Design and analysis of microwave power

dividers

Internship report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the degree of B.Tech. (and M.Tech (for DD))

by

Soorampalli Sree Varshit

(Roll No: EDM18B050)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY,
DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING, KANCHEEPURAM

October 2021
 Certificate

I, Sorampalli Sree Varshit, with Roll No: EDM18B050 hereby declare that the
material presented in the Internship Report titled Design and analysis of microwave
power dividers represents original work carried out by me in the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering at the Indian Institute of
Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kancheepuram during the
year 2021. With my signature, I certify that:

• I have not manipulated any of the data or results.

• I have not committed any plagiarism of intellectual property. I have clearly

indicated and referenced the contributions of others.

• I have explicitly acknowledged all collaborative research and discussions.

• I have understood that any false claim will result in severe disciplinary action.

• I have understood that the work may be screened for any form of academic
misconduct.

Date: 25/10/2021 Student’s Signature

In my capacity as supervisor of the above-mentioned work, I certify that the work presented
in this Report is carried out under my supervision, and is worthy of consideration for the
requirements of internship work during the period May 10th 2021 to July 26th 2021.

Advisor’s Name: Dr. Prerna Saxena Advisor’s Signature

i
 Abstract
Power dividers are used in a variety of microwave circuits, including antenna arrays,
power amplifiers, modulators, and balanced mixers.This report concentrates on the
design and analysis of different types of power dividers.Deep understanding of the
working , outputs of the power dividers have been studied in this report.The results of
these outputs have been observed and stored.There has been efforts made to improve the
results of the outputs of these circuits by optimization.

This report also consists of the learning of web development and executing websites
using different type of web technologies.
 Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr.Prerna Saxena for guiding me
throughout the process.I have picked up a lot of learning by working under her.

I express my heartfull thanks to organisation RC Diamonds for providing me an

opportunity to do a web development internship in their company.the learning process
was invaluable.

And last I thank all my friends, family members and well wishers for supporting me in
tough times during the internship.

ii
Contents

Abstract i

Acknowledgements ii

Contents iii

List of Figures v

List of Tables vi

Abbreviations vii

Symbols viii

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 S-parameters: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Objectives of the work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Methodology 4
2.1 Ansys HFFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1.1 A Wideband 1:2 T-Junction Power Divider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 AWR Design Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.1 Wilkinson Power Divider in NI AWR Design Environment . . . . . . 7

3 Work Done 10
3.1 PROPOSED DUAL-BAND QUARTER WAVE TL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1.1 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1.2 Simulation, Results and Inference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2 Conclusion: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4 Web Development 16

iii
Contents iv

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2.1 Front End . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.2.1.1 HTML and CSS,Bootstrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.2.1.2 JavaScript and Jquery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.2 Back End . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.2.1 Node.js and Express.js with Node.js . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2.2.2 Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2.2.3 React.js . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

5 Work Done 22
5.1 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.1.1 To-Do List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.1.2 Secrets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.1.3 keeper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.2 Conclusion: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Bibliography 27
List of Figures

2.1 1:2 T-junction Divider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2.2 frequency setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Wilkinson Power Divider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Wilkinson Power Divider design in AWR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.1 a) Single band divider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.2 Proposed dual-band out of phase power divider. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3 Compact Dual-Band Out of Phase Power Divider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4.1 HTML Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

v
List of Tables

vi
Abbreviations

DBQWTL Dual Band Quarter Wave Transmission Lines

DSPSL Double Sided Parallel Strip Lines
HFSS High Frequency Strucure Simulator
CSS Cascading Styling Sheets

vii
Symbols

θ Angle
λ wavelength
Z characterisitc Impedence

viii
For/Dedicated to/To my. . .

ix
Chapter 1

Introduction

This research presents a microstrip transmission dual-band out of phase difference power
divider. To achieve the suggested power divider, a dual-band quarter-wave transmission
line (DBQWTL) with closed-form design equations was also given. For 0.7GHz and 2.6GHz
working frequencies, a power divider was designed and built on a PCB (in AWR software)
and tested to confirm the given approach.

