Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

By

Sardar Osama Irshad

CUI/FA17-EPE-097/ATD
Qasim Saeed Lodhi
CUI/FA17-EPE-102/ATD

BS Thesis
In

Electrical (Power) Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad

Abbottabad Campus-Pakistan

Spring, 2021
 COMSATS University Islamabad-Abbottabad Campus

Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

A Thesis Presented to

COMSATS University Islamabad- Abbottabad Campus

In partial fulfillment

Of the requirement for the degree of

BS Electrical (Power) Engineering

By

Sardar Osama Irshad

CUI/FA17-EPE-097/ATD
Qasim Saeed Lodhi
CUI/FA17-EPE-102/ATD

Spring, 2021
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

An Undergraduate Thesis submitted to Electrical and Computer Engineering

Department as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Electrical (Power) Engineering.

Name Registration Number

Sardar Osama Irshad CUI/FA17-EPE-097/ATD

Qasim Saeed Lodhi CUI/FA17-EPE-102/ATD

Supervisor
Dr. Abdul Majid
Assistant Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering
Abbottabad Campus
COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI)
Abbottabad Campus
June 2021

iii
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Final Approval

This thesis titled

Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

By

Sardar Osama Irshad

CUI/FA17-EPE-097/ATD
Qasim Saeed Lodhi
CUI/FA17-EPE-102/ATD
Has been approved

For the COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus

Supervisor: ______________________________________________
Dr. Abdul Majid, Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Engineering/CUI,
Abbottabad Campus

HOD: ______________________________________________
Dr. Owais, Associate Professor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, CUI, Abbottabad Campus

iv
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Declaration

We Sardar Osama Irshad (CUI/FA17-EPE-097/ATD) and Qasim Saeed Lodhi

(CUI/FA17-EPE-102/ATD), hereby declare that I have produced the work presented in
this thesis, during the scheduled period of study. I also declare that I have not taken any
material from any source except referred to wherever due that amount of plagiarism is
within acceptable range. If a violation of HEC rules on research has occurred in this
thesis, I shall be liable to punishable action under the plagiarism rules of the HEC.

Date: _________________ Signature of the student:

Sardar Osama Irshad

CUI/FA17-EPE-097/ATD

Qasim Saeed Lodhi

CUI/FA17-EPE-102/ATD

v
Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

vi
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Certificate

It is certified that Sardar Osama Irshad (CUI/FA17-EPE-097/ATD) and Qasim Saeed

Lodhi (CUI/FA17-EPE-102/ATD) has carried out all the work related to this report under
my supervision at the Department of Electrical and Computer engineering, COMSATS
University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus and the work fulfills the requirement for
award of BS degree.

Date: _________________

Supervisor:

Dr. Abdul Majid

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Head of Department:

Dr. Owais
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

vii
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

DEDICATION

Starting with the name of ALLAH ALMIGHTY, who is very MERCIFUL and
BENIFICENT.

We dedicate this thesis to our Parents who have never failed to give us financial and
moral support as well as fulfilling all our needs during the time we developed this system
and throughout our educational career. Their evergreen love and encouragement never let
us down and empowered us to a purpose beyond our imaginations.

To our supervisor Dr. Abdul Majid for humbly accepting our proposal, for his support,
teachings, and his enlightening ideas, which kept us working day and night with devotion
to reach our goal.

To our friends for their incessant support and their streaming philosophies no matter how
absurd they were, that helped us in understanding most of the things which alone or
small groups cannot achieve.

We are also thankful to various colleagues, teachers, and other lab staff who supported,
advised, and assisted our project.

viii
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All praises to ALLAH, the source of all knowledge, wisdom within and beyond
comprehensions, who enabled us to accomplish our goal.

The completion and production of every book and project is not a single man’s task. One
takes the assistance and cooperation of some people. We have also completed our work
on the same mantra. Many people have extended their valuable assistance, which enables
us to give the final shape of this manuscript.

We express our deepest gratitude to our parents and family for their prayers, moral
support, and sincere wishes for the completion of our work.

We would also like to pay our gratitude to our thesis advisor and teacher Dr. Abdul
Majid for his enduring interest and support for our project. His generosity to share his
ideas with us was the founding block for this project and thesis.

We would like to offer thanks to our friends for their help and suggestions throughout
this work.

Sardar Osama Irshad FA17-EPE-097

Qasim Saeed Lodhi FA17-EPE-102

ix
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

ABSTRACT

Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

This project is aimed to create a systematized Toolkit/Trainer that does multiple things.
First, managing different things easily and monitoring different parameters at the same
time. Now the next important feature of our project is their size, the size of our project is
very compact and easy for the users to carry, and the cost of our project is very low
which helps the student to purchase it and do their work easily for using this device. In
our project, we are measuring different parameters like voltage, current, frequency, and
power. The project is set up 220V AC supply and next, there is a flyback converter used
for achieving a different kind of DC voltages. And in our project, we used a digital built-
in multimeter for measuring voltage, current, and power. Arduino Uno is used for the
generation of different PWM signals with different width and gate driver are used to
boosting up these PWM signals and give a computer interface for those who want to
select their desirable width of PWM signals which can be changed easily through
programming and the breadboard is inserted for circuit implementation. This project has
used different previous technologies which are DC power supply, PWM generator, gate
driver, digital multimeter, and breadboard but the main thing is that we merged all the
functions and held them together to form a new type of lab experimental trainer which
works very efficiently and easily manageable.

