WOF
11

! Sometimes it i> u-<l instead of the pronoun

e.g.

Kei tahaetia e te tangata, lest it should be stolen

A// mmif person ; na te tangata noa atu, by some

i>. rton or "///'/.

It is
employed for many other purposes which
the English the does not recognize. shall only We
mention the following:
Te tini o te kaipukc, hinr ntn,,,/ nhijin there are!

NOTE. It has been asserted that te is sometimes used in the

" te
plural number, as in the preceding example, kaipuke."
and in the following te tini o te tangata, ninny men ; ka reka
te pititi, jit-nchfit tire xneet.
We more inclined to think that we have in these exam-
are
ples the-operation of a figure of frequent occurrence in Maori,
viz.. sj'necdoche, and that one of a class is made to represent
a whole class.
Expressions of this kind are common in English, without
involving the plural number of the article e.g. the fruit of ;

tin- trtf, a y r wit iiHini/, a foe writ. ,\v. Bishop Lowth's

remarks on these instances are quite to the point :

" The reason of it

(he says) is manifest from the effect which
the article has in these phrases it means a small or great
;

number, collectively taken, and therefore gives the idea of a

whole, that is, of unity. Thus likewise, a hundred, a thou-
sand one whole number, an aggregate of many collectively
is
taken and, therefore, still retains the article a, though joined
;

as an adjective to a plural substantive as. a ktmdred years." ;

(e) Lastly, te is sometimes employed before proper

ll:t!ii-s; e.g.

Te Puriri, Te Uir.
1. To define the rule by which the article is prefixed)
or omitted before proper names is a work of some difficulty,
oeing very irregular.
N'>II; 2.- >. runtimes te is blended with o into one word ;
a- in the following example ki to Hone whare, to the home
:

of Jnlnt. in-te:id of ki te whare o JNme.

N"ii: 3. The student should be careful, in speaking, to
dUtiuguish between the article te and the negative particle
12 OF THE ARTICLE.

te. The latter should always be pronounced more distinctly

and forcibly than the article.

3. Nga may with strict propriety be called the

plural of the definite article. There are a few

exceptions, or, rather, slight variations, which we do
not think it necessary to mention.
4. He varies in some
respects in its uses from the
English a.
used sometimes where no article would
(a) It is
be employed in English e.g. ;

A, ho atu ana e ratou lie moni ki a ia, and tliey

gave him money.

(5) It is occasionally used in the same sense as

some in English e.g. ;

Kawea he wai, fetch some water.

(c) It is used in the plural number e.g. ;

He uwha kau aku poaka, my pigs are allfemales.

He tini oku kainga, my farms are many.

5. A great many uses of the indefinite article are

shared by withJietahi. We shall mention here a
te
few of them :

Ho mai te tahi maripi, give me a knife.

Tahuna mai te tahi rama, kindle a light.
N. B. Te talti exactly corresponds with the definition given
" It determines it
t>y Bishop Lowth of the English article a.
<{ihe thing spoken of) to be one single thing of the kind,
leaving it still uncertain which." A similar use of the
numeral one we find in French, sometimes in Hebrew, and
more than once in the New Testament (vide Matt. xxi. 19, and
Mark xiv. 51).
Weneed not look abroad for parallel instances our indefi- :

nite article an being, as every etymologist is aware, the Saxon

article which signifies one.

(b) Etahi may be considered as corresponding to

the partitive article des of the French. It determines
 OF THK ARTICLE. 13-

the tiling spoken of to be any number of things of

the kind, leaving it uncertain how many, (r which of
tin- things they are. It closely reseiuMes the adjectix e
some of English, and we enumerate it here among.
the articl.^ because it only diM't-rs from t>' fn/ii (whirl;
is clearly an article) in l>ein^ its plural ; c.y.

Maku e tahi ika, give me some fish.

A* is a regular attendant on the persona!

pronouns ; e.g.

a koe, i/int .- ki a ia, to li'un.

(7>) It is also the article by

which the names of
individuals and tribes are always preceded ; r.y.

a Hone, kei a Hone, with John ; i a Ngapuhi.

NOTK 1. When the particle Ito is prefixed to either the

proper name or the pronoun, a is omitted t-.y. ;

lot Hone, ko ia.

(2.) omitted after the prepositions e, ma, mo. no,

It is also
na, i>, n. The prepositions with which it is retained are /. ki y
i:id their coni(x>unds i
runga i, &c. e.g. ;

i
runga i a Hone, above Join.

NOTE 2. Europeans who have not made the language a

/ for a before a
study, often very incorrectly substitute proper

Bi : . ;- ! ','- i')i.if-t to our rc^ir.lin^' n as an article, and may

the definition that an article is" a wor
it tin-in nut. ami show how far tli'ir .-ijjniticatii.il cxtcmls.'' This,
xo nik-s l)r.- our reply is. that if
ti.m. mi. I

Bbhop Lowth, from wlntni i\\\< ilcfinition is ileri\v<|, had IM-I-II writing on
he would, ni<i>t pnlKilily, IK. -.-ti sm-h a
rare of the di-pun-s that lave been agitated
a of this artirlc. and th:.'
.idol l>y no rule at all." The :..
iinl it would )>i- :T nitain
',:L- certain ]io\ver- in one language, it
Mfc have the eamo in an I

;..iiiinat- tlii- arti.-l,- ,,nl,riti,-. as the Greeks would

aj-, an intlii"ii. a lim'>( the won to which I it i^ piviixeil. thou^li it in m>
n unless, jierhaj*. M-e consider that,
;

:
pronoun, a pnipcr name, \-<-., it thus,
inea-ure, re-trict .- Is ssith tlio
the article, vi/. ,
"an ii.

in."
14 OF THE ARTICLE.

-name ; e.g. they will say. kei Jiea e te "VVaru ? where is te

Warn? and, again, kua tae mai eNanala Xanala lias arrived,.
JS, as we shall show hereafter, is the sign of the vocative case.
A is omitted before such words as the following, kei te
Pakeha. kei nga Maori, &c.
NOTE 3. A is sometimes in Waikato prefixed to appellatives ;
*.g. ki a tuahangata, a papa, a kara.

(c)
A
is also prefixed to the names of places, and
to prepositions, and adverbs which have assumed the
form of substantives, when in the nominative case;
e.g.
Kua horo a Pukerangiora, Pukerangiora (the
fort) has been atu e
stormed. Kua tukua
ahau a Whangarei mo Hone, I
have given
W/iangarei to John. Kua kaiiiga
a runga o
nga puka nei, the tops of the cabbages have been
eaten off.
A hea ? wliat place ? A Rangitoto.

NOTE. prefixed to the name of the place

Sometimes a is
when the people of the place, and not the place itself, are
intended e.g. ka mate i a Waikato, mill be killed by Waikato.
;

Some speakers are often guilty of solecisms from not

remembering that a is not prefixed to any of the oblique cases
of the names of places. Thus we heard some old residents in
the land say, Haere ki a Pokuru Go to Pokuru. Haere ki a
IVaitemata Go to Waitemata. According to this form,
-Pokuru and Waitemata are not places, but persons.

(d) A is always prefixed to any inanimate thing to

a name has been given i.e. to trees, canoes,
ships, boats, meres,* guns, &c. ; e.g.

Kei te tua i a Ruhaia, he is cutting down (the

tree) Ruhaia. E waihape ana a Karapaina,
Columbine is tacking. Mo to tahaetanga i a
Pahikoura, for your having stolen (the mere*)
Pahikoura.

* The " mere" is a native

weapon for war made of the axe stone. It is
an article of great value, and descends from father to son as an oha, an heir-
loom in the tribe.
 OF THE ARTICLE. 15

I toa ai a Hongi whakuwirinaki ia ki tana pu

i

ki a Tanumia, Hongi loos brave because he

in /</6- gun Tanumia.

NTK 1. Stars also come under the operation of this rule,

e.g. Ko wai tena wbetu i
runga i a Tawera 1 what star it
that abort- Tan-era ! *
Kua aru a Matariki.f Matariki ha* nnnlc hi a appearance.
Houses, caves, and such like are regulated by rule (/) ;

e.g.
Heoi ano nga tangata kel a Puru o Waikato. all the people
have mutterrd off to Puntoicailuito M'/u'rron'Jtereu'*
/loiixt- on the \Vaihtito r'n'i r.
Kowai hei whakahua i ta tatou whangai hau ?
I a wai ;
a Tu.
i

Ko hea te haua mai na ? ko Puhimatarenga, &c.

2. The following sentences are incorrect:

E haere mai ana tc Mlhala.
Kua mate te Karaiti.
X.B. The speaker should distinguish between the article
and the preposition rt, as in the following sentence:
Ekore ahau e kai i a
nga taurekareka, / mill not cat (the
food) of the xla vcs.
'
The preposition a in these ellipitical sentences should always
be pronounced peculiarly strong.

He should also note the following :

Kla mea (with short a) is " to thC'

Ki a mea (with long a] is to such an one, to our fr'uiuL
or, in common parlance (give it), to what do ye call him.

For Ko (see Syntax, chap, xiv.)

Tnwera is the morning star.

t This star makes his appearance about the month of June, in the fii>t
month of the New Zealander, and creates an important epoch in his agricul-
tural operations.
16 OF THE NOUNS.

CHAPTER III.

OF THE NOUNS.

CLASSES OF NOUNS IN RESPECT TO ORIGIN.

Nounsin Maori may be comprised under three

classes primitive, derivative, and verbal.*
(a) Nouns primitive are those which designate
animals, plants, numbers, members of the animal body,
some of the great objects of the natural world.

N.B. It is often impossible to distinguish between primitive

and derivative nouns.

(b) Nouns derivative, which are altogether the most

numerous, comprise
(1.) Nouns derived
from verbs, i.e. the verb, in its
simple form, used as a noun ; e.g.
He noho iioa iho taku, it is a simple sitting of
mine ; I have no fixed object in stopping (here) .

He haere pai to haere ? Is your going a good

going, i.e. are, you going with good intent?

(2.) Nouns derived from adjectives ; e.g.

Heaha te pai o tena mea ? what is the worth of
that thing ?

Keihea te pakaru ? where is the broken place ?

(3.) Nouns derived from adverbs and prepositions ;

e.g.

* Weare aware that verbal nouns should properly have been classed under
derivative; but as we shall often have to speak of them as a distinct class,
and as, moreover, they closely resemble in some respects the participial form
of the verb, and are very frequently used instead of the finite verb itself,
we have consulted our convenience in thus distinguishing them.
 OF THE NOUNS. 17

He kore. rawa, it is nil.

Engari a reira e pai ana, there (or that place) is

better.
Kua ki aroto, the inside is full.
Parua a tua, coat the oilier side (with raupo).

(4.) Compound Words. These are always formed

by two words placed in immediate juxtaposition,
without any elision of either e.y. ;

Hia kai (desire food), hunger ; mate moe (crav-

iny ttlwp), uli-rpinens ; hoa riri (angry friend),

enemy ; mahi atawbai (cherishing act, &c.), a

<!,,
rl*I<iiig, <L'c. ; kai whakaako (one t/mt
(xir/tes), a teacher ;
kai wlmkamarie (one that
pacifies), a pacifier ; tangata atua, a man
Imcing a yod ; tangata pakeha, a man /taving
a European to live with him ; he hunga kainga,
a people /taring a place to reside on; ahu
taonga (bent on gain), avariciousness ; ahu
wlu-nua (hoeing tJie mind occupied with the
earth), industriousness, or j)eaceableness ;
whenua rangatira (a noble land, not disturbed
/>// invasions) peace ; houhanga rongo, itwkimj
peace; ngakau whakakake, pride; he whare
kore (a no house), Jtomelessness ; he horoi kore
(a no soap), soaplessness ; whakaaro kore,
<L'c.
thoughtlessness,

(c) Verbal nouns are

well worthy the attention of
the critical student. They are of very extensive uses
in Maori, and a proper introduction of them will give
animation and elegance to the sentence. The rules
for their formation will be found hereafter. See
VERBS.
They are generally employed to denote time, placet
f, means, or some accompaniment on, or relation
of, the act or quality of the ground form. Other
uses of them will be mentioned in the SYNTAX.
3
18 OF THE NOUXS.

To set forth the various uses of the verbal noun

here would carry us beyond our limits. shall, We
therefore, only give a few examples sufficient, how-
ever, we trust, to lead the critical student into more
extensive inquiry :

Ko nioenga tena, that is where lie slept.

toiia
Te purnautanga o te whakaaro, the full assurance
of hope ; te whakangarungaruiiga o te wai, tlie,
troubling of the water.
Te peheatenga i rneatia ai, the 'manner in which
it was done.
Te patunga poaka, the place where tlie pigs are
killed.
Kahore aku kete kumara hei whakahokinga atu
rno to puka, I
have no basket of kumara with
which to send back (i.e. to pay for the loan of)
your spade.
I te hanganga o te ao, when tlie world ivas made.
I ana inoinga, in his prayers (i.e. when Jie
prayed).
Ko tona kiteatanga tenei, this is the opportunity
for looking for, or seeing, it.
To tatou nuinga, tlie rest of our party.
I taku oranga, while I live.
NOTE. Instances will sometimes occur in which the simple
root, or the verbal form, may be indifferently used in the
sentence. The critical student, however, will generally be
able to see the reason ; e.g. te liere o tona hu, tlie thong of his
s/we ; te herenga o tona hu, tlie holes, $'c. by mliicli tlie thong
it fastened.

PROPER NAMES should perhaps have been classed

under the head of derivative nouns.
They are epithets arbitrarily assumed, as among
the Hebrews, from some circumstance, quality, act, or
thing. Sometimes they are simple ; e.g. ko te Tawa,
Tawa (a tree). Sometimes compound ; e.g. Tangikai,
cry for food. They are generally known by a prefixed ;
when a is not prefixed, by the context.
 OF THE NOUNS. 19

NOTE. Sometimes we meet with English appellatives

employed as appellatives in Maori, but with the form peculiar
to roper names eg.
i
a mata, tin- in'uttrcss ; a pepi, the baby ;
;

a te kawana. the governor. These, however, must be regarded

as solecisms, and as in no way supported by Maori analogy.*
We sometimes also meet with a Maori proper name employed
as an appellative i.e. if an individual of a particular
;

district has been remarkable for any quality, his name will
often be predicated of any other in whom the same feature
of character is discernible thus, Ropeti, of Waikato, was
remarkable for making a great show of hospitality hence, ;

to any person else who has been detected acting in a similar

way, it will be said, Ko Ropeti, there is Ropcti.
As all these terms are necessarily limited in their use to a
particular district, we need not notice them further.

OF GENDER, NUMBER, AND CASE.

Maori, as we may premise, admits of no such

tiling as declension by inflection, i.e. by a variation
of the ground form. All the relations it is capable
of expressing are denoted by words, or particles, pre-
fixed or post-fixed to the noun.
GENDER OF NOUNS. Distinctions of gender are
but seldom recognized in Maori. Only two are ever
noticed viz., the masculine and feminine. These
are always expressed by different words ; e.g.

MALE.
Matua )
or \ father.
Papa }
Tamaiti 1

or > son.
Tamaroa j

Tungane, brother of a
female.
20 OF THE NOUNS.

MALE. FEMALE.
Autane, 'brotJier-in-law of a Auwahine, sister-in-law of
female. the man.
Tangata, man. Wahine, woman.
Koroheke. old man. Ruruhi, old woman'.
Tourahi and Toa, male of Uwha, female of brutes.
brute animals.
Tane, a male, mostly of the Wahine, female.
hitman species.

In salutation, the sex of the person is almost always

denoted by the address ; e.g.

To tlie man. To the female.

E boyfriend/ ( E kui
j
E pa, > to the married woman.
E mava, (
E tai )

E koro,
Ekara, ( E ko \

ETa, to the girl.

E Hika, E Hine j

NOTE 1. It should, however, be noted that these modes of

address will vary in different districts. Thus, in Waikato E
Tai and E
ko are often addressed to the male, and kui to E
the girl again, also, tane and wakine will be often found
;

applied to the brute creation, and tourahi, in Waikato, is

most frequently applied to the gelding.
NOTE 2. The speaker should notice that the relationship
of individuals of the same sex is designated by the same terms
as the corresponding ones of the opposite sex e.g. ;

John's Mary's
elder brother is Tuakana. elder sister is Tuakana.
younger brother teina. younger sister teina
brother 'in-laic taokete. sister-in-law taokete.

The distinction of sex in the other branches is

generally designated by tane and wahine post-fixed

to the relation ; e.g.

Hunaonga wahine, daughter-in-law.

Hungawai tane, father-in-law.
 OF THE NOUN- 21

NUMBER. Substantives in Maori have two numljers,

singular and plural.
The singular is known by the singular articles
te and t^t<thi, or by one of the singular pronouns
connected with the noun ; e.g.
Te whare o Hone, tlve liou&e of John.
Toku paraikete, //<// hhmket.
The plural is known by (1) nga, e to/a, or (2)
one of the plural or dual pronouns preceding the
noun ; e.g.

nya wahine, t/f worn

At tupuna, inyforefatliers.

(3.) Sometimes the plural is designated by o,

without te or nga preceding the noun ; e.g.
1
Kei o Hone matua pea, with John 8 uncles perhaps.

(4.) In a few cases we meet with an alteration in

the ground form ; e.g.

Tamaiti, son ; Tamariki, sons, or children.

(5.) In some trisyllables the first syllable of the

plural is pronounced long ;
as in matua, t7puna,
wahine, taugata.

NOTE. Examples of these two latter heads are not of

frt-'iuent occurrence.

(6.) We
frequently meet with ma joined to the
proper name, in a sense corresponding to hoi ampin,
and hoi peri in Greek, to denote the person and his
coiujKiitij ; e.g.

Kei a Kukutai ma, with Kukutai and his party.

(7.) Sometimes also ma is in the same sense post-

fixed to appellatives ; e.g.
E jnani ma ! E hoa ma E ! ko ma !
22 OF THE NOUNS.

(8.) Sometimes an act oft repeated, or many things

of the same kind, are denoted by a reduplication of
one or more syllables ; e.g.
Kakata, a frequent laughing.
Mamahi, over-work.
Kimokimo, a winking of the eyes.
CASE. The distinction of case in Maori is exceedingly
simple. As it is not the character of the language to decline
either nouns or adjectives by a variation of the termination, it
is evident that, in this respect. Maori is altogether different
from Greek and Latin. Are we. then, to adopt the cases that
those languages so clearly need ? We are aware that some
contend for them. But we are also assured that their adoption
would be, not only useless, but often exceedingly perplexing.
It is true that prepositions may be found in Maori, as well
as in English, that correspond with the cases that are to be
found in those languages. But that, we submit, is not the
question. Our business, we conceive, should be to inquire how
the dependence of words on each other is denoted in Maori,
and then look out for a system that will meet, not a few
selected cases, but all the various possible conditions.
Now, in Maori the different connections and relations of one
thing to another are denoted by prepositions there are
;

upwards of twenty prepositionsand these are capable of

;

being much number by combination with each

increased in
other all
; having distinct meanings, different relations, and
therefore distinct cases. Are all these, then, to be reduced to
the six cases of Latin ? Those who please may make the
experiment with the following : Kei runga i te pouaka kei te ;

kainga ho atu ki a ia me titiro atu ki a ia patua ia ki te rakau ;

; ; ;

hei tua i te whare, &c.

The simple and comprehensive cases of Murray's English
Grammar seem, therefore, the best adapted for Maori, though
we will confess that our own judgment is against allowing any
possessive case to Maori.
In English, it is true, that case may be recognized ; because
the ground form undergoes a change to denote it. Even in
Hebrew, something analogous also might be admitted. But
in Maori the possessive case is expressed, like all the other
oblique cases, by a preposition. It may, indeed, be said that
in the pronouns we find a possessive formed by inflection.
But this might justly be questioned for it is very probable
:

that noliu and naku are compounds of no oku and na aku, and,
when a native speaks slowly, it may be observed that he
pronounces those words as if so spelt.
 OF THK XOl'XS. 23

1. What is called the accusative case in Latin is

most frequently denoted by t. This particle is
di fli-rent from the preposition i, and is only employed
to denote tin- passing on of the action of the verb to
the noun e.g. Ko wai hei keri i te mara 1 who is to
;

dig the field ? Vide Prepositions ({.), chap. viii.

2. The vocative case is always denoted by e ; e.g.
E Hone ! John !

CHAPTER IV.

OF THE ADJECTIVE.

Maori adjectives have no peculiar or appropriate

form. They know no distinction of gender, number,
case, or comparison.
In common with substantives, adjectives admit
often of reduplication to denote repetition, or many
things of the same kind, <fec. vide chap, iii., 8, page
22 e.g.
Hahi kakata a frequent laughing.
He rakau kikino kau they are all bad trees.

NOTE. Comparison in Macri is foimed by periphrasis, for

which vide Syntax.
24 OF TEE NUMERALS.

CHAPTER Y.

OF THE NUMERALS.

Numerals in Maori abound in distinctions that are

not to he met with in other languages.
Tahi, one, has sometimes a form peculiar to itself,
being prefixed by ko. All between tald and tekau
may be prefixed by e. All the simple numbers i.e.
all less than ten will, when preceding the higher
numbers, take their ordinary prefixes ; e.g.
E rua, tivo e rua rau, two hundred.
Ka toru, three ka toru nga rau, three hundred,
or it is 300.
Kia wha, let it be four ; kia wha mano, let it
be four tJwusand, &c.
E rima, it is five ka rima mano, five thousand,
<fec.

Ka rima tekau, fifty, &c., tfec. i.e. Ilmve readied

fifty-

Numbers between ten and twenty are expressed by

ten and unit ; e.g.

E ono six ; tekau ma ono (ten and sixj sixteen.

E whitu seven; tekau ma whitu seventeen.

Twenty, and all numbers between twenty and a

hundred, may be expressed in two ways :

1st (which is now the more general), by a unit

preceding ten ; e.g. e ono tekau, (six tens) sixty ; ka
iwa tekau, ninety, ttc.
2ndly, by hoko prefixed to the unit ; e.g. hokorua,
twenty.
 OF THK NCMKKALS. 25

NOTE. The Maori mode of counting has always, heretofore,

been by pairs thus, hoknnta, twenty, .--hinds fur tirenty pair,
;

i.e. forty, and so ou. When they wiah it to be understood

singly, they postfix tnlti-taki to the numeral udjeetive; e.g.
hokorua taM-tmM^ twenty. Sometimes tojm uv jm is post fixed
to make it more clear that the double of the number is intended;

waru topu (eight doubled ). al.rtn n.

e.g. e
Ngahuru, with Ngapuhi, denotes ten, and tekan. ,-r, n. In
!
>

the central part of the island, as far as Taupo. ngahuru and

tekau represent, both of them, ten.

In expressing a sum of tens and units, the smaller

number follows ten or its multiple, and is connected
with it by the numeral conjunction ma ; e.g. thirfi/-
/<>< is denoted by "e toru tekau ma wha."
In expressing a sum of hundreds, with tenx&nd *//</'/*,
the tens are posttixed to the hundreds without a ma
" ko tahi
intervening; e.g. 136 is expresed by rau,
e toru tekau, ma ono."
A sum of thousands, hundreds, tens, and units is ex-
pressed in the same way, the particle ma only inter-
vening between the ten and the unit; e.g. 1136 is
expressed by "ko tahi mano, ko tahi rau, e toru
tekau, ma ono."

NOTE. It should be here noticed that this is the new mode

of reckoning brought in by Europeans, and now fast spreading
over the land. The old mode is not so convenient in calcula-
tion, but it is often heard 240 would, according to it, be thus
;

expressed, Ko tahi rau ma rua, literally one hundred and tiro.

Two here stands for (twice ten) twenty doubled.
LV,o \\ould run thus: Ko tahi rau *ma rua pu tautahi, one
hundred and two double, and a tautahi, an odd one.
4,900 would run thus : E rua mano mo wha, hokorima te
tuma, tmi thousand, four hundred double; Jifty double w the
tuina. the cfce&X.
For all beyond a thousand there is, we suspect, a consider-
able diversity in the nomenclature of different tribes. In
Waikato and Taupo 10,000 double (i.e. 20,000 according to our
reckoning) would be a tini; ten tint (i.e. 100,000 double)
would be indifferently culled ngera, rev, hea. All beyond that
would be denominated by a tini tnakehua, a tiumrurl rrhaioio
(or maioio), tint irhahnrtT-
26 OF THE NUMERALS.

For denoting a number of persons less than ten,

toko is generally prefixed to the numeral ; e.g.

Tokowhitu tatou, we are seven in number.

For denoting distribution, tataki is prefixed to the

numeral kia tataki rua pu nga titu i te tangata, let
:

each man Jiave four payments.

NOTE. Tataki prefixed does not always denote distribution;

e.g. Ka tataki-hia nga wbakato o ta koutou mara 1 Hoiv
many baskets (are these) tliat have been sown in your cultiva-
tion ?

In measuring length a fraction is denoted by huka ;

e.g.
E ono whatianga, huka to te whitu, It is six
whatiangas* long, not quite seven.
E warn maro,* huka to te iwa, It is eight maro,
not quite nine.

ORDINALS. The ordinal numbers are formed :

1. tua prefixed to the cardinal ; e.g. tua tom r

By
third ; tua iwa, ninth.
2. By wliaka prefixed ; e.g. whakatekau, tenth.
3. By the
simple cardinal with the definite article :
ko te wJia tenei o aku haerenga mai, this is the fourth of
my comings here; i.e. this is the fourth time I have
come here.

* muro what a man can

Whatianya corresponds to the ancient cubit ;
is
measure with his extended arms.
 OF THK PRONOUNS. _ .

CHAPTER VI.

OF THE PRONOUNS.

ie personal pronouns of Maori are as follows :

SINGULAR. DUAL.
or an, /.
( Taua, you and I.
Ahau, and
\ Maua, lie I.

Koe, thou. Korua, you two.

Raua, they two.
PLURAL.
( Tatou, you all and myself.
\ Matou, they and myself.

Koutou, ye.
Raton, they.

The first person dual and plural has, as may be-

seen in the above table, two forms, tana and tatou,
ttiaua and matou; the former class may be denominated
-Ive, the latter exclusive. For example :

The speaker of a company, who is addressing a

pei-son just come in, uses matou : e tatari ana matou
ki a koe, we are, or have been, waiting for you. If
lit- means that only himself and another have been
waiting, he uses maua : e tatari ana maua kia a koe ;
but when he addresses the whole company, he uses.
tatou : Tatou ki te kai, let us go to dinner. If, how-
,
he is addressing only another besides himself, he
tuna : Taua ki te kai, let it# (two) go to dinner*
Again, if he says, No matou tenei kainga, he tells
you, tin- hrurrr, that In- and others possess this farm.
If he says, No maua tenei kainga, he tells you that
28 OF THE PRONOUNS.

he and some other person already mentioned possess

it. If, however, he use tafou : No tatou tenei kainga,
he means that all that he is addressing have a share
in it. If he says, No taua tenei kainga, he tells yoi
the hearer, that it belongs to you and himself.
NOTE.The student will find hereafter that the dual number
issometimes used for the plural.
la addressing an individual, ia is sometimes used in the
second person by Ngapuhi e.g. E ia. It is used in a very
;

strange combination also with tvai by some tribes e.g. ;

Ko wai ia 1 who said so ?

The PERSONAL PRONOUNS admit, in the singular, of
decleiision ; e.g.
SINGULAR.
JVowi. Ahau, or Au, /.
Poss. Naku, or Noku, mine.
)bj. Ahau, or Au (preceded by some preposition),
e.g.
Ki a au, or, ki ahau, to me.
E a hau, or, e an, by me.
Maku or ~M.oku,for me.

SINGULAR.
r
J\ om. Koe, tJiou.
Poss. Nau, or Nou, thine.

Obj. Koe (preceded by some preposition) j e.g.

kei a koe, with thee.
Mau, and Mou,/or you.
SINGULAR.
Nom. Ia, he.
Poss. Nona, or Nana, his or hers.
Obj. la (preceded by some preposition) ; e.g.

I a ia,,from him, or from her.

Mona and Mana, for him, orfor far.
Pronouns, in common with nouns, have no gender.
There is no word in Maori to denote the pronoun it.
 OF THE PRONOUNS. 23

Its place is generally supplied by some artifice of the

construction, as will be shown in the Syntax.

OF THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

As the possessive pronouns are closely connected
with the personal, they may be mentioned next.
They are as follows :

PLURAL.
Toku, or taku, or taku, /////. Oku, aku, or aku, my.
Tou, to, or tau, thy. On, o, au, thy.
Tona, tana, or tana, /</*. Ona, ana, ana,

The other possessive pronouns are formed from the

dual and plural of their respective pronouns by pre-
fix ing o;
eg.
tatou,
J u
' I
two. o our.
mauaa, \of
< >
) matou, J
}
o korua, of you two. o koutou, your.
o raua, of tJiem two. o ratou, their.

Such words as himself, his own, my own, tfcc. are

expressed in Maori by some adverb added in the sen-
tence e.g. Nona ake ano tona aroha ki a tatou, his
;

love to us was his own; i.e. was self-derived.

The adverbs most usually employed for this pur-
pose are ake, ano, noa, iho, tow.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

k or these there is no distinct form in Maori. Some-

times they are wholly omitted in the sentence ; e.g.

Ko te tangata tenei i
patua e Hone, this is the
man tliat was beaten by Jo/t/>.

At other times their place issupplied by some arti-

of the construction, (tiee Syntax, chap, xvii., 5.)
30 OF THE PRONOUNS.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
The demonstrative pronouns are as follows :
Taua,
tenet, tena, tera, and their respective plurals, aua, enei,
ena, era.
Tenei is applied to the object nearest at hand, or to
the point of discourse to which the speaker had last
alluded ; tena to an object near to or connected with
you, the person spoken to ; tera to an object farther
remote; e.g.

No Hone tenei ware, this is John's house.

No Penehamine tena, that one near you.
No Kukutai tera, tJiat one farther off is KukutaVs.
The same distinction is to be observed in the plural
number.
It may be questioned whether tenei and its branches are not,
like to (vide article e, 2, page 11), compounded of two words
viz. te and net, &c. They can always, at least, be resolved
into them ;e.g. Ho mai tena mea, give me that thing, is the
same as Ho mai te mea na. There is, however, a little differ-
ence in the uses of these two forms, which the attentive student
will discover by observation.
Nei, na, and ra are mostly added (like the ci and la of
French) to point at the object more forcibly.
When the speaker wishes to denote the object vf\\h famil-
iarity, contempt, &c., he generally uses the resolved form ;

e.g. Ka hinga ahau i te wakatakariri ki te tangata net, Ifall

with anger at the fellow here.
iSometimes we meet with nei and its branches twice repeated ;

e.g. tenei na, tera ra.