1.1 Background

Power dividers are passive microwave components that are used for power division or
power combining, as shown in the diagram below.

As indicated in the image below, power dividers are passive microwave components that
are used for power division or power combining. A power divider is a component that
splits the power of an input signal into many output signals in an even manner. The
insertion loss, return loss, and amplitude and phase balance between the arms are all
critical qualities when employed as a power divider.

A power divider splits an input signal into two (or more) lower-power output signals,
1
Chapter 1. Introduction 2

whereas a power combiner combines two or more input signals at an output port. There
can be three, four, or more ports on the coupler or divider, and they can all be lossless
(ideally).. T-junction splitters are examples of three-port networks, whereas directional
couplers and hybrids are examples of four-port networks.

Power dividers are used in a variety of microwave circuits, including antenna arrays, power
amplifiers, modulators, and balanced mixers. Typically, they work in the radio technology
industry. They connect a certain amount of electromagnetic power from a transmission line
to a port, allowing the signal to be used in another circuit. Wilkinson and High Isolation
power dividers provide high isolation by preventing signal cross-talk across output ports.
They are well-balanced in terms of phase and amplitude.

1.1.1 S-parameters:

S-parameters or scattering parameters describe how energy can move through a network.
When it becomes more critical to define a network in terms of amplitude and phase against
frequencies rather than voltages and currents, S-parameters are employed to characterise
the interaction between separate ports. They are used to depict a complex network as a
simple black box, allowing you to see what happens to the signal in that network quickly.

Three key factors for a power divider are return loss, insertion loss, and isolation. Return
loss, as well as isolation, should be kept to a minimum. However, a -20 dB return loss is
acceptable/good, and a -26 dB isolation is acceptable/good. According to their
specifications, these parameters may differ from one power divider to the next.
Chapter 1. Introduction 3

1.2 Motivation

Micro-strip slot lines, asymmetrical co-planar strip-lines, and double-sided parallel strip-
lines were all used to construct a single band out of phase power divider (DSPSLs). Several
dual-band out of phase power dividers were also exhibited using DSPSLs for conducting
multiband functions. However, all dual-band out of phase power dividers now on the
market have a non-planar structure. Furthermore, the existing dual-band out of phase
power dividers’ output ports are not on the same plane, posing a challenge when connecting
to planar circuits.In the literature, there are a few designs for dual-band power dividers
that are in phase at one frequency and out of phase at the other. As a result, power
dividers that are compatible with microstrip circuits and have ports on the same plane
cannot be deemed dual-band out of phase power dividers.

1.3 Objectives of the work

Our major goal is to create a small dual-band out of phase power divider that may be
used in a microstrip circuit. A Dual band quarter wave transmission line (DBQWTL) is
necessary to design it. The suggested power divider is made by replacing each of the power
divider’s transmission lines(TL) with the DBQWTL. This divider has various advantages
over conventional dualband out of pahe power dividers, which can be stated as follows:
1)it is little in size 2)contains fewer lumped components 3)the smallest possible phase
deviation 4)the presence of output ports on the same plane 4)Development of a simple
design technique and design equations
Chapter 2

Methodology

2.1 Ansys HFFS

The software that have been used to implement microwave circuits are Ansys HFSS and
AWR Design Environment

The Ansys HFSS solver for electromagnetic structures is a commercial finite element
method solver from Ansys. The term ”high-frequency structure simulator” is an acronym
for ”high-frequency structure simulator.”
I have used this software to simulate and understand workings of few simple microwave
circuits like T-junction power divider and Signal Integrity Analysis for Coupled StripLine
Traces

2.1.1 A Wideband 1:2 T-Junction Power Divider

It’s a simple three-port network that can be employed in a variety of transmission

mediums, including microstrip, strip-line, and co-planar waveguide. A
three-transmission-line junction can be used to model this.
This divider distributes the total incident power evenly using a quarter wave transformer,
stepped impedence transformer, and mitered corners. With a VSWR of 1.006, it’s a
wide-band generalised power divider with good reflection and transmission qualities.

