Engineering Mathematics 3

H7K2 34

Differentiation

Teaching Materials
Contents

Product Rule for Differentiation .......................................................................................... page 3

Quotient Rule for Differentiation ....................................................................................... page 13

Implicit Differentiation ...................................................................................................... page 21

Second Derivative of Implicit Functions ........................................................................... page 28

Differentiation of Functions defined by Parametric Equations .......................................... page 38

Second Derivative of Functions defined by Parametric Equations ................................... page 46

Differentiation of Inverse Functions.................................................................................. page 54

Differentiation of Inverse Trig Functions........................................................................... page 71

Answers to Exercises ...................................................................................................... page 80

2
 Differentiation: Product Rule

In Mathematics for Engineers and Scientists 1 we derived the formula for differentiation from first
principles:

d f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f ( x)  lim
h 0
dx h

We can use differentiation from first principles to find a formula for the product of two functions
f ( x) g ( x) as follows:

d f ( x  h) g ( x  h)  f ( x ) g ( x )
f ( x) g ( x)  lim
h 0
dx h

We can add and subtract the terms f ( x  h) g ( x) to the right hand side of this expression
(this is perfectly acceptable since as we are both adding and subtracting these terms they cancel
each other out so in effect we are adding zero)

d f ( x  h) g ( x  h)  f ( x  h) g ( x )  f ( x  h) g ( x )  f ( x ) g ( x )
f ( x) g ( x)  lim
h 0
dx h
This expression can be split into a sum of limits:

d f ( x  h) g ( x  h)  f ( x  h) g ( x ) f ( x  h) g ( x )  f ( x ) g ( x )
f ( x) g ( x)  lim
h 0
 lim
h 0
dx h h
Factorising each limit gives

d f ( x  h)g ( x  h)  g ( x) g ( x) f ( x  h)  f ( x)

f ( x) g ( x)  lim
h 0
 lim
h 0
dx h h

3
Which can be written as

d g ( x  h)  g ( x ) f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f ( x) g ( x)  lim
h 0
f ( x  h )  lim
h 0
 lim
h 0
g ( x )  lim
h 0
dx h h

But remember

g ( x  h)  g ( x ) d
lim
h 0
is the formula for g (x)
h dx

f ( x  h)  f ( x ) d
lim
h 0
is the formula for f (x)
h dx

lim
h0
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) and lim
h0
g ( x)  g ( x)

d d d
So f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x)  g ( x)  g ( x)  f ( x)
dx dx dx

rearranging gives the product rule:

d d d
f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x)  g ( x)  f ( x)  g ( x)
dx dx dx

4
The product rule is used when differentiating problems where one function f (x) is multiplied by
another function g (x) and can be written as:

d
 f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)
dx

i.e. to differentiate a product of functions f (x) g (x) we differentiate the first function, multiply
this by the second function and add the first function multiplied by the derivative of the second
function.

d
You may also see the product rule written as u  v  v  du  u  dv
dx

Example 1

dy
Use the product rule to find given that y  ( x 3  5 x  2)(3 x 2  1)
dx

d
Using the product rule  f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)
dx

dy d 3 d
 ( x  5 x  2)  (3x 2  1)  ( x 3  5 x  2)  (3x 2  1)
dx dx dx

dy
 (3x 2  5)(3x 2  1)  ( x 3  5 x  2)6 x
dx

dy
 (3x 2  5)(3x 2  1)  6 x( x 3  5 x  2)
dx

5
Example 2

d 5x
Use the product rule to find e ln(3x  2)
dx

d
Using the product rule  f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)
dx

d 5x d d
e ln(3x  2)  e 5 x  ln(3x  2)  e 5 x  ln(3x  2)
dx dx dx

3
 5e 5 x ln(3x  2)  e 5 x Take out e5x as a common factor
3x  2

 3 
 e 5 x  5 ln(3x  2)  
 3x  2 

Example 3

d 
Use the product rule to find 4 x 5 sin( 2 x  )
dx 3

d
 f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)
dx

d  d  d 
4 x 5 sin( 2 x  )  4 x 5  sin( 2 x  )  4 x 5  sin( 2 x  )
dx 3 dx 3 dx 3

 
 20 x 4 sin( 2 x  )  4 x 5  2 cos(2 x  )
3 3
6
  
 20 x 4 sin( 2 x  )  8 x 5 cos(2 x  ) Take out 4x 4 as a common factor
3 3

   
 4 x 4  5 sin( 2 x  )  2 x cos(2 x  ) 
 3 3 

Example 4

d
Use the product rule to find (3x  5 ) 7 sin 3 5 x
dx

d
 f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)
dx

7 7
d d d
(3x  5) 7 sin 3 5 x  (3x  5) 2  sin 3 5 x  (3x  5) 2  (sin 5 x) 3
dx dx dx