Nei, &c. are often used in asking questions ; e.g. Nei na ?

Is this it ? Ra ra ? /* that it ?
NOTE. The speaker should be careful in speaking not to
confound this demi-pronoun with the interrogative particle Ne.

Sometimes we meet with ia used as a demonstrative,

4.y.
Tona wenua kai ha ia, iJiat is tJie very land of
food*
NOTE. Anei and ara are often used by Ngapuhi for enei
and era.
 OF THE PRONOUNS. 31

THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOt N>.

The interrogative pronouns are wai, aha, tehea (and

its plural ehea), kolo', and sometimes (particularly in
AVaik-ito) /"/
Wai applied (1) to persons, and (2) to animals or
is

things, as canoes, wip^ A*c., to which the name of a

man has been given, and is always the pronoun used
in asking the question, What is his name ? It is
sometimes applied to conn fries, &c. ; but, in such cases
kohea is the pronoun most frequently used.
The following are examples of the uses of wai and
kohea :

Ko wai tena 1 Who is that ?

\vai tenei ? Whose is this ?
Ko wai tena kuri ? Who is tliat dog ? i.e. what
is his name 1

Ko wai tena poti ? ko, Wikitoria, What boat is

that ? Ans., Victoria.
Ko wai toiia ingoa ? What is his name ?
Ko wai tena whenua ? What country is that ?
Kohea tenei ? What j>lace is this ?

NOTE. Wai will sometimes take the plural form by having

ma postfixed ; e.g. Ko wai ma ena ? Who are they ?

Aha is applied to everything in which kind is

-denoted ;
so also is pehea, sometimes.

EXAMPLES.
He aha tena mea 1 wJtnt (insect, animal, or thing)
is thai?
Ko Hone aha ? which John was it ? (was it John
tJif linjitixt, or John the Apostle ?)
He aha a Erihapeti ki a Hone ? what (relation )
John ?
is Elizabeth to
Na te aha ? from what cause. ? (why ?)
Pehea ana to whakaaro ? wJtat is your tltovyht ?
i.e. lo/tat do you think t
32 OF THE PRONOUNS.

E taea te pehea 1 wliat can be done ? how can it

be helped ?
He kai pehea tena kai 1 ivhat kind offood is that ?
NOTE. The above sentence decides the right of pehea to be
considered a pronoun. Most of the compounds, however, of
]iea S u C h as Itoliea, peJtea, noJtea, iliea, moliea, &c. ought most
probably to be considered as belonging to the class of adverbs.
The student will find, as we proceed, that the lines of dis-
tinction between the various classes of pronoun, adverb,
preposition, noun, verb, and adjective are frequently but
faintly marked, and that the same word may be often noticed
as standing in four or five different ranks.

Tehea, and its plural ehea, is applied to which of a;

number, and is used to denote persons or things ; e.g.
Ko tehea tau e pai ai ? which do you choose ?
Ko ehea tangata au e ki nei 1 which men do you
speak of?

THE DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS.

Each and every one are expressed by the demon-
and the noun twice or
strative or possessive pronoun,
thrice repeated ; e.g.

Haria mai e tera tangata, e tera tangata, tana

kono riwai, bring each man his basket ofpotatoes.
la tangata ia tangata, each man.
I tenei ra i tenei ra, each day.
E warea ana ki tana mahi ki tana mahi, each is
engaged with his own particular business.

THE INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

Some other and any are most frequently denoted
by te tahi, and its plural e tahi.
Kua kite ahau i e tahi I saw some (oftJiem).
y

Ko e tahi kihai ikitea e ahau, some I did not see*

Kahore kau ahau i kite i te tahi, I did not see
any at all.
 OF THE PRONOUN-. 33

W/mtever, whatsoever, &c. are expressed in various

ways, as may be seen in the following examples :

Ko nqa mea katoa e mea ai } 7 ,

koutou;,,,,
-rr-
Ko i
if/a alia noa, &c. &c.
r&Tffil?
VyOl. Lit
Ill
J
Ko ta koutou e inoi ai i toku ingoa, wliatever ye
ask in My name.
Kia ho atu ki a ia tana mea e inoi ai ia, to give
her whatsoever she would ask. Matt. xiv. 7.
Ka kai koutou, ka inu, ka aha ranei, whether ye
eat or it rink, or whatever ye do. 1 Cor. x. 31.
 OF THE VERBS.

CHAPTER VII.

OF THE VERBS/

1. CLASSIFICATION. They may be distributed

into
(a) Primitive, i.e. underived from other words;
e.g.
Noho, to sit.

Hopu, to catch.

(b) Derivative, i.e. such as are derived from words

of same other root ; e.g.

E kakahu ana i tona, is putting on his garment.

I aJiatia koe 1 What ivas done to you ?
Penatia, do it in tJiat manner.
E hau, if it blow.
Narungatia mai, push it in from above.
E pai ana, it is good.
This class is by far the most numerous. Under it
also may be comprised
(1.)
Verbs formed by reduplication ; e.g.

Korerorero, to Jwld conversation with, &c.

* There are many things connected with this subject that will, no doubt,
often appear strange to the European reader and he will frequently have
;

to be careful lest he be misled by theories derived f-rom occidental grammars.

In those languages the verb is a leading word in the sentence, and by it
exclusively is the office of affirmation or predication performed.
In Maori, on the contrary, a pure genuine verb is by no means of frequent
occurrence. Almost any word denoting a thing or quality is capable of
sustaining that office, and predication is as frequently implied as expressed.
In considering, therefore, the Maori verbs, we shall have to examine not
only those words which have been invested with the properties belonging
to that class, but also those forms in which no mark of predication is
expressed. The term predication we have adopted, for want of a better,
to denote those functions which are peculiar to the verb, and which are
"
sometimes described by grammarians under the terms " affirmation and
"
assertion."
 OF THE VEKBS. 35

(2.) Compound verbs, i.e. verbs

formed from two
or more words joined together ; e.g.
M<i-t. -,itt<ii>iJiit'i. niai, gice it me by the window.

Whaka-ngoi-koretia, made vxak.

NOTE. is very frequently used in Maori
As the same word
as substantive, adjective, and adverb, it is often
verb,
impossible to determine uuder which of the above classes it
should be ranked neither, indeed, will it be necessary, as the
;

origin of the verb in no way affects its grammatical relations.

NUMBER, PERSON, AND GENDER. Maori verbs

are not declined by inflection i.e. by variation of
the ground form; and therefore know nothing of
number, person, and gender.
^ 3. MOOD AND TENSE. As neither the ground
form nor the auxiliary particles experience any varia-
tion from change of mood, we cannot recognize any
grammatical form for denoting moods in Maori, and
shall not therefore enter any farther into the subject
at present.

NOTE. The only variations we have been able to discover

are
1st. Those for denoting the imperative mood.
The prefixing of the particle whaka to the verb, and
2nd.
thus causing a Hiphil or causative conjugation.

4. TENSE. Maori abounds in a variety of forms

for denoting modifications of time. They are desig-
nated by verbal particles, adverbs, prepositions,
and the articles lie and te placed in connection
with the verb. The force of these, again, is, in
a large majority of cases, determined by the con-
text ; and we believe ourselves to be correct in saying
that there are, in this language, but few absolute
forms for determining tense ; for example :

K moe ana, he i* $/"'/>?//</.

/ reira e moe a/we, there was he sleeping, or /// *:
lie
36 OF THE VERBS.

/ riri au,I was angry.

Mo te aha koe i riri mai ai ki a au 1
why are you
angry with me ?
Ka haere ahau, / will go.
Na ka whakatika a Hone, then John rose.

See also Prepositions (mo).

NOTE. The verbal particles are words which have no

meaning in themselves, but which, prefixed to a word, endue
it with the qualities of a verb. They correspond to the
auxiliary verbs of English, but do not admit of the same
varieties of application neither can they lay claim, to the
:

rank of verb substantive. Thus, in Maori we have no direct

form for such phrases as the following, I am, you mill, &c.

5. They are as follows e, ana, ka, kua, i, kia t

:

Jiei,me, kaua, aua, and kei.

Their uses will be best ascertained by examining
the paradigm at the end of this section. more full A
consideration of them and of the other modes of con-
struction, which are therein contained, will be deferred
to the Syntax.
6. It may be naturally expected that, in an un-

polished language like Maori, there should not be

much that is artificial or complicated in the arrange-
ment of the tenses. They are in form either simple
or compound.
7. A
simple sentence* is that which consists of
only one time ; e.g.

* We have " " "

adopted the term sentence in preference to proposition."
lest thestudent should be led into perplexity by conceiving that we used the
terms simple and compound in the same senses as those in which they are
used by logicians.
From our examples he will see that we should call a sentence simple even
though the subject and predicate be complex terms.
By noticing whether, when the sentence is translated, one or two verbs are
introduced, and whether either of them is dependent in time on the other,
the student will easily make the distinction that we are desirous of establish-
ing. The importance of this distinction will be seen in our examples of a
compound sentence (page 37). For, in the first, e-ana, which is present in
a simple sentence, is now past ; in the second, kua is future, though it
strictly belongs to the past tense in the fourth example, this same particle
;

stands for the pluperfect potential.

 OF THE VEKBS. 37

E pai ana, it is good.

Kahore ahau / did not see (it).
i kite,

Ko tatou katoa, ano lie hipi, kua marara ke MM ;

"//, as sheep, kaV6 >j<n- n.frny.

A' tin mate to tatou Kai whakaora i
runga i te te
ripeka, our Saviour died upon the cross.

A compound sentence is that in which two times

are introduced ; e.g.

1. Me i reira ahau e
pai ana, if I had been there
it would have been well.
2. Akuanei, tae rawa atu, kua mate ; it will come
to pass, tliat, when I have got there, he will be
dead.
3. Kua mate ahau, e ora ana nga rakau nei, / sliall
die before these sticks decay.
4. Me i whakararatatia i mua, kua rarata tenei ; if
it had been tamed before, it would have been
tame now.

Of this, however, more hereafter.

It will often be very necessary to notice the circum-
stances connected with the uttering of a sentence i.e.
whether it be emphatic ; whether it be the answer to
a question ; whether a large measure of certainty is
designed to be implied, &c. <fec.
8. The imperative mood of Maori abounds in
more minute distinctions than any other part of the
verb. We present them all here, chiefly because the
sentences in which they occur are, for the most part,
simple.
1. The most common form for expressing the im-
perative of an active verb is by its passive ; e.g.

ACTIVE FORM. IMPERATIVE.

Patu, to strike. Patua, strike (it).
Tua, to f> ll.
Tuaina, fell (it).
38 OF THE VERBS.

2. (a) If the verb be neuter, the simple ground

form is used ; e.g.

Haere, go.
Hororo, make haste.
Tena, be prompt, be quick.
Kati, be quiet.
Whetero, put out your tongue*

(b) Occasionally, however, we find the passive form

used, when the meaning of the verb is neuter ; e.g.

Hapainga, let us start.

Takiritia, idem.
Kokiritia, dash forward (in pursuit, &c.)
Hoea tatou, let us paddle.

Sometimes both active and neuter verbs will take

the verbal prefixes e, kia, hei, me, kaua, aua, kei,
before them to denote the imperative.
(c) E
is used sometimes to denote the imperative of
active and neuter verbs. It is chiefly used with the
second person singular, dual, and plural.
It is never found in the first person singular, but is
occasionally used in the first person dual and plural.
We know of no instance in which it is employed in
the third person, and we believe the following sentence
to be incorrect E aroha mai te Atua ki a tatou, may
:

God love us.

(d) Kia is capable of being used in all the persons

of the imperative. It is the particle most frequently
iised with the first person. In the second, it is chiefly
used with verbalized adjectives (page 43) ; e.g. kia

* In speaking of actions done

by members of the body, Maori never
supposes the individual, but rather the member, to perform the act.
Thus, such expressions as "lift up your head," "open' your mouth,"
"stretch out your leg," would not be rendered, as we have heard some
speakers express it, by "huaia ake to matenga," "hamamatia to waha,"
&c., but rather "kia ara ake to matenga," "harnama tou waha,"
"wharoro tou waewae."
We have, indeed, occasionally heard a native say, wheterongia (whate-
rongia, Ngapuhi) tou arero, titahangia ; but these phrases are rare.
 OF THE VERBS. 39

oti ; though occasionally it is prefixed to the verb. In

the third person, it is used before either adjective or
verb.
The dehortative and cautionary particles kauft, ,

kei, belong strictly to the imperative.

(e) Under this head we should perhaps also mention
the particle me. It will be observed that it does not
take the passive after it ; e.g.
Me patu te te poaka.
Me hangS te taiepa.
(f) The only particles the imperative of passive
verbs will admit before it are kia, kaua, aica, and kei.
Following is a table of sentences illustrative of the
above remarks. Other forms are given by which the
imperative is sometimes denoted :

1st Form. Whakaakona ahau, teach me.

2nd. Whakatika, arise.
Noho atu, remain away.
Hoki mai, come back.
Noho puku, sit quiet.

Tupeke, jump.
Pepeke, draw up your legs.

3rd. E ara, arise.

E noho, sit down.
Haere koe, e hoki, go, return.
E kai, eat.
E ngaki taua, let us two dig (it).

4th. Tena koa, kia wakamatau ahau, give it here, let

me try it.

Kia kaha, be strong.

Kia hohoro, make haste.
Kia ara (te pou), let (the post) be u]-ig/if.
Ko tena, kia nekehia atu, as for that, let it be
mOVf turn,/ ft, if t)i<'in ).

Kia maia tatou, let us be courageous, &c.

40 OF THE VERBS.

5th. E kaua ahau e haere ki reira.

! Pish ! let me
not go there.
Aua e tukua, do not let it go.
Kei ngaro, take care lest it be lost.
Kei whakarongo atu tatou, let us not listen, &c.
6th. Ka oti tena, me
ngaki a konei e koe, when tliat
is finished, this place must be dug by you.

7th. Maku etahi, (give) me some.

8th. Hei konei koutou noho ai, do you stop here.
9th. Kati te tahae i aku merene, cease stealing my
melons do not, &c.
; i.e.

10th. E tae koe, ka tono mai i a Hone, wlien you

arrive there, send John here.
llth. Tatou ki te to, we to drag ; i.e. let us go to

drag (the canoe).

12th. Ko te tangata kua tukua mai, (before you send
tlie
pigs) let the messenger be sent liere.

TENSES.
PRESENT SINGULAR.
1. E patu ana ahau, I am striking, or strike.
2. E patu ana koe, you are striking, &c.
3. E patu ana ia, lie is striking, <fcc.

DUAL AND PLURAL.

1. E patu ana maua, or matou.
2. E patu ana korua, or koutou.
3. E patu ana raua, or ratou.
OTHER FORMS FOR THE PRESENT.
1. Kahore ahau e pai, / am not willing.
2. Ko au tenei, here I am (lit.,
this is I).
3. He tangata kino koe, you (are) a bad man.
4. Ko toku matua ko Kukutai, Kukutai (is) my
fat/ier.
 OF THE VERBS. 41

5. Ka pai, it is good.
6. E haere mai, she is coming.
7. E pai ranei koe? are yon willii<>i !

8. E ki iiei (or na) koe, you affirm.

9. Kei te patu, lie is killing (it) (lit. at the
killing).
10. Noku tenei wahi, this place is mine (lit., mine
this place).
PAST TENSE.
1. I reira ahau i te ata nei, / (was) tJiere this morning.
2. Ko Rawiri te matua o Horomona, David (was)
th father of Solomon.
>

3. He tangata mohio a Horomona, Solomon (ivas)

a wise man.
4. I haere ano ahau, / went.
5. Nau i whakaatu, you disclosed.
6. Ka haere a Ihu, Jesus went.
7. E ngari a Hone ka kite, John ratlier saw it (not
i)-
S. Haere ana a Ihu, Jesiw went.
9. He ua tena, that was rain, it rained (used
chiefly in animated description).
10. He tini aku korerotanga ki a ia, many (have
been) my conversations with him.
11. Ko te tangata kua tukua mai, the messenger liad
been sent (before the other thing was done).
1 2. Kihai i pai mai, he was not pleased.
1 3. Ka te tuku tena wahi (Ngapuhi), that place has
been given to, <kc.
1 4. Kua patua te poaka 1 Ivas the pig been killed ?
1 5. Kua oti noa ake taku mahi, my work lias been
finished this some time.
16. He mea hanga naku te purutanga, t/ie Jiandle
was made by myself [lit., the handle (was) a
thing made of mine (actively)].
FUTURE.
1. Ka haere ahau, I will go.
2. E riri mai koe will you be
? angry ?
42 OF THE VERBS.

3. Maku e patu, / will kill (it) [lit. the killing (it

is to be) for me].
4. Ko koe te haere 1 are you (the person) that is to
go?
5. Tera e mate, he will die (perhaps) (lit.
that will
die).
6. E kore e tukua, it will not be let go.

7. E tae koe ki Waitemata, when you go to Waite-

mata.
8. Akuanei ko ia kua tae, the chances are that he
will get there first (lit. presently it is he that
has arrived).
9. Kowai hei tiki ? who is to fetch it ?

INFINITIVE MOOD.
Haere ki te whiu, go to drive (it), (lit. go to the
driving).
Pai kia haere, willing to go.
E kor e eahei te tone, / cannot press you (lit.
the pressing cannot be effected).

6. VOICE. Maori verbs, in respect of voice, may

be considered under the three well-known heads of
active, passive, and neuter.
7. The active is the simple root modified by one
or more of the words already mentioned j e.g. e patu
ana ahau, / am striking.
8. The passive is the root varied in its termination ;

e.g. e patua ana ahau, / am struck.

NOTE. Verbs derived from the simple adjective will

generally rank under the head of neuter. Under this class
also do we reduce a species of verbs in the arrangement of
which we have felt some difficulty viz.. such words as
pakaru, broken; marere. conceded, &c.. I.e. words which are
neuter in form, but passive in meaning which correspond in
;

meaning to the past participle passive of the European lan-

guages, but are not traceable to any root. After much con-
sideration we are inclined to think that they may most
satisfactorily be regarded as adjectives, and classified accord-
 OF THE VERBS. 4

" Kua
ingly. Thus, in the following sentence, pakaru to waka
i ha* been broken by the tcnce*, we should
te ngaru." tin: canoe
regard pakarn as an adjective, or rather a vrrbtilizerf ail],
" Kua kino
just as much as we should kino in the following :

te waka i te paru," tin' en not- if barf, or uncvinfoetable, through

the filth.
To any who wish to regard such a class as passive participles,
we would reply that the preposition i (not e] following them
clearly determines them as belonging to the neuter family ;
and that, though their meaning may not coincide with our
"definition of a neuter verb, yet we feel no difficulty on that
head for we only act in common with other grammarians,,
:

who have laid it down as a useful rule, "</ jtofmri immm Jit." 1

For a table of such words, see farther on.

In the passive we meet with variation in the termi-

nation of the ground form.

9. ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE.

A, to drive away, <fec. Aia.

Ka (v. n.) to burn (as afire) Kan//m.
Maka, to throw away Maka.
Wakama, to wake clean Wakama&m.
Hura, to expose (by taking Hura/tia,
off the cover)
Whakateka, to denounce as Wakatekai?ia / Wha-
falw katekaia
Aroha, to love Ai*ohai?^, or Arohai~
Tua, to fell (as a tree)^ Tuzina, or TuaJcina.
Raranga, to knit (a native RangaAia.
basket, <fec.)
( Mea/i//.
Mea, to do < Meinga.
( Meingatia (Ngapuhi).
He (verb, adj.) unacquainted ~B.ongia.
v-it/t,&C.
Kukume, to pull Kumea.
Kere (v. n.) sail, as a boat, ( Reia
and to flow as water \ Rere?<//".
Whakatete, to mi/k Wakatete&ia.
to bind in bundles Paihcrc^ta.
 OF THE VERBS.

Ope, to gather, <fcc.

(in hand- Qpehia.
fids)
Whakapae, besiege, or to Whakapaea.
accuse falsely

~Whakaae, assent to or
Whakaae^'a.
Hi, to fish with a hook
(
to spill
Ringilia.
Riringi (v. a.),
( RingiAm.
Whaki, to confess Whakina.
Arahi, to guide
Whawhaki, to gather (as Whakita.
grapes, &c.)
Kikini, to pinch
to feed
(
Whangaia.
Whangai,
( Whangam
Pupuhi, to fire (a gun) t
or Puhia.
to blow with tlie mouth
Pai (adj.), good P&ingia.
Ho-mai ( to
( Ho-mai.
CJIV
Ho-atu ] \ Ho-atu.
Waiho, leave Waiho.
f Koia.
Ko, to dig
\ ~Kongia.
Mono, to calk Monoa.
Horo (part, adj.), tumble ~H.orongia.
down, as a land-slip
fioro, to swallow Horomia.

Whakato, to sow or plant

Takoto (v. n.), to lie Takotorm.
Aro, regard with favour
to Arongia.
Manako (same as aro) Manako/ti.
Toko, to propel by poles
Kongo, to hear
( Wbaoto&MMk
Whawhao, to stow
1 Whaoa
 OF THE VERBS. 45

Utuutu, to draw v:t- r Utw///".

Utu, to pay Utua.
Ruku (v. n.), to </ Ruku/'/'f.
Tu (v. 11.),
to * Turi<>.
Whakau, tfi kindle Whakau>/</<".
Hohou, to bind /fart n*f, Art-. Houh/".
Whawhau (Waikato), idem \Vhauw/'//.
Maumau (part, a.), wasted Maumauria.
Tatau, tojiyht "//"///>/ Taun'".
Tatau, to count Tail".
Hahau, to seek Hahauria.
Whakahou, to mak? new Whakaliou//".
Mat.'-nui, unii'h coveted Mate-null i".
Tangata-whenua, a denizen Tangata-whenualia, to
be naturalized.

(</) It will be seen that the above arrangement is

made according the final letter of the ground
to
form, and that each division contains some examples
of reduplicated words, and of words ending in diph-
thongs.

(b) That, in words ending in a, the passive is

mostly made by adding to the last syllable ia,

ki". //i", in", fifii'j

(c) That some verbs receive no additions to the

la -i
syllable, as tnaka. On the Eastern Coast ia takes
the place of simple a in the passive ; e.g. maka,
inakaia.

The speaker should be always careful, in pronouncing the

passive a, to throw the emphasis strongly on the last syllable.
The following words are of this description Panga, to throir
:

atvay ; pana, to tkove airay, &c. kanga, to <///-.</ ; wakumana,

;

to ratify, tec. taunaha, to bespeak; unpa, to send; waha, to

\

car rif <>n the back.

('/) Tliat some verbs have sometimes two or more

terminations for the passive; as arohatia, arohaina,
46 OF THE VERBS.

arohangia. We may here remark that some words

have different passives in different districts e.g. ;

Whangainga (Ngapuhi), Whangaia (Waikato).

(e)
That in words, one or more of the syllables of
which are repeated, the reduplication will frequently
be dropped in the passive ; e.g.
Kikina, kinitia ; tapatapahi, tapahia, &c.

NOTE. It must, however, be noticed that there are many

^exceptions to this rule, and that the omitting or retaining the
reduplication is often left to the option of the speaker. In
those instances, however, in which he wishes to denote with
peculiar emphasis the distribution, repetition, &c. implied
by the reduplication, he always, as far as he can, retains
it; e.g.

every one of the nails.

Titititia, strike
Patupatua, strike with many blows, &c.

(/) In a few instances we meet with a passive

formed by a change of the first syllable e.g. ;

Kongo, to hear ; rangona (passive) ; wakarongo,

wakarangona (passive).

Examples of this rule are very few.

(g) Of the passives of compound verbs, two
-examples are given at the end of the table. The rule
for their formation is the same as that for the passives
of simple verbs the final letters, in both cases, being
:

the only thing on which they depend. Occasionally,

however, we meet with a word resolved into two parts,
and each part put into the passive voice ; e.g.
Kaihau (v. act.), to sell the property of an indi-
vidual witJwut giving him any part of the
payment ; JLainga-hsiutia (passive).

There another form, similar to the preceding,

is
which requires to be mentioned here, viz., when two
verbs follow each other in immediate succession, one
 OF THE VERBS. 47

of which acts as a kind of adverb or qualifying word

to the other, they will both sympathize with each
other in voice will either be both active or both pas-
sive ; e.g.
Toia haeretia, dragged along ; literally, dragged
gone.
Tukua whakareretia, let down with a dash.
Kai moe, eat sleeping, i.e. while he is eating he is
sleeping.

In such phrases the latter of the two verbs will

generally take tia for its passive form.

(k) Occasionally a passive word may be met with
which has 110 active as parangia e te moe, oppressed
!>/ xleep ; rokohina and rokolianga, waiho, liomai, and
hoatu.
(i) Passive
verbs are used in a more extended
sense in Maori than what is commonly met with in
other languages, not excepting, perhaps, even the three
passives of Hebrew.
The following are a few illustrations of the various
uses :

Haere, to go, v. n. te huarahi

;
i haerea e ia, tlie

road by which he travelled.

Neke, move away (yourself) v. n. nekehia atu, ;

imp., move (tlie thing) away ; kua nekehia, was

moved away.
Titore, diffisus ; Titorehia, imp., diffinde, adj.
Oioi contremo,or nnto,v. n. oioia, imp.; agita, v.a.
;

Riri, angrtj; riria, angered (e.g. ka riria ahau e ia).

Pai, good ; kia pai, let it (tlie thing) be good.
NVakapata, imp., put it (the place, tkc.) to rights.
\Vakapazngia, to be accepted or approved of.
Korero, to specdc ; korerotia, made tlie subject of
oncersation.
<

Whakaaro, v. n., to think; whakaarohia, iinj.,

t/nnk (of tlie thing); whakaarohia iho, think
(of yourself, <i:c.)
48 OF THE VERBS.

Kau, swim, v. n.; ka kauria (te awa), is swum over

(the stream) ; ka wakakauria (te hoiho), (the
horse) is made to swim over.
Kakahu, a garment ; kakahuria (tou), put on your
(garment); wakakahuria (te tamaiti), put on
the child's clothes.
Whangai, to feed ; whangaia ma te ngohi, given as
food for the fishes.
Tae, to arrive at (a place); ka taea Waitoke,
Waitoke lias been arrived at.
Taea noatia tenei ra, until it is arrived (at, i.e.
up to) this day.
Huri, to turn (a grindstone, &c.) ; kia liurihia taku
toki, tliat my axe may be turned i.e. ground.

Whawhao, to stow or put into a basket, &c.

Kua whaowhina te kete ki te tupeka, the basket
was stowed (with) tobacco i.e. had tobacco put
into it.

Manene, to beg kei manenetia koe ki te tupeka,

;

lest you should be begged for tobacco i.e. lest

tobacco should be begged from you.

Horihori, to tell falsehoods ; ko te mea i horihoria
e koe he tangata, the thing you erroneously said
tvas a man ; ko te mea i whakahorihoria e koe,
tlie thing you denounced as false.

For further remarks on this part of the Maori

verb, vide chap. xix.

(Ji) NOTE. The student will sometimes find that the simple
root is used with a similar variation of meaning e.g. ;

Waha, carry on the back ; e waha, get on my lack.

to
He paipa hei puru mo taku tupeka, a pipe to plug my
tobacco : into which toping my tobacco.
Te waka e to na, the canoe that lies dragged up there.
Te rakan e pou na, the stake that is fixed there.
Kei tehea whare nga tangata ? Kei te whare e ngiha mai
na. In which house are tlie people? In the house that
burns ; i.e. in the house in which the lights burn.
Kei te too te kai,/00d is being cooked (in tlie oven).
 OF THE VERBS. 49

Sentences, however, like the last of these are mostly

employed when emphasis and brevity are desired more than
accuracy.

12. The verbal nouns also (for which vide chap.

experience considerable variations in meaning.
3, $ c.)
They are in most cases formed from the passive voice
of the root and as the rules for their formation may
;

be easily learned by comparing a few with their n

spective ground forms, it may perhaps be sufficient to
give the nouns derived from the verbs of the last
mentioned table :

PASSIVE VOICE. VERBAL NOUNS.

Am, Anga.

Maka, Makan^a.

Hura/tiVf,
Wakatekai'xrt,

Heanga, or Henga.
Kumea, Kumenga.
Rere?^ia, Renga.
Paihereiia,
Hia,
Ringi/a'a,
Whakiwa,
Kinii,
Whangaia,
Homai,
Waiho,

Horo,
Horowiuz,
Rangona,
50 OF THE VERBS.

UtuAi, 'Utuhanga.
Ruku/iirt, Hukuhanga.
Houhia, Houhanga.
Tauria, T&t&uran-ja.
Tauia, Tauanga.
Hontia, Houtanga.
Sometimes where it is desirable to make a distinction, on
account of the greatness of the difference between the two
branches of the same root, a different form will be adopted for
each meaning e.g. ;

Whanaunga, is a relation : whanautanga, a birth : Kit-

eanga is the opportunity in which a thing may be seen ;

kitenga generally denotes the act of seeing. Again,

w&hanga is a carrying on tJie back, weihinga a breaking.

13. Neuter verbs. On these but few remarks

are required. For the distinction between the prepo-
sition i, by which they are followed, and the particle
i, which follows active verbs, vide i (prepositions,
10, note, page 57).
That they sometimes take the passive form may be
seen in the illustrations of the passive voice. In some
cases, also, their passives change their nature, and
become similar in meaning to the passives of active
verbs, e.g.

Nohoia tou kainga, dwell, or occupy, your farni.

Ka hengia mai ahau e ia, / sJiall be (literally)
ignored by him.

14. As the verbalized adjectives may be most

conveniently classed under this head, we shall insert
here a table of the principal of them :

Ea, paid for.

He, unacquainted with.
Hoha, wearied at.
Horo, stormed (as a fort, tfec.)
Mahora, given (as a feast).
Makini, gapped.
 OF THK YHIIBS. 51

Mana, ratified, fax

.Mao, ceased (as rain).
Maoa, cooked (as food).
Marere, fa/ '/rnnd, &c.

Maru,
Matau (sometimes with Ngapuhi) ; e.y. E kore
e rnatau i a au, understood.
Mate, dead.
.Man, caught.
Mawheto, loosed (as a knot).
Mimiti, dried up.
Moti, destroyed, <kc. (corresponding to the phrase
clean sweep (Waikato).
Mot n, cut.

Mutu, ended.
Oti, finislied.
Ongeonge (same as Hoha).
Pahure, parsed Ay.
Pahemo, idem.
Pakfiru, broken. N.B. Pakaru, is active.

Pareho, consumed.
Pau, idem.
Riro, departed.
Rite, comfit'-tn*, perfectus (sometimes).
Riwlia, <ji>i>ed.
Tahuri, overturned.
Toreiui, sunk into (as into a bog, &c.)
Tu, wounded, &c.
Whaiuui, 1>i'<iHi[ht forth or born.
Whara, hurt (by accident).
i. A"/-,*/.