A 3-dB power divider with equal amplitude and phase splitting was created using a
T-junction. T-junction port impedance mismatch can be adjusted by adding resistors to

4
Chapter X. Chapter Title Here 5

match port impedance or by utilising impedance transformers, such as quarter

wavelength transmission lines, to transform the mismatched port impedance to the
suitable port impedance.
A 1:2 power divider with an operating frequency of 2.45GHz was built using a 1.6mm
thick FR-4 substrate with a size of 60mm X 40mm and a dielectric constant of 4.4..

Figure 2.1: 1:2 T-junction Divider

The above figures are the design of the T0unction power divider implemented in
HFFS(top and isometric view)

Results and Analysis:The t-junction power divider was simulated in HFSS. The
anticipated power divider’s reflection coefficient (S11) is -25dB (less than 10dB), showing
that the input terminal is matched, and the insertion loss (S21) is the same as S31. This
shows a 50/50 power balance between the two ports. As a result, the simulated results
Chapter X. Chapter Title Here 6

Figure 2.2: frequency setup

met all of the requirements of the power divider.

2.2 AWR Design Environment

Radio frequency (RF), microwave, and high frequency analogue circuit and system
design are all done with AWR software. Cellular and satellite communications systems,
as well as defence electronics such as radar, electronic warfare, and guiding systems, are
common examples.

We implemented the Wilkinson power divider in AWR Design Environment to get a grip
of the software.
Chapter X. Chapter Title Here 7

2.2.1 Wilkinson Power Divider in NI AWR Design Environment

The disadvantage of the lossless T-junction divider is that it is not matched across all
ports and has no isolation between output ports. The resistive divider can be matched at
all ports, but isolation is still not obtained despite the fact that it is not lossless.
However, we do know that a lossy three-port network with all ports matched and output
port isolation can be established. When the output ports are matched, the Wilkinson
power divider seems to be lossless; that is, only reflected power from the output ports is
dissipated.
Although any power division can be used to make the Wilkinson power divider, we’ll
start with the equal-split (3 dB) example. As illustrated in the left Figure, this divider is
typically built in the form of a microstrip line or stripline; the analogous transmission
line circuit is shown in the right side Figure. At the output ports, we’ll divide this circuit
down into two simpler circuits, each driven by symmetric and anti-symmetric sources.

Figure 2.3: Wilkinson Power Divider

Design and Implementation:

In the divider, the quarter-wave transmission lines should have a
Chapter X. Chapter Title Here 8

Figure 2.4: Wilkinson Power Divider design in AWR

Optimized Results:

We can see from the below figure that the isolation loss way lesser than -20dB at all the
testing frequencies which means that the output ports are more isolated than before.
Chapter X. Chapter Title Here 9

At all testing frequencies, we can see that S11, i.e., return loss, is less than -20 dB.
When the divider is powered at port 1 and the outputs are matched, the resistor
consumes no power. The divider is lossless when the outputs are matched; only reflected
power from ports 2 or 3 is dissipated in the resistor. Because S23 = S32 = 0, ports 2 and
3 are separated..
Chapter 3

Work Done

3.1 PROPOSED DUAL-BAND QUARTER WAVE TL

In figures below, the convenvtional

(ZT , 90o )

,suggested linked quarterwave TL are illustrated.

Two CLs
(ZE , ZO , θ)

plus a short/open stub

(Z, θ)

make up the proposed DBQWTL. The short or open stub can be used according on the
design requirements. Transmission parameters analysis is used to generate the DBQWTL
design equations.
The circuit’s odd and even impedances are represented by the two Z parameters. Both
impedances must be justified at two frequencies in order to perform dual-band functioning.