x
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Motivation
1.3 Problem Statement
1.4 Structure of Thesis..…………………………………..…………………...…..5

2. Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 DC Power Supply
2.2.1 Bridge Rectifier
2.2.2 Flyback Converter
2.2.2.1 MOSFET
2.2.2.2 Flyback Transformer
2.2.2.3 Flyback Diode
2.2.3 78-ICs………….…………………………….……………...………12

2.3 Arduino Uno

2.3.1 Generate PWM.………………...……………………………………12

2.4 Gate Drivers

2.5 Digital Multimeter
3. Hardware Components
3.1 Direct Current Power…………………………………………………………17
3.1.1 Direct Current Applications…………………………………………..17
3.2 Bridge Rectifier……
3.2.1 Construction
3.2.2 Working
3.2.3 Characterstics
3.3 Flyback Converter
3.3.1 Construction
3.3.2 Working

xi
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

3.4 7814,7812,7805 ICs

3.5 Arduino Uno
3.5.1Working
3.5.2 Construction
3.6 Gate Driver
4. Methodology……..……………………………….……………………...….…….. 28
4.1 Description and Overview…………………………………………..……….29
4.2 Power Supply Working…………………………………………….………...29
4.2.1 AC to DC Conversion…………….……………………….………….29
4.2.2 DC to DC conversion……………………………………..…………..31
4.2.3 Block Diagram of Power supply……………………….……………..32
4.3 Working of Arduino…………………………………………………………32
4.3.1 Block Diagram of Arduino Working…………………………………34
4.4 Block Diagram……………………………………………………………….35
4.5 Circuit Diagram…………………………...…………………………………36
5. Results ...…………………………………………………...………………...………37
5.1 Results………………………………………………………………………..38
5.1.1 Simulation Results…………………………………………………….38
5.1.2 Coding……………………………………………………….………...39
5.1.3 Oscilloscope Results……………………………………….…………..40
5.2 Achievement…………………………...…………...………………………..40
6. Conclusion…………………..………....…………………..…...….……..….……42
6.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………...………………43
6.2 Future work…………………………………………………....……………..43

References ……………………..……………………...……………...……………….44

LIST OF FIGURES

xii
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Fig 2.2.1 DC power supply 8

Fig 2.2.2 Bridge Rectifier 9
Fig 2.2.3 Flyback Converter 11
Fig 2.3 PWM signals 14
Fig 2.4 Gate Drivers 15
Fig 3.2.a Bridge Rectifier 18
Fig 3.2.b Bridge Rectifier 19
Fig 3.2.c Bridge Rectifier 19
Fig 3.2.d Bridge Rectifier 20
Fig 3.3Flyback Converter 22
Fig 3.478-ICs 23
Fig 3.5 Arduino 25
Fig 3.6 Gate Driver 26
Fig 3.7 Multimeter ………..………………….
………………………………………......27
Fig 4.2.a AC signal 30
Fig 4.2.b Rectified signal 30
Fig 4.2.c Smoothed signal 31
Fig 4.2.1 Block Diagram of Power supply 32
Fig 4.3 Block Diagram of Arduino working 34
Fig 4.4 Block Diagram 35
Fig 4.5.a Circuit Diagram 36
Fig 4.5.b Circuit Diagram 36
Fig 5.1.a Simulation Results 38
Fig 5.1.b Simulation Results 38
Fig 5.2 Coding 39
Fig 5.3 Oscilloscope Results 40
Fig 5.4.a Hardware Results 41
Fig 5.4.b Hardware Results 41

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

xiii
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

AC – Alternative Current
DC – Direct Current
D.C – Duty Cycle
A – Ampere
App – Peak-to-peak amperes
Arms – Root mean square amperes
AV – AC voltage gain
β (beta) – Current gain
BW – Bandwidth
C – Capacitor
F – Farad
gm – Transconductance
f – Frequency
fr – Resonant frequency
H – Henry
Hz – Hertz
I – Electric current
IB – Base current
IC – Collector current
ID – Drain current of a field effect transistor
IDSS – Saturation current
Ipp – Peak-to-peak current
Irms – Root mean square current
kHz – Kilohertz
k – Kilohm
kW – Kilowatt
L – Inductor
LC – Inductor-capacitor circuit
mA – Milliampere
mH – Millihenry
M – Megohm
μA – Microampere
μF – Microfarad
μH – Microhenry
μs – Microsecond
ms – Millisecond
mV – Millivolt
Np – Number of turns in a primary coil
NS – Number of turns in a secondary coil
Ω – Ohms
pF – Picofarad
P – Power
Q – Transistor; also, the Q value of a resonant circuit
R – Resistor
Rin – Input resistance of a transistor
r – DC resistance of an inductor

xiv
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

T – Period of a waveform
τ – Time constant
TR – Turns ratio
θ – Phase angle
μV – Microvolt
V – Voltage
VC – Voltage at the collector of a transistor
VDD – Drain supply voltage
VE – Voltage at the emitter of a transistor
VGG – Gate supply voltage *VGS* – Gate to source voltage
VGS (off) – Gate to source cutoff voltage
Vin – AC voltage of an input signal
Vout – AC output voltage
Vp – Peak voltage
Vpp – Peak-to-peak voltage
Vrms – Root mean square voltage
VS – Supply voltage
W – Watts
XC – Reactance of a capacitor
XL – Reactance of an inductor
Z – Impedance

xv
Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Chapter 1

Introduction

1
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

1.1 Introduction

The main theme of our project is to design and develop such a smart toolkit that helps the
students and users for performing different kinds of projects, lab experiments in an easy
way. This project is based on all previous technologies that are merged and made a new
type of toolkit which works very effectively. Furthermore, its management is very easy
for users that ensure them to do multiple things at the same time. This project is very
helpful for Undergraduate students of engineering departments that they can do their
different subject lab experiments which are related to Circuits, Electronics, and Power
Electronics quickly. Another very important thing about this project is its size. The size
of this toolkit is very compact, and the user will carry it easily and do their projects at
home or any personal place where they want.