Ngai-D. /">7, destroyed, <kc.

Ngenge, tired.
Ngonga, beaten (same as Hani).

Like ad; liese words will assume the form

of a verb when in connection with tin- vi-rlml
parti-
52 OF THE VERBS.

ciples. Indeed (as we have already observed), our

impression is, that, the more we examine, the more
shall we be led to think that a genuine verb is by no
means a common thing in Maori ; and that substan-
tives, adjectives, and other classes are the fountains
to which most of the verbs of the language may be
traced.
 OF THE PREPOSITION'S. 53

CHAPTER VIII.
OF THE PREPOSITIONS.

Scarcely any part of Maori is more worthy of

attention than the prepositions. In no language,
that we are acquainted with, are their powers so
extensive. While, in common with those of English
and Hebrew, they serve to express those relations
which in some languages are chiefly marked by the
different endings of the nouns, they extend their
influence still farther, and are, in many instances, of
material importance in determining the time of the
sentence in which they are placed.
They are simple and compound. The simple are
those which, in construction, take no other preposition
into union with them. The principal prepositions of
this class are as follows :

E, I,,,.

I, hi/, with) front) to, through, in, at, than.

Ki, with, to, for, at, according to, in.
Kei, at.
No, of, fro m.
Na, of, by, thwy/t.
Mo, for (or because of), for (possession), at, tfcc.,
etc.

MM, for, by, concerning.

Hei, at, for.
0,of.
\. <>f.

Ko, at.

TO, Vjt In.

The compound prepositions are those which, like

the rniiijmxitp. of Hebrew, require one or more of the
54 OF THE PREPOSITIONS.

simple prepositions to set forth their meaning. They

are as follows :

Runga, upon or above.

Earo, beneath.
Mua, before.
Muri, behind.
Roto, or ro, it

Waho, outside.
Tua, other side.
Pahaki, other side, or this side of (used in describ-

ing the position of an object).

Tai, idem.
Waenga, midst of.
Tata, near.
Tawhitij/ar off.

The meaning and uses, however, of the above, both

simple and compound, are exceedingly various, and
the attention of the student is therefore requested to
the following notices respecting them * :

E, by (applied to the agent, not to the instrument),

is always prefixed to the agent when a passive verb

precedes ; e.y.
Kua kainga e te kuri, was devoured by the dog.
Kua kitea e Hone, was seen by John.
Kua patua te ngaru e te ua, the waves were beaten
down by the rain.

When neuterf verbs assume the passive form, the

agent follows, as in regular transitive verbs, and is
preceded by e ; e.g.
Katahi ano a kona ka takotoria e te tupeka, now
for the first time has that place been laid upon
by tobacco now for the first time has tobacco
lain there.
*
Many of the following remarks belong properly to the Syntax. The
student, however, will, we trust, find it advantageous to have the whole
subject placed thus in one connected view before him.
t By neuter verbs here are intended also verbalized adjectives. (Vide
"
Verbs, note, under head Neuter.")
 OF THK 1'KKPOSITIONS. 55

Kangia e to alii. k\mlli-<l >///,, ////

th? Jire, i.e.

having a fire kindled (there).

Verbal nouns, and verbs preceded by such words
as hohoro, oti, 1 i. /
toiiMM^ taria, <tc.
will take e after them ; e.g.

Ngaunga e te ra, a scorching by the sun.

Kua oti te patu e au, t/tf k&Rng Imn been finished
1>!/ me ; i.e. I have killed (it).
E kore e ahei te hapai e ahau, the lifting cannot
be accomplished by me ; i.e. I cannot lift (it).

The following, also, are instances in which e is

found after the active verb after a verb, at least,
active in form :
Me wero e koe, you must stal* if.

Me wewete e ia, IK- mnxt let it go.

He mea hangd e te ringaringa, a thing made by
the hand.
Ka te arai mai i taku ahi e koe (a Waikatocism),
(see /) you exclude tJie fire from, me.
1, BY (follows a neuter verb, no matter whether
the agent be animate or inanimate).
Kua mate i a Hone, killed by John.
Pakaru i te hau, broken by the wind.
Ka mate ahau i te wai, / am dead by water ; i.e.
I am thirsty.
2. WITH.
Kia haere atu ahau i a koe ? Sltall I go with
you?
Ka riro mai i a au, will depart with me ; i.e. I
shall take, or obtain it.

In this latter sentence foreigners often make mistakes, and

render it, ka riro mai Itl a au. Wherever obtaining, -mr /'////,
takiny, &c. for possession, or such like, is intended, mostly /

signifies the pi-mmi. // \\\u place ; as in the following

examples :
56 OF THE PREPOSITIONS.

Ka riro to kotiro i te kainga maori, your servant girl iviti

be taken away by (the people) of the native place.
Ka riro to kotiro ki te kainga maori, your servant girl
tvill go to tlie native place.

If the following passage were properly and correctly

translated, how different would its meaning be from
that intended by the speaker Kia riro atu ratou i !

te hunga nanakia, rescue them out from the cnwl

people. The true meaning of the passage, as it stands,
is Let them depart into tJie power of tlw cruel.

3. FROM.
/hea koe ? From whence do you (come) 1
Ki tetahi rongoa i a Hone, for some medicine
from John.
Inoia he ngakau hou i a la, pray for a new
heart from him.

For the diffprence between i and no, see the latter preposi-
tion, 4, page 62. Under this head may be mentioned a
partitive sense in which i is sometimes taken e.g. ;

Tangohia i a Hone, take some of John's.

4. To (denoting possession, used somewhat similarly

to the dative we find in Latin when sum is used for
habeo), e.g.

I a au tenei kainga, this is my farm (or posses-

sion).
Kahore he maripi i a an, there is no knife with
me ; I liave no knife.

Beginners are often misled by natives and each other in the

use of this preposition. Such sentences as the following are
incorrect Ja koe haere, go thou ; /a koe korero,
you said.
It should be simply Haere and. Nau i korero.
;

5. THROUGH (or in consequence of).

E kore e tae mai nga raupo i te ua, the
raupo
cannot be brought here in consequence tJie of
 OF THE PREPOSITIONS. .~>7

6. IN, or AT.
To tatou matua i te rangi, our F((t/<> /// // /

7 Iieatenei e takoto ana 1 Where has this been

lifing ? In the, cupboard.
E aha ana koe i kona ? What are you doing there ?

7. AT (past time).
/ te aonga ake o te ra ka haere mai matou, on t/ie

.'(
<l<iy ice came liere.

8. AT (future).
/ whare ka haere ake koe ki a matou,
te ra horoi
on Saturday you will conie to us.
9. THAN (used in comparison); (vide S. adjectives,
chap, xvi.)
E rangi tenei i tena, this is better titan tliat.
10. Under this head may be classed some instances
that cannot well be reduced to any of the above
rules:
E hara koe i te rangatira noku, you are not my
master.
E hara i a koe (a kind of jocose phrase, corres-
ponding, perhaps, to that of some in England),
you are a pretty fellow.
The following examples seem to be opposed to
rule 1, and are therefore deserving of notice.
They are perhaps confined to Waikato :

Ka timu te tai i a tatou, tlie tide for us (to j>H

-tf/i)
will ebb.
Haere mai ki te wahi ruru i a koe, come to the
spot sheltered for you.
Kei te moe i ona karu, lie is indulging his eyes
with sleep.

The student should ever be mindful of the distinc-

tion between the preposition i and the particle by
which the accusative (as it would be called in Latin)
is denoted. This particle has, of itself, no sj.r. itic
meaning.
58 OF THE PREPOSITIONS.

It follows an active verb, whereas the preposition

follows the neuter, and signifies by. The uses of the
two words are totally opposite, as may be seen in the
following example : A
young teacher wishing to say,
sin produces pain, thus expressed his sentiment : Ko
te kino ka whanau i te mamae. Now, whanau is not
an active verb. It is a verbalized adjective. It is
used correctly in John iii. 8 Whanau i te Wairua,
born of the Spirit. The sentence, therefore, that we
have adduced, if strictly translated, would run thus :
Sin is born of, or produced by pain.

KI, WITH (denotes the instrument) e.g. ;

Patua ki te rakau, beaten with a stick.

When used in this sense it very rarely follows neuter verbs ;
for example, it would not be correct to say, Ka wera i a au ki
te ahi, it will be 'burned up by me with fire. Some passive verb,
as tahuna, <$'c., should, in this case, precede instead of wera.
The following form, however, is correct :

E kore e ora ki tena, will not be satisfied with

that quantity (offood).
E kore e oti ki tena, will not be completed with
that.

Many speakers confound the instrumental character of this

preposition with another use of the word with, which, we
believe, is seldom denoted by ki.
If, for example, we had
to translate into Latin the following
" to "
sentence, speak with fear (i.e timidly), how incorrect
would it be to render fear into the ablative that is used for
denoting an instrument ! All would see that dicere tnetu does
not express that meaning, and that cum metu dicere, or some-
thing to that effect, was the true rendering. So also here,
wherever appendage, connection, and such like is intended, ki
is, we believe, a preposition that is very seldom called into
use. We therefore disapprove of such a sentence as the
following :

ngakau aroha, pray with a loving heart.

Inoi atu ki te
It should, is sometimes found in
however, be noticed that ki
other uses of the word with, in which no instrumentality is
designed ; e.g.
 OF THE PREPOSITIONS. 59

T:\ku mahinga ki a koe. /// tror/.-in// irltJi

yon; I e. my
work in your service.
E riri ana ki a koe, it angry with you.
This last example, however, might perhaps be most correctly
translated at ; as in the following :
E titiro mai ana ki a koe, it looking at ijov.

2. To.
Ho mai ki a au, give it to me.
Haere ki Manukau, go to .I////////,-////.
Te rohe ki a koe, the !><>," /,*/ to you ; i.e. for or
of your side.
3. FOR.
Tetahi ki a koe, (fetch} a (garment) for yourself.
4. AT (past time).
I tanumia ki reira, was buried tltere.
I maku ki runga ki te poti, ivas wet on board the
boat.

5. AT (future time).
Ki te mane ka hoe mai, on the Monday will pully
or }>(i<l'll>',
here.
Kei roa ki reira, be not long t/tere.
6. ACCORDING TO.
E according to what he says ; i.e. as
ai ki tana,
he would have it, Arc.
Ki ta ratou, ki taua taro na, he kikokiko, accord-
ing to them, as concerning that bread, it is
flesh; i.e. they maintain that that bread is
flesh.

In quoting the sentiments of any writer, the most appropriate

form for the phrase according to" would be ki ta, as in the
'

above example. Thus the gospel according to St. Matthew might

"
be well rendered by " ko te rongo pai ki ta Matiu tin- rule, ;

"
according to iiuj <>j>\nnm is, &c. ko te tikanga, ki taku
t

whakaaro, ko, &c."

It is used, also, where if would be employed in
English :

A i te haere ahau, if I go.

 OF THE PREPOSITIONS.

Sometimes (in Waikato) it is used pleonastically :

Kahore ki te matara te haere mai, it was not such

a distance but he might liave come.
the elliptical character
Frequently, in consequence of
of the language, it is found in various other uses,
which it is difficult to reduce to rule. The following
are a few examples :

E noho ana koe ki te kai mau 1 are you staying

from, food?
Te tatau ki a au, the door to me; i.e. open the
door for,or to, me.
Ka riro te waka ki a koe, the canoe for you will
be gone; i.e. the canoe that is to take you
will, &c.
Heoi ano ki a tame ko te whare, let tlie tent be
the only thing for the bull (to carry).
Taria e hoe ki a au, delay your pulling (or
paddling) for me ; i.e. wait for me.
Tikina atu tetahi kete, ki te kete nui, ki te kete
hou, fetch a basket, let it be a large basket, let
it be a new basket.
I riri ahau ki reira, thereupon, or at that thing,
was I angry.
I haere mai ahau ki a koe ki te waka ki a au, /
Jiave come to you for the canoe for me i.e. to ;

get a loan of your canoe.

From the above sentence the student will form an idea of
how much the business of language is performed in Maori by
prepositions.

KEI, AT. It denotes chiefly present time ; e.g.

JSTeihea? Kei te kainga. Where is it? At the
settlement.

2. AT (future time). It is not unfrequently found

in such constructions as the following :

Kei te mane ka haere mai, on Monday he will

come here.
 OF THE PREPOSITIONS. 61

3. Sometimes, in animated language, it is used

instead of ko before the nominative case ; e.g.

Kei te ringaringa o Ngakete aroarohaki k.tu !

ana t/te hand of Xgakete, it was all a quiver.

!

4. Occasionally, in Waikato, it is used in the

following construction Kua riro kei te hoe mai, he
:

is gone, to fetch it (the canoe}. We

are aware that it
has been said that there should be a stop at riro, and
that properly the above may be said to consist of two
sentences, as follows He is gone, he is fetching it.
:

We are, however, certain that many sentences will be

heard in which no stop can be detected in the native
pronunciation.

5. Sometimes it is used in the sense of like :

Kei te ahi e toro, like fire tJuit burns.

Koia ano kei te kowhatu, exactly as if it were a
stone.

NO, OF (the sign of the possessive case). In this

signification he is the only article that it will admit
before it ; e.g.

He wanaunga no Hone, a relation of John's.

The following construction, however, is an excep-

tion :

Katahi ano te potae pai no Hone, for the first

finif. the good liat of John's; i.e. wliat an excellent
liat is tliat of John's !

In denoting the possessive case, m> follows he, and o follows

te, or nga. The following sentence is incorrect :

Ano he tamariki o te Atua, as children of God.

2. FROM (that time).

\n tc mane i haere mai ai, he came here (last)
 OF THE PREPOSITIONS.

3. FROM (that cause).

jVo reira i kino ai, from that cause was he dis-

In all examples of this and the preceding head, no will take

& past tense after it.

4. FROM (that place).

JVo Matamata tenei tangata, this 'man belongs to
Matamata.
There a distinction between this meaning of no and that
is
of page 56). which is very useful and important. No
i (videi. 3,

signifies the place to which yoii belong, whether it be England,

Rotorua, &c. 1 signifies the place you have been visiting as a
mere sojourner.
" "
Thus, if we were to ask a person, No hea koe ? he would
most probably reply, "No Hauraki. no Waikato," or some place
of which he was a denizen but if we were to ask, " J hea
;

koe?" he would then mention some place he had been just

visiting. This distinction does not seem to be so clearly
recognized at the northward as it is in all the central parts of
the island.

NA, OF (the active form of no).

Na wai tena kuri 1 whose is that dog ?

2. BY.
.Y> Hone i
patu, was beaten by John.
NOTE. Na does not in this sense take a passive after it.
It is not quite certain that na does, in such sentences as the
above, signify by. The subject will be more fully considered
in the Syntax (chap, xix.)
Na, in this sense, always takes i after it. The following
sentence is incorrect: Nana hoki Jfxa tohutohu enei mea, he
also has appointed these things. For na followed by ka (ride
Jfa. 5, Syntax, chap, xix.)

3. THROUGH, BY (what cause, instrumentality,

Ac.)
JY te aha i mate ai,from what did he die ?

Sometimes, in this use of it, it is followed by a

passive voice, with ai.
 OF THE PREPOSITIONS. G3

yt te aha i pahuatia ai 1 for wftat cause was he

plundered ?
Xa te aha i ineinga ai ? wlnj was it done ?
Sometimes (but rarely) it is followed by an active
verb :

Na te mea i tuhituhi atu ai au, t/te reason of /////

u'rlting (is because) <L'C.

4. BY (place, conveyance, tfcc.)

.V" ut:i. /'// land.
Na te kaipuke, by *A//;.
X". Huuraki, (witt) hy Ifanraki.

MO. N.B. Mo and ma seem to be future forms of no and

na in many particulars.

1. FOR or BECAUSE OF (followed most frequently by

a past tense, even though the meaning be present),
e -9- V^ it*. X** *<. \ *}&*, ftX<. TCiXtLo
Mo to aha koe i aroha ai ki a te Karaiti 1

do yon love ('/iri*f /

Mn t- aha koe i mauahara tonu ai ki a an?
do i/"". //"// n I'lnit'iniitil i/rudge to me?
Mo te tutu ki te kura i whakatikia ai, for dis-
obedience in school were (t/iey) deprived (of
them).

Sometimes, however, it is followed by other par-

-
:

Mn to aha kia riri kau ] why should he be ant/ri/ /

Mn t<- alia koe ka tutu nei kia au ? why are you
thus disobedient to me ?

_'. l-'i: (<lrnot :iiu"V'/'''"/"' " / ''" U8e or some action

< // < t

!MU' on to the noun, or pronoun, to which it is

prefixed).
Ho mai raoku, yive to me (for my use).
II- lii _ i
///ou, as a farm for you (or
reside upon).
64 OF THE PREPOSITIONS.

He patu moku, a beating for me ; i.e. to beat me.

He raka mo taku pouaka, a lock for my box.
Murua inai moku, take it (from them) for me
i.e. as a thing for me, for my benefit, use, &c.

3. FOR (in excJtange), he utu mo taku mahi.

Sometimes (but rarely) it is found in the following
construction :

Me aha te utu mou 1 what is the payment for

you to be ?

4. FOR.
Whakawateatia he huarahi mo mea ma, clear a
road for our friends.

5. AT (future time).
Mo amua haere ai, go at a future period.
6. CONCERNING.
Nga kupu i korerotia ki a koe mo Tipene, the
report that was related to you, concerning
StepJien.

We have observed nw used by foreigners in sentences in

which for would appear to be pleonastic, as open the door for
me; dress thu mound for me, &c. We have no hesitation,
however, in affirming that mo is never used in such a con-
struction.

7. Used with a verbal noun to denote a prepared-

ness, &c. t for some future act ; e.g.

Mo nga haererenga ki reira ko era kai, THAT

WHEN / go there, there may be food (ready for
me)', i.e. I cultivate at that place that I may
have food when I visit it.

MA. The active form of mo. It implies always

future time.

1. FOR.
Ma wai tena kuri ?
for whom is that dog ?
 OF THE PREPOSITIONS. 65

2. BY, or, more strictly, /<:

Ma Hone e patu, />/ if f>r kill'-d IHJ J'jhx ; lit.

let the killing U- />,- John.

3. BY (vliiit iii'iinx, ,,

J/a te whukapono ka ora ai, by fit/< *liU (we)

be saved.

4. Sometini. s it is ux-d to denote a simple future :

3/aku e koivro, 1 trill */// (/<> hint).

5. It is very frequently employed in Jii/fotJu-tic and

contingent propositions
Ma nga Pakcha tohe, kaua e noho, If the
Enr]">ii>* y/v.vx (to fffojt
I'-'ifJi tin 1

ill], do UOt
remain.
J/au e pai, ka ham* an, //' >/<' />!>'(>*< I trill yo.
Haria atu mana, e whakapai, //mna e whaka-
:

kino, take it (t<> Ji'un) : (it n-ill I><-)fr ////// to be

pleased vitJi if, (if n-i/l

be) for him t he dis-

plea$l (iritJi it).

A very common way of denoting contingnu-y is to

associate ma or na with a personal pronoun, even
though the latter have no direct meaning in the
sentence ; e.y.

He tangata Atua, ka puta mai ki a ia te kai, ka

whiua te tahi ki tahaki, hoi whakahere i tona
Atua, mana ka pau i te kuri ranei, ///'///// ka
pau i te poaka ranei. A num <>/<(, I,,/* a
God,
iffoodisbroiKjlif /<> Itini (to the man), jmrt (<>/
it) is thrown to one side as an. ';//<////// to his
God. (As chaiK'.' nuiif l,n, it) it
,ii;i />c, eaten
by the dog, or it ma;/ bf> eaf<>/t //// tin- ///'</.

y<nia ka nui te hau, imwi ka iti, wen tfiouyli tJt<

wind be strong, ef-n tlnnnjli if '

/iy/if, (still
does he carry on).

6. BY
(with reference to place or conveyan*- '

the same sense i .\ "/ t.

page 63).
6
66 OF THE 'PREPOSITIONS.

RA, BY, same as Ma 6.

HEI, AT (always future), applied to pla-cc, ini
tion, &c.
Hei kona tatari, at that place stop.
Hei reira korero ai, thereupon speak.
Hei konei, be (you) here a farewell.
2. It is often used to denote purpose, object, use, &c.,
where in English we should use as, to, for, instead, &c. ;
e.g.
Haria etahi kanga hei o mou, take some corn as
viaticum for you.
Hei aha tena 1 Hei rewa mo te poti, what is that
for? As a mast for the boat.
Kowai hei tiki *? who is to fetch (it) ?

Sometimes we hear the following :

Aua hei pena, do not so.

3. Occasionally (but rarely) it is used to denote

frequent action ; e.g.

Ko wai hei ruke tonu i

nga riwai nei, who is
this tliat is continually throwing about the
potatoes ?
NOTE. A very strange use of this preposition is to be found
in some parts of the south-eastern coast as in the following ;

examples :

Haere koe hei rakau, go fetch a stick.

Haere koe hei wai, go fetch water.
On the western coast such an address would be a most
offensive curse.

O, OF ; e.g.
Te whare Hone, the house of John.
o

A, form of o.
OF, the active
Te main a Hone, John? 8 work.
N.B. We sometimes meet with to and ta ; e.g.
Ko to Hone whare, Joliris house.

Such words, however, are clearly composed of te and o, or a.

 OF THE PREPOSITIONS.

A (different from the article ,

as also from the
foregoing).
AT. A te mane, on., or "/, tin
1
Mou'lui/ (we will
go), &c.
KO.
AT. Ko reira noho ai, t flmt place stop.
Ko reira korero ai, th>-n xy /-*//,.

TO, UP TO. The following is the only construction

in which we have heard this preposition :

To nga hope te wai, the water is up to the loin*.

Ka to nga uma te wai nei, the water in vj> t<> (/<-
breast.

N.B. To almost always takes a plural number after it.

COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS. One or two examples

will be a sufficient illustration of all.
li'i at/a is capable of the following combinations :

I runga i, ki runga ki, ki runga i, ki runga o, no

runga no, no runga i, o runga o, kei runga kei, kei
runga i, hei runga i, hei runga hei, mo runga mo,
fcc. fec. The first preposition in the combination and
the meaning of the sentence will generally determine
the last.
Sometimes the adverbs ake and iho (vide Adverbs),
as also the particles ata and mai, are postfixed to the
preposition to increase its force ; e.g.

E ngari tena i
runga ake, that ivhich is above (it)
is better.
A muri ake nei, hereafter.
A singular use of roto (or ro) may be found in the neigh-
bourhood of the Enst Cape; e.g.
K. i //; wh;iiv, inxi/ii- tin- ln>u.\i-.

Kei ro pouak:i. in tin- bc.r.

A similitr use of naenga may be found in all parts of the

island ; e.g.

<v/,-//yrti-iwai, '" ""' miilxt it/t/u- jmttitti (field).

Kei trneinjn mara, in the tnit/af aff/n- rnlth'ation.
68 OF THE PREPOSITIONS.

A very common and elegant use of runga is when

it is employed in the sense of amongst, on, or with, to
denote concoviitancy, ttc. ttc., as in the following
examples :

I hokona e koe i runga i te he, yon

purchased it
on a bad title.
Kei runga tenei i te mahi, we are now on the
work ; i.e. are busily engaged at work.
E karakia ana i runga i te he, he worships on
sin; i.e. while he worships God he practices
sin.

The preceding examples suggest a good approximation to a

form of expression which we confess we have been unable to
find under the preposition ki ; ie. with noting concomitancy
"
(ride hi, page 58), as in the following examples
"
Pray with :

" " love God with

faith ; your whole heart. In these sentences
we should have no hesitation in using runga. As in the
sentence :

Kia haere atu te inoi i

runga i a te Karaiti, let the prayer
go forth upon Christ.

The other compound prepositions may often be

rendered veiy useful by giving them, as in the above,
a figurative acceptation according with the nature of
the subject. One or two examples will suffice.
Tua is thus employed :

He tau ki tna, a year is o^^ the other side ; this

day year, what a Icnig time (you intend to be

absent) !

He mate kei tua, misfortune is on the other side :

i.e. aivaits you,.

Kei tua o te ra tapu nei, next week.

The student should carefully remember that muri

and mua do not exactly correspond with behind and
before in English, and that tua is very frequently
employed to denote those words.
"We have heard the following very erroneous
expressions from some old settlers :
 OF THi; PREPOSITIONS. 60

Tutakina te tatau o te uroaro, n/nd t/t>* door if

t)c front : i.e. the front door.
Kei muri i te whare, behind th*> //' .

l and mxa (as well as the substantive <irn<irt>)

are chiefly employed in connection with living objects.
When allusion is made to the date of events, the
student will remember that the prepositions ,,>, .

mo, a, h'-i. /,'/, /.". In' I it. and ko a denote future

time, .and that no, t, and o will always indicate pa>t
time.
These prepositions will sometimes be found to
occupy the place of verbs, substantives, and adverbs.
Sometimes we meet with other forms for denoting
what would be represented by a preposition in
English. Though their proper place belongs to the
dictionary, we beg the reader's permission to insert a
few here :

Puta noa i tera taha (make its appearance out at

the other side) ; through.
A taea noatia tenei ra
|
arrives on, to \

or or
A tae noa ki tenei ra ( till it reaches )
\ Mangapouri atu ana, even to
Mangaponri.
I te takiwa (in f/- !,>/>,"!); between.
I te ritenga atu (in /// ////< / ill ruction
of) ;
. and ruiifrn orf-r against.
Ki tona oroaro (to In* front) ; before.
I let ah i t;iha ona tetahi taha (on one side,
i on
one side) ; ronn<I <il>nt him.
\\ i tera taha (to the other side) ; across (a
stream).

The prefix n-Lnkn, when in union with a word, will

impart the meaning of towards, and change it into an
rb ;
e.g.

Kumea whakarnntra, i<^ Hj.n-nr>l.<.

Haere whaka te pa, yo tim-artlx the j>.
70 OF THE PREPOSITIONS.

I hoatn ai e ahau i whakaaro ki tona matua, /

gave it to him in consideration of his father
(propter).
Kihai ahau i whakaae, i whakaaro koki ki a
Hone, / did not assent on account of John ;
i.e. for John's sake.

The above form deserves, we think, the notice of our

missionary brethren, as supplying a good approximation to a
use of the word by, which we have not been able to find under
the preposition ki or mo, viz. when it is used in adjuration.
If, for example, we had to translate into prose the following
stanza :

By thy birth, and early years ;

By thy griefs, and sighs, and tears ;

Jesus, look with pitying eye,
Hear, and spare us when we cry,

we should feel very reluctant to use either ki or mo. For, in

that case, our Lord's hearing would be represented as a thing
to be accomplished or purchased by Himself with His birth and
early years a version quite foreign from the original.
" Wha-
"SVe should therefore prefer something to this effect :

karongo mai, tohungia hoki matou, &c.. wakamaharatia ton

"
whanautanga, &c.," or, kia mahara hoki ki tou whanautanga
ki tou taitamarikitanga, &c. &c."
" I whanua nei hoki
Some, perhaps, would prefer :
koe, i
"
taitamariki, &c. neither should we object to such a form.
;

All we contend for is, that kl and mo will not answer, and that
they would- often, in such kind of sentences, convey very
erroneous doctrines. Approximation to such a meaning is all
we can hope for ; and that is the best which daffers least in
sense from the original.
 OF THE ADVERBS. 71

CHAPTER IX.
OF THE ADVERBS.

The adverbs of Maori may be considered under two

heads, primitive and derivative.
The jn'iinifire are but few in number.
The derivative are very numerous, and may be thus
ranked :

1st. which require

Those some preposition to
exhibit their application ; e.y.
Ki hea, no reira.
2nd. Those which are derived from words of other
parts of speech.
3rd. Those phrases which supply the place of
adverbs.
The last class is very large, Maori being deficient in
the variety of adverbs. Though, strictly speaking,
most of them cannot claim a place in this chapter, we
shall mention them :

Because many foreigners are much perplexed

1st.
from not being acquainted with them ; and,

2nd. Because, being idiomatic phrases, a knowledge

of them is of great importance to the composition of
elegant Maori.
NOTE1. Some of the following adverbs might, it will be
seen, have been easily classified under other lu-ads. It was
necessary, however, to have a classification, and it is not of
much consequence under which head a phrase of equivocal
character should be classed.
NOTE 2. Some of the adverbial particles are fully con-
sidered in the next chapter.
72 OF THE ADVERBS.

Adverbs may be reduced to the following classes :

to those of time, place, order, quantity, quality,

manner, affirmation, negation, comparison, interroga-
tion, and intensity.

ADVERBS OF TIME.*

Aianei, \

Anaianei, (
presently.
Akuanei, i

Akuaina, )
J/banaianei, for this present occasion.
r
JV onaiaiiei, )

ow, just noiv.

/naianei, }
/naianei-iiei-ano, at, or since this present moment.
Nonai-akenei, a few minutes, days, &c. ago.

* These adverbs of time are arranged according to their times, past,

present, and future. For the time of those adverbs which are compounded
with prepositions, see the Simple Prepositions, chap. viii. The principal com-
pound adverbs are /tea, ahea, mita, muri, umnta, f/popo, rcira. They are
chiefly adverbs of time and place. As they are of very common use, we
shall give examples of their various combinations. Some of these com-
binations ought, perhaps, more properly to be considered as belonging to the
class of substantives :

A hea ? Ko mua. 7 nahea ?

KH hea ? X', mua. A muri.
S<> hea ? XH mua. K<> muri.
.Art hea? /mua. Xo muri.
/hea? Jff> mua. .AY/ muri.
M" l.;wi ? Mo a mua. / muri.
Mn he-a ? Mn mua. Mo muri.
Ki hea ? Ki mua. Ma muri.
AVihea? AV/ mua. Ki muri.
/ hea ? / mua. Kvi mnri.
hea ? mna. / muri.
/Mhea? Heimna. o mnri.
.-1 popo. A hea ? A' anaianei.
K'. aixpo. Ko ahea ? //"ianaianei.
J/o aix)po. Hci aliea ? J/o anaianei.
// apopo. J/'. ahea? / naianoi.
-4 mua. 3*o nahea? O naianei.
A'o amna.
Reirn ko and konri. &c. will take the sains combination as muri. It will
be observed that some of the above adverbs take n between them and the
preposition.
 OF Till: AUVKUBS. 73

A inoroki noa nci

A inolioa noa in-i

A tae noa ki, )

teneira(lit.untilitis to thin
taea noatia j
arrived to this day) '
finn:
A, uoho nt'i
(Waikato), [lit.
down
to this (time) iu which (we) are
sitting]
Rapua Te Atiui i to/ct kit* IK/O <ti, kurangatia atu
/"/ tata dun ia, wk th' Lor<l \vliil<> ///
unnj I-
fun n't, '-nil
upon Him wliile He is near.