10
Chapter X. Chapter Title Here 11

3.1.1 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

By substituting every (TL) of the single band divider below with suggested DBQWTL,
the presented circuit is obtained. This can theoretically be created for any two

Figure 3.2: Proposed dual-band out

Figure 3.1: a) Single band divider of phase power divider.

frequencies. However, there are some design limitations imposed by the design
parameters. The proposed power divider has two key components that must be
implemented. For the implementation, the linked line’s even and odd impedance ratios
should be between 1 and 3.01. Second, for the implementation, the open stub
characteristic impedance (Z) should be kept between 20 and 150 ohm.For 0.7 GHz and
2.6 GHz working frequencies, a power divider was constructed in AWR Design Software
on RO5870, which has a dielectric constant of 2.33 and a thickness of 0.787 mm. The
dimensions of the design parameters are provided in the table below. This design makes
use of a DBQWTL with an open stub..
Chapter X. Chapter Title Here 12

3.1.2 Simulation, Results and Inference

Figure 3.3: Compact Dual-Band Out of Phase Power Divider

The above is the design of proposed divider in NI AWR Design Environment using only
transmission lines.
Chapter X. Chapter Title Here 13

We can see that the return loss S11 at the desired frequencies is lesser than -10dB,which
means that the input is matched in the below result.

For the operating frequencies shown below, transmission (S31)/(S21) of better than 3.45
dB was obtained at the output ports.

The below is the design of proposed out of phase divider in NI AWR Design Environment
using transmission lines and microstrip. The substrate has a dielectric constant of 2.33,
Height of 0.787 mm and thickness of 0.035mm.
Chapter X. Chapter Title Here 14

Both isolation(S23) and insertion loss(S11) are less than −10db,which means that the
outputs are matched
At the output ports for the operational frequencies, transmission (S31)/(S21) was better
than −3.45 dB.Therefore the return loss is zero i.e, there is no loss of power
Chapter X. Chapter Title Here 15

3.2 Conclusion:

This brief proposes, designs, implements, and tests a close-packed dual-band out of phase
power divider with microstrip capability. The suggested dual-band quarter-wave TL was
used to realise the planned power divider. In terms of microstrip compatibility, the
suggested power divider differs from existing models. It also has a small footprint, low
phase deflection, The same plane is used for input and output., less bunched
components.
Chapter 4

Web Development

4.1 Introduction

Web development is the process of establishing a Web site for the Internet (World Wide
Web) or an intranet. Website implementation is a technique to make people aware of the
services and/or products you’re offering, comprehend why your products are important
and even necessary for them to buy or use, and determine which characteristics of your
organisation set it apart from competitors. The goal of a website is to provide particular,
useful information to a specific user/audience so that they learn something new or gain a
better understanding of a topic. A website is also required because it aids in the
formation of your business. In fact, real business owners are expected to have a website
these days. Your company’s credibility and brand will be enhanced with a well-designed,
comprehensive, and up-to-date website. Because of the existence of a website, we may
easily seek and provide information.

4.2 Background

Platforms used for editing and simulating codes are-

Visual Studio Code: Visual Studio Code is a lightweight law editor with debugging,
job management, and interpretation control capabilities. Its purpose is to give an
inventor only the tools they need for a quick law-figure-debug cycle, leaving more
complex processes to IDEs with additional functionality, such the Visual Studio IDE.

16
Chapter X. Chapter Title Here 17

Atom: Atom is an excellent editor for a wide range of rendering tasks, including
software and web growth.

4.2.1 Front End

The design and feel of a website is determined by front-end web development. This refers to
the appearance of colours, type, icons, and graphics. The appearance of a website across all
platforms, from desktop to tablet to phone, is becoming increasingly important in front-
end development. HTML, JavaScript, and CSS are examples of common programming
languages. Front-end developers stay on top of the latest web design and development
trends to ensure that websites are optimised for both users and search engines.