We also focus on the cost of our project by ensuring users that its cost is very reasonable.
Every student can easily purchase it and take full advantage of it. As compaction is very
small, and the cost is very low that attracts the user to buy it and take full use of it at any
place where they want to do their projects, or their lab experiments easily.

In our project first, we take 200V AC supply from WAPDA, then with the use of rectifier
we convert AC voltage into DC after that we used a flyback topology to step down DC
voltage to our desirable output 20V DC which we required. The reason behind the use of
flyback topology is the size if we used a transformer to step down voltage then the size of
our toolkit is too messy, we used a flyback converter whose size is very compact, and we
take multiple voltages at the same time which is very important for our project. We used
different ICs to achieve different kinds of DC voltages which are 7815IC for 15V,
7812IC for 12V, 7805IC for 5V, and through resistors, we can achieve 3.3V.

2
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Arduino UNO is used to generate different kind of PWM signals which is used to run the
gate of MOSFET through analog write function which is a built-in function of Arduino.
We generate PWM signals of different widths which are 10, 30, and 100 and, we insert
the port for computer interface from Arduino which helps the users to generate their type
of PWM signals which the users want they can easily change the width of PWM signals
through a computer interface.

Gate driver is also used which is the bunch of transistors that will boost up the PWM
signals.

A Digital built-in multimeter is inserted in this toolkit which is useful for the
measurement of different parameters that are voltage, current, frequency, and power. This
digital multimeter helps the user to measure different things easily with no time this will
also reduce the time. A breadboard is also inserted into this toolkit which will help the
user to perform their circuit implementation on this.

1.2 Motivation
The main motivation behind our project is Covid-19 which is a very alarming situation
for World. All the institutes have been shut down during Covid-19. Educational
departments of universities have been shut down and educational institutes adopted an
online system of teaching and learning which is very important and effective for the
students to continue their studies without any hurdle.

Online teaching will help students to continue their theory subject studies easily, but
online teaching does not support practical work. Practical work has been stopped in
Covid-19 and without practical experience, students could not learn things properly and
not understand properly.

This toolkit is specially designed for the students of electrical engineering who are unable
to use their labs during Covid-19. With the use of this toolkit, they do their lab
experiments on different subjects which are circuit, Electronics, and others easily at home
or any personal place because the size of our toolkit is very small, and the cost is very
3
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

low due to this reason every student can easily purchase its and took full advantage of it
during Covid-19 or any other problems.

This toolkit has the combination of many trainers which are used normally in electrical
engineering labs. It is a good choice for students to use it and do their practical
experiments easily at home or any other place where they want to be because of their size
and cost.

This toolkit is also helpful in normal days of life when universities are open this toolkit is
used in labs as an efficient trainer and student perform their experiments easily with no
time and reduces the chances of human error because too many functions are merged, and
this will help the user to do their circuit designing also monitoring and measuring at the
same time this toolkit will save them time and reduces the errors.

1.3 Problem Statement

Currently, there are a lot of trainers and toolkits which are used in the labs of Electrical
Engineering and these toolkits are performing their functions quite efficiently, but the
problem is that every toolkit must perform only one function at a time. Toolkits that are
used in labs have numerous functions, but each toolkit is performing only one function at
a time because these toolkits are built-in only for performing one function, but it is very
difficult to use different toolkits to experiment.

In our labs, a lot of trainers used first of all dc power supply which is used for dc voltages
and they perform only one function at a time, pulse width generator is used to achieve
PWM signals which also perform only one function, Digital multimeter is used for
measurement purpose only one function perform and breadboard is used for circuit
implementation which is only performing one function and this is very difficult for
students to use different trainers at a time to perform their lab experiments.

With the use of different trainers, it is quite difficult for students to manage their lab
experiment, and chances of human errors become increased and used three or four

4
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

trainers at a time become increase the difficulty by managing these trainers at the same
time.

Our project used all these previously technologies trainers and merged to form a new
toolkit which will perform the functions of different trainers at a time quite efficiently
and this project has ensured for the users that they easily used different function and time
and also monitor their experiments easily and due to this toolkit, this will also reduce the
chances of human errors so the experiment that is performed with the use of this toolkit is
almost error-free.

1.4 Structure of Thesis

The flow of the thesis is organized as follows. The first chapter includes a general detail
of the introduction and its different sections such as motivation problem Statement of the
project, the second chapter includes literature review of our projects like the power
supply, and Arduino. Chapter 3 all about the Hardware Components implementation and
working. In chapter 4 we explained project description its working principle and
methodology, block diagram, hardware design circuit and project prototype. Chapter 5 is
about simulations and its results. Chapter 6 explains future work and conclusion and at
last chapter 7 is about references.

