440 6110 202

Fundamentals of Algebra
LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
Domain
- log =
- Common log: log
=
Definition:
where
= log
> 0,2 1

- Natural log: log = ln

Basic graph Solving

Transformation of logarithmic
-Inverse of function
exponential Laws of log logarithmic function
function. where > 0
(i) log
-Reflect about = log + log
= . Must
(ii) log check all
(i) Horizontally shifting (left or solutions
= log log
right)
(iii) log
- Left: = log +
(1) For > 1 = log
- Right: = log ( )
Eg: = log
V.A, = 0
(ii) Vertically shifting (upward or
Range: , downward)
Domain: 0, - Upward: = log +
Properties of
log - Downward: = log
(i) log 1 = 0
(2) For 0 < <1 (ii) log = 1 (iii) Reflecting about
Eg: = log (iii) log = - y-axis: = log ( )
(iv) = - x-axis: = log
V.A, =0
Range: , (iv) Vertically stretch or
Domain: 0, vertically compress-multiply
by .
Change
base formula - > 1, Vertically stretch by
, = (log )
(i) log =
- 0 < < 1, Vertically
compress by , = (log )
(ii) log =

(v) Horizontally stretch or

horizontally compress-multiply
by .
- > 1, Horizontally
compress by
, = log ( )
- 0< < 1, Horizontally
stretch by , = log ( )
 Fundamentals of Algebra

4.2 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

Definition of logarithmic Function

texana
function
Let = ( ), where ( ) is the logarithmic function with base . The logarithm
of with base is when
form
grain
in o
Df N ER = if and only if =
flog
Domain: { | > 0} (0, ) define for logof positive Nsa
Range: { | } ( , ) number

Common Logarithmic Function Natural Logarithmic Function

log = ln =
defined
for every >0 for every >0

Equivalent Form gym

O
Logarithmic form log Exponential form
=2 =3
y log h

t
=3 = 10

Ztt ( + 4) = 1 +4=
loge
+3=
y 102 3 y d

Graph of logarithmic Function

Graph of logarithmic function is the inverse of exponential function. If we have
the exponential function of = , so its inverse function is = . Since
= ( ) and the variable is immaterial, therefore
( )= Ily loyay
( )= f n logan
G y logan

Gi Yi
yf n
 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Graph Characteristics of the graphs
>0 Graph is increasing without bound.
The function is one to one, hence
yen the inverse function exists.
( , 1) -intercept at 1.
j
y log The graph has vertical asymptote

1 at = 0.
µ 1
, 1
Three points on the graph are

( , 1), (1,0) and , 1 .

Ii i
VA: =0

0< <1 feasing

Graph is increasing without bound.

I
The function is one to one, hence

n the inverse function exists.

y
-intercept at 1.

i
( , 1)
The graph has vertical asymptote
at = 0.
1 Three points on the graph are
1
, 1 ( , 1), (1,0) and , 1 .
ytoy
VA: =0

The difference of the logarithmic graph in one coordinate plane

The difference between graph of = log , = ln = log

ns

y loga

J t log B e I

titties
 Fundamentals of Algebra

Relationship between an exponential Function & logarithmic function

Reflect about yen a

t
exponential
function
p g nd yen

TÉ
a
E x

1 2

t t s s É it
2

y y log

V A NEO

Transformation of logarithmic Function

Example 1

(a) Given that ( ) = log (3 1) + 2.

(i) Sketch the graph using transformation techniques. Show all steps
and plot at least 2 points at each graph.

(ii) Hence, find its domain and range.

 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Solutions:
(a) (i)
y toga Step by Step approach
Basic graph
( ) = log
(1,0) and (2,1)
Vertical asymptote,
=0.

all s

f n
log 3m 1 2

I
vA n O

shift right 1 unit

Ii y logs n 1
Step by Step approach
Shift right 1 unit
( ) = log ( 1)
(1,0) (2,0)
and
(2,1) (3,1)
Vertical asymptote,
=1.
J

V I inIl 3

f
Horizontally compress
by a factor of y changes in
n coordinate
 y fCcn 0 3
iii y legs 3m 1
Fundamentals of Algebra
Step by Step approach
Horizontally compress
by a factor of
( ) = log (3 1)
2
(2,0) ,0
3
and
(3,1) (1,1)
Vertical asymptote,
= .

iA n
Y
coordinate
units charges in y
in Ishift upward 2
Step by Step approach

y logan Dt
Shift upward 2 units
( ) = log (3 1) + 2
2 2
,0 ,2
3 3
and
(1,1) (1,3)
Vertical asymptote,
= .