4.2.1.1 HTML and CSS,Bootstrap

HTML: The shorthand for Hyper Text Markup Language is HTML. It explains the
structure of a Web runner and is the standard luxury language for constructing them. It
is made up of a set of fundamentals. HTML rudiments instruct the web surfer on how to
view the material. HTML rudiments identify content elements such as ”this is a
heading,” ”this is a paragraph,” ”this is a link,” and so on.

Figure 4.1: HTML Attribute

HTML attributes provide you more information about the HTML elements you’re
working with. The start tag is always used to provide attributes. Name=”value” is a
common name/value pair for attributes. When we click on a link, it takes us to that
specific website or URL.
Chapter X. Chapter Title Here 18

CSS: The CSS language defines a Web runner. The abbreviation for Slinging Style
Wastes is Slinging Style Wastes. CSS describes how HTML elements should appear on a
computer screen, on paper, or in any other medium. CSS can save you time and work. It
can simultaneously manage the layout of many web runners. External stylesheets are
included in CSS files.
CSS can be directly inserted in the body using the style tag, or it can be placed in a
different file and the path to that file added to the HTML using the ”href” tag.

Bootstrap: It is the most popular CSS framework for building responsive and mobile-first
websites.v Bootstrap is a hefty collection of useful and enigmatic legal tidbits written in
CSS, HTML, and JavaScript. Because it’s also a frame, all of the foundations are already
in place for responsive web development, and all that’s left for designers to do is fit the
code into the pre-defined grid structure.We can see from the example how a button can
be styled or coloured using bootstrap.We can include the bootstrap components by using
class or type attributes..
Chapter X. Chapter Title Here 19

4.2.1.2 JavaScript and Jquery

JavaScript is the most widely used programming language on the planet. The Web’s
programming language is JavaScript. In most cases, JavaScript is utilised to create web
runners. It enables us to add dynamic gestures to the homepage as well as specific
merchandise. It’s primarily used for confirmation purposes on websites.

We can see from the above example that when the button ”Click me to display Date and
Time” is pressed ,the current date and time are displayed.
This is due to javascript as when the action onClick() is performed inside the button
attribute the method getElementByID finds an element with ID demo and the date()
functions gets executed which gives us the date and time of the current day.
jQuery: It’s a lightweight JavaScript package with the motto ”write less, accomplish
more.” The goal of jQuery is to make using JavaScript on your website much easier.
jQuery encapsulates a number of typical tasks that require multiple lines of JavaScript
code to accomplish into styles that can be called with just one line of code.Jquery is
available as a library download or as a CDN.

4.2.2 Back End

To become a full stack web developer, we now need to learn about the back end. We’ve
looked at a number of the technologies used in front end web development, and we’ve
created and developed web pages using HTML, CSS, Javascript, Bootstrap, and jQuery.
We’ll learn about Node.js and other technologies that allow us to communicate with
databases and run business logic on a server, among other things.What precisely is the
back end, exactly? It consists of a server that serves up your files, such as HTML, CSS,
and Javascript, as well as a database that stores your user data, such as log ins and
passwords, and your applications.
Chapter X. Chapter Title Here 20

4.2.2.1 Node.js and Express.js with Node.js

So now you know why a backend is needed to build a website. But, in order to make it,
what technology will we use? We do, however, have a number of options. Java, Ruby on
Rails, PHP, ASP.Net, Node.js, Python, and a variety of other programming languages are
all available. We will, however, use Node.js. So, what’s the problem with Node.js? The
most important aspect is that we are already familiar with Javascript, and Node.js allows
us to use Javascript to develop a backend. As a result, we can use one language while
avoiding the time and effort required to master yet another language and its complexity.
In addition to that, Node is also superfast and will allow us to produce really scalable and
fast handling web sites.
Express.js: Lets create our first server using Express.js with Node.js.We are going to
make a calculator website which add two numbers.