/A maybe found, might also be rendered by,

t loud
Ahea? at what future time ?

Apopo, to-nwrrnir.
A tahi m, the {l<i\j after to-morrow.
A inua, hereafter.
\\~awe
E kore e taro, it will not be long \
-j

E kore e roa, \t1>-m f

E kore e wheau, i</< >,/
Tenei ake (this aft< ,-n;ir<l* li/^i,l-l/<-, J rxtfter : ,

Kei taku kitenga i a ia, when I see, him.

( ake nei, } /7 , -

Tukua or
'
^" ave hence f ard )

I atu
Apopo ake nei, i<i>-in.

A muri ake nei, he

Mo a inua, at fuln <t r>-

E takoto ake nei (it lies hereafter), henceforu-r<I.

A, ake, ake, sike,for >

Kia mo ata te maranga, rise early (lit. let the

rising be at dawn).
Ko reira, on that occasion, then (future).
Meake, or /-r/t"j>s more correct!;/ nn-a ake,
lr?)n>ntlyi or, was oil the point of.
Kia mea (ka hoki mai an?) (sliall / / /////*
/)
after <i littl-' while.
74 OF THE ADVERBS.

Ka mutu, when finished, by-and-bye.*

Ka mea, after a little interval, idem ; e.g. ka mea
ka haere ake, by-and-bye you will follow us.
Nonahea ? since, or at what time (jmst)
.Vonanahi )
ferd
/nanahi
No > tahi ra <
the
day before yesterday (lit.
I from or on the other day).
a short time ago (lit. from
No (
tahi ra atu < or, on the other day besides,
I or beyond).
(

No
I
> mua, formerly.
No
I
> nanamata, a long time ago, or in old times.
^Vo-tua-iho, time out of mind.
Inamata (Waikato), immediately, directly, &c.
E haere ana tenei au, I will go immediately.
Penei i nanahi ka tae mai a Hone ma, it was this
time yesterday when, &c.
Kia penei apopo ka u, we shall land about this
time to-morrow.

y
< muri > afterwards.

Muri < , > afterwards.

j-
> te aonga ake, next day.
* Ka mutu and ka mea
generally denote future time, and imply a short
interval between the time of speaking and the act. Though the former
expresses an ending of something else, it does not always intend it ; for it is
often used when the person addressed is not engaged at anything. As
there is nothing in Maori corresponding exactly to the Hebraic mode of
" iV came " it shall come to
phrase which is translated to pass," pass," some
have adapted ka mea as a substitute, and in some cases, perhaps, it must
stand for want of better. There are, however, cases in which we think a
more correct and idiomatic form might be adopted ; viz., a simple a, or
natrai a, or tenei ake, &c. We, for example, should have no scruple in trans-
" So it
lating the following sentences : came to pass when all the men of war
were consumed," &c. nawai a, ka poto nga tangata hapai patu katoa te
"
mate, &c. ; and it shall come to pass if ye hearken," Sic. a tenei ake, ki te
whakarongo koutou, &c. ; " and it came to pass when he heard," &c. a, te
rongonga o, &c.
 OF T1IK AD V HUBS. 7fr

No te atatu, early in. the morning.

No reira, from that th/i>', orrasiou, <fec.

I tenei ra i tenei ra (lit. this day, \

this day) > continually^

I te ao po (lit. day and night)
i te
)
Tena ano, do it again.
Ka Waen 8a ' at "*?>
turoto }
{
Kahore i puta atu te kupu, kua whakatika, 7 had
not spoken (i.e. immediately, as soon as I
had spoken) he arose.
Haere po, go by niyht.
Haere awatea go by day. t

OF PLACE.
Ko hea (whea Waikato), whither.
Hei hea, at what place (future).
? V from what place, whence.
^
Ki ko, thit/ier.

f
Kei
{ * kora }
rom this <
and that > l'
lace -

reira te pakaru kei reira te paru ;

lit. there
the broken place there the repair ! W/ieresoever
it is broken there coat with raupo*

Kei waho e noho ana, he is sitting outside.

NOTE 2. Ki
reira, no reira, hei reira, &c., correspond,
in most with ki kona, no kona, hei Jtoiia; with this
cases,
difference, however, that the na and ra follow the rule already
noticed (page 30.)

Haere iko te tokitoki, haere iho te tahntahu,

Imrn off the felled timber, and immediately as
soon as it has been chopped up (lit. go down
the chopping, go down the burning).

For the difference between nrt, na, and ra, ride Pronouns, page JO.
76 OF THE ADVERBS.

Ko te tahutahu ko te ko, ko te tahutahu ko te

ko, immediately as soon as, &c.
Tokitoki iho, ko atu, dig it immediately as soon
as it is chopped up (lit. chop downwards, dig
forwards).
Ora noa
Me i kotahi (lit.
if it

had been one) all but, &c.

Wahi iti, a little bit
Whaiio
He mea tatau a tau te utu, the payment is to be
a thing counted per year ; i.e. it is to be
rented yearly.
I tenei tau i tenei tau, yearly.
He tau pea mahi atu, he tau pea malii atu, this
(manuring of the tree) is, perhaps, a work of
every year, done yearly ; kei te hauhake riwai,
tuku iho kei te kumara, (we) are now (engaged)
at digging up potatoes, afterwards (we shall
be) at the kumara.
Ka maha nga haerenga, many have been his
goings, i.e. he has gone frequently.
Hoki ake ko atia kupu, koki ake ko aua kupu,
Jte repeats the same words over and over again
(lit.
return up, those very words, return up,
those very words).
Na wai-a, at length, so it was, it came to pass.
'Tatari noa, a, waited a long time.
A oti noa, until finished.
Kia tae mai ra ano, until he arrives.
Ka tahi ano, now for the first time.
Ka tahi ano he mea pai, it is a good thing indeed.
Ka tahi au ka mea atu, then I said.

OF ORDER.
I noho ai, he hau tetahi, he kai kore ka rua, (we)
remained away, 1st, (because of) the wind;
2ndly, (we) had no food.
 OF THE ADVERBS. 77

Ka rua aku haerenga, / have gone twice (lit. my

goings have been two).
Whakatepea te ko, kaua e pokapokaia, dig in
regular progression, not here and there (lit.
or J iita fossioitf/n).
Mi- haere wakatepe te korero, relate the matter
in order (lit. the speech must go in order).
Hurihia ko roto, turn (it) inside out.
Hurihia kotuatia te papa, turn the board on the
ot/ier side.
Matua (Ngapuhi) first ; kia matua keria, ht it

be first dug.
Mataati ( Waikato) hopukia mataatitia, caughtfirst.
Kua huri koaro te tangata wero,* the tanyata
wero has turned adversely.
Ho mai ki raro nei, give it down here.
Kei haere ki tawhiti, do not go far.
Whiua ki tu-a, throw it to tlie otlier side.
Neke atu ki tahaki, move to one side.
Kumea whakarunga, pull upwards.
Whakawaho, outwards.
Whakaroto, inwards.
A, toe noa ki te Pukatea, even to tlw Pukatea.
Haere iho t come doivn (to me).
Piki ake, climb up (to me).
Maka atu, thrown /'v///.
Rukea ake e ahau, thrown away by me.
Maka mai, throw it here.
"
I te tahi taha i te tahi taha (lit.
on
one side, on one side)
A karapoi noa (lit. until it sur-
round
rounds)
A porowhuwhe noa, id
A potaipotai, id
Th. to party, and
throw a sjicar It", in turning t<> n-tirc. h" ttirn-s to the side

'
from that from which t! o -j^ir wad 'l.rte I, it L> a huri koaro, and
I
i ::. n.
78 OF THE ADVERBS.

Pehea te mataratanga 1 Jiowfar ?

A, hea atu ra ano 1 how far will you go ?
A, hea noa atu, one knows not where.
Tautauamoa rawa tana kai, tana kai, each man
eats separately (i.e.
by himself).
Biri tautauamoa, fighting, each by himself.
Kaua e ururuatia te whangai, don't feed (the
child) in rapid succession, ivithout any stop.
Me wJiakahipahipa etahi rangi (lit. let some days
be made uneven), i.e. do it every alternate
day,
or at irregidar periods.
Haere tahi, go together.
A, te tukunga iho (well, tJie letting down, at last,
finally) i.e. the issue of such conduct, &c.
E kore e ro&o-kainga, kua ruaki, he vomits imme-
diately, as soon as lie has eaten (it).
I te oro&ohangaanga o te ao, ivlien first the world
was made.
Kati inanahi ka haere mai koe, stop yesterday
you came here ; i.e. you started about this
time yesterday.

OF QUANTITY.
Ho rnai hia malia, give abundantly.
Ho mai katoa mai, give entirely, or wholly.
Tena hoki te tahi taro, give me also, or besides,
some bread.
Ho mai kia iti, give me (let it be little), paululum.
Kia be so much.
penei, let it
Poto rawa, consumed totally.
Koia ano te pai how excellent ! !
Ano !
<fcc., idem.
Roa poto nei ano (long short), i.e.
moderately
^long.
Kahore atu, no other besides.
Tikina atu hoki, fetch anotlier besides.
I ki mai ano hoki ia, lie said moreover.
 OF THE ADVERBS. 79

OF QUALITY.
Haere tupato, go cautiously.
Kia M.dniL ki te inalii, be strong to work, if.
work industriously.
Kia kaha te hoe, jndl (the oar) strong.
Noho whakaaro kore, sit imtJiout thought, i.e.

thoughtlessly.
He aha t aweke at te main 1 te tuku noa iJio te
tuku noa iho, j/,7/// is f/ie n-ork done neatly and
not (rather) heedlessly (lit. and not rather let
it down in any way, let it down in any way).
Haere wehi, go fearfully.
Kai haere go eating, i.e. eat as
t
he walks.
Tu taJtanga,* stand nakedly, i.e. naked.
kau, idem.
Haere noa atu, go without guide, fear, ttc. <tc.
Tangohia huhua koretia iho, taken without cause,
i.e. causelessly.
Ohia noa iho au ki te patu, I struck (him) unin-
tentionally.
E hara i te mea totika, not intentionally.
Patua maoritia, killed intentionally, in the com-
mon way, <fec.

marietia, intentionally.
I tukua whakareretia, let down by a dash, not
with care.
Te kaha te tuku, don't let it down violently, i.e.

do it gently.
Tukua marietia, !<>t it down gently, peaceably.
Kia ata tuku, gently.
Kahore ano kin ,it,i
maoa, not quite don? (i.*>.
in cooking).
Te ata jmi marie o to rangi nanahi i ! to/tat "n
exceeding! tin'- <ln /'.< //-x//-/vA///
'i .'

He pupuhi ij<i. ./''/</'// without ;m object.

Tahamja U only to be found on adverb.

80 OF THE ADVERBS.

Tu kau ana, stand empty, idle, &c.

Mane ano ahau i haere mai ai i ora ai koe, /
have came fortunately by which you were
saved ; i.e. I have come just in time to save
you, or it is well that I came to, &c.

OF AFFIRMATION.
Maori is very well supplied with affirmative and
negative particles, all of which differ by very slight
shades of meaning from each other, and the uses of
which will be best learned by practice.

Ae,* yes.
Ina, idem.
A ana, idem.
Koia, idem.
Ae ra, idem.
Ae ra hoki, yes truly, &c.
Ae ra pea, idem.
Koia ha hoki, idem.
Ae ko, yes (you are correct).
Koia pea, yes, perhaps; (sometimes used ironi-
cally for a negative) yes indeed !

OF NEGATION.
Negative adverbs partake of the nature of verbal
particles. We have given some explanation of them
in chap. vii. (vide paradigm of the tenses), and we
shall have occasion also to notice them in the Syntax,

* Ae and ina do not always strictly imply affirmation ; eg. Kahore he

kete ? He kete ano ;
ae ra, tikina atu. Is there no basket ? There is a
basket yes, then, go fetch it.
; The word answer in Hebrew, and that cor-
responding to it in the Greek Testament and Septuagint, affords, we think,
a parallel to this use of It is putting a command, &c. into the form of
ae.
an assent to some previous sentence. N.B. Ina is often used to denote
meryy, certainty, &c. ; e.g. inti ka riri au, certainly, in that case, I will be
angry.
 OF THE ADVERBS. 81

Hore, no ; hore rawa, by no means.

Kahore, not and no.
Kalio
Kao
Kihai, not.
Kore, idem.
Te, idem ;
t kaha, don't do it violently.
Aua \
Auaka f 7
dorwt '
Kaua f
Kauaka )
Kei, do not, and take care lest, or lest.
Aua hoki (used in some parts of Waikato for
no, no), not at all.
E hara koe i te rangatira noku, you are not my
master.
Kiano (Ngapuhi), not yet.
Haunga,* not (denoting exclusion, or exception) ;

e.g.
Haunga tena, not t/tat (but t/ie
other).
Aratakina mai te poaka haunga te mea pure- ;

pure, lead tJie pig here ; not the speckled (but

the ot/ter).
Kahore haunga (Waikato), used sometimes in-
stead of haunya.
Aua j
<fc -
I do not know.
Au )
Meho (Waikato) ) not at all (used in abrupt
Hori / replies).

Some, we believe, maintain that the adverb bttidct should be always

rendered by haum/a. It i.s true that wherever exclusion or n-
indicated by that word, hnunya will generally aii>wur ; e.g. E rua tekau
niton, kiiunga nga waliine, They wtrr ttcrnty brnd't (ttuit it, not counting) the
wmun. In the leading sense, however, of bttidfiviz. that of moreover,
'futility/ will. wt> are sore, seldom find a use ; as in the following
**
example* : l-etidrt, you know." "nobody thinks so bctidet yourself,
- there U nothing there beridet the box," " betidtt her ho had no child."
 82 OF THE ADVERBS.

OF COMPARISON.
,, . ( peneitia, do it thus.

or i r it in that manner.
do
peratia j
(

Penei, kua era, thus (in that case, if that liad 'been
dome) lie would have keen saved.
Koia ano tena, exactly so.
Me mahi motufiake, work separately.
Haere ana ia, ko tona kotahi, he went by himself,
alone.
Waihoki, likewise, also.
Ano kua mate, as though he ice re dead.
Me te mea, &c. (Waikato), idem.
Koia ano kei te wai, exactly as if it were ivater.
Haere a parera, walk like a duck.*
Wakatangata nui, act manfully.
Wakatupu tangata, idem.

OF INTERROGATION.
Maori has many particles which indicate interroga-
tion, and which correspond, in some particulars, with
the enclitic particles ne and num of Latin ; e.g.

E pai ana 1 ne ? are you inclined ? are you ?

Ine (Waikato) differs but little in its use from
ne.

Ranei, ianei, iana, and iara are always incorpo-

rated into the sentence, and generally denote a ques-
tion ; e.g.
E pai ana ranei koe ?

* Some foreigners, we observe, give this adverb a more extensive

meaning
than we have allowed it. In such phrases, for example, as the following :
M Held " "
by the hand," built by the hand," &c., they would say, purutia
"
ringaringatia," hanga a ringaringa." We are, however, decidedly of
" Purutia
opinion that such expressions are very rare in genuine Maori.
"
ringaringatia," hanga e te ringa," are, we consider, in every way pre-
ferable.
 OF THE ADVERBS. 83

Koia ? * Indeed ? (when used by itself).

Oti, else.
Na-te-aha? to//// ?
Me pehea? How must it be done?
Ranei is very frequently used in the sense of
w/tetfier.

lanei, iana, and iara are sometimes pleonastic in

Waikato.

OF INTENSITY.
-
Pai rawa, tino tika, tino pai rawa, kino whakar-
-

JtaraJiara, tikapu, he noa iho, tini wliakarere, tika

tonu ; all these adverbs stand for very, or some modi-
fication of it ; e.g.

I hoki rawa mai koe ihea ? wliat is the exact, or

last, place from which yon have returned ?
Pokuru iho, pokuru iJio te namu, densely clus-
tered tlte sandjlies.
Kahore kau, not at all.
Haere ra pea, go now, / say, &c.
Haere ra, idem.
Maori, as might be expected in the language of a rude people,
abounds in adverbs of intensity. We
shall have to mention
ome of these hereafter (vide Adjective, comparative degree,
Syntax). They sometimes elegantly supply the place of
verbal particles, as we shall have occasion to show when we
treat on the syntax of the verbs.
From the preceding table the student will see that Maori
has the power of increasing its adverbs to any extent, and
that the chief process by which a word may be converted
into an adverb is by placing it in immediate connection with
the verb or adjective.

K-in, when part of an interrogative sentence, is, as fur as we have

observed (although we are aware that some respectable speakers of Maori
have not followed the rule), almost always used in rejoinder t.g. I pebea ;

a-oto ahau ? what thrn did 1 my? The speaker here supposes that the
hearer ha'l ili-pit>-l hi-xtatomont, nn in a some-
;

what similar construction with the m-juning of flte; e.g. He aha oti V trtiut
iltetheniiUI
84 OF THE ADVERBSv

It should perhaps be here noticed 1st. That Maori inclines

to this mode of construction. Thus, where we should say,.
The men and tJte women must all roll the I0g\ a native would
most probably employ the adverb *^ Hu-ri tane huri
mahine. Such a mode of construction, though- loose, is,, how-
ever, concise and emphatic.
2nd. That the adverb, in this case, admits of the same
variations as the verb admits of number, voice, and the form
of the verbal noun. For this, however, vide Syntax in
Adverbs.
3rd. That another process for the creation of adverbs is-
by prefixing whaka or a to the preposition, noun, or adverb.
H 4th. That the compound prepositions, especially when time-
and place are denoted, will very often take the adverbial
form.*
5th, and last. It would be a very useful exercise for the-
student to examine those sentences the place of which would
be supplied by an adverb in English, and notice the nature of
their construction. Some, for example, he will find rendered
by the verb, some by the verbal noun, some by the substantive^
in the possessive case, some by the pronoun, &c.

* It has been
objected by a learned friend that the compound prepositions-
are more properly adverbs, and that in such a sentence as " kei roto i te-
whare," i is the governing preposition, and roto is an adverb. We submit,,
however, that if a preposition be " a particle denoting the relation of one-
substantive to another, then roto is a preposition, for it clearly indicates a
local relation between roto (or i roto, if you please) and the thing spoken of^
Those who feel sceptical on this point, we would beg to examine the com-
posite prepositions of Hebrew. For example, the Hebrew preposition under
(tahuth) is recognized as a preposition by grammarians, even though it may
require the prepositions from and to in combination with it to exhibit its:
meaning. So also, in English, such prepositions as according to, out at, out
of, &c., are not considered as disfranchised by the supplementary preposition
annexed to them. At the same time it is to be noted that where there is a
break between the compound preposition and its supplement, then the-
former must be considered as an adverb thus, in the sentence, " Kei raro,
;

kei te whare, " it is below, it is in the house ;" rnro is here, as it is in English,.
1'

an adverb joined to is, the line of connection being broken by a comrna^

In such a construction as this, the same preposition that precedes the com-
pound preposition (or rather, in this case, the adverb) must also fellow it.
 OP THE PARTICLES. 85

CHAPTER X.

OF THE PARTICLES.
"We have thought it better to devote a separate
chapter to the consideration of the following particles
of Maori ; first, because those words, though they
strongly partake of the nature of adverbs, are yet
sometimes used as conjunctions ; secondly, because
we are of opinion that a distinct consideration of them
will be the best to impart clear
way and comprehensive
views of their nature.
An accurate acquaintance with these epea pterocnta
<" winged words") of discourse is in most languages of very
difficult attainment but in Maori, particularly, do they re-
:

quire our study that language not conceding to the verb the
;

same prominent place that it occupies in other languages, and

rather (as we have already observed) transacting the business
of predication by pronouns, particles, &c.
They are mainly used for embellishing, defining, and
impressing a thought, and may, with the prepositions, be justly
denominated, The hinges of Maori.
To enumerate them all would be an endless task, and perhaps
a useless one for, in no part of Maori is there so great a dis-
:

crepancy in the various districts. The following, we think, are

the most general in use, and most deserving of notice :
Atu,
mai, ake, iho, ai, ano, ra, koa, u, hoki, kau.

Atu and mai are, in most respects, exactly oppo-

site ;
atn indicates an emanation forth or action from,
the latter an apjyroach or direction towards, the
speaker.
Kahore ahau e rongo atu, E kore e rongo mai, will
I do not /tear forth. not /tear towards (me
or us).
E rangona //""' ranei
tatou ? s/tall we be
heard towards (us) ?
 OF THE PARTICLES.

Tu atu, stand out of my Kati mai i kona, stand

way. towards me there where
you are.
Tikina atu, go there and Tikina mai, fetch hence*
bring here, i.e. fetch
tJience.
E tatari atu ana matou ki
a koe, we are waiting
forth to you.
E kore ahau e kaha atu, Mau mai ano, for you
I sliallnot be strong truly hitJier, i.e. it is

forth, i.e. shall not be for you to strike the

able to take it there. first blow, &c.
N.B. Atu will sometimes lose its peculiar meaning after a
verb (vide Verbs, S.) It will also occasionally stand for other?
Tera atu ano, that u another; i.e. there are other besides.
Ake and Ilio. The general uses of ake and iJio are,
of the former up, and of the latter down, to the
speaker :

Haere ake, come up (to us).

Heke iho, come dmvn (to us).
E tu ilw, he stands up there, i.e. down towards
(us).
Te mea e ngangautia ake, the thing about which
there is that contention below, lit. is contended
up towards (us).
Sometimes they will stand, the one for up, the
other for down, to the object of the action e.g. ;

E kore ahau e roa ake, I am not tall enough to-

reach up (to it).
Ho ake ki a ia, give it up to him.
Pataia iho te mate, ask down (to him) his
sickness.

Ake and iho will sometimes denote propriety, pecu-

liarity, self-existence, &c. ; e.g.
Maku ake ano, for myself alone.
Mona iho ano tena, that is for himself alone.
 OF THE PARTICLES. 87

E hara i te toka tu ake, not a rock that ftas stood

of it
Ake will sometimes signify tJie otlier side of the
speaker, whether be before, behind, to one side of,
it

above, below, <kc. ; e.g. liaere ake to a hearer in front

will mean, come behind me ; to a person behind, it will
signify, come to nn/ front.

N.B. Iho docs not seem to have uny corresponding opposite

to this meaning of n1u\

Sometimes, also, ake is employed to designate a

motion by another towards some place with which the
speaker may be in connection ; e.g.
Ka inea, ka haere ake ki W&itema,ta,, folloiv me by-
and-bye to Waitemata.
He aha te tikina ake ai he ti ma te turoro nei ?
why has not tea beenfetcJied (from my residence)
for this patient ?
E puta mai, ka karanga ake ki a au, wJien he
comes you will call to me (wlio am now going
away).
Under these two last rules should, perhaps, be men-
tioned the following examples :

Tangohia ake te ngarara i taku tuara, take tlie

insect off my back.

Ma koutou e urunga ake, do you of tlie bow of tlie
canoe steer, i.e. so paddle tliat tlie stern, wliere I
am, may be directed rightly.

NOTE 1. There are other subordinate meanings of ake and

ihv, ofwhich examples have been given under the adverbs,
and which do not, we think, require any further notice.
NOTE 2. Ake and iho are often used after verbs, in a manner
somewhat corresponding to that of the verbal particles (vide
Verbs. S.)

Ai is a particle of great use. It is chiefly employed

as a substitute for the relatives wlio, whirh, wJiut, and
88 OF THE PARTICLES.

has reference to the time, place, manner, cause, means,

intention, &c. of an action ; as in the following
examples :

No te ra horoi whare i haere mai ai, started for

on Saturday.
liere
I tona kitenga ai, whenit was seen.

Te whare i moe ai ia, the house in which he slept.

Te peheatanga i meatia ai, the way in which it
was done.
Te take i patua ai, the cause for which he was
beaten.
Ma te aha e ora ai ? by wJmt means be saved ?
I tuhituhi ai au nau hoki i utu i ena riwai, /
have written to you because you paid for the
otJier potatoes.

Occasionally, however, it is heard as a simple

expletive; e.g.
I mua ai, formerly.

2nd. It is employed with the verbs to denote a

sequence, and, occasionally, an opposition of action,
and might be translated by " and then," " to" and
sometimes " but"

Haere, ka hoki mai ai, go, and then return.

Haere ki noho ai, go there to stop.
reira
Kua 'hereherea, noho ai, kawea atu ana ki a te
Paki, she was enslaved, and remained such for
some time, then was carried to Paki.
Ko te pa ano tera ; noho ai ia ki Horotiu,
that indeed is his village ; but he dwells at
Horotiu.

Sometimes, especially at Taupo, and, we understand, at the

East Cape, ai is often used where the sequence or opposition of
action is but faintly," if at all, expressed. The following is
correct in Waikato E pa, kei hea tetahi wahi mo matou ?
:

kokoa kotoatia ai e koe te whenua nei, friend nliere is there a

 OF THE PARTICLES. 89

portion for us? why. you have monopolized tlie whole of t\e
land.
NOTE 1. The place of ai may be often supplied by nei, wa,
or ra ; e.g. koia ahau i haere mai tu-i.
NOTE 2. Ai is often erroneously omitted and erroneously
introduced by foreigners, and those who wish to propound a
statement accurately will do well to observe its use.
For ai, as used in connection with the verbal particle and
the verbs, tee Syntax.

Ano. This is a particle much used in assertions

and replies. Its meaning will vary with that of the
word to which it is postfixed.
Indeed; Tenei ano nga tangata o toku kainga te
mahi nei i te kino, Here truly are the people,
<fec.

Ko ia ano te tikanga o te aroha, id demum est

firma amicitia.
Naku ano taku, mine is my own.
Kati ano, stop I say (or beg of you).
Also ; No Waikato ahau, no Rotorua ano, lam
from Waikato, from Rotorua also.
Only ; Kotahi ano taku, one only is mine.
(Anake would not here be used.)
Immediately ; akuanei, nei ano, now, instantly.
>me; Ko nga kau ano nga kau, they are the
very same cows.
Different; He tangata ano tena, t/iat belongs to
another person.
Again or another ; Tikina ano, fetch anotJier.
Same as ; Ano e moe ana, as if lie were sleeping.
Self ; Mana ano, for himself.
I whakaae mai ranei ? I whakaae ano. Was
he willing? He was willing.

It is used in combination with other particles, as

follows :

Heoi ano, that is all.

Ano hoki, also.
90 OF THE PARTICLES.

Ra ano, until.
Nei ano, this is it, or here it is, &c.
Koia ano ! how (fine, &c.) !
A e noho nei ano ? and is he still Jiere ?
Ano ra, whakarongo mai, (yes or no) ; but listen
to me ; i.e. I do not deny what you say ; only-
listen to me.
Ko tena ano ra, that one I say, or that also.

Ano, in the beginning of sentences, seems with

Ngapuhi to admit of a wider application than what
is generally heard in Waikato ; e.g. Ano ka tae ki te
whare, and when he came to the house.
N.B. No, also, with the same people, seems to admit of a
somewhat similar application.

Ra is a particle corresponding in its use with nei

and ra, and is frequently used to supply the place of
the relative which ; e.g.
I kite ra koe, which you saw.
There ; e takoto mai ra, it lies there.

It is sometimes used, in commands and energetic

sentences, for then.
Haere ra, go then.
Heoi ana ra, that is all about it then.

Often in replies E pai ana 1 Ae ra.

:

Koa is a particle used mostly in correcting, &c.^

another speaker or oneself :

E pa, e he ana koa koe, my friend, you are

wrong.
Aana koa, yes (you are right).
It is difficult to define its
meaning in the following
phrases :

Tena]
& > koa, show it here, or give it to me.
Na I
 OP THE PARTICLES. 91

E ham koa (iana or ianei or iara) ra 1 wJiat else ?

E ngaro hoki koa iana, <fcc., tJiat, I confess, is
(right, wrong, &c.)
Ra koa ka kai iho ia i te ata o tana kai, (even

though the offering be devoured) still (does tfie

god) eat the shadow of the food ; yet, never-

U is often used as a mere expletive. Sometimes it

has force in exculpatory sentences e.g. ;

E taea te aha u ana i te maniae 1 how could the

poor fellow Jielp it from the pain ?
NOTE. Though often used as an expletive, u will not,
however, admit of being thrust into every sentence. Some
foreigners seem peculiarly fond of using it. The following use
of it is, at least iu Waikato, erroneous " A he
tangata nui
:

hoki a Hone, he rangatira hoki u a ratou."

Hoki. Some
of the uses of hoki have been inserted
under the adverbs. We
shall give a brief view of the
principal of them here. Its more general uses are,
also, for, because:
He mea hoki ka tae mai ahau, in consideration of
my /laving come.
Koia Jioki, yes truly (he is right), &c.
Ina Jioki (the same as mei of Waikato), viz. as
you may judge from.
Kahore ano i tae mai, ina hoki te pu, te rangona,
he has not arrived, as we may judge from tfie
gun, its not being Jieard.
Nei /ioki, and na, or ra, hoki
Hopukia te poaka.
;

Kua mau ra hoki, Oh, it has been caught.

Kati te tohe, qua riro atu nei hoki te utu, cease
importuning, inasmuch as the payment lias been
given.

This form we approve much of for expressing the

following "for the death of the Lord Jesus Christ,"
:

kua mate nei hoki, &c., i.e. inasmuch as, &c.

92 OF THE PARTICLES.

Ki te titaha hoki ra, well then (if you won't give

that), give me an axe.
Ho mai hoki, give it, I say.
Kau ; Biri kau, angry without cause.
E ngengeana koe? Ngenge kau ! Are you tired?
Why sliould I be tired ? (lit. tired at nothing ! )
E mau kau ana te taura, is barely fastened^ i.e.
it has only the name of being fastened.
Ka mahi kau ahau, work for nothing.
Tu kau, stand idle, naked, &c.
 OF THE CONJUNCTIONS. 93

CHAPTER XL
OF THE CONJUNCTIONS.

Me, and ; Te kete me nga riwai, the basket and the

potatoes.
While; Me te hongi, me te tangi, and saluting,.
and crying ; i.e. while saluting he is crying.
* E inahi ana me te whakaaro ano ki te
With;
utu, he is working, and is at the same time
mindful of payment.
Haere tahi me ia, went together with him.
As ; Me koutou hoki i wakarere i to koutou
kainga^.
as ye also left your country.

( )
Me < & V mua, as formerly.
\&\
(to)
1*0 I

Me mua,f idem.

As far as; Me konei, me "Waitemata, as far as

from Jiere to Waitemata.
If; Me he mea e pai ana, if lie is willing. Me i
kahore koe, if it had not been for you.