5
Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Chapter 2

Literature Review

6
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

2.1 Introduction
An ac 220V is an input voltage supply after that the power supply is inserted first the
bridge rectifier converts the ac voltage into dc then the flyback converter start working
and step-down dc voltage into 20V dc after that different ICs are used to achieve different
levels of dc voltages and next step Arduino is used to generating PWM signals and gate
drivers boost up these signals to worthy that runs the MOSFET gates. A Digital built-in
multimeter is inserted in this toolkit which is useful for the measurement of different
parameters that are voltage, current, frequency, and power.

2.2 DC Power Supply

DC power supplies are called as power supplies which produce a DC voltage as its
output. Power supplies are the devices that give electric power to one or several loads at
the same time and generating the output power by converting an input AC signal into an
output DC signal which is required by the users and provides several DC outputs at one
time.

DC power supply is widely used in many applications to train new generations of

electrical engineering for developing low-power products. When you want to build a DC
power supply that provides basic power sourcing or one that pushes the limits of
performance by giving thousands of volts, we chose the best appropriate power supply
for achieving successful test results.

In Dc Power supply the power management plays a very important role in every system
that belongs to electronics because it controls, regulates, and distributes the DC power
throughout the system. Therefore, the DC power management is very important, and their
subsystem can affect their cost, performance, and time to the associate market of
electronic equipment. Power subsystem management is enabled, an electronic system to
function properly by controlling and supplying its DC power.

7
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

This subsystem power supply that accepts an AC utility power input, first they rectify and
filters it, then applies the resulting DC voltage to a regulator circuit that provides a
constant DC output voltage. There are many varieties of AC-DC supplies that can have
an output voltage from less than 1V to thousands of volts. Another DC power
management system usually employs a switch-mode power supply, although some linear
supplies are available. This power management subsystem employs a power supply that
accepts a DC.

This power management subsystem employs a power supply that accepts a DC voltage
input, typically 5 V, 12V, 24V, or 48 V and produces a DC output voltage. At the low
end, a supply of this type can produce less than 1VDC, whereas other DC-DC supplies
can produce thousands of volts of DC. This power management subsystem usually
employs a switch-mode power supply.

Fig 2.2.1 DC Power Supply

2.2.1 Bridge Rectifier

The bridge rectifier is the full-wave rectifier that covert Alternating current into Direct
current. The bridge rectifier consists of 4 diodes D1 D2 D3 and D4 and loads resistor RL.
These diodes are connected in a closed-loop during the positive half-cycle D1 and D2

8
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

turn on and gives output signal during the negative half cycle other D3 and D4 turn on
and gives output signal then we finally get a full-wave signal. In our project, we use a
bridge rectifier for voltage sensing.

The bridge rectifier is used because its efficiency is higher than the half-wave rectifier
however the efficiency of the bridge rectifier is the same as a center-tapped full-wave
rectifier, but a bridge rectifier is used over-center tapped full wave rectifier due to its low
cost.

Fig 2.2.2 Bridge Rectifier

2.2.2 Flyback Converter

A flyback converter is basically working two types of modes one is to convert AC/DC
and the second one is to convert DC/DC conversion and this is very important topology
in our project they are working as a DC/DC step down conversion due to this flyback
topology their size is compact and work very efficiently.

9
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

The flyback converer is also known as a buck-boost coverter with the inductor split that
works as a transformer and that’s why voltage ratios are multiplied and provides an
advantage of isolation. An inductor is basically a coil that is a passive two terminal
electrical component which are used for storing energy in a magnetic field when current
flows through it

A flyback converter is used in both AC/DC and DC/DC conversion and whould be
happen by the use of Galvanic isolation between its input and to its any output. Galvanic
isolation is a principle of isolation that prevent the flow of current that’s why no
conduction path is permitted.

2.2.2.1 MOSFET
MOSFET stands for Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor, MOSFET are basically, invented
to overcome the disadvantages present in FETs like, moderate input impedance, high drain
resistance and slower operation. So, a MOSFET can be called the advanced form of FET. In some
cases, MOSFETs are also be called IGFET (Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor). Practically
speaking, MOSFET is a voltage-controlled device, meaning by applying a rated voltage to the
gate pin, the MOSFET will start conducting through the Drain and Source pin. 

A power MOSFET is basically a type of switching regulator which regulate the through
switching and when switch is on the primary side of transformer is energized and when
switch is off the secondary side of transformer absorb energy and this is the phenomena of
their working.

2.2.2.2 Flyback Transformer

A flyback transformer is a special type of electrical transformer and also called as a line
output transformer that is used to generate high voltage sawtooth signals at a relatively
high frequency and they are operating with switched currents at higher frequencies that
ranges from 15KHz to 50KHz.The main thing which makes the flyback transformer
unique is coupled inductors with gapped core during each cycle when you apply input

10
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

voltage energy is stored in primary winding and energy is stored in gapped core after
some time they transferred energy to secondary winding and providing energy to the
load. Flyback transformer generates voltage from few kilovolts up to 50 kilovolts with
the high frequency currents from 17KHz to 50KHz.

There are two types of flyback transformer first one is DC flyback and second one is AC
flyback; the DC flyback transformer is the most common used type of flyback
transformer in our we also used this type of flyback transformer.

