Self-Learning Module for Grade 11

Mathematics
Statistics and Probability

CHAPTER IV: ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS

LESSON 1: Determining Point Estimate of the Population Mean

Introduction
In some instances, we need to assume certain value that may represent the whole.
In assuming a certain value can done by using single number or by considering range of
values, for a purpose of having higher chance that the TRUE value may be included. In this
module, the other two type of estimates, can be illustrated.

How to Use this Module

This module contains pretest, the lesson proper, reflection, and the post test. Before
starting with the lesson proper, the learner has to answer the pretest. After the pretest, read
and engage with the lesson proper by following or doing the activities, then answer the post
– test right after.

PRE-TEST

Direction: Shade/blacken the circle that corresponds to the correct answer.

A B C D 1. Which of the following statements is statistically true about point estimate?

A. It assumes single number/quantity
B. It considers range of data/value
C. It has concern and upper found/limit
D. It assumes multiple number/quantity
A B C D 2. Which of the following is considered as point estimate?
A. The assume height of the two Story building is 7m to 9m
B. The assume height of the building is less than 9m
C. The two-storey building estimated to be 8m high
D. The estimated height of the two-storey building is more than 8m.
A B C D 3. An estimate is interval if __________________.?
A. It assumes single number/quantity
B. It considers range of data/value
C. It assume exact value or data
D. No Value has determined
A B C D 4. The following is an example of interval estimate EXCEPT
A. The average age of G11 Students is assumed to be from 16 to 18
years.
B. The average age of G11 Students is from 18 to 19 years.
C. The average age of G11 Students is 17 years.
D. The average age of G11 Students is from 15 to 16 years.
A B C D 5. What must be done to make high chances of estimate for the population
mean?
A. Apply the point estimation.
B. Use the interval estimate.
C. Ignore using range of values.
 D. Identify a single estimated value.

Competency

1. Illustrates point and interval estimates (M11/SP12-IIIf-2)

2. Distinguishes between point and interval estimations (M11/SP12-IIIf-3)
Objective
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Illustrate point and interval estimate.

2. Identifies point and interval estimates.

Procedure/Learning Experience
Activity

Priming

Consider the illustration below in reading the texts that follow.

A B

Activity 1 Reading the texts

Albert and Boyet agreed to catch fish using spears. Albert used single spear
because it is lightweight and easy to use. Boyet, on the other hand decided to use a
multiple spear-ended one. When they are already in the fishing ground, each of them
saw fish and aim at it.

Analysis

Challenge yourself to think about the questions given based from our activity.

Analysis 1

Answer the following questions based on the previous activity.

1. How do you differentiate the spears used by the person in the given situation?

2. Who do you think will hit the target with higher probability? Why?

3. Which do you think can assume to be the point estimate? The interval estimate?

146
Activity 2 Study the illustrations below.

The father and his son are taking the possible height of the building opposite them.

Father, do you agree No son.

with me that the The building is about
building is about 15 14 meters to 16 meters
meters high? high.

Analysis 2

1. What can you say about the estimated height given by the son?
2. How many possible value/s is/are within the estimates of the father?
3. Which do you think is the point estimate? the interval estimate?
4. What can you say about the point estimate? The interval estimate?

Abstraction

Check your answers and analysis here.

Point estimation is the process of finding a single value, called point estimate, from a random
sample of the population to approximate a population parameter.

Interval estimate is a range of values within which the population mean is more likely to be
located.

Application

Since you already know a lot of things about the topic, let us assess that knowledge!

Using the rectangular block at the right,

a. Make a point estimate on the possible number of

cubes it is made of.
Answer: ___________________________

b. What interval estimate would assume the number of unit cubes has the block.
Answer : __________________________________

147
 Reflection

What have you learned from this lesson? Write in 2 to 3 sentences, in paragraph form.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

POST - TEST

Direction: Shade/blacken the circle that corresponds to the correct answer.

A B C D 1. Which of the following statements is true about point estimate?

A. It assumes single number/quantity
B. It considers range of data/value
C. It has lower and upper bound/limit
D. It assumes multiple number/quantity
A B C D 2. Which of the following illustrates a point estimate?
A. The assume height of the two-storey building is 7m to 9m
B. The assume height of the building is less than 9m
C. The two-storey building estimated to be 8m high
D. The estimated height of the two-storey building is more than 8m
A B C D 3. Which of the following statements best describe an interval estimate ?
A. It targets a single number/quantity
B. It assumes range of data/value within which parameter is more likely to be
found.
C. It assumes exact value or data
D. No Value has determined
A B C D 4. The following does not illustrate interval estimate?
A. The average age of G11 students is from 16 to 18 years old
B. The average age of G11 students is from 18 to 19 years old
C. The average age of G11 students is from 17 years old.
D. The average age of G11 students is from 15 to 16 years old
A B C D 5. If the researcher wants to have higher probability containing the
population mean in the estimated value, he must _____.
A. Use the point estimate.
B. Assume range of values as interval estimate.
C. Make only one target value.

148
 D. Refuse to estimate.

LESSON 2: Parameter and Statistic

Introduction
Population consists of large set of data that is difficult to deal with, thus
representation of the population parameters is necessary. In the representation of the
population, random samples are drawn from it. This random sample can be the basis in
describing the characteristics of the whole population, as statistics are obtained in this
sample. One of the statistics used to describe the population is point estimator, which
assumes the possible value of the population mean. In this module, the point estimator from
the population mean is discussed.

How to Use this Module

This module contains pre-test, the lesson proper, reflection, and the post test. Before
starting with the lesson proper, the learner has to answer the pre test. After the pre-test,
read and engage with the lesson proper by doing the activities, then answer the post test
right after.

PRE-TEST

Direction: Shade/blacken the circle that corresponds to the correct answer.

A B C D 1. Which of the following statements tells the correct idea of point estimator?
A. The variance is the same as point estimators
B. The Standard Deviation is also the point estimators of population mean
C. The sample size is also the point estimators of the population mean
D. The sample mean is the point estimator for the population mean.
A B C D
Sample X Count the following Numbers as population:
(5,6) 5.5 5, 6, 12, 16, 20 where mean is 11.8
(6,12) 9 The table at the left contains samples and their corresponding
(12,16) 14 sample means ( ẍ ). Use the table in answering questions 2 to
(16,20) 18 5.

2. What is the point estimator for the population mean if the samples are 5 and
6?
A. 6.5 B. 9 C. 14 D. 18
A B C D 3. If we have the samples (12,16) what is it point estimator?
A. 5.5 B. 9 C. 14 D. 18
A B C D 4. The point estimator is 9, which samples are drawn from the population?
A. 5 & 6 B. 6 & 12 C. 12 & 16 D. 16 & 20
A B C D 5. Which of the following is NOT a point estimator from the mean population?
A. 5.5 B. 10 C. 14 D. 18

Competency

1. Identifies point estimator for the population mean. (M11/SP12-IIIf-4)

149
 Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Draws samples from a given population.
2. Identifies point estimator for the population mean.

Procedure/Learning Experience
Activity

Priming

Consider the 5 households and the number of residents.

Illustration

A 6 residents B 2 residents

C 8 residents D 9 residents

E 3 residents

150
What do these pictures above represent?

The households show different number of residents.

Activity: 1

List down the number of household members from the illustration above. Based from
the data, the population mean ( µ ) is 5.6 or 6 - Average number of residents in the
households.

Activity 2

Draw two samples from the population such as households A and B. where there 6
and 2 residents respectively. Get the sum of 6 and 2, and divide the sum by the number of
households.

The sample mean that is obtained is 4, then 4 is the point estimate of the
population mean. This means that the estimated average household members is 4,
not the actual mean.

If we draw another two samples from the population such as household A and C,
there are 6 and 8 members.
The sample mean is 7, then 7 is the point estimate of the population mean.

Let us consider that the samples from A ,D and E, which are 6, 9 and 3 are used.

What is the total household from the three (3) residences?

What is the sample mean?

The sample mean of 6 is obtained. This means that the point estimate of the
population mean if the samples are 6, 9, and 3 is 6, which happened to be the actual
population mean.

Moreover, if samples 6 and 3 are drawn from the sample, the point estimator is 4.5 or 5,
since we are dealing with number of people.

The table below shows samples and the respective means as the results of the previous
activities.

Sample Sample means ( ẍ )

( 6, 2 ) 4
( 6, 8 ) 7
( 6, 9, 3 ) 6
( 6, 3 ) 4.5 or 5

Each mean ẍ from each of the sample is a point estimate of the population mean, also the
sample means are the point estimators for the population mean.

151
 Analysis

Challenge yourself to think about the questions given based from our activity.

Answer the following questions.

A
b
1. Where did you get point estimators?
2.
s What do the sample means of point estimators have in common?
tr
a
c
ti
o
n Check your answers
and analysis here as to
The sample means are the point estimators for the populationthe difference of
mean.
parameter and statistic.

Application

Please share your own thoughts. Believe me, you can!

Situation
UNGOS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – Lubayat Extension has an average
number of students per section of 32, including Senior High School. If the students in two
sample sections are 28 and 34, with the sample mean of 31, give the point estimator for
the population mean.

Answer: ________________________

Reflection

Is there any pros and cons in solving for the population parameter rather than the sample
statistic? If there is, what are those? If none, why?

What have you learned from this lesson? Write in 2 to 3 sentences in paragraph form.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

152
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

POST - TEST

Direction: Shade/blacken the circle that corresponds to the correct answer.

A B C D 1. Which of the following statements tell the correct idea of point estimator?
A. The population variance is the same as point estimators.
B. The Standard Deviation is also the point estimators of population mean
C. The sample size is also the point estimators of the population mean
D. The sample mean is the point estimator for the population mean

A B C D
Sample X Count the following Numbers as population:
(5,8) 6.5 5, 8, 12, 15, 20 where mean is 12. The table at the left
(8,12) 10 contains samples and their corresponding sample means ( ẍ ).
(12,15) 13.5 Use the table in answering questions 2 to 5.
(15,20) 17.5
2. What is the population estimator for the population mean if
the samples are 5 and 8?
A. 6.5 B. 10 C. 13.5 D. 17.5

A B C D 3. If we have the samples (12,15) what is its point estimator?

A. 6.5 B. 10 C. 13.5 D.17.5

A B C D 4. The point estimator is 10, which samples are drawn from the population?
A. 6.5 B. 10 C. 13.5 D.17.5

A B C D 5. Which of the following is NOT a point estimator for the population mean?
A. 6.5 B. 11 C. 13.5 D.17.5

153
LESSON 3: Computing Point Estimates of the Population Mean

Introduction

In some instances, we need to assume certain value that may represent the whole.
In assuming a certain value can be done by using single number or by considering range of
values, for a purpose of having higher chance that the TRUE value may be included. In this
module, the other two types of estimates, can be illustrated.

How to Use this Module

This module contains pretest, the lesson proper, reflection, and the post test. Before
starting with the lesson proper, the learner has to answer the pretest. After the pretest, read
and engage with the lesson proper by following or doing the activities, then answer the post
test right after.

PRE-TEST

Direction: Shade/blacken the circle that corresponds to the correct answer.

Consider the ff. situation answering the post-test.

The time used by 5 online gamers a day are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 hours.

A B C D 1. How many sample need to be drawn from the population to obtain the
point estimator?
A. 1 B. At least one C. At most two D. 5
A B C D 2. If 3 samples are drawn from the population, how do you obtain the point
estimator?
A. Add the sample size
B. Divide the sample size
C. Divide the sum by the sample size
D. Divide the product by the sample size

A B C D 3. Using the samples 2 and 3, what is the point estimator?

A. 2.5 B. 3.5 C. 4.5 D. 5.5

A B C D 4. If the samples are 1, 4, and 5, what is the point estimator?

A. 6.3 B. 5.3 C. 4.3 D. 3.3
A B C D 5. Using the sum 45 derived from a large population of 5 samples, what is the
point estimator for the population mean?
A. 9 B. 10 C. 11 D. 12

Competency

154
 1. Computes for the point estimates of the population mean.(M11/SP12-IIIf-5)

Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Draw/create samples from the given population.

2. Compute from the point estimate of the population mean.

Procedure/Learning Experience
Activity

In this lesson, you will learn to compute for the point estimate of the population mean.

Review of the previous lesson.

Compute for the point estimate of the population mean

Recall ẍ
that the table at the left contains data from the
previous Sample lesson.
Which are the point estimators for the population
(5,8) 6.5 mean?
(8,12) 10
(12,15) 13.5
(15,20) 17.5

Activity: 1
Using the number of residents in each household which are 6, 2, 8, 9, 3, and whose
average is 5.6 or 6, let us compute for the point estimator of the population mean if two
samples are drawn from the population, such as
6 and 8.
X 1+ X 2
The Point Estimator = ( ẍ ) = where x1 and x2 are the samples and n is the
n
sample size
X 1+ X 2 6+8 14
ẍ= = = = 7.5
n 2 2

Therefore the point estimator if the samples are 6 and 8 is 7.5 or 8.

Activity 2
How about if 3 samples are drawn from the population such as 2, 3, and 9?
The point estimator for the population is determined by the solution below.

X 1+ X 2+ X 3
ẍ=
n

155
 2+ 3+9
ẍ=
3
14
ẍ=
3
ẍ = 4.7 or 5

Therefore the point estimator for the population mean is 5 , since it refers to the number
of people.
Activity 3
Consider a large population of teenagers whose average age is 17.5. Thirty six (36)
samples are drawn from this population. The sum of the ages of the sample teenagers is
594, what is the point estimator for the population mean.

Given: Σ x = 594, n = 36 µ = 17.5

Solution
Σx
ẍ=
n
594
ẍ=
36
A ẍ = 16.5
n
a
Therefore the point estimator of the population is 16.5
l
y
s
i Challenge
yourself to
s
think about
the questions
Answer the following questions. given based
from our
1. Which is considered as the point estimator for the population mean? activity.
2. How do the point estimator for the population mean be obtained?

Abstraction

Check your answers and analysis here.

The sample mean is the point estimator for the population mean.
Point estimator is obtained by calculating the sample mean.

Application

Let us apply your knowledge in the following data below.