Ma, and (a numeral conjunction). (Vide Numerals,.

page 25.)
Mei (Waikato), inasmuch as, as you may judgefrom.
( Vide hoki. Same as ina hoki of Ngapuhi. )

This particle will often supply a good substitute for with, when it denotes
connection, Sic., a meaning which we believe to be but seldom expressed by
tt (vide ki, Prepositions).
f Some foreigners, we observe, use mt i mua ; this, however, is decidedly/
^94 OF THE CONJUNCTIONS.

Koia, tJierefore; koia i riri ai, tJierefore was he

angry.
Na and a. These particles are of very great use in
Maori. They correspond very closely with particle
vdhv of Hebrew, and may be recognized in our
translations as occupying the place of and, theny
" It
but, &c.
tJierefore, was," says Gesenius, in
"a
vdhv, part of the simplicity of ancient language
to mark merely the connection of ideas, without
expressing those nice distinctions of thought which
are designated by the use of causal, adversative,
disjunctive, and other conjunctions. The prefix vdhv
retains this variety of signification, though other more
definite conjunctions are also in use." This is precisely
the case with Maori.
Ina, ua (ana, Waikato), wJien ; Ina korero ahau,
when I speak.
Or, if (occasionally), chiefly in cases in which con-
tingency is attached to when :
Ma wai e whai, ina tere 1 wJio is to follow it (the
canoe) if it drifts ?
Heoi (Ngapuhi) and Jieotl (Waikato) is a particle which
corresponds sometimes with a and na in its uses. It generally,
however, implies opposition, and might be translated by but,
&c. Sometimes, also, it has the meaning of so, then, and
sometimes (particularly in Waikato) it is, in the end of
sentences, redundant.

Ara, and then, &c. ; e.g.

Ara te meatanga atu a Hone, and then John
replied.
NOTE. Ara is very often used as an adverb for videlicet,
forsooth, &c.

N I reira '

for that cause, therefore.*

j- j

* The learned student will, however, notice that these words, as well as
icoia, are only prefixed to conclusions which are the natural atid necessary
 OP THE CONJl . 95

Mona i tahae, because he stole.

Inake ano ;
Inake ano i kore ai e tupu, a good
reason indeed why it did not grow (tJience,
from t/tat cause).
Ina whai ano (Waikato), idem.
Otira
Otiraia
la ^ bat, and nevertheless.
Raia
Atiia (Waikato)
Huatu
Kaore, and kahore All these belong to the
ena ko tenei adversative class, and
Tena denote but, with some
somtt
Ko l peculiarity, however, of
E ngari sometimes
the meaning and con-
E rangi struction which can only
E ngaro be learned by practice.
E ao ia
Ahakoa, altJiough ; AJiakoa roa noa te tohe e kore
e marere, alt/tough you importune, long, it will
not be granted.

NOTE. Ahakoa will almost always precede in the sentence.

Affect of a preceding proposition. For example, we might use mo rrfro, &c. t

" Men are
in snch a sentence as the following sinners. therefore men are
:

exposed to the wrath of God ;" because the preceding proposition is clearly
Bcaiueol the latter.
We could not, however, use any of them in such propositions as the follow-
" The
ing :
"
Tohnngas are liars, therefore the New Zealander listens to
liars ;" the sun shines, therefore the sun is a luminous body ;" "man is
an animal, therefore man has sensation ;" because it would not be true to say,
that, because the Tohnnga is a liar, he is therefore listened to because the ;

son shines it is luminous ; or, that man having sensation is caused by his
being an animal
Wherever, then, the connection with the preceding proposition ia either
accidental or abttract, we must have recourse to other words, such as no, a,
', inc., and these are largely used in our translations (vide Mat v. 37,
xxi v. 42, and N. T. poutm).
The affirm it . nn and ae ra will often supply a good substitute
f,,r th.-rrj.>n; and will be logically correct. F.r BW conclusion is the
proposition th;u w<> in j'Hncipin affirm to be true, and having proved it, we
then authoritative] v pronounce it to be so. ( Vide our remarks on ae, Stc. ,
note, u -
of Affirmation.)
96 OF THE CONJUNCTIONS.

Following are a few examples of phrases which

supply the place of conjunctions :

Ki te kahore e pai, if he is not pleased.

Ki te wa haere, if you go.
Ka pa nau, if it had been yours.
Ka pa tao (Ngapuhi^ ortau (Waikato) natatou,.
if it had been we
that had done it.
Patu, ka aha ? If I beat him, what better will
he be 1 lit. beat him, what is (effected ?)
I tika ano i a au, titiro ana koe wahia iho, I had
put it all to rights, and you go and break it in
pieces.
E korerotia atu ana, e whakatika mai ana, he is
spoken to, lie rises up, i.e. when I speak to him,.
he rises up against me.
Pera hoki me Hana e whakatoi nei, just as liana
teases.
Mana ka tika, mana ka he, even though (no-
matter whether) it be right or wrong.
Ko reira, then.

The particle ai is very useful in supplying the

place of conjunctions. (Vide page 88.)
 OF THE INTERJECTIONS. 97

CHAPTER XII.

OF THE INTERJECTIONS.
Maori abounds in interjections. The following are
the most common. It will be seen in this part of
speech that there is a considerable variation in the
different tribes.
INTERJECTIONS.
For calling to another person near at liand, Ou !

Ou!
For reply to recall, O (in a falsetto tone).
For drawing attention to statements, things, &c. <kc.

Inana ! irara ! ira !

(Rotorua).
Aiaiai !
(Taranaki).
Rere ! ere nene re
! ! !
(Waikato).
Nana !
(Ngapuhi).
For exciting attention, rara !
(Waikato).
Disapprobatory E, e \ He ! hi ha aeha
! ! ! arara.
Ata !
(Ngapuhi). Ae !

Exclamations made when it has been found that the

speaker was correct (corresponding to ah, you see /

yes, to be <kc.) Na ra nei? Ar&ra haka
sure, ! !

(Waikato), aheiha (Ngapuhi), ae ra hoki. That

expressive of gratification at some misfortune having
befallen another, Kaitoa !

itf *,iliiiat.io,t, Haere mai, haere mai!

to visitors

Tauti mai (Waikato), nau mai (Rotorua).

Salutation of one meeting anotJier, Tena ra ko koe ;
or, Tena koe (lit. that is you). !

In reply to a salutation, Ko koe ra It is you ! !

Offarewell Hei konei ; stop ! Haere, go !

E noho ! ne ? lie main ! Will you ?

8
98 OF THE INTERJECTIONS.

Of wonder, Aue ! Eue (Waikato), Taukiri

! e ! A !

He inati !
(Waikato).
Besides these, there are phrases which are often
used as interjections ; e.g.
Ka tae taku matua, &c Bravo, my fattier, &c.,
!

corresponding to our tliank you.

Ka tae he niamahi niau wJiat heavy work for you.
!

TauJwu, ki a Hone (lit. stranger to John /) Oh

!

yes, Mr. John.

Ka mahi a Hone, idem.
Maori delights in interjectional and ironical sen-
tences, and the student who desires to be a good
speaker should pay them much attention, and study
also to catch the tone of voice, &c.
Some who have not noticed them have turned an
exclamation into a question, and thus altered the
" How
meaning of the sentence. many pigs of John
have better food than I?" we have heard thus trans-
lated : E hia ranei nga poaka a Hone he pai ke ta
ratou kai i taku, &c. ? The translation here obviously
differs from the original. It should have been, Ano
te tini, or tini noa ilw, or ka tae te tini, or kia tini, na

(or ano), te tini, or lie

tini nga poaka, &c.
And here we may observe that, in translating from,
another tongue into Maori, it would be perverting all
use of language to render by merely a verbal corres-
pondence, without any regard to the meaning ; and
that, in these idiomatic phrases, it would be best,
unless we wish to establish the maxim of the French
" that
statesman,* language was merely intended to
conceal our feelings," to make our author employ
those corresponding expressions in Maori which he
would most probably have used had he been speaking
in that language.
Wemay observe, in conclusion, that Maori has no

The Abbe Talleyrand.

 OF THE INTERJECTIONS. 99

good form for such optative interjections as would

itiat, There is, it is true, a kind of substitute ;
<fec.

but it cannot be expressed by our present alphabet.

It is formed by a sharp smack of the tongue against
the palate, and na pronounced after it. The best
form, for the present, is, perhaps, ine i, with a peculiar
tone of voice ; e.g. Me i kite ahau ia ia If I had but
!

seen him or, would that I had, &c.

!
100 OF THE SYNTAX.

CHAPTER XIII.

OF THE SYNTAX.
PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

Before we proceed to the consideration of the

Syntax of Maori, it will be necessary 1st, to explain
some terms which we shall be obliged to employ and, ;

2nd, to make a few remarks on the general features

of Maori sentences. Some further remarks on this
we shall reserve till we come to treat on the
subject
verbs.
The subject of a proposition is that concerning-
which anything is affirmed or denied. The predicate
is that which is so affirmed or denied of the subject.
Thus, in the following sentence, Kua mate a Hone,
John has died, Hone is the subject, and mate is the
predicate.
NOTE. We can scarcely recognize the verbal particles a
copulas. We believe that their exclusive use is to denote
time.

Propositions, or sentences, we divided into-

simple and compound. Another division is here
necessary viz., into complex and incomplex. An
incomplex proposition is that whose subject and
predicate are simple terms ; e.g. He hoiho tenei, this
is a horse.
A complex proposition is that which contains some-
qualifying, or otherwise modifying, term in connection
with either subject or predicate ; e.g. I mate a Hone
ki reira. Ki reira here qualifies the predicate mate.
He tokomaha nga Pakeha i Akarana, many are th&
foreigners in Auckland. Nga Pakeha i Akarana is.

the subject, and tokomaha the predicate.

 OF THE SYNTAX. 101

He aroha no te Atua i ora ai tatou. This, placed in

due order, " I ora ai
is tatou, he aroha no te Atua,"
we liaving been saved was a love of God. Here, /
ora ai tatau is the subject.
Ko tou utu tena mo to hanganga i te whare ? Is
your payment for your having built the house ?
tic it

Here, we conceive, ko tou utu mo to hanganga i te

whare is the subject, and tena the predicate.
In examining the nature of Maori propositions, the student
will soon notice that they are characterized by a remarkable
brcrity and abruptness, as well as by the frequent occurrence
of ellipses. As a New Zealander is generally unequal to a
train of consecutive thought, so also is his language inadequate
to exhibit with accuracy the various processes of the civilized
intellect, such as comparing, abstracting, &c., or indeed any
ideas beyond the simple and monotonous details of his daily life.
It is, if we may so speak, an animated sketching, intended for
general effect, the more delicate lines being but faintly touched.
The student has already seen that Maori is defective in par-
ticles of illation, comparison, and copulation. The want of a
verb substantive, which is so useful as a copula in other
languages, will often, where accuracy is desired, cause both
clumsiness and obscurity of construction.
The process by which a New Zealander constructs his sen-
tences is very similar to that of a child who is just beginning
to speak. For example If the latter wishes to express, " Is
:

" "
that a horse ? Give me some bread,'' he will most probably
say, "Ahorse that?" "Me bread." He has the ideas of
li'unxelf^
and bread, and, by pronouncing the one in immediate
succession after the other, attempts to convey the idea of their
mutual connection. So also will Maori, when it wishes to
express the dependence of two or more ideas on each other,
place them in close connection, as distinct existences, and leave
the hearer to deduce their intended relations. From hence it
may, // /;///>//, be collected 1st. That Maori inclines to the
xtibtf nut irr form. 2nd. That it will have a peculiar tendency
to the indicative mode of statement. 3rd. That it delights in
short sentences. 4th. That it will often, in consequence of
the frequent occurrence of ellipses, present constructions which
will appear strange to the student of only polished languages,
and even occasionally seem to defy analysis. 5th. That
the clauses of the sentence will, like its words, be often thrown
together without any connecting particles, and that we shall
often notice in their construction a frequent occurrence of
fpanorthotis.
102 OF THE SYNTAX.

On some of these heads we shall have to remark hereafter..

The last-mentioned feature is, however, of such importance in,
the investigation of some of the difficult points of Maori that
we must beg the student's leave to bring it here prominently
before his notice.

Epanortliosisis a figure of frequent occurrence in,

all languages, but particularly in those of the East.
It is " the qualifying a former clause by the addition,
"
of another ; * e.g. Ka tae te hohoro o ta tatou kai,.
te pau ! what great haste our food has made (I mean)
the being consumed. Here te pau is a clause quali-
fying the preceding. E rua tahi enei, lie roa kau,.
there are two here, nothing but long. Bingihia mai,
kia nohinohi, pour me out some, let it be little (i.e..
pour me out a little); e rite tahi ana ia kia koe,.
te ahua, he is like you (I mean) tlie countenance ;
no reira a Ngatihau i tino mau ai, te karakia ai, that
was the cause why Ngatihau were quite established,.
(I mean) the not adopting Christianity. I riri au
ki a ia, kihai nei i wJiakaaro, I was angry with him,
(I mean) lie did not exercise thought in tlmt matter^
3o te tangata tenei, nana nga kakano, this is the man,
his are the seeds (i.e. this is tlie person whose are,,
&c.) He aha tau e mea, what is yours (actively)
(I mean) are doing ? i.e. w/iat are you doing ?'
Haere ana Hone, me tana hoiho. Ka puta pea tena
ki raro, e tihore ana. So John started and his horse..
He has perhaps reached to the northward (I mean) is;
peeling (i.e. going along at a peeling, or rapid, rate.)

* Est sni
ipsius quasi revocatio, qua id, quod dictum est, e vestigio corri-
iritur." Glass, edit Dathe, page 1,350.
 SYNTAX OF THE ARTICLE. 103

CHAPTER XIV.
SYNTAX OF THE ARTICLE.
1. Konever used before appellatives without
is
either and its plural e tahi, or one of the
te, te tahi.

possessive pronouns intervening, and it is almost

always found to occupy the first place in the sentence ;
e.g.
ko taku tamaiti, this is my child,
ko e tahi kua kitea, some were seen.

2. In this position, a very common use of it is to

imply the verb substantive.

3. The article Jie, it will be seen, does not require
its help for such a purpose ; e.g. lie rakau tenei, this
is a tree ; fie mate toku, a sickness is mine, i.e. I am
sick.
4. All the functions of a (vide page 13) are per-
formed by ko, when the noun, <fcc., to which it is pre-
fixed, precede in the sentence ; e.g.
Ko koe te haere, you are tlie person tlmt is to go.
Ko runga kau i kainga, tJie tops only were eaten.
5. Sometimes found in other parts of the
it will be
sentence (a) when
the terms of which the sentence
is composed are convertible,* or are intended, at
least, to be represented as similar ; e.g. ko te timunga
atu o konei ko te pakeketanga o waho, tJie ebbing of
the tide from litre is low water outside.

Me he mea ko Pahuru ko Ngakete, if Pahuru had

been Ngakete, <kc.

Convertible terms, we need not remind the learned reader, are those the
meaning of which is BO similar that they may be substituted one for the
104 SYNTAX OF THE ARTICLE.

Ko an ra ko ia, / and he are (one).

(b) Sometimes, also, when there are two subj<

of which the same thing is affirmed, ko will be pi
fixed to both ; e.g.
Ko Kukutai ko te Wherowhero, rite tahi raua,
Kukutai and Wherowhero, they are equal both
of them.
6. It will be seen in theabove example that ko will
sometimes represent and ; e.g. e takoto nei ko te pihi
ko te poro, it lies liere, both the piece and the end (of
the bar of soap).
7. Very frequently, also, ko may be denominated
" the article of "
specification and emphasis e.g. ;

Noku teiia paraikete, that blanket is mine; ko toku

paraikete tena, that is my blanket. The former of
these two sentences implies that the blanket is his
property ; the latter denotes the same thing, with
some further specification, as being, for example, one
that had been previously described, worn, &c.
Again, ko Hone i haere, John went.
I haere a Hone, idem.
Here also there is, we think, a difference. The latter
sentence merely says that John went the former that John,
;

as contradlstingiihlied from someone else, was the person

who went ; literally, it mas John (mlio) merit.

8. Sometimes also, in animated description, ko will

follow the verb ; e.g. na ka hinga ko Haupokia, na ka
hinga ko Ngapaka, then fell Haupokia, tJien fell
Ngapaka.
9. Ko will generally be prefixed to the subject,* e.g.
ko ta te tangata kai he poaka, he riwai, he aha, he aha,
thefood for man is pork, potatoes, et ccetera, et ccetera ;

* The learned student will here see that Maori

has, in this respect, the
advantage over Hebrew confusion often occurring in that language from
;

the want of some means for determining which is the subject and which the
predicate.
 SYNTAX OF THE ARTICLE. 105

ko Oropi te whenua taonga, Europe is the land of

property.
N.B. There are some exceptions to this rule, especially
when tenei, &c.are employed. ( Vide etiam, rule 6.)
,

10. Ko is always prefixed to every title or name of

men or things which stands alone, without the verb ;
<i.y.
" Ko karere o Nui
te Tireni," the (newspaper)
Karere o Nui Tir>
f/c>

Ko Hone, fare is John, or, John.

XOTE. Occasionally we meet with an exception to this
rule, in emphatic, elliptical, and complementary
*
clauses e.y. ;

<in taunting) tou ngene, your ngenc ; taku'tirohanga. my

looking, i.e. mhen I looked ; ka whnti tera, te pa, that neat
discomfited, tht- pn. ( Vide our illustrations of Epanorthosit in
Preliminary Remarks, page 102.)

11. It is sometimes used in elliptical sentences like

the following E pai ana ano
:
;
ko te maeke ra, we are
"ilJing ; but tlie cold i.e. we should be glad to go only
for the cold ; Haere ana ia,ko tona ko taki, lie went by
l<
intxelf alone.

NOTE. It may be seen in the above example that ko is

sometimes used for but ; so also in the following: Me he mea
ko te Paki, e ron^o ratou, ko tenei e kore e rongo, if it had
Pnh\ thfij n-ould have listened, but as for this they will
not li#trtt.

In connection with the two preceding rules, -we

12.

may observe that ko is almost always prefixed to tho

nominative absolute ; e.y.ko taua kupu au, e kore e
rangona, as for tliat word of yours, it will not be
'iied to.

Ko te hunga wJtakapono, ka ora ratou, believers,

///'// will be s<>

N.B. In some districts the ko is omitted under this rule.

* Ngene IB a scrofulous tumour.

106 SYNTAX OF THE ARTICLE.

14. The omission of the article.

There are some cases in which no
article is prefixed
to the noun (a) when the noun follows immediately
after the verb; e.g. Whakamate tangata, murderous
(vide Compound Words, page 17). Haere po, go by
night.
(b) Nouns preceded by the adverbial particles a
and tua ; e.g. tatau a tangata, count man by man.
(c) When a possessive pronoun is associated with
the noun ;
ho mai toku kakahu, give me my garment*
NOTE. It is, however, highly probable that the singular
possessive pronouns are, like tenei, page 30, compounded of
the article te and the plural form oku, &c. e.g. kei tenei taha
;

oku, on this side of me. If it had not been for nei, the speaker
would have said toku taha. The nei, however, attracts the
te, and thus resolves toku into its component parts.

15. He differs in its uses from te tahi and e tahi.

(a) He, of itself, often implies the verb substantive.

( Vide rule 3.)
(b) He is very seldom found after a preposition*
It is almost always found in the nominative case after
the substantive verb ; e.g. he tangata tenei ; he kino
kau koutou.
Thus it would not be correct to say, I kainga e lie kuri, it
was eaten by a dog ; hei tiki i he rakau, to fetch a stick. It
should be e te kuri, i te tahi rakau.

NOTE. When we come to consider the verbs, it will, we

think, be seen that in such sentences as Homai he wai, patua
n;ai he poaka, the noun is still in the nominative.

16. A. A strange use of a is sometimes met with

in Waikato. When two nouns follow each other in
apposition, ais sometimes
prefixed to the latter ; e.g.
Ka noho atu tera i te kai mana a te kahawai, he
indeed will remain away from the food for him !
the kafiawai /
E hoe ana ki Akarana, ki te kai mana a te paraoa,
he is paddling to Auckland for food
for himself flour.
 SYNTAX OF THE ARTICLE. 107

Sometimes it occurs in sentences like the following :

Na wai tenei haere a te po ? Whose going is this (I
mean) in the night ? i.e. who ever goes by -night 1
(6) A personal pronoun following the verb in the
nominative will very seldom take a before it; e.g.
Whakangaromia iho ratou. It would not be correct
to say a ratou.

To this rule there are a few exceptions e.g. tu aua ratou, a

;

ia tangata a ia tangata, they stoodeach man.

Proper names are not subject to the above rule ;

(c)
e.g. would not be correct to say, Whakangaromia
it
iho Ngatipaoa. It should be a Ngatipaoa.
(d) When a question is asked in reference to a
preceding remark, a will precede the pronoun ; e.g. E
ki na koe. A wai ? A
koe ra, You assert who ?
You, forsooth.
17. The articles, definite and indefinite, are always
repeated in Maori, as in French, before every sub-
stantive in the sentence; e.g. Ko te whakapono te
take o te aroha, ran a ko te ipa,i, faith is tJie root of love,
and good works.
18. Adjectives used substantively require the
article ; e.g. He tika rawa te he ki a ia, the wrong im-

perfectly right in his opinion.

19. Frequently, also, the article is prefixed to what
would be a participle in English ; e.g. Kei te noho, he
is at the sitting, i.e. lie is sitting ; ka tata te maoa,
the being cooked is near.

NOTE. It is, however, probable that all such words as noho,

dec.,should, iu constructions like the above, be regarded as
substantives.
108 SYNTAX OF THE NOUN.

CHAPTER XV.
SYNTAX OF THE NOUN.
1. Nouns in Apposition. When one or more
nouns follow another in apposition, and are equally
definite in meaning, the same article that is prefixed
to the first will be prefixed to all the rest ; e.g. He

tangata kino koe, lie tangata kohuru, you are a bad

man, a murderer; ko au tenei, ko tou matua, this is /,
your father ; mau mai taku pu, tera i roto i te whare,
bring here my gun, that in the house.
The following sentences are erroneous Tenei ahau. ko to
:

koutou hoa, te mea nei, this is I, your friend, mho says, &c.;
Tiakina to tatou kainga, ko Waikato, take care of our settle-
ment, Waikato. The ko should have been omitted in the former
sentence instead of the ko in the latter, we should have had a.
:

Proper names, and pronouns, will only take their proper

articles; e.g. Nohea teuei Kingi a Parao? mlwnce was this
Xing Pharaoh?
N.B. There are exceptions to these rules. Some of them
will be mentioned under the next head.

2. The preposition which is

prefixed to the first
of two or more nouns in apposition will be prefixed
to all the rest ; e.g. Naku tenei pukapuka, na tou
hoa, na Tarapipipi, this letter is mine (i.e.
was
written by me), your friend's, TqrapipipVs ; kei nga
Pakeha ta matou whakaaro, ta nga tangata Maori,
with the Europeans are tJie sentiments of us, of the
New Zealanders.
The same usage holds in the vocative case hoa, : E
E Hone, Friend John.
The following examples will show that this rule, which
seems as yet to have escaped the notice of foreigners, is worthy
of attention: Akakite i a Hone fetamaiti a llemi,a?id he saro
 SYNTAX OF THE NOUN. 109

John, the son of James. The meaning of this, as it stands, is r

the sim of James #an> John. Kei a koutou, nga tangata Maori,
in the opinion of you the New Zt-alunders. This literally
means, the Nctv Zealanderx are with you. In the first of these
two sentences it should be, i te tamaiti. &c. in the second, kei
;

nga tangata Maori. Again kua kainga e koutou, te kura, it

:

was eaten by you, the school. The literal meaning of this is,
the school have been eaten by you. Kua kainga e koutou Tto
te kura, it has been eaten by you, the school. As it stands, it
means, it ha* been eaten by you and the school. Again, if we
were to say, " Na Ihowa to tatou Atua, nana hoki tatou i
whakaora," we should imply that our God was made by Jehovah,
and that it nas he mho saved us. It should be, Na to tatou
Atua.
There are, however, occasional exceptions to this rule, which
it will often be useful to remember: (a) when brevity of
diction is desired, both preposition and article will be some-
times omitted before the second substantive e.g. i rokohanga
;

atu e ahau ki Mangere, kainga o te Tawa, (he) was overtaken

by me at Mangere, (the) settlement of Tatva ; i rongo ahau ki
a Koiunuunu, hungatvai o Panaia, 1 heard it from Ko'ninuunn
(tin j fdtJi, -i'-in-law of Panaia; na te Riutoto, whaea o Paratene,
it belongs to Riutoto (the) mother of Brvughton. When a
pause, also, is made between the two substantives, the preposi-
tion will be sometimes omitted before the second e.g. kei te;

kainga o te Wherowhero, te rangatira o Waikato, at the settle-

ment of Wherorvhero. the Chief of Waikato. E pa, kua kite
ahau i a koe to mamingatanga hoki ki a au ? friend, I have
found you out your bamboozling of me, forsooth.
N.B. This distinction is very similar to that which obtains
in English for the regulating of the sign of the possessive case..
In such sentences, for example, as the following " for David,
my servant's sake," we should always have the sign of the
possessive annexed to the latter noun, because it follows the
preceding one in close and unbroken succession. In the
" This is Paul's
following, however, advice, the Christian
hero, and great Apostle of the Gentiles," the sign of the
possessive is omitted, because the connection between Pan?
and hero is not so immediate as in the preceding example.
So, also, in Maori when the latter noun follows in a comple-
;

mentary clause, as descriptive or explanatory of the former,

and has thus a pause, or comma, intervening, it may occa-
sionally dispense with the preposition by which the former
noun is preceded.
3. And we may here state, that clauses in
epaiiort/tosis will frequently reject those rules of
110 SYNTAX OP THE NOUN.

government which they, under other circumstanc

would have recognized ; and that they will often
rather partake of the nature of an exclamation (vide
chapter 14, 10, page 105, note). Thus, in the
example just adduced, to mamingatanga is not in the
objective case, as is koe in the clause preceding. It
would appear that after the speaker had said, Kua
kite ahau i a koe, he recollected himself, and ex-
claimed, in explanation, to mamingatanga hoki. In a
leisurely constructed sentence he would most probably
have " Kua kite ahau i a i to" &c.
said, koe, Again,
in the first example of epanorthosis (page 102), Ka
tae te hohoro o ta tatou kai, te pau ! a native would
not say, o te, pau, as strict grammar requires, but
rather puts te pau in the form of an exclamation.
4. The answer to a question will always, in its

construction, correspond to the question ; e.g. No,

wai i tango ? Na Hone, WJw took it ? John. I a wai
taku pu 1 /a Hone, With whom was my gun ? with
John.
5. There is no form in Maori corresponding to
that contained in the following expressions " Land
:

of Egypt," "River Euphrates." To translate these

" Whenua o
by Ihipa," &c., would be to represent
Egypt, and Euphrates, as individuals possessing that
land, and that river. To render them by apposition
would, we fear, not much improve our Maori diction;
though it would certainly be more in accordance
with Maori analogy. Here, therefore, necessity must
make a law for herself, and recognize the former
mode of construction as legitimate. At the same
time, it is desirable that it should be adopted as seldom
as possible. Thus, in the following " Mount Horeb,"
:

"Mount Sinai," &c., we should

approve of " Mount"
being rendered as a propername, to which it closely
approximates in English, and for which we think we
may claim the permission of the original. We there-
fore approve of those phrases being rendered:
 SYNTAX OF THE NOUN. Ill

" "
Maunga Horepa," Maunga Oriwa," &c. Lastly :

Such forms as "the book of Genesis," &c., should

never, we think, be rendered by te pukapuka o Kenehi,
iVi-. ;
for a native will thereby be led to believe that
Genesis wrote the book. The difficulty, however, may
be here easily obviated, for book may be altogether
" ko Kenehi "
omitted, and simply employed a form,
by the way, which is adopted by the Septuagint.
6. This case is much used
TJie Possessive Case.
in Maori employed often to denote intensity ;
It is

e.g. Ko to Ngatimaniapoto tangata

nui ha ia OA, !

he is Nyi.tiintiniapotds great man ; i.e. he is a very

great man in tJuit tribe.
It willin some instances, supersede the
also,
nominative or objective of the person ; e.g. the follow-
ing sentence is erroneous kihai ahau i pai kia
:

whakakahoretia ia, / was not willing to refuse him ;

this, as it stands, means to despise or make a cipher of.
It should have been, kia whakakahoretia tana;
negative his (request sub.)
7. It is sometimes useful for denoting the time
from which an action has commenced ; e.g. kahore i
kai, o to matou unga mai ano, we have not eaten
since we landed. Moe rawa atu ki Waitoke. Te
haerenga atu o hea ? We slept at Waitoke. From what
place did you start ? Te taenga mai o Hone, kihai i
rongo. Te tononga iho o te ata, when John came here
we would not listen to him ; (though) lie continued to
ask from tlie break of day.
8. Often the possessive preposition is used where,
in English, a different one would be employed ; e.g. no
Otahuhu tenei ara, this path (leads) to Otahuhu ;
kahore he wai o roto, there is no water in it. Ka kainga
e te matua tane te roi o te tuatanga* ki te kainga

AHH
Theff/a waa the religious ceremony perfonuM l>y the fattier, or the
of th tril-. when the child was born, to remove the tajm from the mother
and the settlement.
 112 SYNTAX OF THE NOUX.

Apopo ake ka kainga e te Ariki te roi o tana,

tapu.
tamaiti, The fern root OF THE TUATAXGA is eaten by the-

fatlier.Next day the fern OF HIS CHILD is eaten by the

Ariki (head chief).
9. A word in the possessive case occurring with
another twice repeated will generally follow after the
first ofsuch words e.g. ki te tahi taha ona, ki te tahi
;

taha, at either side of him ; lit. at cne side of him, at one

side. Sometimes other words will be found to intervene-
between the possessive case and the word that governs
it e.g. ko nga tangata katoa tenei o Waimate, here are
;

all the men of Waimate.

10. The word by whicha possessive case is
governed often not expressed in Maori; e.g. ka
is
tokowha o matou ka mate, four of us have died ; e
wha nga rau o te kupenga a Hone, there were four
hundred (fishes sub.) of the net of John ; kei hea to
Hone 1 where is John's ? (garment sub.)
In the northern part of this island, when a.
11.
noun placed in immediate connection with such
is

pronouns as noku moku, &c., it will sometimes omit

the article before it; e.g. no ratou Atua a Ihowa,
whose God is the Lord ; ka meinga mona wahi, appoint
him a portion.
NOTE. This form is rare in "Waikato.