2.2.2.3 Flyback Diode

A flyback diode is connected across an inductor and this flyback diode is use for the
elimination of flyback, which is sudden in voltage spike and can be seen across inductive
load when supply current is suddenly reduced.

Flyback diode is basically stored the energy which comes from the secondary winding
and then they rectify it and then given to the load.

11
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

2.2.3 78-ICs
These are the chain of ICs that’s belogs to the 78-ICs series which are used to achieve
different kids of voltages levels. There are different ICs that are used are as given below,

 7815IC
 7812IC
 7805IC

These are the ICs which are using in our project for achieving different levels of voltages
that are 15V, 12V, 5V and 3.3V respectively

2.3 Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller that are used for performing different operation but in
our project we are used Arduino Uno for achieving different widths of PWM signals
which are used to run the gates of MOSFET.

Arduino Uno is an open source microcontroller with an ATmega328p chip, the Arduino
Uno board is the first in the series of USB-based Arduino boards and the version of 1.0 of
Arduino which have now evolved to newer releases.And the Uno communicates using
original STK500 protocol it is different from all the preceding boards in that it does not
use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip.

The microchip ATmega is operating on the voltage of 5V and its input voltage is 7V-20V
and it has digital input and output pin the number of that pins are 14 and out of these 14
pins 6 pins are used for PWM signal output and there are 6 analog input pins, the clock
speed of ATmega is 16MHz, length is 68.6mm, width is 53.4mm and weight is 25g.

2.3.1 Generate PWM

PWM signal stands for Pulse Width Modulation, and it is a procedure used for
controlling the brightness of LED, also used for speed control of DC motor and you
get analog output with digital means.

12
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

The Arduino digital pins used 5V (when turned HIGH) or 0V (when turned LOW)
and the output is a square wave signal. So, if we want to dim a LED, we cannot get
the voltage between 0 and 5V from the digital pin but we can change the ON and
OFF time of the signal. If we will change the ON and OFF time fast enough then the
brightness of the led will be changed.

TON (On Time): It is the time when the signal is high.

TOFF (Off Time): It is the time when the signal is low.
Period: It is the sum of on time and off time.
Duty Cycle: It is the percentage of time when the signal was high during the time of
period.

Analog Write function

The Arduino IDE has a built-in function “analogWrite()” which can be used to
generate a PWM signal. The frequency of this generated signal for most pins will be
about 490Hz and we can give the value from 0-255 using this function.

analogWrite(0) means a signal of 0% duty cycle.

analogWrite(127) means a signal of 50% duty cycle.

analogWrite(255) means a signal of 100% duty cycle.

On Arduino Uno, the PWM pins are 3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11. The frequency of PWM
signal on pins 5 and 6 will be about 980Hz and on other pins will be 490Hz. The
PWM pins are labeled with ~ sign.

13
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Fig 2.3 PWM signals

2.4 Gate Drivers

Power semiconductor devices have special requirements when it comes to switching
which is fulfilled with the help of gate driver circuit. Generally micro controllers generate
PWM signals of very low range which is not sufficient for the switches to turn on so a
gate driver.

Basically, gate drivers are nothing, but a bunch of transistors or gate drivers is the
combination of many transistors which are used to raise the level of PWM signals.

Gate drivers works as a PWM signal booster the signals which comes from the
microcontroller is very low and has no capability to runs the gates of the MOSFET, so
the gate drivers start working and boost up these signals and made these signal capable to
runs the gates of the MOSFET.

14
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Fig 2.4 Gate Driver

2.5 Digital Multimeter

A digital multimeter is a toolkit for measuring two or more electrical values which are
given as:

 Voltage in volts
 Current in amperes
 Resistance in ohms

And this is very useful for the users at a time they can measure the reading of volts,
amperes, and ohms very easily.

15
Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Chapter 3
Hardware Components

16
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

3.1 Direct Current Power:

When a current flow in only one direction the resulting power in known as direct current
(DC) power.

3.1.1 Direct Current Applications:

Sources such as solar cells, batteries and thermocouples are commonly used to produce
this type of power. Mostly DC power is used in low voltage applications such as
charging batteries, automotive applications, aircraft applications and other low voltage,
low current applications. Portable solar systems and other off-grid appliances are
common applications of DC power in PV industry.

3.2 Bridge Rectifier:

Bridge rectifier is one of the most efficient full wave rectifier circuit that is used to
convert alternating (AC) current to direct (DC) current. For this purpose, it uses four or
more diodes in a bridge circuit.

3.2.1 Construction:

In a bridge rectifier circuit, a load resistor RL and four diodes D1, D2, D3 & D4 are
connected in a closed-loop configuration to convert alternating current (AC) to direct
current (DC) efficiently. Absence of expensive center-tapped transformer is an advantage
for this configuration as it reduces size and cost.

17
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Fig 3.2.a Bridge Rectifier

Across terminals A and B input signal is applied and across the load resistor connected
between signals C and D the output DC signal is obtained. Diodes are placed in a way
that during each half cycle only two diodes conduct electricity. D 1 is paired with D3 and
D2 is paired with D4 that conduct electric current during positive and negative half cycle
respectively.

3.2.2 Working:
During the positive half cycle, AC signal is applied across bridge rectifier due to which
terminal. A becomes positive while terminal B becomes negative resulting in becoming
D1 and D3 forward biased and D2 andD4 reverse biased respectively.