Using the given population of teachers in four ( 4 ) departments, such as

156
 in Math department is 3,
in MAPEH department is 7,
in English department is 4, and
in Filipino department is 5.

Find the point estimator for the population mean

a) if the sample are 3, 4, and 5, Answer: ____________________

b) if the sample are 4, 6, and 7. Answer: _____________________

Reflection

What have you learned from this lesson? Write in 2 to 3 sentences in paragraph form.why?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

POST - TEST
Direction: Shade/blacken the circle that corresponds to the correct answer.

Consider the given situation in answering the questions that follow.

The number of hours the 5 individual rested a day are 5, 6, 7, 8, 9For numbers 1-5, a
population consists of the data (1, 2, 3, 4).

A B C D 1. How many sample/s is/are needed to be drawn from the population to

obtain the point estimator?
A. 1 B. At least two C. At most on D. 5

A B C D 2. If 3 samples are drawn from the population, how do you obtain the point
estimator?
A. Add the sample size
B. Divide the sample size
C. Divide the sum by the sample size
D. Divide the product by the sample size

A B C D 3. Using the samples 6 and 7, what is the point estimator?

A. 5.5 B. 6.5 C. 7.5 D. 8.5

A B C D 4. If the samples are 5, 8, and 9, what is the point estimator?

A. 8.3 B. 7.3 C. 6.3 D. 5.3

A B C D 5. Using the sum 60 from 5 sample scores, what is the point estimator for the
population mean?
A. 11 B. 12 C. 13 D. 14

157
 LESSON 4: Identifying appropriate form of the Confidence
Interval Estimator of Population Mean
Introduction

In some instances, we need to assume certain value that may represent the whole.
In assuming a certain value can be done by using single number or by considering range of
values, for a purpose of having higher chance that the TRUE value may be included. In this
module, the other type of estimates, the interval estimate, can be learned.

How to Use this Module

This module contains pre-test, the lesson proper, reflection, and the post test. Before starting with
the lesson proper, the learner has to answer the pre test. After the pre test, read and engage with the
lesson proper by doing the activities, the answer the post test right after.

PRE-TEST

Direction: Shade the circle that corresponds to the correct answer.

A B C D 1. Which of the following identifies the probability that a

O O O O researcher can expect that the parameter being assumed is within the
estimated range of value?
A. confidence level C. critical value
B. confidence interval D. margin of error

A B C D 2. Which value refers to the difference between the

O O O O mean population mean and the sample mean?
A. lower limit C. margin of error
B. upper limit D. sample size

A B C D 3. How do lower limit of the confidence interval estimate

O O O O be obtained?
A. Add the sample mean ( ẍ ) by the margin of error (E).
B. Subtract the sample mean ( ẍ ) by the margin of error (E).
C. Divide the sample mean ( ẍ )by the margin of error (E).
D. Multiply the sample mean ( ẍ ) by the margin of error (E).

158
For questions # 4 and 5, refer to the situation that follows.

A sample size of 36 was randomly selected from a largely populated school.

The average grade of this group is 85 and a standard deviation is 4. In the data treatment,
the researcher used 95 % confidence level, where Zɑ/2 is 1.96

A B C D 4. Find the margin of error for confidence interval estimate of

O O O O the population mean.
A. 0.082 C. 1.31
B. 0.67 D. 1.96

A B C D 5. Which of the following is the correct interval estimate for the

O O O O population mean of the given situation?
A. 84.92 < µ < 85.08 C. 83.69 < µ < 86.31
B. 83.33 < µ < 85.67 D. 83.04 < µ < 86.96

Competency
1. Identifies the appropriate form of confidence interval estimator for the population
mean when; a)the population variance is known; b) the population variance is
unknown; and the Central Limit Theorem is to be used. (M11/SP12-IIIg-1)

Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. solve Identifies the appropriate form of the confidence interval estimator for the
population mean when the population variance is known.

2. finds confidence interval estimate for the population mean.

Procedure/Learning Experience
Activity

Study the following problem to perform this task.

Let’s go fishing. Six (6) fishermen go fishing using their nets. Fishermen A use 95
meters net. Fishermen B use 90 meters net, and fishermen C use 99 meters net. They drop
their nets in an ocean place where equal volume of fishes are found as shown in the
illustrations below.

LL 95 LL 90
A UL B UL

159
 LL 99
C UL

Which net can catch more fish? Why?

INTERVAL ESTIMATION

Interval estimation is like catching fishes with a net whose lengths represent the
confidence level, or the probabilities of catching the mean of the population.
The probabilities or the confidence interval is determined by the z – score in the
normal distribution as shown in the table below.

Table 1

Level of Confidence Critical Value or Z ɑ/2

90 % 1.65
95 % 1.96
99 % 2.65

These values determined the lower limit and the upper limit of the interval,
considering the normality of the distributions.

Activity 1. Formation of the Interval Estimation

Let the interval estimation as the probability that the Lower Limit is Less than the
Population Mean, and the Population Mean is Less than the Upper Limit.

In symbol , 1) LL < µ < UL, where the LL is the Lower Limit,

µ is the population mean, and
UL is the Upper Limit.

Since lower limit is obtained by subtracting the sample mean (ẍ) by the Margin of Error ( E),
and the upper limit is by adding the sample mean (ẍ) by the margin of Error ( E ), then the
mathematical notation becomes

2) ẍ–E<µ<ẍ+E

Moreover, if we need to calculate the margin or Error ( E ) from the given value of the
sample size ( n ), standard deviation ( ẟ ), and Z ɑ/2 , the following equation is used.
ẟ
E = Zɑ/2 • , where ẟ is the standard deviation,
√n
n is the sample size, and
Zɑ/2 is the critical value corresponds to the
level of confidence found in table 1.

160
If we want to replace E by its equivalent quantity as stated previously, the third mathematical
sentence for interval estimations is determined by the equation below.
ẟ ẟ
3) ẍ – Zɑ/2 • < µ < ẍ + Zɑ/2 • .
√n √n
If the variance is known and if the sample size is assumed to be normally distributed,
according to the Central Limit Theorem, the mathematical sentence in 3 is applied. If the
variance is unknown, the ẟ symbol is replaced by s.

The interval estimate represented by the above mathematical sentences is also shown by
the unshaded region under the curve below.

ɑ ɑ
1-ɑ
2 2

Activity 2. Consider the situation that follows.

A sample of 36 families in Brgy Malupa has a mean number of household

member of 6, and a variance of 4. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the
population mean.

Solutions:

a. Identify the given data. These are as follow:

Sample size ( n ) = 36 sample mean ( ẍ ) = 6

Variance ( ẟ² ) = 4 standard deviation = ?

b. Find the value of the standard deviation ( ẟ ).

Since the given value in solution a is variance, we need to convert this value
into a standard deviation by extracting the square root of the variance.
In symbol, ẟ = √ ẟ² . Substituting the value of the variance, we get
ẟ = √ 4 = 2. Thus the standard deviation (ẟ ) is 2.

c. Determine the margin of error ( E ).

If ( 1 - ɑ ) = 95 %, Zɑ/2 = 1.96 as found in table 1.
Substituting all the required data to the equation, we get ;
ẟ 2 2
E = Zɑ/2 • = 1.96[ ] = 1.96[ ] =1.96(0.3333) = 0.65
√n √36 6

d. Use the mathematical sentence 2 that previously formulated to form a confidence

interval estimate by substituting all the required values..

ẍ–E<µ<ẍ+E
6 – 0.65 < µ < 6 + 0.65
5.35 < µ < 6.65

161
 Since the subject of the situation is number of people, the quantities in the interval
must be whole number. Thus, the confidence interval estimate for the population mean is
5<µ<7

e. Interpret the interval estimate obtained.

A This mean that the researcher is 95% confident that the True average number of
household member in Barangay Malupa is between 5 to 7 persons.
n
a
l
y
s
i
Try to think
s
about the
answers to
Answer the following questions. these
questions:
1. What is being assumed by the interval?
2. How do we obtained the margin of error?
3. What is the use of the margin of error?
4. What value is assigned Zɑ/2 if the level of confidence is 90 %?, 95 % ?, 99 % ?
5. What composes interval estimate?

Abstraction

Keep in Mind!

Interval estimate is a range of value which the parameter being estimated can expect to
find.
The degrees of confidence is the probability of the expectation.
A
p
Confidence interval is the estimation of an interval associated with level of confidence.
p margin of error ( E ) is the difference between the sample mean and the population How do
The
mean. we
l make
i sure of
c the
a higher
t chance
of
i
containi
o ng the
n TRUE
populati
R
_________________________________________________________________________ on
e
_________________________________________________________________________ paramet
f
_________________________________________________________________________ er
l
_________________________________________________________________________ in our
e interval
estimat
c e?
t Write
i 162 your
o Writeanswer
in 2
n to below. 3
sentences
 learned
from this
lesson.

POST - TEST

Direction: Shade/blacken the circle that corresponds to the correct answer.

A B C D 1. Which of the following identifies the degree of confidence a

O O O O researcher can expect that the parameter being assumed is within the
estimated range of value?
A. Confidence level C. critical value
B. Confidence interval D. margin of error

A B C D 2. Which of the following is TRUE about margin of error?

O O O O I. It gives the difference between the population mean

and the sample mean.
II. It determines the upper and lower limits form the sample mean.
III. It is added to population mean to obtain the upper confidence
limit.

A. I only B. III only C. I and II only D. I, II, and III

A B C D 3. How do lower limit of the interval estimate be obtained?

O O O O A. Add the sample mean ( ẍ )by the margin of error (E).
B. Subtract the sample mean ( ẍ )by the margin of error (E).
C. Divide the sample mean ( ẍ )by the margin of error (E).
D. Multiply the sample mean ( ẍ )by the margin of error (E).

For questions # 4 and 5, refer to the situation that follows.

A sample size of 36 was randomly selected from a largely populated school.

The average grade of this group is 85 and a standard deviation is 4. In the date treatment,
the researcher used 95 % confidence level, where Zɑ/2 is 1.96.

A B C D 4. Find the difference of the sample mean from the

O O O O population mean.
A. 0.082 C. 1.31
B. 0.67 D. 1.96

A B C D 5. Which of the following is the correct interval estimate for

O O O O the population mean of the given situation?
A. 84.92 < µ < 85.08 C. 83.69 < µ < 86.31
B. 83.33 < µ < 85.67 D. 83.04 < µ < 86.96

163
 LESSON 5: Illustrating t - distribution

Introduction

This module is about the t-distribution (Student’s t-distribution) and its properties.
This will illustrates the t-distribution and discuss its uses. After completing this module, the
students are expected to illustrate the t-distribution, enumerate its properties and state its
similarities and/ or difference with the z- distribution. It is assumed that the student already
learned the topic about the normal distribution before proceeding in this module.

How to Use this Module

This is your guide for the proper use of the module: Read the items in the module carefully. Follow
the directions as you read the materials. Answer all the questions that you encounter specially the
Pre-test and Post-test. As you go through the module, you will find help to answer these questions.
Sometimes, the answers are found at the end of the module for immediate feedback. To be
successful in undertaking this module, you must be patient and industrious in doing the suggested
tasks. Take your time to study and learn. Happy learning!

PRE-TEST

Answer the following first before you proceed with the module.
Read each item carefully and shade the letter of the correct answer.

A B C D
O O O O 1. When do we say that the sample size is sufficiently large?
A. When it is greater than or equal to 10.
B. When it is greater than or equal to 20.
C. When it is greater than or equal to 30.
D. When it is greater than or equal to 40.

O O O O 2. In Student’s t distribution, if the sample size is 25, what is the degree of

freedom?
A. 5 B. 24 C. 25 D. 26

O O O O 3. What is the difference between the normal distribution and the t

distribution?
A. The t distribution is centered at 0.
B. The t distribution is symmetric at the middle.
C. The t distribution has thicker tail.
D. The t distribution has higher peak.

O O O O 4. When do we use t distribution instead of normal distribution?

A. When the sample size is less than 30.
B. When the sample size is greater than or equal to 30
C. If the population standard deviation is known
D. If the sample standard deviation is unknown

164
O O O O 5. The labor department claims that the average starting salary of surveyors
in Mindanao is P24,000 per month. A sample of 15 surveyors has a mean of P23,220 and a
standard deviation of P400. In order to test the agency’s claim, what will you use.
A. t test B. z test C. p test D. f test

Competency
1. Illustrate the t-distribution (M11/SP-IIIg-2)

Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Illustrate Illustrates the t-distribution and enumerate its characteristics

2. Differentiate t-distribution with the z-distribution.

Procedure/Learning Experience
Activity

Priming Activity

“To z or not to z. That is the question”

In each illustration on estimation about the population, fill in the missing boxes with
“to z” if it requires you to use the z-distribution and “not to z” if it does not.

Is the sample size

1 less than 30?

YES NO

_____________ ____________

165
 2 Is there a given population
standard deviation?

YES NO

A
n _____________ ____________
a
l
y
s
i
s
Understandin
Answer the questions that follows: g on My Own

1. How did you find the activity?

2. Was it hard for you to fill in each box?
3. Based on the activity, when do we use the z-distribution? When don’t we use the z-
A
distribution?
b
4. If the sample size is less than 30 and the population standard deviation is unknown, what
s
do you use instead of the z-distribution?
tr
a
c
ti
o
n

According to the Central Limit Theorem, the sampling distribution of a Keep in Mind!
statistic (like a
sample mean) will follow a normal distribution, as long as the sample size is sufficiently
large. Therefore when we know the standard deviation of the population, we can compute a
z-score and use the normal distribution to evaluate probabilities with the sample mean.
But sample sizes are sometimes small, and often we do not know the standard
deviation of the population. When either of these problems occurs, statisticians rely on the
distribution of the t-statistic (also known as t-score). The distribution of the t-statistics is
called t-distribution or Student’s t-distribution that was created by William T. Gosset, an Irish

166
brewery worker. Student’s t distribution is very much like the standard normal distribution
that it is centered at 0 and has the same bell shape, but it has heavier tails than the standard
normal distribution does.