The server runs on local host:3000 when it starts with help of express and node which are
already installed in the local device. As we can see in the above javascript code, app.get
loads the entire Html file on the local host website.When we make the post requests
whatever changes which have been made or the calculations will be displayed on the
browser. The post method requests the inputs or changes made in the website as we can
see in the java script code above. The form tag in HTML code has a method called post.It
gets triggered when the button is pressed or clicked. We can see in the below figures that

when we click on ”Calculate” the server gets post request and displays the result of the
calculation.
Chapter X. Chapter Title Here 21

4.2.2.2 Database

A database is a data structure for storing organised data. A firm database, for example,
might have tables for products, employees, and financial records. Each of these tables
would have its own set of fields that correspond to the data recorded in the table.
When we run our local server i.e, refresh the web page all the data or changes which have
been made will be lost.Therefore we need an external database to store the data.
Databases are od two types- SQL and NoSQL. SQL are structured like a table and NoSQL
is not structural.We are going to use MongoDB which is NoSQL as it is faster and stores
the data as JSON objects which means we can access the data faster and easily without
any complexity.

4.2.2.3 React.js

Facebook developed the React front-end library. For online and mobile apps, it’s utilised
to handle the view subcaste. We can create usable UI elements with React. It has a strong
foundation and a vast community behind it, making it one of the most popular JavaScript
libraries. In React, we have a slew of various components, each of which is represented
as an HTML element. As a result, it’s almost as if we’re developing our own own HTML
rudiments, each with its own appearance and functionality. We can also specialise them
in, like HTML fundamentals, within a larger structure, keeping the law for our web app
extremely simple, relevant, and modular. React does and what it really benefits from is

actually combining small amounts of each of these types of files into a single component
so that each component has its own styling, its own functionality that it controls, and you
can create several of these components to each perform a different function and have a
different appearance.
Chapter 5

Work Done

5.1 Objective

We are going to create websites which help us store a secret , things to do. Three websites
have been executed with this objective.The three websites are
1)To-do list
2)Secrets
3)Keeper
One more objective of these websites is to implement the same idea in different perspective
i.e, using the different languages and technologies we have learnt.

5.1.1 To-Do List

This is a to-do List application used to display things to do the given day.We can delete
the things after finishing them or on our choice.This website is made for understanding
of backend i.e, node.js, ejs templates , databases and hosting.
We can see in the below figures how the website works.We can add and delete items at
will.Consequently the items in database are stored and deleted.

This website is also hosted on heroku.This is done with the help of github , heroku.
link:https://enigmatic-stream-17312.herokuapp.com/

22
Chapter X. Chapter Title Here 23
Chapter X. Chapter Title Here 24

5.1.2 Secrets

Every person in this world might have different secrets. The most difficult thing about
secrets it to not tell them to anyone else. So this is website which helps people to just
randomly express secrets and also see everyone’s secrets.But here’s the catch .No one will
be able to know which secret on the website belongs to which person.No name or
credentials will be displayed.But wait what if someone hacks into the website and get the
sign up, registration details of users.Hacker will be able to know everyone secrets and
their authors.Therfore the whole objective of the website is to allow users to express
their secrets with utmost security.

Google sign in is the most secure for login or sign up.So, we have used help of that to
create accounts for users and express there secrets.

We can see from the below figures that we can register by giving our mail and a

password which takes us to secrets page where we can submit our secrets. We can login
Chapter X. Chapter Title Here 25

using the same credentials at anytime as they are saved and secure. There is also other
option of google sign in which where we can directly register using google mail.