During positive half cycle current flow is shown in the Fig below:

18
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Fig 3.2.b Bridge Rectifier

In the negative half cycle, diodes D2 and D4 become forward biased and D1 and D3 become
reverse biased because terminal B becomes positive and terminal A becomes negative.

During negative half cycle current flow is shown in the Fig below:

Fig 3.2.c Bridge Rectifier

As shown from the Figs, the current flow across load resistor R L is the same during both
half cycles. The polarity of output DC signal is either completely positive or negative.

19
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Here it is completely positive. But reverse direction of diodes results in complete

negative DC voltage.

So, during both positive and negative half cycles bridge rectifier allows electric current of
the input AC signal.

The output waveforms of the bridge rectifier are shown in the below Fig:

Fig 3.2.d Bridge Rectifier

3.2.3 Characteristics of Bridge Rectifier:

i. Ripple Factor:
This factor is used to measure the smoothness of the output DC signal. Fewer ripples
indicate smooth DC signal and high ripples are considered a high pulsating DC signal.

The ripple factor for a bridge rectifier is given by:

Γ = √ (Vrms2/VDC) −1
For bridge rectifiers, the ripple factor is 0.48.

ii. Peak Inverse Voltage:

20
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

The highest voltage that a diode can withstand when it is in reverse bias condition is
known as peak inverse voltage. In the positive half cycle, the diodes D 1 and D3 are in
conducting state while D2 and D4 are in non-conducting state. In the negative half cycle,
the diodes D2 and D4 are in conducting state and D1 and D3 are in non-conducting state.

iii. Efficiency:
It shows that how capably the rectifier converting alternating current (AC) into direct
current (DC). The rectifier efficiency is given by:

η = DC o/p Power/AC i/p Power

The bridge rectifier’s maximum efficiency is 81.2%.

3.3 Flyback Converter:

They are power converters, converting AC to DC with galvanic isolation between the
inputs and outputs. When the current flow through the circuit it stores the energy and
releases it when the power is removed. It acts as an isolated switching converter for step
down or step-up voltage transformers by using mutually coupled inductor. It has an
ability of controlling and regulating the multiple output voltages with a wide range of
input voltages. In comparison to other switching mode power supply circuits, it requires
few components for its designing.

3.3.1 Construction:

It is designed by using electrical components like a flyback transformer, switch, rectifier,

filter, and a control device that is used to drive the switch and achieve regulation.

The switch is used to ON and OFF the primary circuit, which can magnetize or
demagnetize the transformer. The PWM signal from the controller controls the operation
of the switch. Mostly, FET or MOSFET or a basic transistor is used as the switch.

21
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Fig 3.3 Flyback Converter

The rectifier will rectify the voltage on the secondary winding to become a pulsating DC.
Also, it cut and connect the load from the secondary winding. The rectified voltage is
then filter out by the capacitor to increase the DC level and can be usable by the intended
application.

The flyback transformer is used as an inductor to store the magnetic energy. It is designed
as a two coupled inductor, which acts as the primary and secondary winding. It operates
at high frequencies of nearly 50KHz.

3.3.2 Working:

Its operation is based on switch mode power supply mode as shown in above diagram. If
the switch is ON, then there is no transfer of energy between the input and the load. In the
primary winding of the circuit the total energy will be stored. Here drain voltage Vd = 0
and the current Ip passes through the primary winding. The energy stored is in the form
of magnetic inductance of the transformer and with increasing time current also
increases. After this diode becomes reverse biased and current stop flowing to the
secondary winding of the transformer.

The energy is transferred to the load by changing the polarity of the transformer windings
because of the magnetic field and the rectifier circuit starts rectifying the voltage, when
the switch is in the OFF position. The total energy in the core will be transferred to the

22
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

load will be rectified and the process would be continued till the energy in the core is
depleted or until the switch is turned ON.

3.47805 IC, 7812 IC & 7815 IC:

They are the most used regulator IC’s. They are three terminal linear voltage regulator
IC’s having fixed output voltage of 5V, 12V and 15V respectively that are useful in
numerous applications. Currently, these Voltage Regulator ICs are manufactured by
Texas Instruments, ON Semiconductor, STMicroelectronics, Diodes
incorporated, Infineon Technologies, etc. 

3.4.1 Pin Diagram of 7805,7812 & 7815 Voltage Regulator IC:

They are three terminal devices with three pins being:

INPUT: Pin 1 is the INPUT Pin. A positive unregulated voltage is given as input to this
pin.
GROUND: Pin 2 is the GROUND Pin. It is common to both Input and Output.
OUTPUT: Pin 3 is the OUTPUT Pin. The output regulated 5V, 12V & 15V respectively
is taken at this pin of the IC.

Fig 3.4 78ICs

3.5 Arduino Uno:

23
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller that are used for performing different operation but in
our project we are used Arduino Uno for achieving different widths of PWM signals
which are used to run the gates of MOSFET.

Arduino Uno is an open source microcontroller with an ATmega328p chip, the Arduino
Uno board is the first in the series of USB-based Arduino boards and the version of 1.0 of
Arduino which have now evolved to newer releases.And the Uno communicates using
original STK500 protocol it is different from all the preceding boards in that it does not
use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip.

3.5.1 Construction

PWM signal stands for Pulse Width Modulation, and it is a procedure used for
controlling the brightness of LED, also used for speed control of DC motor and you
get analog output with digital means.