The t distribution allows us to conduct statistical analyses on certain data sets that
are not appropriate for analysis using the normal distribution. Some of the properties of the t-
distribution are as follows:

1. The t-distribution is bell-shaped and symmetric about the mean

2. The t-distribution is a family of curves, each determined by the degree of freedom.

The degrees of freedom are the number of free choices left after a sample statistic is
calculated. It is equal to one less than the sample size. Df=n-1

3. The total area under a t-curve is equal to 1 (or 100%)

4. The mean, median and mode of the t-distribution are equal to zero.
5. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution approaches the normal
distribution.

Application

TRY ME EXERCISES

Answer the following questions.

1. If the sample size is 25, what is the degree of freedom?

2. Both the normal distribution and t distribution have their centers at 0, true or false?
3. Like the normal distribution, the t distribution is asymptotic to which axis, x or y?
4. What is the total area under the t curve?
5. When do we say that the sample size is sufficiently large?

Reflection

Make a difference about something other than yourselves. -Toni Morrison

Please share your thoughts here.

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

167
 POST - TEST
Read each item carefully and shade the letter of the correct answer.

A B C D
O O O O 1. A sample size is considered small when __________________
A. When it is 2o% of the total population
B. When it is 1% of the total population
C. When it is less than 100
D. When it is less than 30

O O O O 2. In Student’s t distribution, if the sample size is 24, what is the degree of

freedom?
A. 23 B. 24 C. 25 D. 26

O O O O 3. How is the t distribution similar to the normal distribution?

A. t distribution is used when there is large sample size
B. t distribution is used when there is given population standard deviation
C. t distribution has thicker tail
D. t distribution has its area equal to 1

O O O O 4. In what situation it is better to use the t distribution than the normal

distribution?
A. When the sample size is sufficiently large
B. When the sample size is greater than or equal to 30
C. When there is a small sample size
D. If the population standard deviation is known

O O O O 5. A vendo machine is designed to fill plastic cups with 16 ounces of

guyabano juice. A customer suspects that the machine is not filling the plastic cups
completely. A sample of 12 cups has a mean of 15.5 ounces and standard deviation of 0.4
ounce. In order to test the customer’s claim, what will you use?

A. t test B. z test C. p test D. f test

168
 LESSON 6: Constructing t - distribution
Introduction
After learning the properties of t distribution from the previous module, you are now
ready to construct the t distribution. In particular, you will be constructing the confidence
interval for the population mean base on the given confidence level. To cope with this
module, it is assumed that you already learned the topic about the confidence interval
estimator for the population mean when the population variance is unknown.

How to Use this Module

This is your guide for the proper use of the module: Read the items in the module carefully. Follow
the directions as you read the materials. Answer all the questions that you encounter specially the
Pre-test and Post-test. As you go through the module, you will find help to answer these questions.
Sometimes, the answers are found at the end of the module for immediate feedback. To be
successful in undertaking this module, you must be patient and industrious in doing the suggested
tasks. Take your time to study and learn. Happy learning!

PRE-TEST

Answer the following first before you proceed with the module.
Read each item carefully and shade the letter of the correct answer.

A B C D
O O O O 1. If the level of confidence is 85% then what is the value of the significance
level, α ?
A. 85% B. 15% C. 0.85 D. 0.15%

O O O O 2. What is the formula in finding the maximum error of the estimate?

s s s s
A. E=t α + B. E=t α − C. E=t α ÷ D. E=t α ∙
2 √n 2 √n 2 √n 2 √n

O O O O 3. What is the value of t0.05 if the sample size is 18?

A. 1.740 B. 1.734 C. 1.720 D. 1.330

O O O O 4. A sample of size 15 drawn from a normally distributed population has a

sample mean of 35 and a sample standard deviation of 14. At 95% confidence level, what is
the maximum error of the estimate?
A. 6.337 B. 6.366 C. 7.703 D. 7.754

O O O O 5. What is the confidence interval for the population mean of the problem
number 4 above?
A. (28.663, 41.337) C. (28.634, 41.366)
B. (27.297, 42.703) D. (27.246, 42.754)

169
 Competency

1. constructs a t-distribution (M11/SP-IIIg-3)

Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. compute for standard error and the confidence interval for the population mean
2. construct a t-distribution

Procedure/Learning Experience
Activity

Priming

“Look for me”

In each situation below, look for the value of the following:
a. confidence level (c) d. degrees of freedom (df)
b. significance level (α) e. sample mean ( x́ )
c. sample size (n) f. sample standard deviation ( s)
1. City planners wish to estimate the mean lifetime of the most commonly planted trees in
urban settings. A sample of 16 recently felled trees yielded a mean age of 32.7 years with a
standard deviation of 3.1 years. Assuming the lifetimes of such trees are normally
distributed, construct a 99% confidence interval for the mean lifetime of all trees.

2. A college athletic program wishes to estimate the average increase in the total weight an
athlete can lift in three different lifts after following a particular training program for six weeks.
Twenty-five randomly selected athletes when placed on the program exhibited a mean gain
of A
47.3 lb with standard deviation of 6.4 lb. Construct a 90 confidence interval for the mean
increase
n of in lifting capacity of all athletes would experience if placed on the training
program.
a Assume increases among all athletes are normally distributed.
l
y
s
i Challenge
yourself to
s
think about
the questions
Answer the questions that follow given based
from our
1. How did you find the activity?
activity.
2. Was it hard for you to look for and identify the values in each situation?
3. What gives you the idea that the given quantity is a “confidence level”?
4. How do you find the “significance level”?
5. How did you find the degree of freedom? Was it given on the problem?

170
 Abstraction

Check your answers and analysis here.

In constructing the t distribution, it is necessary to identify the values of confidence

level or the level of significance, degrees of freedom, level of significance, sample mean,
sample size and the sample standard deviation. It is because some of those values are
needed in computing the maximum error of the estimate using the formula:
s
E=t α
2 √n
where
E is the maximum error
t α is the t score obtained from the Student’s t table
2
α
is the half of the level of confidence
2
s is the sample standard deviation, and
n is the sample size
After getting the value of E, we need to find the limits for the confidence interval by
subtracting and adding the computed value of E from/ to the sample mean.
x́−E< μ< x́+ E or
s
x́ ± t α
2 √n

Noticed that the formula is the same as that if the population mean and the
population standard deviation is known. The only difference is the formula for the maximum
error of the estimate. The quantity t α denotes the t value such that the area to its right under
2

α
the t-distribution is . Note that we used n-1 degree of freedom even though the sample
2
size is n. The t-values re listed in the table below.

171
Example:
City planners wish to estimate the mean lifetime of the most commonly planted trees
in urban settings. A sample of 16 recently felled trees yielded a mean age of 32.7 years with
a standard deviation of 3.1 years. Assuming the lifetimes of such trees are normally
distributed, construct a 99% confidence interval for the mean lifetime of all trees.

Solutions:
Step 1. We need to identify the following given on the problem.
a. confidence level (c) = 99% or 0.99 d. degrees of freedom (df)=16–1=15
b. significance level (α) = 1- 0.99 = 0.01 e. sample mean ( x́ ) = 32.7
c. sample size (n) = 16 f. sample standard deviation ( s) = 3.1

Step 2. Compute for the maximum error, E.

s 3.1 3.1 3.1
E=t α =t 0.01 =t 0.005 =( 2.95 ) =( 2.947 ) ( 0.775 )=2.286∨2.29
2 √n 2 √ 16 √ 16 4
(Note: The value of t 0.005 can be found on the t-distribution table by considering the degree of
α
freedom 15 and =0.005 )
2

172
Step 3. Find the confidence interval by subtracting and adding the computed value of E
from/ to the sample mean.
x́−E = 32.7 – 2.29 = 30. 41
x́ + E = 32.7 + 2.29 = 34. 99
A
Step
p 4. Interpret.
p The city planners may be 99% confident that the true mean lifetime of the most
commonly
l planted trees in urban settings is contained in the interval (30.41,34.99) years.
i
c
a
t
i
o Solve
n the
Answer the following questions. followi
ng
proble
1. A random sample is drawn from a normally distributed population of unknown ms
standard deviation. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the population mean
based on the information given.

a. n = 18, x́ = 386, s = 24

b. n = 7, x́ = 386, s = 24

Reflection

As long as you keep going, you’ll keep getting better. And as you get better, you
gain more confidence. That alone is a success.-Tamara Taylor

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

173
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

POST - TEST

Read each item carefully and shade the letter of the correct answer.

A B C D
O O O O 1. If the level of confidence is 88% then what is the value of the significance
level, α ?
A. 22% B. 88% C. 0.12 D. 0.12%

O O O O 2. What is the formula in finding the confidence interval for the population
mean?
s s s s
A. x́ +t α B. x́−t α C. x́ ± t α D. x́ ÷ t α
2 √n 2 √n 2 √n 2 √n

O O O O 3. What is the value of t0.05 if the degree of freedom is 18?

A. 1.740 B. 1.734 C. 1.720 D. 1.330

O O O O 4. A random sample of 12 students from a large university yields mean GPA

of 2.71 with sample standard deviation of 0.51. At 90% confidence level,
what is the maximum error of the estimate? Assume that the numerical
population of GPAs from which the sample is taken has a normal distribution.

A. 0.264 B. 0.201 C. 0.199 D. 0.262

O O O O 5. What is the confidence interval for the population mean of the problem
number 4 above?
A. (2.448, 2.972) C. (2.509, 2.911)
B. (2.511, 2.909) D. (2.446, 2.974)

174
 LESSON 7: Identifying Regions Under t – distribution

Introduction

In the last module we have learned about the degree of freedom and the level of
significance α. We also tried to look for the t-value on the t-distribution table. In this module,
we will focus our discussion on identifying regions under the t-distribution given the different
t-values.

How to Use this Module

This This your guide for the proper use of the module: Read the items in the module carefully.
Follow the directions as you read the materials. Answer all the questions that you encounter
specially the Pre-test and Post-test. As you go through the module, you will find help to answer
these questions. Sometimes, the answers are found at the end of the module for immediate feedback.
To be successful in undertaking this module, you must be patient and industrious in doing the
suggested tasks. Take your time to study and learn. Happy learning!

PRE-TEST

Answer the following first before you proceed with the module.
Read each item carefully and shade the letter of the correct answer.

A B C D
O O O O 1. If the area of the shaded part of the
t-distribution on the right is 0.15, what is the area of the
unshaded region?
A. 0.15 B. 0.75 C. 0.85 D. 15%

O O O O 2. If the t-value is 1.708 and the shaded regions are on both tails of the t-
distribution, what is the area of the unshaded region?
A. 0.10 B. 0.05 C. 0.95 D. 0.90

O O O O 3. Which t distribution corresponds to t-value of 2.567 and whose shaded

area s on both tails of the t-distribution?
A. B.

175
C. D.

O O O O 4. . Which t distribution corresponds to t-value of 2.093 and whose shaded

areas are on the both tails/sides?
A. B.

C. D.

O O O O 5. The shaded region is on the left tail of the t-distribution. If the degree of
freedom is 25 and the area of the shaded region is 0.05 and, what is the value of t?
A. 2.059 B. 1.708 C.1.316 D. -1.708

Competency
1. Identifies regions under the t-distribution corresponding to different t-values.
(M11/SP-IIIg-4)
2. Identifies percentiles using t-table. (M11/SP-IIIg-5)

Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Identifies regions under the t-distribution corresponding to different t-values.
2. Identify the values of the degree of freedom and the level of confidence given the t-
value.

Procedure/Learning Experience

Activity

Priming

“The shaded part of me?”

176
 The total area under the t-distribution is 1 or 100%, If the area of the
unshaded region is given, find the area of the shaded region.

A
n
a
l
y
s
i Challenge
yourself to
s
think about
the questions
Answer the questions that follows: given based
from our
1. How did you find the activity? activity.
2. Was it hard for you to compute for the area of the shaded part under the t-distribution?
3. What basic operation did you use in finding the area of the shaded part?
4. How did you find the area of the shaded part if there are two identical shaded parts on
both tails of the t-distribution?
5. If the t-value is given and the shaded part is on the left, how will you find its area?

Abstraction

Check your answers and analysis here.

Recall that we can look at the table to find the t-values. All we need to know are the degree
of freedom and the value of α because those are the information needed on the table.
Conversely, if we already know the t-value, we can easily identify the degree of freedom and
the value of α . Actually, the shaded parts in our activity represent the values of α and the
parts not shaded represent the remaining (1−α ). Suppose that the there are two identical
shaded parts on both tails of the t-distribution, the value of α will also be divided into two.

177
 α
Hence, the level of confidence is 95% or 0.95, α =.05 if it is single-tailed or =0.025 if it is
2
two-tailed.

Example 1. Identify the region under the t-distribution corresponding to the t-value which is
2.602 and the area is on the right.

Solutions: Here we need to identify the regions under the t-distribution corresponding to the
given t-value. So we will look at the table and identify the degrees of freedom and the value
of α corresponding to the t-value of 2.6025.
The corresponding degree of freedom for the t-value of 2.602 is 15 as shown in the
first column of the table. The corresponding value of α is 0.01 as shown in the first row
above the table. Hence, the shaded area is 0.01 or 1% and the unshaded region has the
area of 0.99 or 99%.

178
Example 2. Identify the region under the t-distribution corresponding to the t-value which is
1.734 and the area is on both sides of the t-distribution (two-tailed).
Solutions: Again, we will look at the table and identify the degrees of freedom and the value
of α corresponding to the t-value of 1.734.

The corresponding degree of freedom for the t-value of 1.734 is 18 as shown in the
first column of the table. The corresponding value of α is 0.10 as shown in the first row
above the table. Hence, the total shaded area is 0.10 or 10% (that is 0.05 on both tails) and
the unshaded region has the area of 0.90 or 90%.

179
 A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o Solve
n the
In each of the following, draw and identify the region under the t-distribution corresponding to followi
ng
the following t-values.
proble
ms
1. 1.337 (shaded area on the right)
2. 1.943 (shaded area on the left)
3. 2.787 (shaded area on both tails)
4. 2.528 (shaded area on both tails)

Reflection

Someone is sitting in the shade today because someone planted a tree a long time ago.
-Warren Buffett

180
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

POST - TEST

Read each item carefully and shade the letter of the correct answer.