Range
or
fans log t

VA
Domain
mustlog of positive
y ve number
(ii) Domain : , n 3m I o SI
Range : ( , ) Yz
Y ER 3m I
n
Yz
 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

(b) yo loge nti 3

Given that ( ) = ln( + 1) 3. a e
(i) Sketch the graph using transformation techniques. 718 all C
e 2Show a 1
steps
and plot at least 2 points at each graph.
(ii) Hence, find its domain and range.
(iii) Find the inverse of ( )

Solutions:
(b) (i)
In N
flag Step by Step approach
Basic graph
( ) = ln
(1,0) and ( , 1)
Vertical asymptote,
=0.

Step by Step approach

Shift right left unit
( ) = ln ( + 1)
v A n O (1,0) (0,0)
and
shift left I unit ( , 1) (
Vertical asymptote,
1,1)

u = 1.
ii fan thigh
1 72,1

Step by Step approach

n Reflect about -axis
( ) = ln ( + 1)
(0,0) (0,0)
and
( 1,1) (1 , 1)
Vertical asymptote,

freflect about axis

n = 1.
e v i
iii fan
infinity

Meji 1
n
 n n I

Fundamentals of Algebra
I shift downward 3 units

ir fan In nti Step by Step approach

Shift downward 3 units
( ) = ln( + 1) 3
N

ing
(0,0) (0, 3)

e D
and
Ed
(1 , 1) (1
Vertical asymptote,
, 2)

= 1.
It al
VA n I v vA n t
(ii) Domain :
27 1 C l
tin
or x
Range :
YER W C X x

(iii) Y3
fan In ntl 3 nti e
let y fan n e
y 3
i In Nti 3
Ys e
y 3 in nti
f
y 3 In nti
y 3 In nth
huge htt
y 3
Try Given that ( ) = log ( 2 + 1)
In class exercise friday
8 10 202 GC
(a) Sketch using transformation technique. Plot 2 points and explain each
transformation technique.

(b) Find domain and range.

 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Domain of Logarithmic Function

If = , thus domain is when > 0.

Example 2

Find the domain of logarithmic function:

(a) ( ) = log

Solution:

Domain: >0

g
(b) ( ) = log ( + 1)

Solution:
Step by Step approach
Domain: + 1 > 0 Solving the linear
> 1 inequality.

(c) ( ) = log ( +2 3)

Solution:

Ii
Step by Step approach
Domain: Try to solve the
+2
( + 3)(
3>0
1) > 0 ok quadratic inequality.

3 1
( + 3) + +
I ( 1)
Resulting +
+
+
By graphical method or
sign table.
Sign
( , 3) (1, ) Answer.
 Fundamentals of Algebra
(d)
( ) = log
+2 3 must o
2

Solution:

Step by Step approach

+2 3 Try to solve the quotient
2
( + 3)(
o>1)0 inequality.

2
>0 int
3 1 2
( + 3) + + +
I I I
Gf If
( 1) + +
( 2) +
Resulting + + By sign table.
Sign u v u Answer.
( 3,1) (2, )

Properties of logarithm

Logarithms with base Examples

log I s o
(1) log 1 = 0
so
log

(2) log =1 10933 I

10 1
log

(3) log =
F 3
310923
why 3C 3
(4) =A 101092 2 3210932
410443
7 3109,2
10934

1
3
Theorem: Change of Base Formula 4
If > 0 and if and are positive real numbers different from 1, then
=

log23 Wga if
109103
109102
a 1.585A
1.585
Notes on laws of logarithm
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Example 3

Find the value, if possible.

1
logs52 1094 64
(a) log 25 =
(b) =
2108,5 261 2 64 43
logy
O log 3275
I
(c) log 3 = (d) log( 10) =

2743 cannot 4 3
logy logy
Example 4
3182727 3 negative
no
310944
Evaluate without using a calculator: 3 I
(a) log 4. log 6. log 3
3
50 3333
Solution: 14427
Step by Step approach
log 4. log 6. log 3
=
log 4 log 6 log 3
.
I .
log 6 log 3 log 2
I chase to baselo
Change base formula.

log 4 Simplify.
=
log 2
log 2 Use law of logarithmic.
= Answer.

I
log 2
=2

(b) 2log 5 + 2log 16 log 4 log 25

Solution:
Step by Step approach
2log 5 + 2log 16 log 4 log 25
= log 5 + log 16 log 4 log 25 Use law of logarithmic.
= log 25 + log 256 log 4 log 25
= log (25 × 256 ÷ 4 ÷ 25) Simplify.
= log 64 law of log
= log 2
=6 Answer.
Fundamentals of Algebra
Laws of logarithm I
If , and
notes
before example
are positive real numbers, then

Laws of Logarithms (1) log ( ) = log + log

(2) log = log log

(3) log ( )= log

Reminder!!
(1) log ( + ) log + log
(2) log ( ) log log
log
(3) log
log
log
(4) log ( )
log

Example 5 In class exercise for friday 8 10

(a) Show that Gc
2( + )= .
 exercise for friday 8110
In class Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Gc
(b) Simplify to a single logarithm
3 +2 6
2 3

Mt 440
6 10 207