5.1.3 keeper

Keeper app is also similar to To-do list but we have used react.js in this application. This
app can be used for any purpose, like storing small notes, memories, experiences etc.
We have used MERN stack of technologies to build the website.
On the backend, the MERN stack includes textbfMongoDB,React.js,Nde.js, and Express.
The MERN stack is one of the most widely utilised technology stacks for creating modern
single-page apps.
This is the link to the code and video of working of website.
Link:
Chapter X. Chapter Title Here 26

5.2 Conclusion:

We have implemented an idea(keeping track of things, daily notes etc) using different type
of technologies available in web development.The web development skill has a very wide
range and is a forever learning process.
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[6] Y. Wang, X.-Y. Zhang, F.-X. Liu, and J.-C. Lee, “A compact bandpass wilkinson
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[7] M. H. Maktoomi, D. Banerjee, and M. S. Hashmi, “An enhanced frequency-ratio

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Internship
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14%
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1
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8%
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Student Paper

2
Aijaz M. Zaidi, Mirza Tariq Beg, Binod K.
Kanaujia, Mainuddin, Karumudi Rambabu. "A
5%
Compact Dual-Band Out of Phase Power
Divider Having Microstrip Compatibility", IEEE
Transactions on Circuits and Systems II:
Express Briefs, 2020
Publication

3
www.slideshare.net
Internet Source 1%
4
Submitted to Higher Education Commission
Pakistan
1%
Student Paper

5
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6
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7
www.everythingrf.com
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8
Submitted to Westcliff University
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9
slidegur.com
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10
ww.jpier.org
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11
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Technology
<1 %
Student Paper

12
Atef Z. Elsherbeni, Payam Nayeri, C. J. Reddy.
"Microstrip-Based Feeding Networks",
<1 %
Institution of Engineering and Technology
(IET), 2014
Publication

13
Hai Jiang, Robert Penno, Krishna M. Pasala,
Leo Kempel, Stephan Schneider. "Broadband
<1 %
Microstrip Leaky Wave Antenna With
Inhomogeneous Materials", IEEE Transactions
on Antennas and Propagation, 2009
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14
studygalaxy.com
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15
Submitted to Softwarica College Of IT & E-
Commerce
<1 %
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16
hdl.handle.net
Internet Source <1 %
17
Liu Kai, , Gao-feng Guo, Li En, and Yuan-ci
Gao. "A novel compact wide-band out-of-
<1 %
phase power divider based on stripline-
slotline transition", 2013 Cross Strait Quad-
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Technology Conference, 2013.
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18
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19
www.jpier.org
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20
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21
Alpesh Dhokia. "Dual frequency microstrip
phased array with hybrid phase shifter", 2016
<1 %
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Processing, Communication, Power and
Embedded System (SCOPES), 2016
Publication

22
Dai, Gao-Le, Xing-Chang Wei, Er-Ping Li, and
Ming-Yao Xia. "Novel Dual-Band Out-of-Phase
<1 %
Power Divider With High Power-Handling
Capability", IEEE Transactions on Microwave
Theory and Techniques, 2012.
 Publication

23
pure.hw.ac.uk
Internet Source <1 %
24
Aijaz M. Zaidi, Mirza Tariq Beg, Binod K.
Kanaujia, Karun Rawat et al. "A Dual-Band Rat-
<1 %
Race Coupler for High Band Ratio Wireless
Applications", IEEE Transactions on
Instrumentation and Measurement, 2021
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25
Ummee Ahmed. "Planar microwave devices
for wideband microwave medical diagnostic
<1 %
and therapeutic systems", 'University of
Queensland Library', 2018
Internet Source

26
Taotao Huang, Linping Feng, Li Geng, Haiwen
Liu, Shao Yong Zheng, Sheng Ye, Lina Zhang,
<1 %
Hao Xu. "Compact Dual-Band Wilkinson Power
Divider Design Using Via-free D-CRLH
Resonators for Beidou Navigation Satellite
System", IEEE Transactions on Circuits and
Systems II: Express Briefs, 2021
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