A B C D
O O O O 1. If the area of the unshaded part of the
t-distribution on the right is 0.85, what is the area of the
shaded region?
A. 0.15 B. 0.75 C. 0.85 D. 85%

O O O O 2. If the t-value is 2.059 and the shaded regions are on both tails of the t-
distribution, what is the area of the unshaded region?
A. 0.10 B. 0.05 C. 0.95 D. 0.90

O O O O 3. Which t distribution corresponds to t-value of 1.333 and whose shaded

area is on the right?
A. B.

C. D.

O O O O 4. . Which t distribution corresponds to t-value of 2.201 and whose shaded

areas are on the both tails/sides?
A. B.

181
C. D.

O O O O 5. The shaded region is on the left tail of the t-distribution. If the degree of
freedom is 16 and the area of the shaded region is 0.01 and, what is the value of t?
A. 2.120 B. 2.583 C.-2.583 D. -2.120

LESSON 8: Computing for the Confidence Interval Estimate

Introduction

In doing research work you need to tell something about your population and you
want to be confident about your estimates of your population. Aside from the point estimate,
you can use a range of values and this range of values is called interval estimate or
confidence interval. In this module, you will compute for the confidence interval estimate
based on the appropriate form of the estimator for the population mean.

How to Use this Module

This The module begins with a pretest that you need to answer before working with the Self –
Learning Kit. The kit is divided into different parts that will help you understand the specified
competency that you need to master.

PRE-TEST

Direction. Blacken the circle that corresponds to the letter of your answer.

A B C D
O O O O 1. What is the degree of freedom if n = 12?
a. 10 b. 11 c. 12 d. 13
A B C D
O O O O 2. What does the letter E mean in the formula
x́ – E< µ < x́ + E?
a. lower confidence limit c. upper confidence
limit
b. margin of error d. minimum error

For numbers 3 – 5, refer to the problem below:

The mean and standard deviation of a sample of 12 containers of milk
are 12.5 liters and 0.425, respectively.
A B C D
O O O O 3. What is α at 90% confidence interval for the actual
mean content?

182
 a. 0.1 b. 0.05 c. 0.025 d. 0.005
A B C D
O O O O 4. What is the margin of error?
a. 0.25 b. 0.24 c. 0.23 d. 0.22

A B C D
O O O O 5. What is the lower and upper confidence limits?
a. 12.28 and 12.72 c. 13.28 and 13.72
b. 10.28 and 10.72 d. 11.28 and 11.72

Competency
1. Computes for the confidence interval estimate based on the
appropriate form of the estimator for the population mean (M11/12SP-IIIh-1)

Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Compute for the margin of error and confidence interval estimate

2. Appreciate the importance of confidence interval as one of the statistical
techniques

Procedure/Learning Experience

Activity

Priming

“I – Point Estimate Mo!”

Determine the point estimate of each data.

1. 3, 8, 6, 3, 8, 7
2. 26, 32, 40, 43, 38, 46
3. 90, 87, 89, 87, 86, 89, 88

Guide Questions:
1. What is point estimate?
2. What is the best point estimate of the population mean?

Activity 1.
Given the table below, determine the “true” average amount of celfone load that
spend in a week. .

Name of your classmate Amount spent in celfone load for 1 week

Rhea Php 55
Glydelyn Php 75
Jeanette Php 105
Marvin Php 55

183
 Mark Php 50
Althea Php 75
Guide Questions:
1. What are the different ways in accomplishing the task?
2. What is the “true” average amount of celfone load of your classmates?
3. If you want to enhance the precision of your guess, what is needed to be
change?
4. How do you call this value?
5. What should be made in finding the interval estimate?
6. Suppose you state a confidence 90%, what is E and the computed interval
estimate?
Activity 2

“I – Explore Mo!”
Given the following data:
n = 30
α =0.5
A X́ =15
n Find: a. The best point estimate of the population mean.
a b. The 95% confidence interval of the population mean.
l
y
s
i Challenge
yourself to
s
think about
the questions
“Linawin Mo!” given based
from our
activity.
Answer the following questions

1. How did you find the activity?

2. What process did you do to accomplish the task?
3. How do you compute for the confidence interval of the population mean?

Abstraction

Check your answers and analysis here.

“Alamin Mo!”

What is a Confidence Interval?

 An interval estimate, called a confidence interval, is a range of values

that is used to estimate a parameter. This estimate may or may not
contain the true parameter value.
 The confidence levels of 90%, 95%, and 99% are usually chosen.
 Confidence level refers to the probability that the confidence interval
contains the true population parameter.
184
Its value is
confidence level = (1 – α )100%
where α = probability that the confidence interval does not contain the
true population parameter.
 What formula is used to compute for interval estimate?
The formula is:
x́−E< μ< x́+ E
where:
μ = population mean
x́ = sample mean
E = margin of error
x́−E = the lower confidence limit
x́ + E = the upper confidence limit
To find the margin of error, use the following formula:
σ
E = ta
2 √n

where t a2 has n – 1 degrees of freedom.

Confidence level that are commonly used.

α (1 - α ¿ 100 % α zα
2 2

0.10 90% 0.05 z.05 =± 1.65

0.05 95% 0.025 z.025 =± 1.96
0.01 99% 0.005 z.005 =± 2.58

How to Calculate the Confidence Interval?

The confidence interval is computed using the following steps:

1. Gather the sample data
\ 2. Calculate the sample mean x́ .
3. Determine whether a population’s standard deviation σ is known or
unknown.
4. If a population’s standard deviation is known, use a z-score for the
confidence level.
5. If a population’s standard deviation is unknown, use a t-statistic for
the confidence level.
6. Find the lower and upper bounds of the confidence interval using the
following:
a. Known population standard deviation
σ
185 = x́−z a
Lower bound
2 √n
σ
Upper bound = x́ + z a
2 √n
 Application

Solve the following problems

“Kaya Ko Ito!”
Answer the problem below:
The mean score of a random sample of 43 Grade 11 students of Castañas National
High School who took the 3rd Quarterly Examination I Practical Research 1 is calculated to
be 80. The population variance is known to be 0.25.
a. Find the 95% confidence interval for the mean of the entire Grade 11 students.
b. Find the lower and upper confidence limits.

Reflection

Why is the interval estimate a preferred value for the population parameter?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

POST - TEST

Direction. Blacken the circle that corresponds to the letter of your answer.
A B C D
O O O O 1. What is the degree of freedom if n = 12?
a. 10 b. 11 c. 12 d. 13
A B C D
O O O O 2. What does the letter E mean in the formula
x́ – E< µ < x́ + E?
a. lower confidence limit c. upper confidence
limit
b. margin of error d. minimum error
For numbers 3 – 5, refer to the problem below:

186
 The mean and standard deviation of a sample of 12 containers of milk are 12.5 liters
and 0.425, respectively.
A B C D
O O O O 3. What is α at 90% confidence interval for the actual
mean content?
a. 0.1 b. 0.05 c. 0.025 d. 0.005
A B C D
O O O O 4. What is the margin of error?
a. 0.25 b. 0.24 c. 0.23 d. 0.22
A B C D
O O O O 5. What is the lower and upper confidence limits?
a. 12.28 and 12.72 c. 13.28 and 13.72
b. 10.28 and 10.72 d. 11.28 and 11.72
LESSON 9: Problem Solving Involving Confidence Interval
Estimation of the Population Mean
Introduction
After knowing the importance of confidence interval and be familiarized with the
formula of the interval estimate you are now ready to solve real life problems that involves
confidence interval estimation.

How to Use this Module

This The module begins with a pretest that you need to answer before working with the Self –
Learning Kit. The kit is divided into different parts that will help you understand the specified
competency that you need to master.

PRE-TEST

Direction. Blacken the circle that corresponds to the letter of your answer.
A B C D
O O O O 1. Using the t-table, what is the confidence
coefficient of n = 24 and 95% confidence?
a. 2.201 b. 2.145 c. 2.074 d. 2.069
A B C D
O O O O 2. Assuming that the samples come from normal
distribution, what is the margin of error E given the
following: n = 25, x́=93.8 , s=3.7, 99%
confidence?
a. 2.07 b. 2.87 c. 2.97 d. 3.07
A B C D
O O O O 3. Which of the following illustrates confidence level?
a. 10.0 b. 15.8 c. 12 – 25 d. 90%
A B C D
O O O O 4. Given: n = 65, x́=75, and σ =8.The sampled
population is normally distributed, what is the 95%

187
 confidence interval for μ?
a. 71.61 – 78.39 c. 73.06 – 76.94
b. 75.36 – 80.56 d. 78.39 – 85.35
A B C D
O O O O 5. A sample of 50 Grade 11 student’s ages was
obtained to estimate the mean of all Grade 11
students. x́=15.5 years and the population
variance is 16, what is the 99% confidence
interval for μ?
a. 14.29 – 16.31 c. 14.04 – 16.96
b. 15.5 – 18. 25 d. 13.97 – 16.63

Competency
1. solves problems involving confidence interval estimation of
the population mean (M11/12SP-IIIh-2)

Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Compute for the margin of error and confidence interval estimate

2. Appreciate the importance of confidence interval as one of the statistical
techniques

Procedure/Learning Experience

Activity

Priming

A. “Stop and Find the Area”

Given the following z – values find each area under the normal graph. (Use the z-
table)

1. z = 0. 25
2. z = - 1.32
3. z = 1.96
4. z = 2.58
5. z = - 0.68

B. “Stop and find the t – Values”

Given the following data determined the confidence coefficients.

(Use the t – table)

1. n = 12, 90% confidence

188
 2. n = 26, 99% confidence
3. n = 9, 95% confidence
4. n = 20, 95% confidence

Activity 1.

“Body Mass Index”

Your Math teacher asks you to solve the given problem:

The average BMI (Body Mass Index) of 50 grade 11 students of Castañas National
High School is 26 kg / m2 with standard deviation of 2.7 kg / m2. Find the 95% confidence
interval for the mean BMI of grade 11 students.
Activity 2
“Number of Minutes”

Find the 99% confidence interval of the population mean.

The following are the recorded number of minutes of a Math teacher to correct his
student’s quarterly examination paper.

A 3, 2.5, 5.2, 3.8, 4, 2.8, 3.6, 3.9, 3.3, 2.7, 3.1, 2.8
n
a
l
y
s
i Challenge
yourself to
s
think about
the questions
“Linawin Mo!” given based
from our
Answer the following questions activity.

1. How did you find the activity?

2. What formula did you use in solving Activity 1? Activity 2?

3. When do you use z-test or t-test?

Abstraction

Check your answers and analysis here.

“Alamin Mo!”

What formula is used to solve for interval estimate?

The formula is:

x́−E< μ< x́+ E
where:
μ = population mean 189
x́ = sample mean
E = margin of error
 How to Calculate the Confidence Interval?

The confidence interval is computed using the following steps:

1. Gather the sample data

2. Calculate the sample mean x́ .
3. Determine whether a population’s standard deviation σ is known or unknown.
4. If a population’s standard deviation is known, use a z-score for the confidence
level.
5. If a population’s standard deviation is unknown, use a t-statistic for the confidence
level.
6. Find the lower and upper bounds of the confidence interval using the following:

a. Known population standard deviation

σ
Lower bound = x́−z a
2 √n

σ
Upper bound = x́ + z a
2 √n

b. Unknown population standard deviation

s
Lower bound = x́−t a
2 √n

When to Use z – test or t – test

Yes
Is σ Use z α2 values no matter
known? what the sample size is.

No

Yes
Is n ≥ 30? Use z α2 values and s in place
of σ in the formula.

190
 No

Use t α2 values and s

in the formula.

Application

Solve the following problems

“Kaya Ko Ito!”
Answer the problem below:

The mean scores of a random sample of 20 students who took the District Secondary
Achievement Test (DSAT) is 86. 6. If the standard deviation of the scores is 4.5, and the
sample comes from an approximately normal population, find the interval estimate of the
population.

Reflection

“Life is ten percent what you experience and ninety percent how you respond to it.”
– Dorothy M. Neddermeyer

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

POST - TEST
Direction. Blacken the circle that corresponds to the letter of your answer.
A B C D
O O O O 1. Using the t-table, what is the confidence
coefficient of n = 24 and 95% confidence?
a. 2.201 b. 2.145 c. 2.074 d. 2.069
A B C D
O O O O 2. Assuming that the samples come from normal
distribution, what is the margin of error E given the
following: n = 25, x́=93.8 , s=3.7, 99%
confidence?
a. 2.07 b. 2.87 c. 2.97 d. 3.07
A B C D
O O O O 3. Which of the following illustrates confidence level?
a. 10.0 b. 15.8 c. 12 – 25 d. 90%
A B C D

191
O O O O 4. Given: n = 65, x́=75 , and σ =8.The sampled
population is normally distributed, what is the 95%
confidence interval for μ?
a. 71.61 – 78.39 c. 73.06 – 76.94
b. 75.36 – 80.56 d. 78.39 – 85.35
A B C D
O O O O 5. A sample of 50 Grade 11 student’s ages was
obtained to estimate the mean of all Grade 11
students, x́=15.5 years and the population
variance is 16, what is the 99% confidence
interval for μ?
a. 14.29 – 16.31 c. 14.04 – 16.96
b. 15.5 – 18. 25 d. 13.97 – 16.63
Table 1. The z – Table

Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
0.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
0.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1143
0.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
0.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879
0.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
0.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2517 .2549
0.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
0.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
0.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389
1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319
1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767
2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817
2.1 .4821 .4826 .4830 .4834 .4838 .4842 .4846 .4850 .4854 .4857
2.2 .4861 .4864 .4868 .4871 .4875 .4878 .4881 .4884 .4887 .4890
2.3 .4893 .4896 .4898 .4901 .4904 .4906 .4909 .4911 .4913 .4916
2.4 .4918 .4920 .4922 .4925 .4927 .4929 .4931 .4932 .4934 .4936
2.5 .4938 .4940 .4941 .4943 .4945 .4946 .4948 .4949 .4951 .4952
2.6 .4953 .4955 .4956 .4957 .4959 .4960 .4961 .4962 .4963 .4964
2.7 .4965 .4966 .4967 .4968 .4969 .4970 .4971 .4972 .4973 .4974
2.8 .4974 .4975 .4976 .4977 .4977 .4978 .4979 .4979 .4980 .4981
2.9 .4981 .4982 .4982 .4983 .4984 .4984 .4985 .4985 .4986 .4986
3.0 .4987 .4987 .4987 .4988 .4988 .4989 .4989 .4989 .4990 .4990
For values of z above 3.09, use 0.4999 for the area.
Adopted from Mario F. Triola. (1995). Elementary Statistics. 6 th ed. New York: Addison-Wesley