12. When
two substantives meet together, one
of which denotes the material of which the other
consists, or some quality belonging to it, the word
denoting the material, quality, &c., will simply follow
the other as part of a compound word ; e.g. he whare
papa, a board house ; ika moana, a sea fish ; he repo
harakeke, a fiax swamp ; he oranga patunga, the sur-
vivors from a slaughter ; he tangata kupu rau, a man
of a hundred words ; i.e. a deceitful person.
13. Not unfrequently, when some circumstance
or quality is attributed to a person, it will be simply
 MNTAX OF THE NOUN. 113

affirmed to be him e.g. He /<///'// t.lore koe, you are a

;

raCn strt'nt/f/i : /<> tnriityn /////// ran for tna) koe, i/ou,
are an -rrin^ "'/ ; i.e. one who does not /tear correct/ <i :
he kaon*' tfii>i, //'//* (heap of potatoes) is a ffo>
i.e. to purchase a gown ; he aha koe ? wJiat are y<>" f

(i.e.
what are you come for?) Ko aura, ko ta, / am
he ; i.e. he and I are of the same mind, &c. ; ko taku
iwituaroa tena, tJuit is my backbone (a form for
making a thing sacred).
NOTE. This mode of predication seems to have been much
in use amongst the Hebrews (vide Gen. Ixi. 26). The seven
"
good kine (are) seven years"; and chap. Ixvi. 34, Every shep-
herd is an abomination ;*' That rock was Christ ;" " This is
" Ye were once
my body ;" darkness," Sec.

jj 14. Another particular, also, in which Maori

will be found to resemble Hebrewthe frequent
is
substitution of the substantive for the adjective.
Thus, we frequently hear lie kakakore koe, you are
weakness ; lie kino te rangi nei, the sky is badness,
&c.; neither must the student imagine, as have some
in the interpretation of the Scriptures, that this
mode of construction is always emphatic.
$15. The objective case almost always follows the
verb ; e.g. ka ngau i a au, lie will bite me ; except
sometimes in sentences in which na, ma, &c. are
used ; eg. nana ahau i tiki ake, he fetcJied me ; noku
ka mate, since I Juive been poorly.
Sometimes a noun which is plural in meaning will
take the form of the singular e.g. ko nga tamariki
;

a Kaihau hei tmnaiti ki a te Katipa, tJie children of

A'ni/i'tn are a child to Katijxi ; i.e. stand in the

relation of children. Ko matou katoa tenei, we are

till here.

16. Compound Words. A

word in connection
with a compound word will often be governed by one
of the simples of which the latter consists ; e.g. Kai
atawhai t a koe ; ui> to tuL-*' <-re of yon koe here is
9
114 SYNTAX OF THE NOUN.

governed by atawltai ; ki te whenua kai man, to the

land offood for you mau here is influenced by kai.
17. A
verb can always be changed into a per-
sonal agent by prefixing kai ; e.g. tiaki is to guard ;
kai tiaki is a guard.
18. On the prefixing and omitting of the article
te to proper names.
To lay down any exact rules respecting this subject
is, we fear, impossible; neither, indeed, is it very
necessary, as genuine Maori names are being fast
exchanged for those of foreigners. There, are, how-
ever, a few particulars which deserve notice, (a) A
simple substantive, adopted as a proper name, may or
may not have te prefixed, chiefly as caprice regulates.
(6) If, however, the noun be
in the plural number, tc
is never prefixed ; e.g. Ngakainga. (c) verb, and A
words compounded of verbs, will generally omit it ;
e.g. Tangi. (d) Numerals, as far as ten, will gene-
rally take it. (e) The proper names which omit te
will be found, perhaps, to be nearly double in number
those which take it.

NOTE. The
prefixes rangi and ngati belong chiefly, the
former to the names of females, the latter to the names of
tribes.

On the distinction between o and a.

19. This very useful feature of Maori does not

seem be clearly recognized in some parts of
to
New Zealand. It obtains, however, in the other islands
of these seas, and may be satisfactorily shown even now
to exist in those parts of this island in which it would
be least expected ; for example, all will admit that
ku i mine was the liaving stmck ; i.e. I struck
patu,
(him) from noku i patu, because I struck
is different
him ; and that ma te aha 1 will signify by what means ?
and mo te aha 1 for what reason ?
The words in which this distinction obtains are mo
and ma, no and na, o and and their compounds,
,
 SYNTAX OF THE NOUN. 115

and in>i,iii, nona and nam, toku and taku : the

a
first and leading distinction between these two forms
is (a) that o implies a passive meaning, a an active.

Thus, he patu nwkn is a striking for me, i.e. for me

to suffer he patu i/mkit is an instrument for me to
;

strike with ; (o) also implies the inherency and pro-

priety of a quality or thing, as well as the time and
moral cause of an action.
Hence it will almost always be prefixed to the
members of the body, to land enjoyed by inheritance,
to sickness, the productions of nature such as fruits,
Arc. &c. Thus, we seldom hear, aku ringaringa, naku
tena oneone, he mate naku ;
o is almost always em-
ployed. Again, we always hear, noku i haere mai nei,
since I came here ; mou i tutu, because you were dis-
obedient ; nona te he, his was the error.
(c) is always employed in talking of garments
and houses, which are in wear, use, ttc. Thus, naku
i whare means, I built t/tat house; noku, <kc., /
dwell in it.

$ 20. A (long) is prefixed to the agent, and implies

that the noun which is connected with that agent is
either an act of it, or an instrument with which, or
sometimes a thing upon which, the action is performed,
such as tools, cultivations, food, words, &c. (as ki'j',
korero, because they are fashioned by the tongue) ; e.g.
taku toki ; naku tena mara, maku te kupu ki mua ;
kai niau.
_ 1 . When the action is intransitive, o is generally
employed ; e.g. te toronga atu o te ringa o Hone ;
(<>kn haerenga. To this rule, however, there are many
exceptions.
NOTE. Visitors, slaves or servants, children (i.e. own
children, or children of whom the individual has the manage-
ment), husband (tane), wife (wahine) will take the a ; wh.-ii,
however, him. <iri/>i. raiujutird. matua, whanaitnga, are u>
will be prefixed, lira also will take o (the voice being a part
of the man). Oranga also, though it applies to food, will take
116 SYNTAX OF THE NOUN.

after it; e.g. kai hei oranga mo ma,tou,food to support m.

" nona te
In the following passage, whiunga i mau ai to tatou
rongo," tlie cJwstisement of our peace was upon Him, the o in the
nom has, we think, supplied a more concise and clear ren-
dering than could have been attained without it. If it had
" Nana te
been, whiunga, &c." we should have understood
that it was He who inflicted, instead of suffered the chastise-
ment. be remembered that there are two pronun-
It should
ciations of taku and tana, viz. taku and taku, tana and tana ;

the short a corresponds to the o, the long a to the a of ma and

na. Of tou, yours, there are also two pronunciations, viz. tou
and to ; the former corresponds to the o of mona, the latter
sometimes to the a of mana.
NOTE. The to is very frequently used instead of the tou
chiefly in those parts of the sentence in which euphony requires
that the sound should not be prolonged.

The importance of attending to these distinctions

between the o and the a may be shown by a few
examples. He hangi mau is an oven with which you
may cook food ; he hangi rtwu is an oven in which you,
are to be cooked, and would be a most offensive curse ;
he taua maku is a party with which I may attack
another ; he taua moku is a party come to attach me ;
te ngutu o Hone is John's lip ; te ngutu a Hone is
his word, or report, &c.
 SYNTAX OF THK AI>JECTI\1>. 117

CHAPTER XVI.
SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVES.
1. Adjectives generally follow substantives ; e.g.
he tangata kohuru, a murderer. Sometimes, however,
they will take the form of an adverb, and precede ;
e.g. homai katoa mai nga mea, give (me) all the things.
Sometimes, also, they will take the form of a verb
and precede ; e.g. nni rawa taku riri, \-<ry great is my
anger or of a substantive ; e.g. he nui taku riri,
idem.

$ 2. The
pronominal adjectives, tenei, <fec. and
always precede; e.g. tena mea,
will

3. Adjectives will generally take the form of the

noun with which they are connected ; i.e. if the noun
be of the verbal form, so also will be the adjective \
e.g. oranga tonutanga, eternal life ; rerenga puku-
tanga, sailing hungry.
NOTE. To this rule there are many exceptions. Thus, we
have kainga kotald^ one eating ; i.e. one meal ; matenga nui,
patunga tapu, whakamutunga pai, tikinga hangarau, kurero-
tanga tuatahi. In many cases observation can alone deter-
mine when such forms are admissible. As a general rule it
would perhaps be correct to say that when the verbal noun is
of very familiar use, so as almost to have its verbal character
forgotten, or when some thing or single act is spoken of, it
will sometimes admit after it an adjective of the simple form.
It will, we think, also be found that such common adjectives
as nui, pai, katoa, and also the numerals, most frequently
follow in the simple form.

>$4. Under other circumstances the adjective will

follow in the verbal form, especially when diversity,
or a number of acts of the same kind, is intended.
Thus, oku nohoanga katoa will mean all uj settle-
118 SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVES.

ments ; aku nohoanga katoatanga, all the times in

which I sit down. The following expressions are
objectionable :
Korerotanga whakamutzt, tirohanga
ataw/uzi, whakinga pukw..
5. It should be noticed, perhaps, here, that we
sometimes find the verbal noun used as an adjective
or participle, and with a passive meaning e.g. he toki :

tua is an axe to fell with ; ke toki tuakanga, an axe

which has been used in felling ; he mea whakaka-
huranga mai no tawahi, (clothes) ivorn abroad and
sent here. Whakakahu would in this construction be
seldom used. On the other hand, we meet with pu
whakamoe gun taken to bed with you ; poaka
whangai, fed pig.
6. Many Adjectives to one Substantive. It is
contrary to the genius of Maori to allow many adjec-
tives to follow one substantive. When, therefore, it
is desired to affirm many qualities of the same word,
the word itself will be repeated before each adjective ;
e.g. a great and good man would be thus rendered :

he tangata nui, he tangata pai ; or the adjectives will

be converted into substantives, by taking the article
he before them. Thus, the above sentence might be
rendered, he nui, he pai tena tangata, he was a great,
&c. ; a large red blanket might be thus rendered he :

paraikete nui, he mea whero. Sometimes the adjective

will be resolved into the verb ; " a great and terrible
God " would be thus rendered he Atu nui, e wehin-
:

gia ana.
7. The
following are instances in which an
adjective is made
to qualify two substantives Ko te :

poaka raua ko te paraoa, he reka kau, pork and flour

(tJiey are both) siveet, or a (sweetness) ; he mea reka
te poaka, he me reka te Tena koa etahi
paraoa, idem.
hate, etahi tarau hoki, Jiei nga mea pai : sJww some
shirtsand some trousers ; let them be good ones, i.e.
sJww some good shirts, &c.
 SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVES. 119

8. Sometimes the adjective will unexpectedly

assume the form of a verb or substantive, e.g. kei ona
kainga, t (or lie) niaha, lie is at his many settles
The following form is heard at Taranaki kia torn lie :

ra, it ti-H/ tk> tln- </<///*. Sometimes adverbs are

used as adjectives; e.g. he tohunga rawa, a great
-

artist, &c. f te lino tangata, tJie

very i<i<r-'ul,ntl. The
following form, in which the verb supplies the place of
the adjective, is, we believe, in general use a pouri :

ana o matou ngakau mo tenei patunga o rnatou ka rua;

our Jiearts are dark at this second murder of our
friends lit. this murder of our friends, it is two.

Comparison of Adjectives. The comparative degree

is denoted in various ways in Maori,
(a) The first,
and most common, is similar to that adopted in
Hebrew, viz. by putting the preposition i (from)
after the adjective e.g. e kaha ana a Hone i a Pita,
;

John is stronger than Peter, (b) Sometimes there is

joined to the adjective some adverb of intensity e.g. ;

e kaha rawa ana a Hone i a Pita, John is much

stronger, <kc. (c)
Sometimes it is denoted by the
adjectives ngari and rangi, the verb following in
epanorthosis ; e.g. e ngari a Hone i a Pita, e kalui ana.

(d) Sometimes the comparative is denoted by some

approbatory, and the positive by some disapprobatory
term e.g. e pai ana tenei paraikete, e kino ana tera,
;

this blanket is good, that is bad. (e) Sometimes the

positive is put into the negative form, and the com-
parative into the affirmative e.g. e ngari ano te patu
;

i a au ; aua e
tangohia oratia taku kainga, it is better
to kill ni'', <l<> not I"!-' <"i'ay my settlement while I
live ; i.e. I should rather die than have my possessions
taken from me. E nui ana taku hara, e kore e taea te
muru, ///// .-/// ix urratur than f/i"f if run be fmrdoned ;
lit. my sin is
great, it cannot be pardoned. He ////"
te hunga i a koe nei ; e kore e ho atu e ahau nga
Miriam ki a ratou, th* people tJiat are with t/iee are
120 SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVES.

too many for me to give the Midianites into their

power.
(f) Sometimes the positive is made antecedent, and
the comparative consequent ; e.g. me patu ano au ka
riro ai toku kainga, you must kill me, and THEN take
my possessions.
(g) Following are two modes of comparison
which
are sometimes met with polca Ice atu te pai o te ra
:

tahi i on whare i nga ra ko tahi mano, one day in thy

courts is better than a thousand. Ma tenei e whaka-
koakoa ai a Ihowa, tera atu i te koakoatanga ki te
okiha, this shall please the Lord better than an ox.
NOTE. These two forms are not much used in Waikato.
The following is sometimes heard, but it is a weak mode of
comparison rere ke ana te pai o tenei i tera. the goodness of
this is different from that.

(h) A
very common process for denoting an
inferiority of degree is to associate two contrary
qualities e.g. pai kino, indifferently good ;
: roa poto,
(long short) of moderate length; mangu ma nei,
(black white) blackish.
(i) The adverb tua prefixed to the adjective denotes
a similar kind of comparison ; e.g. tua riri, somewhat
angry ; tua pouri, rather dark, (k) Sometimes com-
parison is implied by reduplication of one or more
syllables; e.g. pourmri, darkish (as in twilight). All
adjectives which, in English, are preceded by some
qualifying adverb as somewJiat, not very, moderately,
as it ivere, &c. can be rendered into Maori by one or
other of these three last methods.
The Superlative Degree. Maori has no direct form
to mark
the superlative, but expresses it by various
circumlocutions (a) by the definite article prefixed,
:

with or without some word of intensity ; e.g. Ko au

te kaumatua, / am the eldest son ; ko te tino nohiiiohi
rawa tena, that is the least; ko te nui tenei o nga
rakau katoa, this is the largest (lit. the large one) of
 SYNTAX OF THE ADJECTIVKS. 12t

(b) The form for the

all the trees. comparative
sometimes necessarily implies the sense of the super-
lative e.g. he tino mohio ia i nga tangata katoa, he
:

is the most wise of all men.

(c) Following are two other forms for denoting
the superlative e.g. e ngari a Hone e mohio ana ; a
:

faiho 'too i a Wiremu te tino mohio, John is bett>-r,

Ji>> understands ; but leave the great knowledge with
William ; or, whakarerea rawatia i a Wiremu, &c.
Sometimes a. great degree of intensity is denoted
by a repetition of the adjective, with a peculiarly
prolonged sound of the first syllable; e.g. nui, nui
whakaharahara.
122 SYNTAX OF THE NUMERALS.

CHAPTER XVII.

SYNTAX OF THE NUMERALS.

The Particles prefixed to Numbers.

1. Ko.This word will often, without te, precede
tahi ; e.g. toku ko tahi, myself alone ; kia ko tahi, be
one; i.e. pull together. When tahi is used as a
substantive, it will generally take te ; e.g. ko te tahi
tenei, this is one (of them).
The numerals between one and a hundred
2.
will seldom take any article; but rau and mano will
take either te or he ; e.g. he rau pea, it is perhaps a
hundred ; ko tahi, te rau, or te niano. Sometimes the
numerals lower than a hundred will take the article te,
when the substantive is not expressed but understood ;
e.g. te tekau te whakanehenehe ki te hoko-
e taea e
rima ? can the ten contend with the fifty ?
3. The simple numeral is mostly used in count-

ing ; e.g. tahi, rua, toru, one, two, three, &c. Often,
however, the verbal particle ka is used in the same
sense ; ka tahi, ka rua, &c., it is one, there are two,
&c.
4. Ka, prefixed to the numeral,
generally denotes
the completion of a number ; e.g. ka toru enei
matenga oku i a koe, this is the third time I have
been ill-treated by you., i.e. this makes up the third, &c.
5. E
is a very
frequent prefix of the numbers
between one and ten. It differs from ka in that it
does not so distinctly imply the completion of, or the
arriving at, a number, and that whereas ka will
" How
generally answer to the question, many have
you counted, made," <fcc., e will be used in reply to
" How many are there?" e.g. e hia ena kete ? How
 SYNTAX OF THE NL'.MKRALS. 123

many baskets are those ? It would not, however, be

generally correct to say, E
hia ena kete ka oti ? It
should be ka hia. Again, " Ahea koe huki inai ai ?
Ka rua aku wikL" When will you return? /// ///v>

weeks' time. It should be kia rua nga wiki.

NOTE This distinction, however, does not hold invariably.

6. Kia. For its uses, vide Verbal Particles, page

138.
7. NOTE The particles i and kua are occa-
sionally found prefixed to the numerals. ( Vide those
particles, pages 135-147.)
8. The case and number folio winy the numeral.
In most instances, up to one hundred, the numeral
will require no possessive case after it; e.g. a, ho
mai ana e ratou, e ono nga kete, and t/tey gave six
baskets ; lit. they were given by them, there were (or
are) six baskets.
9. Beyond one hundred, however, a possessive
case is very frequently employed ; e.g. ko tahi niano
o nga tau, one thousand years.
10. When the noun is in the oblique case, the
numeral will generally follow it ; e.g. hei tapiri mo
enei kete e wha as an addition four baskets.
to tliese
When it is in the nominative, the numeral will most
frequently precede; e.g. e wha nga kete, there were
four baskets.
11. It will be noticed that tahi is sometimes post-
fixed to other numerals, and adjectives, without any
variation of meaning ; e.g. e Hum iahi, five ; turituri
tahi, what a noise (you are tnahin-j). Tahi will
sometimes take a plural after it. Ko tahi /// hoa,
one were his companions; i.e. he had one companion.
$12. Sometimes, when it is desired emphatically
to denote all the individuals or items contained in a
certain number, the number will be repeated ; e.y.
124 SYNTAX OF THE NUMERALS.

hokorima Jiokorima iho fifty fifty down; i.e. the

whole fifty were killed.
E wha, wha mai ano, four
four to me ; bring the whole four. In one instance
(viz.
that of rua) we have the first syllable reduj
cated to denote both ; e.g. e tika rurua ana ano,
are both right.
13. Sometimes, in Waikato, we meet with an
ironical use of numerals, corresponding to that in
" six of one and half a dozen of the other "
English,
e.g. e whitu waru atu tliey are seven eight other f
!

E ngari a Hone, e pai ana e wha atu i a Pita he is !

four besides Peter ; i.e. he is not better than Peter.

14. On the Ordinals. The student has seen
(page 26) the three ways in which these may be
formed.
1 5. There are, however, some distinctions between
tua and wJiaka, as prefixes, which deserve to be
noticed. (1) Tua is not frequently found prefixed
to numerals beyond ten. (2) Occasionally, also, a
critical inquirer will, we think, detect a difference in
the meaning of the two particles. Tua seems to
denote the place that a thing, &c. occupies in a series
or gradation wJiaka, a fraction which, being added,
;

makes the integer. Thus, in announcing a text, we

" Kei te ono o
might say, nga upoko, kei te tuawha o
nga rarangi," it is in the sixth cJiapter and fourth
verse. We could not, however, say "Kei tewhakawha
o," &c. Again, a native will say, "Ko te tuahia,
tenei o nga whakatupuranga ka tae iho ki a koe ?
Ko te tekau." WJiat number of generations is this
tJiat reaches down to you ? Answer, the tenth. Here
the generations are represented as following in a
regular succession to the tenth. If the reply were
"Ko te whakateka,u tenei," we should understand
that it is one, which, added to the other nine, will
make it ten a mode of expression which is sometimes
substituted for the following " ko te
whakakapi
:
 SYNTAX OF THK M.MKHALS. l'2't

tenei o te tekau," this is one which Jills tip tl /Jor.'

tenth.
<>f tJie The word whakapu is often also used
either to denote a tally (or surplus one), or the one
which completes the number; hei iv/iakapu tenei nio
aku riwai, this is a tally for (or this completes tJu> J"lt
in y potatoes.
of)
NOTE. In speaking of a tenth, or tithe, of property, we
should prefer frhakntrktiii to tuatekau, the former being a
fractional tenth, the latter an ordinal.
126 SYNTAX OF THE PRONOUNS.

CHAPTER XYIII.

SYNTAX OF THE PRONOUNS.

1. The persona] pronouns follow the verb ; e.g. e
mea ana ahau.
2. They are often, also, omitted after it e.g. Ka;

tukua atu te purahorua, ka tae ki te pa, korerotia atu,.

Kia mohio i te taua e haere mai nei na ka te whai
e te pa. Na wai i haere, a ka tae ki nga whakata-
:

koto; ka pan te huaki, ka tangi te patu, ka whati

tera, te pa; the messenger is sent,
(he) arrives at the
pa, (it) (them), be on (your) guard against the
is told
hostile party (which) is approaching, so the pa then

p-ivrwed. On then (they) proceeded, till (they) came

to the ambush, the assault is made, the blow resounds,
t/ifit
flies, the pa. Sometimes, in Waikato, they are
redundant; e.g. kei te kai taro mana, he is eating
bread for himself. Examples, however, of this con-
struction are not varied or frequent.
In Waikato the personal and possessive pronouns-
will frequently take the particle nge before them, but
without any variation of meaning.
It was observed (page 28) that there is no-
3.
word in Maori to denote the pronoun it. Occasionally,
however, that word will be designated by ia and its.
branches ; e.g. waiho mana e rapu atu te tahi huarahi
mona, let it (the axe) search out a path for itself.
This, perhaps, should be explained by prosopopreia*
Sometimes, also, we hear
the following te paraoa raua
:

ko te poaka, flour and pork ; nga toki ki a ratou

whakatoki, nga kakahu ki a ratou whakakakahu, axe&
by themselves, garments by themselves.
4. Often the singular and dual of the personal
 SYNTAX OF THK IMtOX- ll_>7

pronouns will l>e employed to denote a whole tribe or

company; e.g. nakii tena, na te Urioteoro, f/inf it /

the U,-i"f'<>r's ; i.e. the property of

Kei- my tribe.
hea taua 1 where are we our party ?
tivo / i.>\ where is

ko ta mnna ki tena, ta te tangata Maori, tJuit is a

phrase of us (two) of tfie Xew Zealander, i.e. of the
Xi-w Zealanders.

NOTE. This form is also often used when the speaker wishes
to propound some remark which would appear harsh if too
personal e.g. he aha kei a maua ko Hone what
; n-ith //// and
.' /.v

John ? i.e. oh, never mind John of what importance is he ?

:

5. A pronoun in the
singular will often be made
to refer to a noun
in the plural ; ko nga tangata tenei
nnna nga tikaokao, this are persons, HIS are t/te fowls ;
nga tangata no)ia te kainga, the men nis is tlie settle-
ment, i.e. whose is, &c., nga tangata nana i patu, the

men HIS was the /taring struck; i.e. who struck.

Tenei matou te noho atu nei, this is we, who am sitting
towards you.
6. It is a very common thing in Maori to put
into the third person a pronoun which has reference
to either the first or second ; e.g. hei rama aha ? tana
koke noa atu nana tana rakau, a light, for what pur-
pose? his stumbling away his is his own stick, i.e.
" What do I want of I can stumble out my
light 1
way I am accustomed to that kind of work ;" ko
te rangi main kai tenei ma tona tinana, ////* ix the <l<i;/
for procuringfoodfor his body ; i.e. for ourselves ; kei
tena tangata pea, it rests per/i"/* >(// that individual ;
i.e. with you ; tona tangata kaha ko koe. you are his

strong man ; i.e. what a very strong man you are

(ironically) ; haere korua, e Hone, raua ko Hemi, ga
you (two) John, they two ami James ; i.e. go you and
James.
This last form is, perhaps, peculiar t'> the Waiknto district.

7. When two or mon- indi\iluals are connected

128 SYNTAX OF THE PROXOUNS.

in English by the conjunction mid, they will very

frequently be denoted by the dual or plural of the
personal pronoun of the more worthy person.
For
example, he and 7 are denoted by maua ; you and
Jane korua ko Heni John and James by Hone raua
; ;

ko Hemi John, James, and Luke by Hone, ratou ko

;

Hemi, ko Ruka.
In this construction the latter noun will be in the nomina-
tive, even though the preceding be in an oblique case e.g. te
;

atawhai o te Atua, raua ko tana tamaitl, Tto Jhu Karaiti, the

mercy of God and His Son Jesus Christ. Here, though Atua
is in the possessive case, raua and tamaiti, and Ihu Karaiti are
in the nominative.
This strange, though in Maori very common, mode of con-
struction cannot, we believe, be explained in any other way
than by an epanorthosis.

8. The noun belonging to the pronoun is often

omitted, especially in talking of garments ; e.g. keihea

toku 1 Where is mine ; i.e. my garment. Tikina
atu te tahi ki a koe, fetch some for you ; i.e. fetch
some garment. Ko wai toku 1 Who is mine ? i.e.
my helper.
9. The Relative Pronouns. Following are some of
the ways in which the defect of the relative pronoun
is supplied in Maori
(1) Te tangata nana nga
:

kakano, the man wliose are tlie seeds ; (2) te tangata

i nga kakano, idem ; (3) te tangata i
patu nei i a
Hone, the man (who) struck John ; or (4) te tangata
i
patua ai, (by whom, on account of whom) lie was
beaten ; (5) Keihea, he poraka hei to i te rakau ?
where is there a block (with which} to drag the log ?
(6) Keihea he haere?z#a ? wJiere is there a place on
which tJiey (the cows) may run ? (7) Ko tenei taku
i mate nui ai, this is MINE
desired, i.e. this is wlwt I
wished for; (8) Te poaka i patua e koe, the pig
{which) was killed by you,; (9) Kei reira te pakaru,
kei reira te paru, you must coat all
(with raupo)
parts of the house tJiat are broken.
 SYNTAX OP THE PRONOUNS. 129

It will be seen in the preceding examples that the

most common means by which the want of the relative
is supplied are by the preposition, as in example 2 ;

(2) by the particles nei, etc., and ai, as in examples

3 and 4 (3) by the verbal noun, as in examples 5
;

and 6 ; (4) by the possessive case with ai, as in

example 7 ; (5) by the passive voice, as in example
8. Occasionally, also, the personal pronouns, as in
example 1, or the adverb reira, as in example 9,
(fee., are used for the same purpose.

10. Demonstrative Pronouns. (1) These, like

the primitive pronouns of Hebrew, are often used for
the verb of existence ; (2) and the time will frequently
be denoted by the pronoun used ; i.e. tenei will
mostly be used for the present tense ; tena, and most
frequently tera, for the future or past, and sometimes
for the imperative mood ; e.g. e haere ana tenei ahau,
THIS / (tin tininy ; i.e. I am going ; tenei au, Jiere lam;
tera e mate, that ivill die, i.e. he will die tena taku;

pu maua mai, that nuj gun bring here ; i.e.

bring my
gun.
The leading distinctions between tenei, tena, and
tera, and also the distinction between them and their
resolved forms te, nei, &c. have been mentioned
(page 30). Instances, however, are not rare, in which
those distinctions seem to be disregarded ; and others
will occur which it will require some experience and

ingenuity to classify e.g. I te po nei implies that it

;

has been already dark for some time; i tenei po may

mean the night of this day. In the following Kei :

hea te awa nei ? (where is the channel t/tat we are

seeking for ?) it is clear tenei could not be employed.
(2j Sometimes only nei will be admitted into con-
nection with the first person (i.e. when the speaker
is denoted as the
person looking at the object sjx)ken
of), and mi into connection with the second person.
l!i has for the most part a vague or general
applica-
10
130 SYXTAX OF THE PROXOUXS.

tion.* Thus, a person calling to a settlement will

say, Kahore he tangata
i te
kainga nei 1 Is there no
one at that settlement (at which I am looking) 1 If
addressing another who belongs to, or has seen, the
settlement, he will say, I te kainga na (or ra)
at the settlement which you see there, or to which you
belong, &c. Again Keihea nga kau ? where are tho
:

cows 1 kei kona ano, iJiey are there near you. If he

had said, kei ko, we should have understood him to
" "
mean, they are off, away, in that direction iia ;

kona mai, come by that direct path) in which you are ;

na ko mai, come by that circuitous one aivay there.
(3) Nei, ifec., in composition
will frequently supply
the place of the relative e.g. te taua i muru NEI i a
;

Hone.
(4) Sometimes they imply a conjunction, or
will
will otherwise limit the sentence in which they occur,
by implying a connection with a previous sentence or
thing. Thus, kahore au i pai means I am not willing ;
kahore nei ahau i pai will mean the reason ivas because
I was not willing, or you know I was not, &c. tfcc.
Again I a koutou e tatari ana will denote a mere
:

general remark, while you are waiting ; I a koutou e

tatari nei denotes while you are THUS continuing to
wait; te wahine i whakarerea, the woman who
was divorced; te wahine i whakarerea nei (or ra)
the woman who was divorced under tJiese (or those)
particular circumstances^ or on that particular occasion,
<fec. &c.
The Interrogative Pronouns. Wai and aha are
often used to add intensity ma wai e noho, e au ?
;

that I shmdd remain is for whom ? i.e. I won't remain.

Ko wai hoki ka kite i te hoenga o tenei taua, maua
nei ? who saw the departure of this hostile party, we
two ? i.e. we did not at all see this party's departure

* For ra as an adverbial
particle, vide page 90.
 SYNTAX OF THE PRON<> 131

to fight with you. Hei aha nm imi ? for what purpose

',
for vhvin / what good at all is that for
i.''.
1

Kaluuv i kahore i aha, he did not attend, he did

r"iigo,
not what ; i.i. he did not at all listen. Kahore aku
kupu, me he atia, me he aha, 1 did not utter a wr<l,
if a what, if a what ; i.e. I did not at all speak. Ka
hua ahau he aha, I thinnjJtt it ivas a wliat ; i.e. I
imagined it was something very important you were
going to talk about. Sometimes a personal pronoun
will be associated with an interrogative ; e.g. ko wai
lioki taua ka kite atu ? who, we two, can see it ? i.e.
who knows?
132 SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

CHAPTER XIX.
SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

Of the Verbal Particles. The consideration of the

verbal particles, and of the other means by which a
verb is modified in Maori, has been reserved for the
Syntax, chiefly because the investigation of those
subjects will involve also that of compound proposi-
tions, and of other constructions which belong to this
part of grammar.
E (a) is sometimes used for the present ; e.g. e noho
mai, he is sitting there close at hand, (b) Most fre-

quently it is joined with nei, &c. ; e.g. e riri nei, who

is angry with me, &c. (c) It is sometimes used to
denote the future e g. ko wai
;
ma e haere who vrill t
\

go ? He tokomaha mate, e many will die. (d) It is

chiefly employed to denote contingency, or some future
act on which something else depends ; e.g. e riri ia,
if he be angry ; e tae mai a Hone tonoa ake, if John
comes here, send him after me ; e hau, if there be a
wind.