The Arduino digital pins used 5V (when turned HIGH) or 0V (when turned LOW)
and the output is a square wave signal. So, if we want to dim a LED, we cannot get
the voltage between 0 and 5V from the digital pin but we can change the ON and
OFF time of the signal. If we will change the ON and OFF time fast enough then the
brightness of the led will be changed.

TON (On Time): It is the time when the signal is high.

TOFF (Off Time): It is the time when the signal is low.
Period: It is the sum of on time and off time.
Duty Cycle: It is the percentage of time when the signal was high during the time of
period.

24
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Fig 3.5 Arduino

3.5.2 Working
The Arduino IDE has a built-in function “analogWrite()” which can be used to
generate a PWM signal. The frequency of this generated signal for most pins will be
about 490Hz and we can give the value from 0-255 using this function.

analogWrite(0) means a signal of 0% duty cycle.

analogWrite(127) means a signal of 50% duty cycle.

analogWrite(255) means a signal of 100% duty cycle.

On Arduino Uno, the PWM pins are 3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11. The frequency of PWM
signal on pins 5 and 6 will be about 980Hz and on other pins will be 490Hz. The
PWM pins are labeled with ~ sign.

3.6 Gate Driver

25
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Power semiconductor devices have special requirements when it comes to switching

which is fulfilled with the help of gate driver circuit. Generally micro controllers generate
PWM signals of very low range which is not sufficient for the switches to turn on so a
gate driver.

Basically, gate drivers are nothing, but a bunch of transistors or gate drivers is the
combination of many transistors which are used to raise the level of PWM signals.

Gate drivers works as a PWM signal booster the signals which comes from the
microcontroller is very low and has no capability to runs the gates of the MOSFET, so
the gate drivers start working and boost up these signals and made these signal capable to
runs the gates of the MOSFET.

They can also be integrated within controller ICs. Partitioning the gate-drive function of
controllers that use pulse width modulation (PWM) improves controller stability by
eliminating the high peak currents and heat dissipation needed to drive power-MOSFETs
at very high frequencies.
 
With IGBTs, gate drivers serve as isolation amplifiers and often provide short-circuit
protection. IGBTs require a continuous gate circuit in order to sustain gate current,
because of their isolated gate.

Fig 3.6 Gate driver

3.7 Multimeter:

26
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

An electronic instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit is

Multimeter. Main features of multimeter includes measurement of voltage, current and
resistance. Also, used for testing continuity between two points in electric circuit.

3.7.1 Functions of Multimeter:

Main functions of multimeter includes:

 Resistance in Ohms
 Capacity in Farads
 The temperature in Fahrenheit/ Celsius
 AC Voltage & Amperage
 Inductance Henrys
 DC Voltage & Amperage
 Frequency in Hz
 Conductance in Siemens
 Decibels
 Duty Cycle

Fig 3.7 Multimeter

27
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Chapter 4
Methodology

4.1 Description and Overview

28
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

This chapter is in relevance with the previous chapter as it describes the connections and
working mechanism of all the components listed above. The methodology of Smart
toolkit is defined with the help of a block diagram. Moreover, the interconnection of one
module with another is defined separately for better understanding of the methodology of
the proposed system. In the end, a flow chart is given as an overview of the methodology
of Smart toolkit.

4.2 Power supply Working

Power is the backbone of any electronic system, and the power supply is used to feeds the
system. Choosing the right supply can made a huge impact and difference between a
device working at their best levels. In addition to alternating current (AC) to direct
current (DC) power supplies, DC to DC converters is also available. If DC is already
available in your system, a DC-to-DC converter may be the better design choice than AC.
Direct current power supplies are either unregulated or regulated. Regulated supplies
come in several options including linear, switched and battery based.

4.2.1 AC-DC CONVERSION

A power supply takes the AC input from the users and converts it to unregulated DC, and
reduces the voltage using an input power transformer, typically stepping it down to the
voltage required by the load. For safety reasons, the transformer also separates the output
power supply from the mains input.

Alternating current takes the form of a sinusoidal wave with the voltage alternating from
positive to negative over time.

29
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Fig 4.2.a AC signal

In the first step of the process, the voltage is rectified using a set of diodes. Rectification
transforms the sinusoidal AC. The rectifier converts the sine waves into a series of
positive peaks.

Fig 4.2.b Rectified signal

Once the voltage has been rectified, there is still fluctuation in the waveform Then we
used capacitor for the smoothing of that DC signal. The capacitor is creating a reservoir
of energy that is applied to the load when the rectified voltage drops. The incoming
energy is stored in the capacitor on the rising edge and expended when the voltage falls.

30
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

This significantly reduces the amount of voltage droop and smooths out the voltage. If we
increase the storage capacity of the capacitor that will help us to produces a higher
quality power supply.

Fig 4.2.c Smoothed signal

4.2.2 DC to DC Conversion

DC-DC conversion is done with the help of flyback converter. The basic flyback
converter uses a relatively small number of components. A switching device chops the
input DC voltage and the energy in the primary side of transformer is transferred to the
secondary through switching. When switch is on the energy is stored in the primary side
after that energy stored in the coupled core of transformer and when switch is off that
stored energy transfer to the secondary side. A diode in the secondary side is used to
rectifies the voltage while the capacitor smoothed the rectified voltage. In a practical
circuit, a feedback circuit is used to monitor the output voltage and while a control circuit
switching device.