192
 Table 2. The t - Table

Confidence Coefficient
N Degrees of Freedom (amount of α in two tails)
(n – 1)
0.90 0.95 0.99
2 1 6.314 12.706 63.657
3 2 2.920 4.303 9.925
4 3 2.353 3.182 5.841
5 4 2.132 2.776 4.604
6 5 2.015 2.571 4.032
7 6 1.943 2.447 3.707
8 7 1.895 2.365 3.499
9 8 1.860 2.306 3.355
10 9 1.833 2.262 3.250
11 10 1.812 2.228 3.169
12 11 1.796 2.201 3.106
13 12 1.782 2.179 3.055
14 13 1.771 2.160 3.012
15 14 1.761 2.145 2.977
16 15 1.753 2.131 2.947
17 16 1.746 2.120 2.921
18 17 1.740 2.110 2.898
19 18 1.734 2.101 2.878
20 19 1.729 2.093 2.861
21 20 1.725 2.086 2.845
22 21 1.721 2.080 2.831
23 22 1.717 2.074 2.819
24 23 1.714 2.069 2.807
25 24 1.711 2.064 2.797
26 25 1.708 2.060 2.787
27 26 1.706 2.056 2.779
28 27 1.703 2.052 2.771
29 28 1.701 2..048 2.763

193
 30 29 1.699 2.045 2.756
31 30 1.697 2.042 2.750
41 40 1.684 2.021 2.714
61 60 1.671 2.000 2.660
∞ ∞ 1.654 1.960 2.576
Hopkins, K.D. and Glass, G.V. (1978). Basic Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
Prentice-Hall Inc. and McClave, J.T. (2003). Statistics. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.Inc

LESSON 10: Drawing Conclusion about the Population Mean

Introduction
In studying Mathematics, it is not enough that you know how to compute or solve
equations and real-life word problems. It is important that you learn how to interpret and
give conclusions to the unknown value/s that you solved. You already learned how to solve
problems involving interval estimates in this lesson you will learn how to draw conclusion
about the population mean based on its confidence interval estimate.
.

How to Use this Module

This The module begins with a pretest that you need to answer before working with the Self –
Learning Kit. The kit is divided into different parts that will help you understand the specified
competency that you need to master.

PRE-TEST

Direction. Blacken the circle that corresponds to the letter of your answer.
A B C D
O O O O 1. An English teacher wants to estimate the number
of hours that a Grade 11 student spend in reading
novels. A sample of 50 students was observed to
have a mean reading time of 3 hours. The
population is normally distributed with a population
standard deviation α =0.5 hours, the margin of
error is 0.14 and confidence interval is 2.86< μ<¿
3.14. What conclusion can be derived from the
given problem?
a. 90% confidence that the interval between 2.86 hours and
3.14 hours contain the population mean based on 50 grade
11 students reading time.
b. 95% confidence that the interval between 2.86 hours and
3.14 hours contain the population mean based on 50 grade
11 students reading time.

194
 c. 99% confidence that the interval between 2.86 hours and
3.14 hours contain the population mean based on 50 grade
11 students reading time.
d. 5% confidence that the interval between 2.86 hours and
3.14 hours contain the population mean based on 50 grade
11 students reading time.
A B C D
O O O O 2. What conclusion can be drawn from the following
data:
x́=13.1, n = 36, σ =3.42, 95% confidence
Interval, lower confidence level = 11.98 and
higher confidence level = 14.22?
a. 5% confident that the interval (11.98, 14.22) contains the
true value of the population mean.
b. 95% confident that the interval (11.98, 14.22) contains the
true value of the population mean.
c. 95% confident that the interval (11.98, 14.22) does not
contains the true value of the population mean.
d. 5% confident that the interval (11.98, 14.22) does not
contains the true value of the population mean
A B C D
O O O O 3. An average weight of 12 nursery students of
Castañas Day Care Center is 36 kg with sample
standard deviation of 4.5 kg. What conclusion can
be derived if 99% confidence interval is used and
with margin of error = 4.03 and 31.97 < μ < 40.03?
a. A 1% confidence interval for the mean weight of
the nursery students is (31.97, 40.03)
b. A 95% confidence interval for the mean weight of the
nursery student is (31.97, 40.03).
c. A 99% confidence interval for the mean weight of the
nursery student is (31.97, 40.03).
d. A 90% confidence interval for the mean weight of the
nursery student is (31.97, 40.03).
A B C D
O O O O 4. A researcher computed that the average number
of Facebook friends of 100 sample Junior High
School students of ages 13 – 16 years of age is 120
with a sample standard deviation of 12.4. What
generalization can be made if 95% confidence
coefficient is used for the mean number of friends
of all Facebook users of ages 13 -16 and the
confidence interval 118 < μ < 123?
a. The mean number of Facebook friends of young people of
ages 13 – 16 is between 118 and 123.
b. The mean number of Facebook friends of young people of
ages 13 – 16 is between 118.
c. The mean number of Facebook friends of young people of
ages 13 – 16 is between 123.
d. The mean number of Facebook friends of young people of
ages 13 – 16 is not between 118 and 123.
A B C D
O O O O 5. The following data are from the office of the
registrar of Castañas NHS about the age of grade
10 students enrolled in summer classes.

195
 Sample mean = 15. 6
Standard deviation population = 2
Sample size = 50
Confidence Coefficient = 95%
Confidence interval = (14.87, 15.98)
What conclusion can be derived from the given
information?
a. 5% confidence that the average age of grade 10 students
enrolled in summer classes is between 14.87 and 15.98
years.
b. 95% confidence that the average age of grade 10 students
enrolled in summer classes is between 14.87 and 15.98
years.
c. 5% confidence that the average age of grade 10 students
enrolled in summer classes is not between 14.87 and
15.98 years.
d. 95% confidence that the average age of grade 10 students
enrolled in summer classes is not between 14.87 and
15.98 years.

Competency
1. draws conclusion about the population mean based on its confidence interval
estimates (M11/12SP-IIIh-3)

Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Recall the steps in solving confidence interval estimation of the population mean
2. Draw conclusion about the population mean based on its confidence interval
estimates
3. Appreciate the importance of confidence interval estimation as one of the statistical
tools in analyzing data

Procedure/Learning Experience

Activity

Priming

“Steps in Computing Confidence Interval”

Fill in the blanks. Complete the following steps in computing confidence interval estimates.

How to Calculate the Confidence Interval?

The confidence interval is computed using the following steps:
1. Gather the _____________
2. Calculate the _____________
3. Determine whether a population’s _______________ is known or unknown.
4. If a population’s standard deviation is known, use a ________ for the
confidence level.
5. If a population’s standard deviation is unknown, use a __________ for the
confidence level.
196
6. Find the ________ and __________ bounds of the confidence interval using
the following:
Activity 1.

“I-Interpret Mo!”

The following data are selected randomly from a population of normally distributed
values with unknown variance:
30 29 35 35
39 31 37 34
46 43 29 32
34 28 47 48

a. Compute the mean and standard deviation.

b. Construct a 90% confidence interval to estimate the population mean.

c. Interpret the interval

Activity 2

“90% confidence interval”

A In Quezon Medical Center, a sample of 12 weeks was selected and the statistician
nfound that a mean of 15 babies were born each week. The standard deviation of the
asample was 2. Find the 90% confidence interval of the true population mean.
l
y
s
i Challenge
yourself to
s
think about
the questions
“Linawin Mo!” given based
from our
activity.
Answer the following questions

1. What are the different steps in solving problems involving confidence interval
estimation of the population mean?

2. How will you come up with a conclusion in solving problems involving confidence
interval estimation of the population mean?

197
 Abstraction

Check your answers and analysis here.

“Alamin Mo!”

How to Calculate the Confidence Interval?

The confidence interval is computed using the following steps:

a. Gather the sample data

b. Calculate the sample mean x́ .
c. Determine whether a population’s standard deviation σ is known or
unknown.
d. If a population’s standard deviation is known, use a z-score for the
confidence level.
e. If a population’s standard deviation is unknown, use a t-statistic for
the confidence level.
f. Find the lower and upper bounds of the confidence interval using the
following:

a. Known population standard deviation

σ
Lower bound = x́−z a
2 √n

σ
Upper bound = x́ + z a
2 √n

b. Unknown population standard deviation

s
Lower bound = x́−t a
2 √n

s
Upper bound = x́ +t a
2 √n
Example:
A SHS teacher of Castañas National High School wants to know the
mean age of all students enrolling the GAS Strand. He computed a mean age
of 17 years and standard deviation of 1.2 years on a random sample of 20
enrolling GAS students. Assuming that the population is normally distributed.

198
Find the point estimate and the interval estimate of the population mean with
99% confidence.

Solution:

How to Calculate the Confidence Interval?

The confidence interval is computed using the following steps:

a. Gather the sample data

Sample size (n) = 20, x́ = 17, s = 1.2 and level of confidence = 99%
or 0.99.
b. Calculate the sample mean x́ .
Sample mean is given x́=17 . (If the sample mean is not given solve
for the sample mean)
c. Determine whether a population’s standard deviation σ is known or
unknown.
The population standard deviation is unknown.
d. If a population’s standard deviation is known, use a z-score for the
confidence level.
Since the population standard deviation is unknown skip letter d,
proceed to letter e.
e. If a population’s standard deviation is unknown, use a t-statistic for the
confidence level.
Population standard deviation is unknown, t-statistic will be used.
f. Find the lower and upper bounds of the confidence interval.

Solve for the margin of error (E) in finding the lower and upper
bounds of the confidence interval.
n = 20, df = 19, confidence coefficient (from the t-table) = 2.861
tα 1.2
E= s
2 √n( )= 2.861 ( )
√ 20
= 2.861(0.27) = 0.77
Substituting to the formula:
s
Lower bound = x́−t a = 17 – 0.77 = 16.23
2 √n

s
Upper bound = x́ +t a = 17 + 0.77 = 17.77
2 √n
The confidence interval is between 16.23 and 17.77.
Interpretation: With 99% confidence that the interval is between 16.23 and
17.77, it only shows that it contains199
the true mean age of the population of
students enrolling to GAS strand based on the sample of 20 students.
 A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o Let us
n now
apply.
“Kaya Ko Ito!” Believe
me, you
Answer the problem below: can!

A sample of 60 Grade 11 student’s ages was obtained to estimate the mean age of
all Grade 11 students. X́ =16.7 years and the population variance is 16.
a. Find the 90% confidence interval for μ?

b. Find the 95% confidence interval for μ?

c. What conclusions can you make based on each estimate

Reflection

Do you believe that the concepts you have learned in this module are relevant and
applicable in your life? Cite a situation or instances in your life.

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

POST - TEST
Direction. Blacken the circle that corresponds to the letter of your answer.

A B C D
O O O O 1. An English teacher wants to estimate the number
of hours that a Grade 11 student spend in reading
novels. A sample of 50 students was observed to
have a mean reading time of 3 hours. The
population is normally distributed with a population
standard deviation α =0.5 hours, the margin of
error is 0.14 and confidence interval is 2.86< μ<¿
3.15. What conclusion can be derived from the

200
 given problem?
a. 90% confidence that the interval between 2.86 hours and
3.14 hours contain the population mean based on 50 grade
11 students reading time.
b. 95% confidence that the interval between 2.86 hours and
3.14 hours contain the population mean based on 50 grade
11 students reading time.
c. 99% confidence that the interval between 2.86 hours and
3.14 hours contain the population mean based on 50 grade
11 students reading time.
d. 5% confidence that the interval between 2.86 hours and
3.14 hours contain the population mean based on 50 grade
11 students reading time.

A B C D
O O O O 2. What conclusion can be drawn from the following
data:
x́=13.1, n = 36, σ =3.42, 95% confidence
Interval, lower confidence level = 11.98 and
higher confidence level = 14.22?
a. 5% confident that the interval (11.98, 14.22) contains the
true value of the population mean.
b. 95% confident that the interval (11.98, 14.22) contains the
true value of the population mean.
c. 95% confident that the interval (11.98, 14.22) does not
contains the true value of the population mean.
d. 5% confident that the interval (11.98, 14.22) does not
contains the true value of the population mean

A B C D
O O O O 3. An average weight of 12 nursery students of
Castañas Day Care Center is 36 kg with sample
standard deviation of 4.5 kg. What conclusion can
be derived if 99% confidence interval is used and
with margin of error = 4.03 and 31.97 < μ < 40.03?
a. A 1% confidence interval for the mean weight of
the nursery students is (31.97, 40.03)
b. A 95% confidence interval for the mean weight of the
nursery student is (31.97, 40.03).
c. A 99% confidence interval for the mean weight of the
nursery student is (31.97, 40.03).
d. A 90% confidence interval for the mean weight of the
nursery student is (31.97, 40.03).

A B C D
O O O O 4. A researcher computed that the average number
of Facebook friends of 100 sample Junior High
School students of ages 13 – 16 years of age is 120
with a sample standard deviation of 12.4. What
generalization can be made if 95% confidence
coefficient is used for the mean number of friends
of all Facebook users of ages 13 -16 and the
confidence interval 118 < μ < 123?

201
 a. The mean number of Facebook friends of young people of
ages 13 – 16 is between 118 and 123.
b. The mean number of Facebook friends of young people of
ages 13 – 16 is between 118.
c. The mean number of Facebook friends of young people of
ages 13 – 16 is between 123.
d. The mean number of Facebook friends of young people of
ages 13 – 16 is not between 118 and 123.