There is a difference between e and ka as parti Hes of

the future, ka being of much more extensive use; i.e. being
used with all persons, and in all senses, whether absolute or
contingent (ride ka).
There are, however, some constructions in which e is
always preferred chiefly, we believe, when the verb is pre-
ceded by some word with which it is in connection i.e. when ;

it is preceded by the negative adverb kore, and sometimes

kahore ; e.g. ka kore e pai, if he i# not milling ; kahort e iangi,
she did not at all cry. By the preposition ma ; e.g. ma wai e
hanga 1 who is to build it ? and by no (sometimes), noliea e
nvera ? whence, i.e. why shovld it take fire ? By the pronouns
tera and eJtea ; eg terae mate, he will die, perhaps ko ehea e ;

patua 1 which are to be killed ? By the noun or pronoun in the

 SYNTAX OF THK YK1M5. 133

case (sometimes) e.g. ttiku e pai ai, that ivhich I

possessive ;

likr he aha tan e tohe ? what aie you importuning about ? By

;

ttiihoa and taria, ; e.g. taihoa e haere wait going; i.e. don't
go for a rrhil<\
N. B. For the distinction between e and ka, when prefixed
to numerals, vide Numerals, chap, xvii., 5, page 122.

(e) For e, as prefixed to the imperative mood, vide

page 38 (6).
It is generally omitted in that mood
when the verb is followed by atu mai, ake, iho, <fec. t

Ana is a particle corresponding in many particulars

with ka. It is most frequently employed, however,
in the continuation of a narrative, and does not often,
except in abrupt and animated discourse, occupy a
place in the leading clause of the sentence.
The following examples remark illustrate this last :

Ki te ana ahau, ka riro,

kahore e homai, ina luiere

if it is not given, certainly going I will depart ; ko

nga tangata o Taranaki, aia ana e matou ki te maunga,
tliemen of Taranaki, driven were they by us to tJie
mountain. It will be seen that the verb preceding
the particle in the above clauses gives a larger measure
of emphasis than if another word had gone before it.
In such animated sentences as the above the speaker
will generally prefer ana to any other verbal particle.
But another leading use of ana is to denote a con-
tinuance of action. The following extract from a
translation of the first eight chapters of Genesis, made
some years since by the church missionaries, will
serve as an illustration of this, and our other remarks
on this particle. We may add that, though we suggest
a few alterations in the part quoted, yet,
trifling
considering the time in which it was made, it is very
creditable to the Maori knowledge of the translators.

Ch. i ,
v. 1. I te orokomeatanga i
hanga c te Atua te rangi
me te whenna.
'2. A kihai i whai ahua te whenua, takoto kau a ngaro
i ;

uiia i te pouri te nnita o te hohotiu. Hacrerc ana te Wairiui o

te Atua ki run^a ki te matn <>
n^a wai.
 134 SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

Mea ana te Atua, Kia raarama

3 ;
a kua marama.
A kite ana te Atua i te marama,
4. pai ana ; wehea ana e te
Atua te marama i te pouri.
5. A huaina ana e te Atua te marama, hei ao.

In the first verse ana can have no place ; it would

give an unpleasant jerk, as well as the appearance of
levity, to a commencement so methodical
and dignified.
Our translators, therefore, with good taste, employed
i I te timatanga i hanga, &c.
: In the second verse,
however, in the clause commencing a ngaro ana, &c.,
it is very correctly used ; because there is a close
connection between that clause and the one preceding.
In the third verse it is, we think, injudiciously used,
because a new subject is now commenced. should, We
therefore, have preferred na KA mea te Atua. So also
in the commencement of the fourth verse, A kite ana
te Atua i te marama, pai ana. should prefer JiaWe A
kite, &c. Pai ana is, we think, objectionable. It is
too abrupt and unconnected, and makes the pai refer
to the atua rather than to marama. pai ana, per- E
haps, or he mea pai, would be preferable. E-ana is
strictly the sign of the present tense ; e.g. e kai ana,
he is eating. Sometimes, when it follows a past time,
its meaning will also be past ; as may be seen in our
remarks on ana (vide also our remarks on compound
sentences, page 37).
Ka is a particle of very extensive use. It is some-
times employed to denote the present tense ; e.g. ka
pai, it is good. It is the particle most frequently
used in historic presents. It is very frequently used
to denote future events, and is often employed in
hypothetic or contingent propositions ; e.g. ka mate
koe i a au, you will be killed by me ; ka haere ahau,
ka riri a Hone, IF I go, John will be angry.

ROTE. Ka, as a particle of the present, will often differ in

meaning from e, ana. For example, ka tere te waka may
signify tJie canoe mill drift, or that it DRIFTS ; e tere ana, that
it is drifting.
 MNTAX OF THE VERB. 135

For the distinctions between A" and <. r/V>' >'.

Occasionally kn is followed by te ; e.g. Ka tearai taku

ahi e koe.
/, a particle of the past time (vide kua, below).

(a) Sometimes, however, it is employed to denote

the present ; e.g. koia i riri ai, for that cause is lie
a,jry t na te aha koe i tohe ai kia haere, n-l'i <l
you persist in going ? Ka tahi ano te hanganga i pai,
tftis house (which I am now roofing) is now for tin'.

jir*t time properly done.

(b) Sometimes i is employed where contingency
is designed ; e.g. he aliakoa i pono he titaha, he
titaha ;
i
pono he hate, lie hate, tvel/, it w<>/>'f *iguify ;
if an ".'' /tdjtpens to b> ^//<// j-ni/nt- nf ) /> ( if ,s-o
liajrpen
(lit. let it be an axe). If a shirt, &c.
Ka whiua te tahi wahi ki tahaki, hei whakahere i
tona Atua, / whiua ranei ki te wahi tapu ranei *i ;

whim ranei ki te wahi noa ranei, he tlirows a portion

to one side as an offering to Ids God. It may have
t/u-i'iru (i.e. it matters not whether it is thrown")

VJHJH, a sacred spot, or upon a spot not sacred.

Kua, the sign of the past tense ; e.g. kua korero

atu ahau ki a ia, 7 Jtdrv sjwkr.n. to him.
The leading distinction between kua and i is,
(a)
we kua is unlimited (i.e. will not admit
believe, that
of limitation) and i limited in construction and that ;

the former, when it precedes in the sentence, will be

often found to correspond to the perfect, the latter to
the imperfect of English ; e.g. kua kitea te mea i
kimihia e koe? HAS the thing been found that WAS
sought for by you 1 Kua ora koe Kahore, I ora ano \

au ; a, hoki mai ana te mate ; have you recovered ?

No, I did recover, but ///< *i<-kn <-*.< //</* r< turned.
N.B. It would, however, be very incorrect to ;.Hii in. as have
some pood Maori scholars, that kua alw:iys n-rrt-.-jioucis to the
perfect, and i to ilie imperfect.
136 SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

In accordance with the preceding remarks, it may

be observed (1) That kua is seldom used when the
verb is preceded by the cause, time, or other qualify-
ing circumstance of the action; i.e. when the verb is
followed by ai. For example, we might say kua
patua, lie was killed ; but we could not say, te take
kua patua ai, the cause for which he was killed;
neither would it be correct to say, koia kua riri ai ia,
for tliat cause was lie angry. (2) It will also, we
believe, be found that, in secondary clauses, in which
the relative is understood, i obtains a much more
general use than kua. For example In the following :

" Enei mea kua korerotia e

sentence koutou," we
should prefer i korerotia. (3) Kua will seldom,
when denoting the perfect or imperfect tenses, be found
associated with the particle ko ; e.g. we very seldom
hear ko Hone kua haere, it was John who went. In the
following sentence we disapprove of the use of both
of these particles E pai ana matou ki a ia, no te mea
ko ia kua atawhai mai ki a matou, we love him,
because he was kind to us. We
should have preferred
mona i atawhai, &c.* (4). When a preposition
immediately precedes, kua will seldom be employed ;

e.g. nonahea i mate ai, since what time, or at what

* It is true that when kuu

represents the pluperfect, or the priority of one
action to another, it may be frequently found in connection with ko. But this,
\vethink, is a further confirmation of the distinction for which we contend.
For the expression " lie had lovnl iis" is clearly more definite than "he
loved us" the former implying that affection had been entertained before
tome past act the latter -simply affirming that it was entertained, without
reference to any date. Ko we defined as the article of specification and
emphasis, and it is quite natural that it should be associated with a
perfect to denote a pluperfect, its office, in such a construction, being to
point out the individual who may be emphatically said to hace performed the
act whose was the act which was antecedent, or past.
"
The sentence " ko
ia kua atawhai means, he is the ptrson who vas first kind. This emphatic
use of the word ko has been already illustrated under the head of Comparison,
" "
Adjectives : the sentence, ko tenei te nui o nga rakau meaning, this is the
large one of the trees; i.e. this is the one of which we may (emphat cally) say,
It is large. the " aknanei ko Hone kua
So, also, in following : tae," the
meaning is, presently it will be John who (emphatically) HAS GOT there; i*.
John will have got there first.
 SYNTAX OF THE VERB. 137

tint'' il.il he die ? Nana ano t haere noa mai, he came

of himself.
(5) Kua is never used after the negative adverbs-
kahore, kihai, and kiano ; e.g. kaliore ahau i rongo, /
not /teard ; kiano i mate noa, he lias not yet

(6) The following, also, are constructions in which

will be found to give place to i : koutou hoki Me
i whakarere t to koutou kainga, as ye also left your
country ; me i kahore koe, if it liad not been for you Y

etc.

In the following constructions, however, kua is

prefixed Penei kua ora, in that case lie would Jiave
:

lived ; ano kua mate, as if lie were dead ; me te mea

kua waruhia, as if it had been planed ; me i kahore
koe kua mate au, if it had not been for you, I should
//" M died-. In the following, however, i is preferred :

Me i kahore koe i ora ai ahau, if it had not been for

you, (th# cause) why I was saved ; i.e. I should have
been lost but for you.
(b) Kua is sometimes employed where a present
would be used in English e.g. kua mate, he is dead ;
;

kua po, it is dark, or is past sunset kua riro, he is ;

gone.

(c) In animated narrations of past events, kua is

sometimes employed to give variety e.g. te taenga ;

atu o Hone, kua man ki te hamanu, e tatua ana, to

tino haerenga, so John goes, he HAS taken (his)
cartouch box, (he) is girding it on ; tlie instant
mar chin a .

(d) Sometimes, also, when the speaker wishes to

convey the idea of a certain and speedy accomplish-
ment, lit- will (as did the Hebrews) employ the past
tense e.g. E pa, he aha i kaiponuhia ai to waru ?
;

km whakahokia mai apopo, Father, why do //"// </////-

,/niir plane? It will SURELY be returned to you
 138 SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

to-morrow ; E hoa, reia atu ; kua hoki mai koe,

Friend, run and (tell them) you will be back (in s
quite time enough) ; e noho ana teiiei ; kua pata iho
te ua, e rere ana ki roto ki te whare, we are sitting
here, but immediately, as soon as it rains, we run into
the house.

(e)
Kua is often prefixed to denote an action
which to take place, or has taken place previous to
is

something else, in which latter use it will sometimes

correspond to the pluperfect of English e.g. I a koe ;

kua riro, after you had gone. Mo te ara rawa ake

kua maoa, that, exactly as he awakes, it may have
been cooked ; i.e. it may be cooked against he awakes.
Me i noho kua wha na rakau e toia, if I had remained,
four logs would have been dragged. Akuanei mau
nga riwai kua kainga, presently, the potatoes that
have been first eaten ivill be yours ; i.e. your crop will
be the soonest ripe. Huatu ko tena kua ngakia, no,
but let that be first dug.
Vide our remarks on ko, when associated with
{note to a, 3, page 135).
NOTE. The student will see, in the above examples, that
kua, when employed in this sense, will often enter into com-
binations which would not be admitted under other tenses.

KIA. This particle has been already considered,

as far as it is connected with the
imperative mood
(vide page 38). There are, however, other uses of it,
which are both varied and important.
(a) It may, in asking a question, be used for the
future ; e.g.Kia haere ahau 1 Ne ? Shall I go ?
slwtt I ?

(b) It may also be found where a hypothetic

statement is made, or an expectation, or other refer-
ence to some future event, is implied a use in which
it will sometimes be found to
correspond to the
second future indicative and perfect potential of
 SYNTAX OF THE VERB. 139

English ; e.g. E
noho ki kernel ; kia hoki mai ra ano
I shall have return' d ; Kia titiro
aliau, stoj) here until
atu niatou, ka patua to inatou lioa, hei reira ka
whakatika atu niatou, let us have seen (i.e. if we had
but si-en) /i our friend, ire slwidd then /iave
tin strike
risen ; ins noho kia
ora, ka haere you Iwtd better
<tin, and wJien you are well, depart; e hoe katoa
ana rat-on, kia oti te waka o Nini, t/tey are all (joint/
to/ten Mini's canoe i.< ji/fi*!i-<{ : \ raro ahau e whaka-
rongo mai ana, kin /.v// . kia mate, a ka ora noa ano
/ was at the northward waiting f<>
ii f A/x if'
nth, but lie tuis recovered.

Often, when intensity of negation, doubt, Arc.

(c)
is intended, it will be uv-.l in-lead of the proper
particles of the present, past, and future e.g. hore :

rawa kia tika, by no 'means is it correct ; kahore kia

kotahi, not even one ; ko au Itia mate, ko ia kia ora ?
i,ust I (by feeding this j>i>/j .tiam; while he has food?
i

kahore ano kia haere noa not yet gone ! !

(2) It is often found, also, in exclamations of

wonder e.g. Kia nui ;
Hoiv large ! !

(3) In the same sense, also, it is used where an

infinitive would be employed in the learned languages;

particularly where contempt, disregard^ &c. ;nv

denoted e.g. Kia whakarongo atu ahau ki o korero
;

hei aha 1 why should I listen to your talk ? lit. that I

sJiould listen to your talk is for ivhat ? Kia ho atu
taku poaka mo tena tliat I should i/ire my pig for !

that ! i.e. I will not give it.

1" (d) Kia is frequently employed to denote the

infinitive ; e.g. haciv kin kite, go to see.
be employed when the latter verb
(e) It will also
is an amplification of the meaning of a preceding
one e.g. Ahoa hanga ai ton whan-, //// <>fi ( \\'l n
;

tnll i/onr Itni'*-' In- /miff, (hat if ///"// /"' ji niched? Te

tangata e whiuwhiu ana i ana tikaokao, Itia waive te
mate ! The man iv/io is jtelling his fowls t/tat thry
140 SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

may be soon dead ! Tanutanu rawa Ma ngaro bury,

bury deep, that it may be concealed (a song). Whiua,
Ida mamae, beat it that it may be pained ; na koutou
i aki mai kia tata, it was you who pressed forward so
as to be near.

NOTE. There is a distinction between kia and ki te, when

prefixed to a verb in the infinitive, which should be noticed.
KlA is, excepting in the aforesaid exceptional cases, seldom
prefixed to a verb in the active voice ki te almost alwajs ;
e.g. Haere Iti te to i te waka. We
could not say kia to.

(2) Kia is almost always prefixed to the passive

verb, ki te very seldom ; e.g. Tikina atu kia tirohia is
fetch it to be seen. Tikina atu ki te titiro is fetch him
to look at it. The following sentence is erroneous :

Arahina ki
patu, led to be killed.
te It should be kia,
patua, or e arahina ana e patua ana.
Sometimes, before neuter verbs, either kia or ki te
will be employed ; e.g. I mea ahau kia (or ki te),
haere.
Verbs following adjectives, by which ability, habit ,
<fec. denoted, will take ki
are te ; e.g. uaua ki te

mahi, strong to work ; e kino ki te tahae, is displeased

at thieving.
Between the uses of kia and ki te there may be
often a very material difference ; e.g. e riri ana ki te
atu noho means that he is angry at the stopping quiet,
i.e. that he wishes for war; e riri ana kia ata noho,

means that he is repressing (tJtem) that they may stop

quiet ; ka tohe ki a maua kia waru i te kai i te ra
tapu, they pressed us to scrape food on the Sunday.
If it had been, Ka tohe ki te waru, &c. the speaker ,

would have implied that they (the persons toheing)

persisted in scraping, &c.
Some foreigners seem remarkably careless in the use
of this particle. We subjoin a few instances in which
it has been
omitted, or introduced erroneously. Ko
tana hanga kia korero, his custom was to speak, <fcc. ;
 SYNTAX OF THE VERB. 141

it should be he korero. E
kore ahau e ahei kia mea
atu it should be ahei
;
te mea
atu. Ko te aroha e
whakahauhau ana i te tangata hei main it should be ;

ki te inalii. Whakatika hei patu it should be wha-

;

katika ki te patu, or whakatika atu, patua.

It be here observed that (1) some verbs have a
may
partiality for certain particles
; e.g.
hua noa ahau, or
ka hua ahau, / thought ; e kore e ahei te patu. (2)
Some verbs very rarely take any verbal particle into
connection with them. Of this sort are heoi, or heoti,
kati, taihoa, penei (in tliat case), and, sometimes,
rokohanga, or rokohina.
(3) Many constructions will be met with in which
the verbal particle is omitted, (a) A. common adverb
of quantity or quality following the verb will often
cause the verbal particle to be dispensed with. (6) It
it also omitted in constructions like the following :

nieake haere ; whano mate ; kei te ata haere ai ; taihoa

maua haere atu ; while, on the other hand, we hear
taihoa e haere, &c. (c) In animated discourse, the
common verb will sometimes be used without any kind
of auxiliary, e.g. kaiponu noa ia, kaiponu noa, tangohia
e au with/told it, <>;//,/, Id it as lie might, yet I took
if tiii'inj.

AI. Some Maoris introduce this particle into

sentences in which others would omit Thoseit.

instances, however, may, we believe, be reduced to one

class, viz. to that in which ai is used in connection
with //".
When kia is prefixed to a verb which is merely an
explanation, or some other enlargement of the meaning
of a preceding one, it will seldom take ai after it; as
may be seen in our examples of kia rules d and e). \

But when the intention, cnns?, &c. are to be specifi-

cally denoted, then ai will be used. Thus, in the
following sentence haere kia kite, go to see, kite is a
:

plainly natural effect of haere, and ai, therefore, is

142 SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

omitted. If, however, some unusual act is to be doi

that he might see, then <ra, most probably, would be
employed ; thus, e piki ki ruiiga ki te rakau kia kite
ai koe, climb up the tree THAT you MAY see. The dis-
tinction is the same as that between the two following
in English go AND see ; climb THAT you may see.
:

Again, in the last example of kia (rule e, 140), na

koutou i aki mai kia tata, "nearness" is a natural effect
of " pressing forward," even though they had no specific
intention of being near ; ai, therefore, is not used. If,
however, the speaker wished to say ye pressedforward
THAT / might be angry, he would employ ai : kia riri
ai ahau ; because here we have two acts, not neces-
sarily connected, and one specifically performed to
produce the other.
A wrong use of this particle may often seriously
misrepresent the meaning of the speaker. For exam-
ple, if we were to say, E inoi ana ahau kia murua ai
oku hara, we should mean, I pray that, (in considera-
tion of my prayer) my sins may be forgiven. Prayei\
here, is made the immediate and effective means by
which this end is obtained. If a native were to say,
" E inoi ana ahau kia homai ai tetahi
paraikete,"
absurd as would be the remark, it would mean that
the blanket is to be given to him, not as a favour, or
as due on other grounds, but simply as a reward for
his asking. The Bible tells us of another considera-
tion, by which pardon is obtained, and prayer
answered ; and, therefore, in such passages as the
above, we must carefully abstain from ai. Koia nga
tamariki a Hono i haere tahi me ratou ; it should be
i haere tahi ai. E kore ia e poka ke i tana i mea.
It should be i mea ai ; te tangata i he ai, the man
who had committed the offence. In Waikato this
will mean, the man through whom they had erred;
it should have been, tetangata nona te he.
(a) Whaka. The leading property of this particle
 \\ or Tii;: \ EBB. 143

'
.'/.
(a is fa *}<! il. \\hakutu is to cause
t<> ctiam, page 48, under pai, kau, and
{tfmitl (t-ttb-

kakuhu, and Svntax of Numbers, under Ordinals,

124.)
NOTE. In this use of it adjectives and neuter verbs will
be con verted into active verbs ; e.g. toe, to be left ; whakatoefo
2>nt by </.v n Icai-intf ; e fj
?r// Avztoea etahi ma mea ma. put by
xomefor our ffit-mix.
In the following example the adjective is made improperly
to retain the form of .1 neuter verb he mea rvhakapira/i :

hau, a thing bhuted by th? wind. Its meaning, as it stands,

is, a tlting that destroys tfie icinil.
Considerable variety may sometimes be found in the nature
of the catis.-it.iori implied by this prefix. Thus, puru, to cork (a
bottle. <SVJ Whakapurna npa pounamn. to fon\ or pack
(with xtniH'. A'*'., brtirnji ) them. Waha, to carry on the bark ;
\\ hakawaha, to t^ikc up the load on the back ; e.g. wniho atu e
an e \vh*kawaha ana, as I came anay they were loading them-
selves with their burdens.

(6) Sometimes
it will imply the becoming, or the

being like or the feigning, or exhibit ing t/ie root

to,
to which it is prefixed. Frequently, also, it will
indicate an origin or propriety in the root ; e.g. Kei
te M,7<ffAvm\vai a Hone i roto i te rua, John is making
himself potatoes, i.e. (is occupying the place of) in
the rua (or potato house) ; ka ]>o, ka n:hakaahi ka
awatea, ka ^-AaA-kapua, at niyht it became afire, by
day it became a cloud ; kia wr/ia&rttangata, to act like
a man ; ka riro, ka whaka-Hone ki te wai, he will be
off, and become
like John in the water ; i.e. will be
drowned as John was ; he kupu Wta&-te-Kanaua, a
speech make bi/ Kamma ; i.e. in his style he tangata ;

t0A#&a-Ngapuhi, a person belonging to, or that

frequently visits Ngapuhi ; he aha kei to tatou hoa ?
Kahore pea. E Ww&amatemate noa iho ana, kia kiia
e mate ana, What is tin- //>'f>?r n-itf, our
*\'<tthtmj it <ill . /// i^j'tiyniiKj sickness, that he
be regarded as vnwt H.

(c) Sometimes it will denote reciprocity ; e.g.

ko
144 SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

ratou whakaratou hoki, he is one of themselves.

it will denote an action either in-
(d) Sometimes
e whakatutviki
ceptive or gradually declining ; e.g.
ana te tai, the tide is beginning to get full ; e whaka-

hemohemo ana, lie is sinking ; i.e. on the point of

is

death, (e} Sometimes it will denote towards (vide

page 69). (/) Occasionally it will indicate some
action corresponding to the sense of the root e.g. ka ;

whaka-Sihi&hi ratou, they act at sunset ; i.e. they wait

for sunset to make their assault.
The other Auxiliaries of the Verb. These, it has
T^een already observed, are adverbs, prepositions, pro-
nouns, and the articles he and te, placed in connection
with the verb. We proceed to make a few remarks
upon them, and some other forms which the Maori
verb occasionally assumes.
On the Adverbs as Auxiliaries. These chiefly are
the adverbs of intensity and negation we may add, ;

also, the particles atu, mai, ake, iho.

The adverbs of intensity, as well as the last men-
tioned particles, will frequently lose their distinctive
force, and either in some way modify the meaning
i.e. denote rapidity and certainty of effect, succession

or connection of events, &c. or be redundant. The

following examples will, it is hoped, sufficiently illus-
trate their use Te whakaarahanga ake o te ra, tahuri
:

tonu iho, the putting up of the sail forthwith was it

upset ; akuanei, ahiahi noa, ka tata ta maua te oti,
presently BY SUNSET ours will be near being finislied ;
mo te ara rawa ake o nga tamariki kua maoa, THAT
EXACTLY as THE children awake it may have been
cooked; i.e. it may be cooked before they awake;
Lahore, ha, he kainga ; kainga* rawa atu ki Waitoke,
oh, there is no settlement (in the interval) ; the

* The student will see in this and the other

examples that the noun, as
is very usual in Maori, assumes the form of a verb. To translate literally
such verbs into English is often impossible.
 SYNTAX OF THE VERB. 113

nearest settlement is Witk' / tia nm'n kite raukura,

pani raw kokowai, he hmlh-il ///* /<//// //////

ki t<>

^feathers, and besmeared liimx'If with red ochre; te

tino haerenga, so on tl '.

N.B. Between noa a to and nun atu a distinction will some-

times be found, not unlike that which obtains between the
perfect and imperfect of English. Aba ato will generally
convey an allusion to some date, either present or past noa atu ;

will most frequently refer to the past, without any such allusion,
e.g. kua mate, noa ato, he Jta* been dead this xome time ; kna
mate noa atu, he died a /out/ time ago ; kua maoa, noa ato te
kai, theft'ixl ha* been thi* hniy time evoked ; kua maoa noa atu, it
teas cooked a lotty time ago; kua mate noa ato i reira, lie had been
dead tht-n nomi- time ; kua mate noa atu i
reira, he had been
dead a long time pri-dotts to that date.

For further illustrations of the adverbs as auxilia-

ries the student
is referred to chapter ix. For the
negative adverbs, as employed with the verb, vide
next chapter.
Of the Prepositions. The use of these as auxiliaries
isto supply thr place of the verb substantive when no
verb is expressed in the sentence; e.g. naku tenei,
this is mine ; kei hea where is it ? I a au i
runga, when
I was at the southward. The tenses they denote, and
those also which they admit after them, have been
mentioned (chapter viii.) Other notices respecting them
will be found in the next chapter.*

*
Following is a connected view of some of the principal means by which
the del or implii-i. in Maori
i
lie kuri :

tend, thit Ls a dij. Tenei a lion.-. / ,. Tika rawa, it i-

corrert. Ki t- irfmi hau i te po m-i. if tin n- ! ,ihnl in thr n /;////, <{v. Ki
te ten hau, &<., itl-m. KH / ;m ln-i kianga mai mau, I am for an ordering
for you, i.e. ymi timi in nm one that will oln-y, &c. UVn'/io, and sonic-
meinga, are often used instead of ai. ai ki tana, it it according to h
8 he afflrmfl.
The following form-; aro worthy <>f notice :
Rokohanga mwatanpa atu o
ban i<< llai.iii.i! fumy >> iii-liinij ( tlint i>lii'-i
> tbBN \\\- /.. rokohanga
// .'

atu, kn te tuhi tangata o Tanjxi i Maiin^atauturi o nnh<> ana. irh, ,.

(therr) t/t-r. ir-i.< n man ', ,(-.-. Taku h(K-iiK'n ki roto, k<> te wnka o If one, a* /
<

vat ptiil'llim/ up 'ft- i !/-, /" .'

observe, ue U-ni taua /- >nl t in W.,

Art te pera me tou, let it be like your*. Katia hei pera, Don't say en.
11
 146 SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

Verbs which assume the form of a noun. It has

been already observed that Maori inclines to the
substantive form. That such is only natural will be
obvious to anyone who will reflect that it is more
easy for an unpolished mind to conceive of things as
existences, than to trace them through the various
modifications of act denoted in a verb. In many
instances, indeed, a New Zealander is compelled to
adopt this form, in consequence of the Maori verb not
supplying any satisfactory form for the infinitive mood
and the participles. That these two parts of speech
strongly partake of the nature of a noun is well
known ; and we may, therefore, be prepared to find
the forms for denoting them in Maori exhibit a mixed
character i.e. to be a kind of compound of the verb
and the noun. It may be added, also, that, as in
some Latin authors, the infinitive mood is often used
for the finite verb, * so also, in Maori, will the verbal
noun, especially when a brief and animated mode of
diction is desired, be found very frequently to occupy
the place of the verb.
The following examples illustrate the various
modes in which the Maori verb adopts the substantive
form.
The student will observe that even passive verbs
will submit to the same operation, and receive the
sign of the substantive (viz. the article) before them ;
e.g. Tenei au te tu atu nei, here am I THE standing
towards (you) ; he kainga hou te rapua nei, a new
country is the being sought, i.e. is what we are seeking
for ; ko koe te korerotia nei, it is you wJio are the being
talked about ; he noho aha tau 1 what are you sitting
for? kua oti te keri, it is finished, the being dug ; ka

* It will also be recollected that the

gerunds and participles will, in thafc
language, often subserve the same office. Thus we hare "ante domandum,"
" cum
before they are tamr-d ,' urit videndo,"fo burns when he looks; Epicurus
voluptate metiens suuiinuru. boaum," whereas Epicurus, who measures the
diiefgood by pleasure.
 SYNTAX OF Till-: YllKi:. 147

tata ahau tepatna ekoe, 1 aaim oar tl>- 1 /////

beaten by
you ; he mohio koe; are you a knu'in<j ? i.e. do you
know anything about it
1

The following are examples of the verbal no

for (](> finite verb: Me he mea ko if. mahne-
o to matou waka, //' if li<l been the lencui'j of
our canoe, i.e. if our canoe had been left to us ; kei
riri mai ia ki te kai te tannya iho
;
ko ia, ko tana
waka, lest he (the God) be angry at the food (not
haciity been given) the alighting f>ij><>u //////, the
'.'-. and should then light upon him, <fcc. ;
Jiai're atu ana a Rona ki te kaive wai, Ka pouri. Te
kanganga ki te marama. Te tino tikin<j<t iho nei, ka
tae ki a Rona, Rona (the man in the moon) goes to
fetch water. It is dark. The ///* <"//y at the moon.
The instn i' t ram ing down to him, &c., i.e. he cursed
at the moon, and she, in anger, came down to him.

NOTE. More examples of this very animated mode of nar-

ration might be easily adduced. The student will find several
others scattered throughout this work. We may observe,
also, that the very frequent use of this form by the natives
constitutes one remarkable feature by which the language, as
spoken by him, differs from that spoken by the foreigner.