A switching device such as a transistor is turned on and off usually by a pulse-width-

modulated signal. The transformer polarity is usually reversed such that when the
transistor is on, current flows in the primary winding, however, the secondary diode is
reverse biased, and current does not flow in this winding. The energy is stored in the

31
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

transformer until when the MOSFET is turned off. The stored energy produces a current
that forward biases the diode which rectifies it to produce a DC output.

4.2.3 Block Diagram of Power supply

Fig 4.2.1 Block diagram of power supply

4.3 Working of Arduino

The Arduino digital pins used 5V (when turned HIGH) or 0V (when turned LOW)
and the output is a square wave signal. So, if we want to dim a LED, we cannot get
the voltage between 0 and 5V from the digital pin but we can change the ON and
OFF time of the signal. If we will change the ON and OFF time fast enough then the
brightness of the led will be changed.

TON (On Time): It is the time when the signal is high.

TOFF (Off Time): It is the time when the signal is low.
Period: It is the sum of on time and off time.

32
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Duty Cycle: It is the percentage of time when the signal was high during the time of
period

The Arduino IDE has a built-in function “analogWrite()” which can be used to
generate a PWM signal. The frequency of this generated signal for most pins will be
about 490Hz and we can give the value from 0-255 using this function.

analogWrite(0) means a signal of 0% duty cycle.

analogWrite(127) means a signal of 50% duty cycle.

analogWrite(255) means a signal of 100% duty cycle.

On Arduino Uno, the PWM pins are 3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11. The frequency of PWM
signal on pins 5 and 6 will be about 980Hz and on other pins will be 490Hz. The
PWM pins are labeled with ~ sign.

Gate drivers works as a PWM signal booster the signals which comes from the
microcontroller is very low and has no capability to runs the gates of the MOSFET, so
the gate drivers start working and boost up these signals and made these signal capable to
runs the gates of the MOSFET.

33
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

4.3.1 Block Diagram of Arduino Working

Fig 4.3 Block Diagram of Arduino working

4.4 Block Diagram

34
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Fig 4.4 Block Diagram

4.5 Circuit Diagram

35
Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Fig 4.5.a Circuit Diagram

Fig 4.5.b Circuit Diagram

36
Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Chapter 5

Results

37
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

5.1 Results
After the simulation and Hardware work the project give us the final results. These
results are given below;

5.1.1 Simulation Results

Fig 5.1.a Simulation Results

Fig 5.1.b Simulation Results

38
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

5.1.2 Coding

Fig 5.1.2 Coding

39
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

5.1.3 Oscilloscope Results

Fig 5.1.3 Oscilloscope Results

5.2 Achievement
The basic purpose of our toolkit is doing a lot of function which are used in the labs of
Electrical Engineering and another main air our project is the size and cost and with the
help of Allah Almighty we will achieve this.

40
Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Fig 5.2.a Hardware Results

Fig 5.2.b Hardware Results

41
Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

Chapter 6

Conclusion

42
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

6.1 Conclusion

On the accomplishment of our project “Design and Development of Smart Student

Toolkit," we can better the working of toolkits and different components. Also, multiple
power related monitoring of different parameters is done under one system which can
ensure the time efficiency and monitoring of various observations in a proper way.

In this Toolkit a lot of things users can perform easily at the same time this is very
important and time efficiency of this toolkit is very good due to this the users prefer this
toolkit instead of others due to its time efficiency and in this toolkit we focus on reducing
the size of this toolkit due to this users easily carry it perform their experiments at their
homes or any personal place and we also focus on the cost of this toolkit the cost this
toolkit is very low and student as a user easily purchase it and took full advantage of it.

This toolkit has the combination of many trainers which are used normally in electrical
engineering labs. It is a good choice for students to use it and do their practical experiments easily
at home or any other place where they want to be because of their size and cost.

6.2 Future Work

The toolkit smart student toolkit helps the users, by ensuring that their observations are
properly managed and almost fault free and reported to next concerned components in
system. This is the reason this toolkit is used in future and a lot of more invention in this
project we think this is the project which helps the students to do their lab experiments
and projects at home or any personal place.

This project adopts previously used technologies using multiple embedded components
like Arduino, power supply, rectifier, converter, pulse generator, multimeter under one
minimally designed casing.

This gives the advantage of cost reduction plus a plethora of connectivity options and the
most important factor of mental satisfaction and ease in management.

43
Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

References

44
 Design and Development of Smart Student Toolkit

[1] Nikola Zlatanov. (2017), “DC Power Supplies, Applications and Measurements”

[2] T. Ninomiya, T. Tanaka and K. Harada. (1988), "Analysis and optimization of a no

dissipative LC turn-off snubber", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 3, pp. 147-156, Apr.
1988.

[2] Bai Yuming, Meng Yu, Q. Huang Alex, and C. Lee Fred. (2003), "Study of Power
Loss in DC-DC Converter Using Finite Element Analysis Approach", CPES Annual
Seminar.

[3] Billings, Keith. (1999), “Switch mode Power Supply Handbook” (Second ed.),

McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-006719-8

[4] Blog (makerspaces) “Arduino UNO for beginners - Projects, Programming and parts”

[5] Blog (project hub), Aqib. (2018), “Arduino PWM Tutorial”.

[6] Wavelength Electronics, Inc. “Power Supply Basics”.

45