A B C D
O O O O 5. The following data are from the office of the
registrar of Castañas NHS about the age of grade
10 students enrolled in summer classes.
Sample mean = 15. 6
Standard deviation population = 2
Sample size = 50
Confidence Coefficient = 95%
Confidence interval = (14.87, 15.98)
What conclusion can be derived from the given
information?
a. 5% confidence that the average age of grade 10 students
enrolled in summer classes is between 14.87 and 15.98
years.
b. 95% confidence that the average age of grade 10 students
enrolled in summer classes is between 14.87 and 15.98
years.
c. 5% confidence that the average age of grade 10 students
enrolled in summer classes is not between 14.87 and
15.98 years.
d. 95% confidence that the average age of grade 10 students
enrolled in summer classes is not between 14.87 and
15.98 years.

202
 LESSON 11: Identifying Point Estimator for the
Population Proportion
Introduction
In a real – life situation, it is very expensive, time – consuming and nearly impossible
to know facts about the entire population. Suppose you want to study the perceptions of all
the Filipino about the implementation of K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum. How long will
you gathered information to each barangays, municipalities, cities, provinces and regions to
come up with a nationwide claim about your study? Is this is practical? Do you think
everyone will agree with your study?
This is the main reason why we select samples to represent a certain group of
population. The sample data use to estimate a population parameters. This sample
proportion is written as p ̂ read as p – hat which are finite or countable observations obtained
from a randomly selected respondents of a target population.

.
How to Use this Module
This This module contains pre-test, the lesson proper, reflection, and the post test. Before starting
with the lesson proper, the learner has to answer the pre test. After the pre test, read and engage with
the lesson proper by doing the activities, then answer the post test right after.

PRE-TEST

Direction: Shade the circle that corresponds to the correct answer.

A B C D 1. Which of the following symbols is consider as the best
O O O O point estimator for the population proportion?
A. μ C. q^
B. ^p D. x́

A B C D 2. In certain school, 430 grade 11 students were asked in which

O O O O academic strand do they belong, 172 responded that they belongs to
HUMSS, while those who did not responds are from ABM and STEM.
What is the point estimate of the population proportion?
A. 0.40 C. 0.60
B. 0.50 D. 0.70

A B C D 3. All of the following are appropriate forms of the confidence

203
O O O O interval estimator for the population proportion except
^p q^ ^p q^ p^ q^
A.
( √
^p −z α
2
n √ )
, ^p + z α
2
n
C. ^p ± z α
2 √ n
^p q^ ^p q^ p^ q^
B. ^p−z α
2 √ n
< p< ^p−z α
2 √ n
D. ^p ±t α
2 √ n
For questions # 4 and 5, refer to the situation that follows.
A sample of 390 senior high school students applies to different state universities,
234 are female. In the data treatment, the researcher used 95 % confidence level, where
z α is 1.96 of the true population proportion who applied for different state universities.
2
A B C D 4. Find the margin of error for confidence interval estimate of
O O O O the population proportion.
A. 0.0486 C. 0.0628
B. 0.0468 D. 0.0682

A B C D 5. Which of the following is the correct interval estimate for the

O O O O population proportion of the given situation?
A. 0.5318< p< 0.6682 C. 0.5514< p <0.6486
B. 0.5372< p<0.6628 D. 0.5532< p<0.6468

Competency
1. identifies point estimator for the population proportion (M11/12SP-IIIi-1)
2. computes for the point estimate of the population proportion (M11/12SP-IIIi-2)
3. identifies the appropriate form of the confidence interval estimator for the
population proportion based on the Central Limit Theorem (M11/12SP-IIIi-3)

Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. identify the point estimator for the population proportion using p – hat p .̂
2. computes for the point estimate of the population proportion.
3. use appropriate form of the confidence interval estimator for the population
proportion based on the Central Limit Theorem.

Procedure/Learning Experience

Activity

Priming

Let’s take a break. In certain high school, a randomly selected sample of 50 students
were asked whether they like (2), undecided (1), and do not like (0) the new set of merienda
provided by the canteeners.

204
 The photo is own captured by the author.

The table shows the responses of the sample of 50 students.

1 1 2 2 1 2 0 2 1 0

2 2 0 0 2 1 2 2 2 0

0 1 2 2 1 1 0 2 2 0

2 0 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 0

1. What is the proportion of the students who like the new set of merienda?
2. What is the proportion of the students who do not like the new set of merienda?
3. What is the proportion of the students who are undecided?
Solution:
X 22
1. There are 22 students who like the new set of merienda. Thus, ^p= = =0.44∨44 %.
n 50
Interpretation: Hence, 44% of the students like the new set of merienda in the DMDPNHS.
2. There are 13 students who do not like the new set of merienda. Thus,
X 13
^p= = =0.26∨26 % .
n 50
Interpretation: Hence, 26% of the students do not like the new set of merienda in the
DMDPNHS.
3. There are 15 students who are undecided in the new set of merienda. Thus,
X 15
^p= = =0.30∨30 %.
n 50
Interpretation: Hence, 30% of the students undecided in the new set of merienda in the
DMDPNHS.

MIND THIS:
44 % , 26 %∧30 % are the sample proportion ^p. This ^p estimates a population proportion p.

Your Turn
KNOWING MORE ABOUT PROPORTIONS

205
 Direction: Complete the table by filling in the number of favorable response X , total number
of respondents n , and the sample proportion ^p.

number total sample

of number of proportio
Situation favorable respondent n ^p
response sn
X
1. In a classroom, 72% of the population can
solve the fraction. This means that 36 out of 50
students can solve the given fraction.

2. In DMDPNHS, 429 grade 11 students were

asked in which academic strand they belong.
226 responded that their strand belongs to
ABM, while those who did not responds are
from HUMSS and STEM.

3. A jar contains 1,000 assorted color candy

balls. 600 were colored blue. What is the
proportion of blue candy balls? What is the
proportion of not blue candy balls?

1. What can you say about the activity?

Thought
balloon 2. Do you see a relationship between the sum of the proportions of item 2?

3. Did you obtain a sum of 1 when you add the proportion of item 3?

X
MIND THIS: In computing for the population proportion p, we use ^p= since the mean
n
of the sampling distribution of ^p is p. The complement of ^p is q^ or in symbols, q^ =1− ^p .

Digging deeper

Direction: Complete the table by filling in the value of ^p and q^ given X and n .
X
Use ^p= and q^ =1− ^p
n

^p q^
Given
1. X =32∧n=100

2. X =55∧n=250

3. X =100∧n=2000

4. X =123∧n=1500

5. X =432∧n=3200

My Buddy Activity
206
 NOTE: My Buddy Activity allows you to work to your classmate by pair. This will allow you to
check and recheck your own thoughts. Make this a very remarkable experience to the both
of you.
A survey of 3000 adults found out that 65% of the people are satisfied with their jobs.
The survey stated that the margin of error is 4%.
Some questions:
1. How do these estimates compare with the true population proportion?
2. What is meant by the margin of error of 4%?

Our lesson will focus on how to estimate the proportion of a population that lean towards
a specific situation. Also, we will discuss the margin of error.

Possible solution:
1. Since p denote the population proportion, then to estimate p a random sample should
be chosen. Since sample proportion ^p estimates p, then this estimate will somewhat
different from the population proportion p due to sampling error. Statisticians prefer this
estimate as confidence interval.

Example 1. In a survey of 200 households, 80 have air conditioner. Find the estimator ^p, and q^
.
X 80
Solution. ^p= ⟹ ⟹ 0.40 and q^ =1− ^p ⟹ 1−0.40 ⟹ 0.60.
n 200

Your Turn
X
Direction: Supply the needed information. Use the Use ^p= and q^ =1− ^p
n
1. In a classroom consisting of 45 students, 27 students watch Kdrama in a daily basis.
a. How many students didn’t watch Kdrama?
b. Estimate the value of ^p and q^ .

Confidence level refers to the probability that the confidence interval contains the true
population parameter. In symbols, confidence level= (1−α ) 100 % .
Critical value or ( z or t value) is obtain by looking at the z and t distribution table.
Reminder: t –distribution is used when n is less than 30 and if n is greater or equal to 30 we utlized z – distribution.

2. T h e Most ecommonly
r used r criticalo valuesr t e l l s
two tailed
Confidence One α Area from the
z – values
Level tailed α mean
2
99 % 0.01 0.005 ± 2.575≈ ± 2.58 0.4950
95 % 0.05 0.025 ± 1.96 0.4750
90 % 0.10 0.05 ± 1.645≈ ± 1.65 0.4500
value but this value should be marginalized. Thus, it may be named as margin of error
^p q^
E=z α
2 √ n
. This is shown by the confidence interval of: ^p−E < p < ^p + E.

There are different appropriate forms of writing confidence interval such as:

207
 p^ q^
(a) estimate ± margin of error ^p ± E∨ ^p ± z α
2 √ n
(b) estimate ± critical value × standard deviation of the estimate
^p q^ ^p q^
√
^p−E < p < ^p + E∨ ^p −z α
2 n √
< p< ^p + z α
2 n
^p q^ ^p q^
(c) interval form
( √
( ^p−E , ^p + E )∨ ^p −z α
2
n
, ^p + z α
2
n√ )
Central Limit Theorem
The theory states that if we repeatedly take independent random samples of any
size n from any population, then when n is large, the distribution of the sample means will
approach a nomal distribution.

Example 2. Find the critical value related to the 95% confidence level.
Solution. Since CL=(1−α ) %, then
95 %=(1−α )%
0.95=1−α
α =1−0.95
α =0.05 one – tailed
α
=0.025 two – tailed
2
Now, look at the z – distribution table,
z α =±1.96 or z α =1.96
2 | |
2

Thus, the critical value of 95% confidence level is z=1.96 .

Your Turn

Find the critical value related to the 99% confidence level.

Your solution here

Example 3. A sample of 500 students for senior high school application includes 150 men.
Find the 90% confidence interval of the true proportion of mean who applied for senior high
school program.
Solution:

208
 150
Given n=500 and x=150, then ^p= =0.30 . Since the complement is q^ , then
500
q^ =1− ^p ⟹ 1−0.30=0.70. The confidence interval is ^p−E < p < ^p + E.

STEP1: Solve for the critical value at 90% CL.

α
Thus, α =0.10 and =0.05 suggesting z α =±1.645 by looking at the z – table.
2 2

Hence, the z value is 1.645.

^p q^
STEP2: Estimate the margin of error. E=z α
2 √ n

E=1.645
√ (0.30)(0.70)
500
=0.0337 ≈ 0.03
Thus, the margin of error is 0.03.

STEP3: Use the results in Step 1 and 2 to form the confidence interval is ^p−E < p < ^p + E.

^p−E < p < ^p + E

0.30−0.03< p<0.30+ 0.03
0.27< p< 0.33

Therefore, the true population proportion lies between 0.27 and 0.33 with 90%
confidence level.

Your Turn
A sample of 390 senior high school students applies to different state universities,
where in 117 are female. Find the 95% confidence interval of the true population proportion
who applied for different state universities.
Solution: Your solution here

STEP1:

STEP2:

209
STEP3:

A
n
a
l
y
s
i Challenge
yourself to
s
think about
the questions
Answer the following questions. given based
from our
1. What is being estimated by the sample proportion? activity.

2. How do we obtained those estimates?

3. What are the appropriate forms of confidence interval of the population proportion?

4. What is the use of the margin of error?

5. How to solve for the margin of error?

6. What are the critical values having the confidence level of 90%? 95%? 99%?

7. What composes interval estimate of the population proportion?

Abstraction

Check your answers and analysis here.

Proportion refers to a ratio of the number of favorable response to the total number of
X
respondents. Sample proportion is obtain using ^p= and q^ =1− ^p .
n
Estimation is the process of determining parameter values.
Estimator is a rule, expressed as a formula that tells how to calculate the value of an estimate
based on the measurements contained in the sample.
Confidence level refers to the probability that the confidence interval contains the true
population parameter. In symbols, confidence level= (1−α ) 100 % , where α denotes the
probability that the confidence interval does not contain the true population parameter.
Critical value or (z or t value) is obtain by looking at the z and t distribution table.
Properties of the Sampling Distribution of ^p
1. The mean of the sampling distribution of ^p is p. Also, ^p is an unbiased estimator of p.
pq
2. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of ^p is defined by
symbols,
√ n
, where q=1− p . In

p(1−p) pq
σ p=
√ n √
=
n 210
3. For large samples, the sampling distribution of ^p is approximately normal. A sample size is
considered large if the interval ^p ±3 σ p does not include 0.
 A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o Let us
n now
apply.
How do we make sure of getting a better or higher chance of containing the TRUE Believe
population proportion in our interval estimate? Write your answer below. me, you
_________________________________________________________________________________ can!
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

Reflection

Make 2 to 3 sentences on the ideas you’ve learned from this lesson. Start with…
I learn

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

POST - TEST
Direction: Shade the circle that corresponds to the correct answer.

A B C D 1. Which of the following symbols is consider as the best

O O O O point estimator for the population proportion?
A. ^p C. x́
B. q^ D. μ

A B C D 2. In certain school, 430 grade 11 students were asked in which

O O O O academic strand do they belong, 172 responded that they belongs to
HUMSS, while those who did not responds are from ABM and STEM.
What is the point estimate of the population proportion?
A. 0.70 C. 0.50
B. 0.40 D. 0.60

A B C D 3. All of the following are appropriate forms of the confidence

O O O O interval estimator for the population proportion except
^p q^ ^p q^ p^ q^
A.
( √
^p −z α
2
n √ )
, ^p + z α
2
n
C. ^p ±t α
2 √ n

211
 p^ q^ ^p q^ ^p q^
B. ^p ± z α
2 √ n
D. ^p−z α
2 √ n
< p< ^p−z α
2√ n

For questions # 4 and 5, refer to the situation that follows.

A sample of 390 senior high school students applies to different state universities,
234 are female. In the data treatment, the researcher used 95 % confidence level, where
z α is 1.96 of the true population proportion who applied for different state universities.
2

A B C D 4. Find the margin of error for confidence interval estimate of

O O O O the population proportion.
A. 0.0682 C. 0.0468
B. 0.0628 D. 0.0486

A B C D 5. Which of the following is the correct interval estimate for the

O O O O population proportion of the given situation?
A. 0.5514< p <0.6486 C. 0.5318< p< 0.6682
B. 0.5532< p<0.6468 D. 0.5372< p<0.6628

LESSON 12: Computing Confidence Interval Estimate of the

Population Proportion
Introduction
Are you aware how to compute for the confidence interval estimate of the population
proportion and how this particular topic will be applied in real life circumstances? During an
election year, we see commentaries in the newspaper that countries confidence intervals in
terms of proportions or percentages. Investors in the stock market are paying attention in the
true proportion of stocks that go up and down each week.