As
a further illustration of the way in which predi-
cation in Maori is sometimes performed by the
substantive, the following forms may be mentioned :
He mea whakamaori no te reo pakeba, a thing
translated from the foreigner* t<-n>j<', i.e. it was
translated from, <tc. Na Hone tenei, he mea ho atu
Pita ////.* is John'* : It n-ns presented to ////// fit/
Pita : lit. it was a thing presented, <tc. Akuanci,
lit- HO/HI nt n f>
ntiiiijit, JM/VX, />//>/
a ri:in>i\n'i,i<j <t/rtttj
i'-i/! l,- the end, i.e.
(we shall liiul that) he will ivmain
away.
liould be also noted that the following verbs
always take tin- MiK-,tantive form after them, vi/.
lu-i aii<l aln-i.
holioro, oti, pan, taea, tau, timata, heoi,
148 SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

ano, kati, poto; e.g. timata te mahi, commence to

work ; kati te tahae, stop thieving, &c.

NOTE. These verbs.it would appear, deserve most justly

"
the appellation of " auxiliaries 1st, as they are real verbs ;
and. 2nd, as by their help \ve can approximate to many
forms of the verb in other languages. For example, kua oti t&
tiki, mai, has been fetched hence e kore e ahei te Tiorero,
;

cannot divulge.

The use of the verbal noun, it would appear, is very

" Heb,
prevalent in Oriental languages (vide Lee,
Gram.," second edition, pp. 75 and 76, and Carey's-
"Gram, of theBurman;" also Humboldt, "On the-

Chinese," there quoted).

as The following form,
however, will often be found in Maori to supersede-
it.

Anoun or pronoun in the oblique case will

frequently, in Maori, take the finite verb after it;*
e.g. e whakapono ana ahau ki a ia i mate i a Ponotio
Pirato.
The expression " ki tana hekenga atu ki te reinga "
is precisely the same as "ki a ia i heke atu ki," itc.

Again, A oku i haere mai nei, since I arrived here .-

r

lit. from or of me
(I mean) came here ; ko te rua tenei
o nga wika o Hone, i hoki ai, this is the second week
since John returned: lit. this is the second week of
John (I mean returned) i a ia e ngaro ana, whilst he is
hid ; mo ratou kahore i rongo, because they would
not obey : lit. for them (I mean) their not having
obeyed.
Often, also, a noun which
in English would be in
the nominative Maori, be converted into the
will, in
possessive, the verb following as in the preceding rule ;

* This is an exception to what we find in English and other languages, the

verb in them being very seldom found after an oblique case, i.e. after
finite
any case besides the nominative, unless the relative, or the personal pronoun,
"with son-.e conjunction, intervene. We may observe, also, that the verbal
particles will be often prefixed to other words besides the verb ; e.g. E kore
koe e kia man e hanga ? Are you not Killing that you should do it ? Kia
mou
pi
ai te kianga, that the land should be yours.
 : AX or Tin: YKKH. 149

/ struck: lit. it was mine

(I mean)
struck if : n'ku e korero, I will speak : lit.
/txi-iii;/
it will be for m> (\ mean) the speaking.

It was most probably through ignorance of this and the pre-

ceding rule that some good Maori speakers have adopted tin;
following very unsatisfactory analysis of the two last
" Naku i
examples" :
patu," they would translate, it was tit ruck,
by me; maku e korero," It shall be spoken by me; and
they thus explain them Na and ma mean by ; and patu,
:

and korero, though active in form, are passive in mcunlmj. To

this theory, however, there are strong objections. (1.) It can-
not be shown, except by examples derived from this class, that
no, and ma ever signify by ; these words all must admit are the
active form of no and mo the prepositions which denote the
possessive case. (2.) It will altogether fail in those instances
in which other prepositions besides na and ina are found. In
the following, for example " I a au e noho ana I
:
reira,"
whilst I mas sitting tliere ; nona i tango, because he took it;
it will be seeu that it is as difficult to determine the nomina-
"
tives of " noho and " tango " as it was to determine those of
patu and korero in the other examples. Those who attend
to the genius of the language (vide Preliminary Remarks,
pages 100 and 101, and Syntax of Nouns, sec. 3, page 109)
will, we think, find but little difficulty in the question. They
will see that there are no participles, adverbs, or relative pro-
nouns in Maori, and that, therefore, we must not be surprised at
a construction which, though loose, is admirably adapted to
supply the defect. That Maori has a peculiar love for the
possessive form in predication, especially when a relative pro-
noun is understood, may be seen in the following examples* :
Tiaki anake ta matou i kite, Tiaki n'as the only person
1hut we saw : lit. Tiaki was our only one (actively) (I mean)
saw ; ka tohe ki ana i pai ai, he holds out for what he
'(I: lit. he holds out for his (I mean) desired; he mate
//.?/, / am *ick: lit., a sickness is mine ka tika tau, you are ;

riirlit lit. yours is right

: koe would not be here used ; ko
;

tiihu noho tenei, a, po uoa, / will sit here till night ; lit. this
i^ my sitting until night.
The leading meaning of na and m, and their cor-

That Ui- Kn-li-h lun^iiiijre ha-l .mce a similar tendency might, wo th'nk,
lx> sh< Tim-; \v- I.. "/Mice
ln-r forth," '-of thee in in "iirtensat
also, are formed by this auxiliary; >-.g. 1
use, also, of thi- frm in the Urock
may be seen in Donnegan's Greek Lexicon, under " echo" to hold.
150 SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

responding passives, no and mo, seems to be, of the one-

class, present or past ; of the other, future possession.
And most of the examples given in pp. 60-65 of
their various uses might .be reduced to those heads.
" no te mane i haere mai ai "
Thus, means, literally,
it was of the Monday (I mean) having come.
"No reira i riri," it was of iJiat cause (I mean) the
having been angry ; "Mo a mua haere ai," let it be for
a future period (I mean) the going, &c.

Compound Tenses* A
compound tense is one
whose time and quality are modified by some other
time or circumstance with which it is connected.
Thus in the examples in page 37 me i reira ahau e
pai ana, e ana, which, taken absolutely, is present,
now represents the pluperfect potential ; because it
has a reference to i reira, a past time, and to me, a
particle denoting contingency. Again, in the ex-
ample, akuanei tae rawa atu, kua mate ; kua, taken,
absolutely, refers to past time ; but here it s taken
relatively, and refers to a future, i.e. to the time in

* As the English language supplies but few illustrations of this mode of

construction, we will here lay before the student some extracts from
Professor Lee's Hebrew Grammar, as well to show how much this usage
obtains in Oriental languages as to enable him to enter more readily into
the subject. Professor L. says (page 328) "
:
Any writer commencing his
narrative will necessarily speak of past, present, or future events with
reference to the period in which his statement is made." This, he says, is
the " absolute use of the tense. " Again, " A
person may speak of those
events with reference to some other period or event already introduced
into the context. This is the relative use " Hence, a preterite connected
with another preterite will be equivalent to our pluperfect ; a present
following a preterite to our imperfect,fand so on." Again (page 33U) :
"
They, the Arabians, consider the present tense as of two kinds ; one they
term the real present, which is what our grammarians always understand
by the present tense. The other they term the present as to the narration ; by
which they mean the time contemporary with any event, and which may,
therefore, be considered as present with it, although past, present, or future
with regard to the real or absolute present tense." In page 334 is a good
illustration from the Persian " Last
:
night I go to the house of a friend
and there see a delightful assembly, and enjoy a most pleasing spectacle.''
The student will see in the above example that go, see, andenjay are relative
presents, being presents to last night, the time in which the speaker, in his
imagination, now places himself. This mode of construction abounds in the
Old and New Testament tide, for example, Mark xiv., "He saw Leti, ami
says to him." Says, here, is present to saw, though past to the tune of the
.narration.
 SYNTAX OF THE VERB. 151

which I may arrive ;

the sentence meaning, literally,
"presently, exactly as I shall have arrived, he is
dead." The expression shall //nee been dead, in
English, all will see, is a compound tense of a similar
character, for it is compounded of a future and a
past tense, and thus represents a second fn tun' .

Weproceed to lay before the student some

examples of the most important combinations of time
and mood. To exhibit all that are possible would
extend our work beyond its prescribed limits. Some
remarks on this subject have been already made in
treating on the verbal particles.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present. Ka
taka ki hea, e haere mai ana ? they
have reached what place as they come along ?

Imperfect Tense. Rokahaitya atu e an, i reira e

noho ana, when I arrived lie was sitting there : lit., he
is sitting, ifcc. /mua e pai ana, formerly I liked (it) :

///. I like, &c. E pai ana i mua id. / pai ano i

mua id. Na reira i kore ai ahau e pai, that was the
cause why I did
not assent: lit. thence was I not, (I
mean) am pleased. / ki hoki ia, a kua oti ; i mea atu
ia, a, tu tonu iho : he spake, and it was done ; he
commanded, and it stood fast. Heoi ahau me tenei
tamaiti, k<i haere mai: I was the size of this chif'l
when I came here.
I hea koe mua ka kimi ? where were you before
i

that you did not look for It .'

Nei hoki, kua ora, haere ana ki Taranaki, but he

recovered, and went to Taranki Kua mea atu la ;

hoki; e ki mai <in, vlij I said so, he replies^ i.e.

replied.

Perfect Tense. Kn wha nga wiki e ngaro ana (or

/" ngaro nei), it has been lost tJiese last four w
/<>"/ week* IT is lost.
\-.

I konei te kuri e k;ii <//</, mri te huriihuru, a dog

152 SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

has been eating a fowl here, as we may judge from the

r
feathers. JV oku ka mate, since I have been poorly.

Pluperfect Tense. Kiliai i hinga ka waiho e korua,

not fallen when you left it : lit. it did not fall,
it Jiad

you leave it. / a koe kua riro, after you had

gone.
First Future Tense. Ma
Ngatiwhatua e takitaki to
m ana mate, ka ea Ngatiwhatua will avenge our
:

murder, (and) a satisfaction will be obtained.

Akuanei, rangona rawatia mai, e hoko ana ano
koe presently, I SHALL hear tliat you ARE STILL
:

purchasing ; lit. presently, exactly as it has been

heard, you are, &c.
Kua mate ahau, e ora ana ano nga rakau nei : these
trees will live longer than I; lit. I died, these trees
are still alive.

POTENTIAL AND SUBJUNCTIVE MOODS.

Present and Imperfect. (For examples of these
vide on e, on ka, and on ai, also our remarks on ahei,
taea, &c., as auxiliaries (147).

Pluperfect. Kua riro au, na te mate o taku kotiro

i noho ai : / would Jiave gone, but I remained in
'

consequence of my daughter ; lit. I

the sickness of
departed, my daughter's sickness was the cause of
my having remained. E
noho ana, na Hone i ngare :

lie would have

stopped, but John sent him ; lit., he is
remaining, John sent him. E
murua a Hone, naku i
ora ai John would have been plundered, but I saved,
:

him. Me i kahore ahau kua mate if it had not been :

for me, he would have died. KVM, hemo ke ahau, me

i kaua ahau te
whakapono / should have fainted if
:

I had not believed. Penei kua ora: in that case lie

would have been saved. Ka hua ahau, i haere ai, e
rongo / tJiought that they ivould have listened (which)
:
 SYNTAX OF THE VERB. 153

I the cai'.sc of
1

"'in<j y<"tf.
JA/ku i runga e
kore e raarere : when, I am at the Southward (it) i<
/. .Mi raua e rere, e kore e kohoro a
IJ.iiana: when thn/ l><>tl< /-,/.. l m>t ///>//< haste.
Me maku i e keri, kcihea? if It // <>( beenfor me to
ill;/ it, u:h:i'> I hnc>' bvu now)t i.e. I should
have dug to a vast distance.*
The following combinations of times are incorrect :

7 te mea i arahina nga Hurai, while tJte Jews were

g led ; it should be, e arahina ana. I kite hoki
u i a ia, a, i rere, for tlfii mur him and fled ; it
should be, a, rere ana. To ratou taenga atu ki te pa,
i reira ano inahara ana ratou ki a ai, and when tJtey

l"il reached the JHI, the ij then recognized him; it

.should be, na ka inahara, &c. Ma Hone e whakaki o
koutou peke, pera hoki me o matou, John will fill
your bags as full as ours ; it should be, Ida penei me
o matou. It may be here noted that when two
tenses are connected together, not in the way of
government, but are rather in apposition with each
other, the latter will generally be the same as, or at
least correspond to, the former e.g. the following ;

constructions are erroneous Korerotia atu, inea ana, :

'".V'"y / it should be, meatia.

'',
ki atu ana a A
1
ne, ka mea; it should be, mea ana.
1 Ka tahi ahau
i
kite, now for tlie first time have I seen ; it should
be, ka kite.

.Sometimes, however, we meet with exceptions to

rule : 1. When there is a clear case for the operation of
epanorthosis. 2. When the particles a or na intervene.

The character of the sentence will sometimes be

found to affect the time of the verb as, for example, ;

in animated narration, where a large measure of

i.^l to notice the various forms contained in

ceding table, and to endeavour to add to them from hisownobserva-

uld also be most U^-M! t<> thrw into u form all the v .

.ill titi'l iti pageo 40-42,

4u well ftlflo AC tbo06 con till nod in tiic prooodiiur piirt of thifl cii&ptcr.
154 SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

certainty, or when contingency is to be denoted, &c.~

e.g. Kihai i u ki uta, kua totoro

kua tae ki te whare,
ki te maripi, ki te paoka, E
kai ana, he had not landed
before he HAD reached the house,
HAD stretched out
(his hand) to the knife and fork, (he) is eating, i.e.

immediately as soon as he landed he began to eat ; E

pa ma, kia kaha. Kahore Kua u, My friends, be strong
(in pulling the oar), no, ive have landed, i.e. we are
close to shore. A
request or command, given to be
conveyed to another, will often be put into the
imperative, just as if the individual to whom the
request, &c., is to be delivered were really present;
e.g. Mea atu ki a Hone, Taihoa e haere : say to John,
Don't go for a while. E kite koe i a te Keha, Haere
mai: if you see KeJia, (say to him) Come here.

NOTE. This form is generally adopted when the speaker

wishes to be animated and abrupt. Sometimes, as in the first
example, it is the only form admissible.

Verbs associated to qualify each other. It should

here also be noted that when two verbs are associated
together, the latter of which is modified in meaning
by the former, in a w ay somewhat similar to that in
T

which the infinitive in Latin is modified by its

governing verb, the two verbs will generally be in the
same tense and voice e.g. Kua haere, kua koroheke
;

hoki, he has begun to get old : lit. he is gone, he is old ;

kei anga koe, kei korero, don't you go and say, &c. ;
e
aratakina ana, e patua ana : it is led to be killed.

Repetition of Verbs. The same verb will frequently

be repeated in Maori when contingency, intensity,
distribution, diversity, &c. are intended, and par-
ticularly when the speaker desires to be impressive
and emphatic ; e.g. Ko te mea i
tupono i
tupono : ko
te mea i kahore, (the karakia Maori) is all a
kahore i

work of chance ; sometimes there is a successful hit,

sometimes a failure, lit. that which hit the mark hit
it, that which did not, did not; E pakaru ana, e
 SYNTAX OF THK \ KIM!. 155-

pakaru ana ki tana mahi, (it does not nim-h

if it breaks, it it is broken in his service; Okioki,
okioki atu ki a i a, trust, trust in
place your him : i.e.

whole trust in, tfcc. ; ka kai in,

Haere ka haere, kai :

all In* <ji>j--\ in a ff in* oatinfff) whenever he /'.''.

walks, or eats, he retains the same practice ; Heoi ano

ra, heoi ano that is all about it, that is all about if.
:

Hapai, ana, hapai ana raise both ends at the same

:

time ; i.e. while you raise, I raise.

NOTE. A usage obtains in other parts of the

similar
language; e.g. ko wai, ko wai te haere? iclia. n-/m is to go?
ko tera tera, that is another, or a different one ; he kanohi
he kanohi, face to face ; ko Iloka ano lloka, ko sthau ano
ahau ? Roka (my wife) and, I are different persons ; lit.
Koka is Koka, and I am I.
Sometimes the former verb will assume the form of
the verbal noun ; e.g. te haerenga i haere ai, the going
with which he ti--ut, i.e. so on he proceeded ; na, ko te-
tino riringa i riri ai, so he was very anynj.
NOTE. The learned student need not be reminded of the
remarkable parallel which Maori finds to the four last rules in
Hebrew. From this cause it will be sometimes found that aa
exactly literal translation will be more idiomatic than another.
"
Thus, lien. i. 7, Dying, thou shalt die," could not be rendered
more idiomatically than if it be done literally: " Na, ko te
matenga e mate ai koe."

Of thePassive Verbs. It has been already observed

(pp. 47-48) that passive verbs are often used in
Maori in a somewhat more extended sense than is
met with in most languages. It may naturally,
therefore, be expected that their use should be rnor&
lent than that of active verbs ; and such we
i

believe to Maori seeming to incline

be the case,
passive mode or form of statement,
iliarly to tin-
especially in the secondary clauses of a sentence.
Independently of other uses which they subserve
(such as often -supplying a more animated style of
narration, being sometimes the more convenient as
being the more loose or general mode in which to>
156 SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

.advance a sentiment, &c.), there are two of con-

siderable importance which may be here noticed :

1st. They are most frequently employed when the

relative pronoun is understood, and are generally
equivalent to the active verb with ai or nei, &c. after
it ;e.g. nga
mahi i wakahaua e ia, the works which
were ordered by him. The active form here, without
ai after it, would be seldom used. Vide also the
^examples, pp. 47, 48. 2nd. They sometimes supply
the place of a preposition ; e.g. he aha te mea e
omakia nei? tvhat is the matter ABOUT WHICH it is
being run ? Te tangata i korerotia nei, the man about
whom we were talking. The following sentence, Ka
korero ahau ki te whakapakoko, literally means, 1
zvill talk to the image; it should have been, Ka
korero^m te whakapakoko. This usage, however
does not extend to all the prepositions; and, when
some of them are understood, the verb will require
ai after it. The following sentence, for example, is
erroneous : Te tangata e kainga ana te poaka, the
man by whom the pig is eaten ; it should be, E kai
<ina, or e kai nei, or e
kainga ai.
Constructions will not unfrequently be found in
which the active form usurps the place of the passive,
and vice versa; e.g. Ko tena kua hohoro te horoi, let
that be first washed. Kua tahu te kai o te kainga
nei, the food of the settlement Jias been kindled, i.e.
the oven is kindled for cooking. Kei te uta to matou
"waka, our canoe is loading. Ko tehea te patuf
which is to be killed ? Ko tera kua panga noa ake,
that lias been much longer on the fire : lit. has been
thrown. Taria e kawhaki te poti, let not the boat be
taken away (by you) for a while. He mea tiki, a
thing fetched. Kua oti te keri, it is finisJied, the
lieing dug. Me wero e koe, it must be (or, let it be)
stabbed by you. Ka timata tena whenua, te tua, thai
land has commenced (I mean) the being felled. Kei
reira, a Hone e tanu ana, there John (lies) buried.
 MNTAX OF Till: VKKi:. l.~>7

Ka arai taku ahi e koe, my fire is being stored up

te
i.e. you are intercepting the communication,
bi/ you,
&c. Kia rua nga waka e hoe mai e koe, let there be
two canoes that irill be paddled here by you. The
following form is not frequent Kei te atawhaitia, :

it (tin- i>i<j ) in being taken care of. Kei te takina te

kai, t/i* food is being taken off (tJie fire). When
ambiguity might arise from the object of the action
being considered as the agent, the passive form is
almost always used e.g. Ka poto nga tangata o reira
:

te kif H t/ie men of that place liave been seen.

Ka tata tena tangata te nehua, that man is near being
l> ried.

\\'i'li* n'hich assume the passive form.

Some neuter verbs assume the passive form (1) with-
out any material alteration of meaning e.g. Ka :

fiokift he huanga, if it is come backwards and forwards

to you, it ?'* / am a relation.* (2.) Most
frequently, however, they derive a transitive meaning
from the change. Thus, in the example already
adduced, page 48, horihori, to tett falsehoods ; te mea
i horihoria e koe he tangata, tJie thing which you

erroneously said was a man. Again Tangi, to cry ;

te tupapaku e tangihia nei, the corpse which is being
/.-.
. which is the subject of the crying. He
tangata haurangi, a mad person. Te tangata i

haurangitia nei, a,
person for whom another is-

The passive verbs wheteronpa, titahanprin, ic. to which we nllnli\

page 38, note, may, we think, <: most correcth n* luce* I to thi*
<.
158 SYNTAX OF THE PREPOSITIONS, &C.

CHAPTER XX.
OB 1
THE PREPOSITIONS, ADVERBS, AND
CONJUNCTIONS.

These have been considered at large in chapters viii.,

ix., x., xi., and require now but little notice. We
proceed to consider the prepositions which follow the
verbs, and to offer a few other remarks respecting
them.
Verbal Postfixes. An active verb will (as was
observed, page 57) take i after it, to denote the object
of the action. Sometimes, however, ki will be found
to supply its place e.g. Mohio Jd a ia, matau ki a ia,
;

wehi, ki a ia, whakaaro ki tena mea, karanga ki a ia,

kua mau ki te pu, seized his gun. Whiwhi ki te toki,
obtain an axe, &c.
Between these two prepositions, however, as verbal
postfixes, there is often a very important difference ;
e.g. Na ka whakatiki ahau i a ia ki te kai, so I
deprived him offood ; i.e. I withheld food from him.
IS" a te aha koe i
kaiponu ai i to paraikete ki a au 1
Why did you withhold your blanket FROM me ? He
pakeha hei whakawhiwhi i a matou ki te kakahu, an
European to make us possess clothes. Ki te hoko atu
i taku poaka ki te tahi paraikete moku, to sell MY

pig for a blanket for myself. Europeans generally

employ mo, but erroneously. Sometimes other pre-
positions will occupy the place of i. Ka haere ahau
ki te whangai i taku kete riwai ma taku poaka, I will
go feed my basket of potatoes for my pig ; i.e. I will
feed my pigs with my basket of potatoes. Hei patu
moku, to strike me with a form similar to hei patu i
a au.
 SYNTAX OF THE PREPOSITIONS, <tC. 159

NOTE. Occasionally no sign of case will follow the active

verb (
1
)
When the verb is
preceded by such auxiliaries as taea,
pau, taihoa, &c. ; e.g. e kore e taea e ahau te hopu tena poaka,
it cannot be accomplished by me (I mean) the catching tint
pig ; or, e kore e taea tena poaka e au, te hopu. (2) Wheu
the verb is preceded by the particle me. or by the prepositi is
na and ma ; e.g. me hopu te poaka e koe, tlu- ply must Ite
naught by you ; /wku i hopu tena, the having caught that (pl'j)
nine. To this rule exceptions are sometimes heard.

fer Verbs will sometimes take an accusative

<case of the noun proper to their own signification ;
e.g. E karakia ana i tana karakia, lie is praying his
i/ers. E kakahu ana i ona, he is garmenting his
clothes ; i.e. is putting them on.
NOTE. Considerable variation will be found in the preposi-
tionswhich follow such verbs as heoi, ka tahi, &c. e.g. Heoi ;

ano te koti pai nott, the only good coat It yours. Ka tahi ano
te koti pai, nou, idem. Manawa to tangata korero teka, /*<?
pakeha (Taranaki), a European theyn;itt:>it person for telling
/'.v

falsehoods. Ka tahi ano taku tangata kino, ko koe (or ki a

koe, or kei a koe). Ka tahi ano tenei huarahi ka takahia ki a
koe, you are the first person who Juts trodden thin path If it
had been e koe, the meaning would have been, you now for the
Jir*t time icalk this road. Often, also, the preposition will be
omitted, and the noun put into the nominative e.g. Noho ;

atu he whenua ke, settled in a foreign land. Ka whak.i-

i

moea atu lie tangata ke, ylrcn in marriage to anotlier man.

T: huihuiuga mai o Mokau, o whea, o whea, ko te Wherowhero,
tin- inuxtcrlnyx of Moli/in, Sec. &c. are to Wheroivlwro, i.e.
Wherowhero is the grand object ef interest.

Between i and ki, when following neuter verbs or

adjectives, there is often a considerable difference ;

'.'j.
Mate ki, desirous of ; mate i } killed by. Kaha i
t- kino, stron'j' THAN x/'/t, i.e. overcoming it; kali i
/

hi te kino, strong at sinning ngakau kore ki tana ',

kupu, disinclined to, Arc.; ngakau kore i, discoun

Foreigners ofter err in the use of these and other

]>iv|insitinMs e.g. I a ia ki reira, while Jw was t/tere ;
;

i' should be i reira. E aha anaia&t reira 1 What is

he doing there? it sluuld bu i reira. Kati hi kona ;
160 SYNTAX OF THE PREPOSITIONS, &a
it should be i kona. E mea ana ahau kia kai i te
Onewhero, I am thinking of taking a meal at One-
whero ; it should be, Jd te Onewhero. Hei a wai
ranei te pono ? hei a Maihi renei, hei -a Pita ranei?
with whom is the truth ? with Marsh or with Peter ?
it should be, / a wai, &c. He aha te tikanga o taua
kupu nei kei a Matiu 1 what is tJie meaning of that
expression in Matthew ? it should be i a Matiu.
Again Kahore he mea no te kainga nei hei kai,.
there is nothing in this settlement for food] it should
be o te kainga nei. Enei kupu no te pukapuka,
these words of the book ; it should be te pukapuka.
Ko nga mea katoa no waho, all the things outside ;
it should be waho. He kahore urupa o Kawhia i
kawea mai ai ki konei 1 Was there no grave in
Kawhia, that you brought him here ? it should be No-
Kawhia. Again he mea tiki i toku whare, a thing-
fetched from my house. The meaning of this, as it
" a
stands, is thing to fetch my house ;" it should be
no toku whare, as in the following proverb " : He
toka hapai mai no nga whenua." In constructions
like these the agent will take either e or na before it,
but most frequently the latter. In some tribes to the
southward of Waikato the following form is in
common use :He pakeke ou, yours are hardnesses t

i.e.you are a hard person. He makariri oku i te

anu, / have colds from the cold (air). The singular
forms tou and toku are mostly used in Waikato, or
the preposition nou ; e.g. he pakeke nou and maka-
t

ririnoku, or TOKU.
Prepositions are sometimes used where a foreigner
would expect a verbal particle ; e.g. Kei te takoto a
Hone, John is lying down. I
te mate ahau, / icas

poorly. No te tarai ahau tena wahi, / have been

i

lioeing tJiat place. This form belongs chiefly to

Ngapuhi. Ka tae te pakeke o te oneone nei kahore i!

te kohatu ! How hard this soil is it is not at a stone,

!

i.e. it is like a stone. Kahore ahau i te kite, / don't

 SYNTAX OF TIIK PIlKPOSITIOXS,

see. This last form is used chiefly in the distri.-t-

southward of Waikato.
A-fi-erbs. Most of the ad\ t-rls will (as was observed.
page 84) assume the form of the word with which they
are connected; e.g. Kaj<" mar/', rapua mari-
inpnnga marieto/u/a, <tc. In sonic districts, howe\er.
they will assume the form of the verbal noun, after
the passive voice e.g. lUtpoamarietonpa.
;
Inst.-u
will also occasionally be found, in all parts of the island.
in which they undergo no change e.g. Wliiua peita, ;

thi'nw it iii tliat direction. Whiua penatia is, t/iron' if

in tit at manner.
ific>' Adverbs. Most of these will, when in con-
nection with the verb, take a verbal particle before
or after them ; e.g. Hore ra\va kin p;ii kahore i pai, ;

or (sometimes) kahore e pai ; kihai i* pai ; e kore

'
jai ;
aua e haere, kiano i haere noa, e hara i a au,
// itt not mijie, or, it is different from me (i.e. it was
not I), &c.
Kilt a i i and kahore i are most frequently
indifferently one for the other. An experic;
speaker will, however, we think, sometimes notice
points of difference, and particularly that kilmi / is
most frequently employed when reference is mad
an act previous to a past act, and kalion- i when
some allusion is made to the present time. Thus, in
" Nau i kai
rh.- following sentence,
nga kai kilifii
i tika kia
kainga e te mea noa," we should prH'rr
kftltore nei i to denote ?/*///<7, \\ AS not, and is not. l
to b<i ffif'-n Li/ a person not tajni. In Waikato, haun^a
with kahore sometimes governs a genitive
Kfihore haunga o tena. Kahore, when it takes a
ossive case after it, will require it to bo in the

reignen, we observe, omit tin; i after ii/i>n \\}\-t\ it !:

;irlBC8 from
"f Lifini in '

r.eneHto prevent elision, UM iu tin- following exam p

.hau i pai.
12
162 SYNTAX OF THE PREPOSITIONS, &C.

plural number, e.g. Kahore dku moni, I have nomoiiey,

lit. there is a negativeness of niy moneys. So also the
particle u, vide page 91.
In answering a question, the answer will always be
regulated by the way in which the question is put,
e.g. Kahore i pai 1 ae ; Was he not willing ? Yes ; i.e.
Yes, he was not willing. If the answer was intended
to be affirmative, the speaker would have said " I pai
.ano."

FINIS.
 TESTIMONIALS TO THE FIRST EDITION.

THE author cannot conclude iritlmut returning irwny acknow-

/cf/iti/tcitf.i to those hind frit-mis who have encouraged anrl

assisted him in the prosecution of this work. The following

favourable notices from some of their communications are
here submitted to the reader's inspection :

"For the purpose of advancing towards a more correct and

idiomatic knowledge of the Maori, I have found, and do daily
find, its assistance quite invaluable. Your exertions to supply
a deficiency which was keenly felt by every student of the
Maori tongue cannot fail to be highly appreciated, both here
and at home." HI Martin, Esq., Chief Justice of New Zea-
land.
" It is the
only work that has ever been published that is
calculated to give a sound and critical knowledge of Maori.
I have constant reference to it in the publication of the Maori
Gazette, and at all times find it an invaluable assistant."
George Clarke, Esq., Aboriginal Protector.
"To allow you to suffer loss by the publication of yonr
valuable grammar would be to suffer our justice to be called
in question." Rev. A. N. Brown, sen., Church Missionary of
the Southern District.
" I wish
you could afford to carry on your work to another
part, and take in prosody, the native waiatas, proverbs, &c. j
but I must not dictate. You have done well, and your work
deserves the praise and encouragement of every one who feels
an interest in the natives and their language." Pev. J.
Whitely, gen., Wesley an Missionary of the Southern District.
"
think you deserve great credit for your performance, and
I
am when the language is more known you will hear
sure that
it. May I thank you to set my name down as a subscriber for
twenty copies of the whole work." Rev. O. Hadjield, sen.,
Church Missionary of tlie Port Nicholson District.

Walker, May, and Co., Printers, 9 Mackillop-street, Melbourne.

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