In this section, you will study how to compute for the confidence interval estimate of
the population proportion and solve problems involving confidence interval estimation of the
population proportion. Students will begin their study of inferential statistics by making more
meaningful estimates by specifying an interval of values together with a statement of
confidence that a given interval contains the population parameter.

Population proportions can be estimated using confidence intervals. The confidence

interval for a population mean can be constructed, even if the standard deviation is unknown
and sampling is impractical, if a random variable is normally distributed.

How to Use this Module 212

This Are you aware how to compute for the confidence interval estimate of the population
proportion and how this particular topic will be applied in real life circumstances? During an
election year, we see commentaries in the newspaper that countries confidence intervals in terms of
 of stocks that go up and down each week.

In this section, you will study how to compute for the confidence interval estimate of the population
proportion and solve problems involving confidence interval estimation of the population
proportion. Students will begin their study of inferential statistics by making more meaningful
estimates by specifying an interval of values together with a statement of confidence that a given
interval contains the population parameter.
.
Population proportions can be estimated using confidence intervals. The confidence interval for a
population mean can be constructed, even if the standard deviation is unknown and sampling is
impractical, if a random variable is normally distributed

PRE-TEST
Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Shade the entire circle for each
statement that corresponds to your answer.
A B C D
O O O O 1. In a sample of 40 individuals from a larger population, 25 are women.
Calculate a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of women in the population.
A. [ 0.575 , 0.775 ] C. [ 0.475 , 0.775]
B. [ 0.475 , 0.675] D. [ 0.675 , 0.775]
A B C D
O O O O 2. What is the type of sample statistic that is used to make inferences about a
given type of population parameter?
A. The estimator of that parameter
B. The confidence level of that parameter
C. The confidence interval of the parameter
D. The point estimate of that parameter
A B C D
O O O O 3. What is the most common level of confidence used to construct confidence
intervals?
A. 5% B. 90% C. 95% D. 100%
A B C D
O O O O 4. Which of the following is a correct interpretation of a 90% confidence
interval?
A. 90% of the random samples you could select would result in intervals that
contain the true population value.
B. 90% of the population values should be close to our sample results.
C. Once a specific sample has been selected, the probability that its resulting
confidence interval contains the true population value is 90%.
D. All of the above statements are true.
A B C D
O O O O 5. Suppose three years ago, 29% of Filipinos owned a bread machine. Based
on the results of this current survey, what would you conclude (with high
confidence) about the population of all Filipinos now compared with three
years ago?
A. A larger proportion of Filipinos own a bread machine now compared to
three years ago.
B. A smaller proportion of Filipinos own a bread machine now compared to
three years ago.
C. The proportion of Filipinos who own a bread machine has not significantly

213
 changed from three years ago.
D. None of the above.

Competency
1. compute for the confidence interval estimate of the population proportion.
(M11/12SP-IIIi-4)
2. solves problems involving confidence interval estimation of the population
proportion (M11/12SP-IIIi-5)

Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. compute for the confidence interval estimate of the population proportion.
2. solve problems involving confidence interval estimation of the population proportion.

Procedure/Learning Experience

Activity

Priming

Read and analyze carefully the problem and answer the questions that follow.

In a survey of 1000 students in the Philippines, 372 said that they own android
phones. Find the point estimate for the population proportion of students in the Philippines
who own android phones. n = 1000 and x = 372

1. Find x, n, and
Verify that the sampling distribution can be approximated by a normal distribution.
A
n2. Find critical values and E.
3. Find right and left endpoints and the confidence interval.
a4. Interpret the results.
l
y
s
i Challenge
yourself to
s
think about
the questions
Answer the following questions. given based
from our
1. How do you find the activity? activity.

2. Where you able to answer the questions? If yes, what helps you to answer each
question? If no, why do you think so?

214
3. What are the difficulties you encountered during the activity?
4. What mathematical concepts have you applied in doing the activity?

Abstraction

Check your answers and analysis here.

Confidence level is the likelihood measure of the confidence interval that is represented by a
percentage that refers to all possible samples that can be estimated to contain the true
population parameter. However, the level of confidence can be any quantity or number but
the most common values are shown in the table.

Constructing confidence Interval for p

In words In symbols
1. Identify sample statistics n and x
x
2. Find the point estimate ¿
n

3. Verify that the sampling distribution of

can be approximated by a normal distribution. n ≥ 5, n ≥5

4. Find the critical value zc that corresponds to
the given level of confidence c. Use the standard normal table or
technology
5. Find the margin of error E

6. Find the left and right endpoints and form the

confidence interval.

Consider the given example below.

EXAMPLE 1

215
The given figure is from a survey of 498 Philippine adults. Construct a 99% confidence
interval for the population proportion of Philippine adults who think teenagers are the more

Left endpoint:
A
dangerous drivers.
p
p endpoint:
Right Confidence interval:
l
With
i 99% confidence, you can say the population of U.S. adults who think teenagers are the
more dangerous drivers is between 65.8% and 76.2%.
c
a
t
i
o Let us
n now
apply.
Study and analyze each case. Apply the formula if necessary to solve the stated problem. Believe
me, you
CASE 1. You are running a political campaign and wish to estimate, with 95% confidence, can!
the population proportion of registered voters who will vote for your candidate. Your estimate
must be accurate within 3% of the population proportion. Find the minimum sample size
needed when (1) no preliminary estimate is available and (2) a preliminary estimate gives.
Compare your results.
CASE 2. Each year 1st year science students may (S) or may not (F) choose to study
Statistics. To estimate the fraction who do study Statistics a sample of 1000 students was
chosen from the past 10 years and 637 had chosen Statistics as a 1st year subject.
CASE 3. In a survey of 1000 Philippine adults, 662 said that it is acceptable to check
personal e-mail while at work. Find a point estimate for the population proportion of
Philippine adults who say it is acceptable to check personal e-mail while at work.

Reflection

“Whenever you face trials and challenges in your life you must have always your
confidence to solve it.” --R.V. Magsino-
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

216
 POST - TEST
Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Shade the entire circle for each
statement that corresponds to your answer.
A B C D
O O O O 1. Which of the following is the formula to find confidence interval for the
population proportion?
√¿ ¿ ¿
A. ±Z*
√¿ ¿ ¿
B. ±Z*
√¿ ¿ ¿
C. ±Z*
√¿ ¿ ¿
D. ±Z*
A B C D
O O O O 2. Suppose we cure p-hat = .9 of n=1000 dengue infected patients. What is
the reasonable range for the cure rate p of our new treatment? Do 95% CI for p.
A. (0.7815, 0.9185)
B. (0.8815, 0.8185)
C. (0.6815, 0.9185)
D. (0.8815, 0.9185)
A B C D
O O O O 3. What is the most common level of confidence used to construct confidence
intervals?
A. 5% B. 90% C. 95% D. 100%

A B C D
O O O O 4. In a random sample of 150 Philippine adults it was found that 58 received
or needed to receive treatment for defective vision. Estimate the proportion of adults in
Manchester who receive or need to receive treatment for defective vision, a 95% confidence
interval for this proportion..
A. [ 0.309 , 0.465 ] C. [ 0.309 , 0.365]
B. [ 0.209 , 0.465] D. [ 0.509 , 0.465]
A B C D
O O O O 5. In a sample of 40 individuals from a larger population, 25 are women.
Calculate a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of women in the population.
A. [ 0.575 , 0.775 ] C. [ 0.475 , 0.775]
C. [ 0.475 , 0.675] D. [ 0.675 , 0.775]

217
 LESSON 13: Drawing Conclusion about the Population
Proportion based on Confidence Interval Estimate
Introduction
There are certain issues in our country that need enough proof for decision making.
For example, should the use of marijuana as medicine be legalized? To find the answer to
this question, you will have to conduct a survey to a sufficient sample of the pubic, then
calculate and interpret the population proportion, and present the results to lawmakers as
possible reference for policy formulation.
In this lesson, we shall look at the interpretations of the results of interval estimation
of population parameters.

How to Use this Module

.
This This module contains pre-test, the lesson proper, reflection, and the post test. Before starting
with the lesson proper, the learner has to answer the pre-test. After the pre-test, read and engage with
the lesson proper by doing the activities, then answer the post-test right after.In this section, you will
study how to compute for the confidence interval estimate of the population proportion and solve
problems involving confidence interval estimation of the population proportion. Students will begin
their study of inferential statistics by making more meaningful estimates by specifying an interval of
values together with a statement of confidence that a given interval contains the population
parameter.

Population proportions can be estimated using confidence intervals. The confidence interval for a
population mean can be constructed, even if the standard deviation is unknown and sampling is
PRE-TEST
impractical, if a random variable is normally distributed

218
 Direction: Shade the circle that corresponds to the correct answer.
A B C D 1. For a 95% confidence level, the confidence coefficient is ± ____?
O O O O
A. 2.33 C. 1.28
B. 1.96 D. 2.58
A B C D 2. When 99 % confidence is selected, = ________?
O O O O A. 0.99 C. 0.05
B. 0.10 D. 0.01
For nos. 3-5 :
In a learning preference study, 1200 respondents were asked if they can assimilate
concepts while watching television, 586 said Yes. Find a 95% confidence interval for the
population proportion p.

A B C D 3. The lower limit and upper limits are ________?

O O O O
A. 0.44∧0.54 C. 0.46∧0.52
B. 0.45∧0.53 D. 0.48∧0.50
A B C D 4. What is X?
O O O O
A. 1,200 C. 586
B. .49 D. none of these

A B C D 5. What are ^p∧ q^ ?

O O O O
A. 0.49∧0.49 C. 0.51∧0.49
CompetencyB .0.49∧0.51 D. 0.51∧0.51

1. draws conclusion about the population proportion based on its confidence interval
estimate (M11/12SP-IIIi-6)
2. identifies the length of the confidence interval (M11/12SP-IIIj-1)

Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. compute interval estimates of population proportion
2. interpret results of interval estimates of a population proportion ;and
3. solve problems involving population proportions

Procedure/Learning Experience

Activity

“Let’s Analyze”

Enrolment of Senior High School TVL Strands

Specialization Number of Enrollees

Cookery 1080

219
 Electrical Installation and Maintenance 948

Shielded Metal Arc Welding 1143

Total 3171

Given the information above, answer the following:

1080
1. The proportion of Cookery students is ¿ =0.34∨44 %. What is the proportion of
3171
Electrical Installation and Maintenance students?
2. What is the proportion of Shielded Metal Arc Welding Students?
3. Based on the number of enrollees, what can you conclude about the choice of
specialization?
4. Can the data provide information to school management to engage on school improvement
practices?
A
5. In n
what specialization may the school will exert effort to improve on if the specialization has
to be offered?
a
l
y
s
i Challenge
yourself to
s
think about
Answer the following questions. the questions
given based
1. How do you find the activity? from our
activity.
2. Are you able to answer all five questions? If yes, what helped you to answer each
question? If no, why you are not able to answer those questions?
3. Is the data given above help you in making a conclusion? Why or why not?
4. Did you follow any steps in answering all the question? What are they?

Abstraction

Check your answers and analysis here.

Statistical analysis of numerical data includes an end note called interpretation. It is

important as it provides the reason or motivation for action (improving practices) based on
sample information.
On this topic we need to follow the four steps of estimating population parameters
which includes: 1. Describe the population parameter of interest. 2. Specify the confidence
interval criteria 3. Collect and present sample evidence. 4. Compute the interval estimate.
But we will focus only on the last part which is Interpretation.

Example 1: In a Junior high students, a survey was conducted to determine the proportion
of students who want to specialize in Food and Beverage Services .If 368 out of 850 of
students said Yes, with 95% confidence, what interpretation can we make regarding the
probability that all students in the junior high school want to specialize in Food and Beverage
Services.

Solution:

220
a. Point Estimate
Steps Solution
1. Describe the population parameter of The parameter of interest is the mean
interest. proportion p of all students in the junior
high school who want to specialize in Food
and Beverage Services.
2. Specify the confidence interval criteria.
a. Check the assumptions. By the CLT, the sample size of 850 is
normally distributed.
b. Determine the test statistic to be The test statistic is the p.
used to calculate the interval.

c. State the level of confidence Confidence level: 95% and  = 0.05.

Confidence coefficients:
3. Collect and present sample evidence.
a. Collect the sample information. X= 368 and n = 850.

b. Find the point estimate of p. X 368

^p = = =0.432 ≈ 0.43
n 850
The point estimate of the population
proportion is 0.432.

b. 95% confidence interval

4. Compute the interval estimate.
a. Find q^ . q^ = 1 - ^p = 1 – 0.43 = 0.57

b. Substitute the value of n, in the p^ q^

formula to find the maximum error of
estimate.
√ √ n
=
(0.432)(0.57)
850
= 0.017
c. Find the limits. For the lower limit:

p^ q^
^p - z/2
√ n
= 0.43 – 1.96 ×
√ (0.432)(0.57)
850
= 0.43 – 1.96 √ 0.000289
= 0.43 – 1.96(0.017)
= 0.43 – 0.03332
= 0.396 or 39.6%
For the upper limit:

221
 p^ q^
^p + z/2
√ n
= 0.43 + 1.96 × 0.017

= 0.43 + 0.03332
= 0.463 or 46.3%
d. Describe the results. Thus, with 95% confidence, we can assert
that the interval from 39.6% to 46.3%
contains the true percentage of all students
in the junior high school who want to
specialize in Food and Beverage Services.

This means that in repeated construction of confidence intervals, approximately 95%

of all the samples would produce confidence intervals that contain the true population
proportion p. This interpretation may lead to a course of action for school managers like
engaging on Food and Beverage Services, improving the school environment for students
who specialize in Food and Beverage Services, and so on. Interpretations depend on the
importance of the solutions to emerging problems.

Let’s try this!

Complete the given table by giving the answer on the space provided.
Problem 1. In a certain restaurant, 278 out of 500 randomly selected consumers indicate
their preference for a new kind of food combination. Use a 99% confidence interval to
estimate the true proportion p who like the new food combination.
Solution:
a. Point Estimate
Steps Solution
1. Describe the population parameter of The parameter of interest is the mean
interest. proportion p of all consumers who like the
new food combination.
2. Specify the confidence interval criteria.
d. Check the assumptions. By the CLT, the sample size of ____ is
normally distributed.
e. Determine the test statistic to be The test statistic is the p.
used to calculate the interval.

f. State the level of confidence Confidence level: 99% and  =0.01.

Confidence coefficients:__________
3. Collect and present sample evidence.
c. Collect the sample information. X=278 and n = 500.

d. Find the point estimate of p. X

^p = = =_____ ≈ _____
n
The point estimate of the population
proportion is ____________.

222
b. 99% confidence interval
4. Compute the interval estimate.
e. Find q^ . q^ = 1 - ^p = 1 – _____ = ________

f. Substitute the value of n, in the p^ q^

formula to find the maximum error of
estimate.
√ n
= ___________

g. Find the limits. For the lower limit:

p^ q^
√
^p - z/2
n
= _____ – 2.58
√ (0.556)(0.444)
500
= _____ – 2.58 √ 0.00049

= _____ – 2.58(0.0222)
= _____ – _____
= ______________
For the upper limit:

p^ q^
^p + z/2
√ n
= ______________

=____________ ___
=____________
h. Describe the results. __________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________

A That is, in repeated construction of confidence intervals, approximately 99% of all the
p
samples would produce confidence intervals that contain the true population proportion p.
p The course of action for some concerned individuals, like food manager
may__________________________________________________________
l
______________________________________________________________
i
c
a
t
i
o
n Let’s
do
some
exercise
223 s.
 1. Estimate the interval for the population proportion from each of the following. Then
interpret the result.
a. X = 500 , n = 812, 95% confidence
b. X = 842 , n = 1200, 95% confidence
c. X = 523 , n = 972, 99% confidence

2. In a survey, 1000 Grade 8 students were asked if they read story books. There were
318 who said yes. What proportion of the students does not read story books? Use
95% confidence interval to determine the population proportion p of all Grade 8 who
read storybooks. Does the data suggest positive attitude toward reading?

Reflection

Make 2 to 3 sentences paragraph on the ideas you’ve learned from this lesson. Start with…
I learn

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

POST - TEST
Direction: Shade the circle that corresponds to the correct answer.

A B C D 1. For a 99% confidence level, the confidence coefficient is ± ____?

O O O O
A. 2.33 C. 1.28
B. 1.96 D. 2.58
A B C D 2. When 95 % confidence is selected, = ________?
O O O O A. 0.99 C. 0.05
B.0.10 D. 0.01
For nos. 3-5 :
In a learning preference study, 1000 respondents were asked if they can assimilate
concepts while watching television,526 said Yes. Find a 95% confidence interval for the
population proportion p.

224
A B C D 3. The lower limit and upper limit are ________?
O O O O
A. 0.49∧0.55 C. 0.50∧0.56
B. 0.49∧0.56 D. 0.50∧0.55
A B C D 4. What is X?
O O O O
A. 1,000 C. .49
B .526 D. none of these

A B C D 5. What are ^p∧ q^ ?

O O O O
A. 0.47∧0.53 C. 0.52∧0.48
B .0.53∧0.47 D. 0.52∧0.47

LESSON 14: Computing for the lengths of Confidence Interval

Estimate and Sample size
Introduction
Are you planning to put up your own business? How are you going to determine
whether you are gaining or losing in your desired business? How important is the margin of
error in the business sector or in some real life conditions? Are you familiar with the length
of confidence interval and how it is applied in true to life situations?
In this section, you will study how to compute the length of a confidence interval and
an appropriate sample size using the length of the interval. You will also solve problems
involving sample size determination.

How to Use this Module

This. This Self-Learning Kit (SLK) for Statistics and Probability will help you to learn how to
compute the length of a confidence interval and compute for an appropriate sample size using the
length of the interval. This will also help you to solve problems involving sample size determination.
The pre-test and post-test will help you to determine your development as you go along with the
225
lesson. After the lesson, the pre-test will measure your understanding about this module. To learn
and understand this section, read and analyze carefully each statement and the given
examples.Population proportions can be estimated using confidence intervals. The confidence
 sampling is impractical, if a random variable is normally distributed

PRE-TEST

Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Shade the entire circle for each
statement that corresponds to your answer.
A B C D
O O O O 1. Which of the following is the formula for the margin of error for a sample
mean?
σ t x
A. E = za/2( ) B. E = za/2( ¿ C. E = za/2( ¿ D. E = za/2(
√n √n √n
σ
¿
√s
A B C D
O O O O 2. Given: n=60,  =0.7, level of confidence is 96%. What is the margin of
error of the given data?
E. 0.118 B. 0.151 C. 0.185 D. 0.158
A B C D
O O O O 3. Calculate the sample size of the given data: E = 5,  = 20, with a 95%
confidence level.
A. 60 B. 61 C. 62 D. 63
A B C D
O O O O 4. Compute for the length of the confidence interval with a sample size of 50
and has sample mean of 20 with standard deviation 18 having a 98%
confidence level.
A. [ 25.93 , 14.07 ] C. [ 24.30 , 13.57 ]
B. [ 26.85 , 13.15 ] D. [ 24.26, 15.74 ]
A B C D
O O O O 5. A random sample of 150 stores from Atimonan Mall have mean
average daily income of ₧25,000 and a standard deviation of ₧12,000.
Find the 95% confidence interval for the mean average daily income of
all stores in Atimonan Mall.
A. [ ₧26,800 , ₧23,200] C. [ ₧26,900.60 , ₧23,099.40]
B. [ ₧26,750.50 , ₧23,249.50] D. [ ₧26,920.40, ₧23,079.60]

Competency

1. compute for the length of the confidence interval (M11/12SP-IIIj-2)

2. compute for an appropriate sample size using the length of the interval
(M11/12SP-IIIj-3)

226
 3. solves problems involving sample size determination (M11/12SP-IIIj-4)

Objective

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. determine the margin of error compute for the length of the confidence interval when:
a. standard deviation is known
b. standard deviation is unknown.
2. compute an appropriate sample size using the length of the interval.
3. solve problems involving sample size determination.

Procedure/Learning Experience

Activity

BUSINESS MATTERS

Read and analyze carefully the problem and answer the questions that follow.

Jennifer uses an analog weighing scale in her lanzones store and earns ₧8.00 per kilo. One
time, she managed to use a digital scale and randomly weighs some packs of her lanzones
and found out that she is giving a 1.1 kilo instead of 1 kilo.
Questions:
1. If you are Jennifer, would you rather used an analog or digital scale? Why?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
2. If she has 40 boxes and 15 of them weighs 1.1 kilo, how many packs are in correct
weight?
_________________________________________________________________________
3. How much kilo of lanzones did she lost in all?
_________________________________________________________________________

4. How much money did she earn for the correct weight of lanzones?
_________________________________________________________________________
5. How much money did she lost in 15 packs of lanzones?
_________________________________________________________________________
A
6. How much should be the earnings of Jennifer is she has an exact weight of all packs?
n
_________________________________________________________________________
a
l
y
s
i Challenge
yourself to
s
think about
the questions
1. How do you find the activity? given based
from our
activity.
227
2. Where you able to answer all five questions? If yes, what helps you to answer each
question? If no, why do you think so?
3. What are the difficulties you encountered during the activity?
4. What mathematical concepts have you applied in doing the activity?

Abstraction

Check your answers and analysis here.

Confidence level is the likelihood measure of the confidence interval that is

represented by a percentage that refers to all possible samples that can be estimated to
contain the true population parameter. However, the level of confidence can be any quantity
or number but the most common values are shown in the table.

Confidence interval is a table of values showing the percentage and confidence

coefficient or critical values expressed as zc as shown below.

Level of Confidence of Zc Table

Confidenc 99% 98% 96% 95% 92% 90% 85% 80% 70%
e Level 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.70
Zc 2.58 2.33 2.05 1.96 1.75 1.645 1.44 1.28 0.1.04

Margin of error is the range of values above and below the given statistical number or
sample in a confidence interval. To compute for the margin of error, use the formula given
below:

σ
E = za/2( )
√n

Where, za/2 means the critical values or confidence coefficients,  is a symbol for standard
deviation and n as the population sample.

Consider the given example below.

EXAMPLE 1

Jennifer owns a shoe store. She used 160 pairs of shoes as her samples
with a sample standard deviation of ₱75. Suppose that Jennifer wants a 95% level of
confidence, what is the margin of error?
Solution:
Step 1: Write the given data,

n = 160  = ₱75
95% confidence level where zc = 1.96

228
Step 2: Apply the formula and substitute the given data,
σ
E = za/2( )
√n
75
E = (1.96)( )
√ 160
E = (1.96)(5.929)

E = 11.62

COMPUTING THE LENGTH OF CONFIDENCE INTERVAL

Since you are already familiar on how to compute for the margin of error, you are now ready
to study the length of confidence interval. There are two formulas to consider as shown
below:
σ
If  is given: L = x́  za/2( )
√n
s
If  is not given: L = x́  za/2( )
√n
However, a sample is considered large when n≥30.
Example 1 will be used as our example 2 to see the connection of the two formula. Study
and analyze the given example below.

EXAMPLE 2

Jennifer wanted to know the average income of shoe store that opens at
8 a.m. – 5 p.m. She found out that the mean average price of 150 pairs of shoes as her
sample is ₱800 with a standard deviation of ₱75. Construct a 95% confidence interval for
the mean income of her shoe store.
Solution:
Step 1: Write the given data,

n = 160 x́ = ₱800
 = ₱75 95% confidence level where zc = 1.96
Step 2: Apply the formula and substitute the given data,
σ
L = x́  za/2( )
√n
75
L = 800  (1.96)( )
√ 160
L = 800  (1.96)(5.929)
L = 800  11.621
L = 800 + 11.6 ; L = 800 – 11.6
L = ₱811.60 ; L = ₱788.40

229
 Therefore, this implies that Jennifer is 95% confident that the true mean income of
her shoe store that opens 8a.m. – 5p.m. is between the interval of [ ₱847.70, ₱785.30].

To sum it up, this suggests that the simple formula to find the length of the
confidence interval can also be,
L = x́ + E and L = x́ + E

COMPUTING FOR AN APPROPRIATE SAMPLE SIZE USING THE LENGTH OF THE

INTERVAL

To compute for an appropriate sample size using the length of the interval, apply the
formula shown below:

(Z¿ ¿ a/2)(σ )
n= ( E
¿ ) 2

Where, n = sample size za/2 = level of confidence

σ = standard deviation E = margin of error

EXAMPLE 3
Compute for the sample size if the margin of error is 6, with a sample
standard deviation of 25 and a 92% level of confidence.

Solution:

Step 1: Write the given data,

n=? E=6  = 25 92% confidence level where zc = 1.75

Step 2: Apply the formula and substitute the given data,

n= (
(1.75)(25)
6 ) 2

n = ( n= (
(43.75)
6 ) 2 Since it is impossible to have a
A decimal or fractional value of a
p ¿ a/2)(σ ) ¿
(Z¿
) 2
sample, the answer must be
p E
n= ( 7.292¿ 2
rounded to the nearest whole
l number.
i n = 53.17
c Therefore, n  53
a
t
i
o
n Let’s
do
HAVE CONFIDENCE AND BE THE BEST! some
exercise
Study and analyze each case. Apply the formula necessary to solve the stated problem. s.

230
 CASE 1:
A random sample of size 70 has a standard deviation of 3.12. Assuming that there is a 92%
confidence level, what is the margin of error?
CASE 2:
In a sample of 100 cars with a standard deviation of 25 km/h speed. Find the margin of error if
the level of confidence is 90%.
CASE 3:
Mr. V wanted to know the average weight (in kilos) of students in LAO University. He took a
random sample of 300 students and discovered that their average weight 55kg with a
standard deviation of 0.8kg. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean weight of
students in the University.
CASE 4:
The average price of a 50 cellphones is ₧13,500 with a sample standard deviation of ₧750.
Find the 98% confidence interval of the true average price of the cellphones.
CASE 5:
Compute for the sample size needed if the margin of error is 15, with sample standard
deviation of 43 and a 98% level of confidence.
CASE 6:
Yeshua wants to have a sample size of the number of children that he needs for his survey
project. If he used a 99% confidence interval and a margin of error of 135.8 with a standard
deviation of 400, find the sample size he needs.

Reflection

There is always a margin of error in getting to success, have confidence and

keep on moving forward! -- Reynante M. Velasco--

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

POST - TEST
Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully. Shade the entire circle for each
statement that corresponds to your answer.
A B C D
O O O O 1. Which of the following is the formula to find the margin of error?
σ t x σ
A. E = za/2( ) B. E = za/2( ¿ C. E = za/2( ¿ D. E = za/2( ¿
√n √n √n √s

231
A B C D
O O O O 2. Given: n=130,  = 25, level of confidence is 92%. What is the margin of
error of the given data?
A. 3.73 B. 3.84 C. 3.99 D. 4.25
A B C D
O O O O 3. Calculate the sample size of the given data: E = 13,  = 55, with a 85%
confidence level.
A. 37.11 B. 38.21 C. 39.15 D. 40.12

A B C D
O O O O 4. Compute for the length of the confidence interval with a sample size of 200
and has sample mean of 80 with standard deviation 35 having a 96%
confidence level.
A. [ 83.10 , 76.90 ] C. [ 81.85 , 78.15 ]
B. [ 82.50 , 77.50 ] D. [ 84.14, 75.86 ]
A B C D
O O O O 5. The average purchase of products of 255 customer in JYEL store is ₧150.
If the standard deviation is ₧65, find the 96% confidence interval for the
average purchase of products.
A. [ ₧152.50 , ₧147.50] C. [ ₧158.30 , ₧141.70]
B. [ ₧155.20, ₧149.80] D. [ ₧159.60, ₧140.40]

232