5 7
7
 3  (3x  5) sin 5 x  (3x  5) 2  3(sin 5 x) 2  5 cos 5 x
2 3

5 7
21
 (3x  5) 2 sin 3 5 x  15(3x  5) 2 cos 5 x sin 2 5 x
2
3 5
 2

 (3 x  5) sin 5 x 7 sin 5 x  10(3 x  5) 2 cos 5 x 
2 2

2  
3
 (3x  5) 5 sin 2 5 x7 sin 5 x  10(3x  5) cos 5 x 
2

7
Example 5

Find the turning point on the graph of f ( x)  xe 3 x and determine its nature

Turning points occur when f ( x)  0

f ( x)  xe 3 x

d d Using the product rule

f ( x)  x  e3x  x  e3x
dx dx
f ( x)  1  e 3 x  x  3e 3 x

f ( x)  e 3 x 1  3x 

For stationary points 0  e 3 x 1  3x 

So e3x  0 and 1  3x  0

e3x  0 - no solution

1  3x  0
3x  1
1
x
3
1
i.e. stationary point occurs at x
3

to find y coordinate of turning point:-

y  f ( x)  xe 3 x

8
 1 3  
1
1 1
At x y  f ( )   e  3 
3 3 3
1
y   e 1
3
1
y    0.3679
3

y  0.123

 1 
i.e. stationary point at   ,  0.123 
 3 
1
To find nature of turning point: substitute x into f (x)
3

f ( x)  e 3 x 1  3x 

d 3x d
f ( x)  e  1  3x   e 3 x  (1  3x)
dx dx

f ( x)  3e 3 x  1  3x   e 3 x  3

f ( x)  3e 3 x 1  3 x  1

f ( x)  3e 3 x 3 x  2 

3    
 
 1
1
1
f ( )  3e  3
3      2
3   3 

9
 1
f ( )  3e 1 1
3

1
f ( )  1.104
3

1
f ( ) >0 so minimum turning point
3

 1 
i.e. we have a minimum turning point at the point   ,  0.123 
 3 

10
 Outcome 1 Worksheet 1 Product Rule

Use the product rule to find derivatives of the following:

d d 3
(1) ( x  3) 4 ( x 3  1) (2) ( x  2 x  3)(3x 2  2) 6
dx dx

d 5 d 3
(3) x ln x (4) ( x  2) cos 3x
dx dx

d d 4
(5) (3x  5) 7 sin 2 x (6) 5 x ln 3x
dx dx

d 3 x2 d
(7) e cos(2 x  5) (8) sinh 4 x ln(3x  7)
dx dx


(9) Find the rate of change of the function f ( x)  x sin 2 x at x
4

(10) Find stationary points on the graph of f ( x)  x 2 e x and use the second derivative to
determine their nature

11
(11) A cylindrical tank has radius r metres and a height of h metres. The sum of the radius and
height is 2 metres.

i) Prove that the Volume is V   r 2 (2  r ) .

ii) What is the maximum volume?

(12) The motion of a particle of a damped vibration is given by y  e-t sin 2t where y is the
displacement from its mean position at time t .
1
i) Prove that the turning point occurs at t tan -1 (2) .
2
ii) Determine the coordinates and the nature of this turning point.


(13) For the curve y  e- x sin x determine the stationary point in the interval 0  t 
2

12
 Differentiation: Quotient Rule

The quotient rule is used when differentiating problems where one function f (x) is divided by
another function g (x) and can be derived using the product and chain rules as follows:

d  f ( x)  d
  
dx  g ( x)  dx

f ( x ) g ( x ) 
1
 Using rule for indices
1
x n
 x n

Using the product rule gives

f ( x ) g ( x )   f ( x)  ( g ( x)) 1  f ( x)   g ( x) 
d 1 d d 1

dx dx dx Using the chain

rule on d g ( x) 1
dx

f ( x ) g ( x )   f ( x)  ( g ( x)) 1  f ( x)  (1) g ( x) 
d 1 d 2 d
g ( x)
dx dx dx

d d
f ( x) f ( x)  g ( x)
d  f ( x)  dx dx
   
dx  g ( x)  g ( x) g ( x)2

d d
f ( x)  g ( x) f ( x)  g ( x) 
Taking g (x) as a 2

d  f ( x)  dx dx
    common denominator
dx  g ( x)  g ( x) 2
g ( x) 2

d d
f ( x)  g ( x)  f ( x)  g ( x)
d  f ( x)  dx dx
  
dx  g ( x)   g ( x) 2

13
Hence the quotient rule is given as:

d  f ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)
 
dx  g ( x)  g ( x) 2

Example 1

dy 5x 2
Use the quotient rule to find given that y
dx 3x  1

d  f ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)
 
dx  g ( x) 
Using the quotient rule
g ( x) 2

d d
(5 x 2 )  (3x  1)  (5 x 2 )  (3x  1)
dy dx dx

dx 3x  1 2

dy 10 x(3x  1)  5 x 2  3

dx (3x  1) 2

dy 30 x 2  10 x  15 x 2

dx (3x  1) 2

dy 15 x 2  10 x

dx (3x  1) 2

dy 5 x(3x  2)

dx (3 x  1) 2

14
Example 2

dy sin x
Use the quotient rule to find given that y
dx x3

d  f ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)
 
dx  g ( x) 
Using the quotient rule
g ( x) 2

d d
(sin x)  ( x 3 )  (sin x)  ( x 3 )
dy dx dx
 a m  a mn
n

dx x 
3 2

dy cos x( x 3 )  sin x  3x 2

dx x6

dy x 2 ( x cos x  3sin x)
 Cancel x 2 and x 6
dx x6

dy x cos x  3sin x

dx x4

15
Example 3

d e 3 x2
Use the quotient rule to find 
dx (4 x  1) 3

d  f ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)
 
dx  g ( x) 
Using the quotient rule:
g ( x) 2

d 3 x2 d
(e )  (4 x  1) 3  (e 3 x  2 )  (4 x  1) 3
 dx dx
a m  a mn
n

4 x  13 2


3(e 3 x  2 )  (4 x  1) 3  (e 3 x  2 )  4  3(4 x  1) 2

4 x  16

3(e 3 x  2 )  (4 x  1) 3  12(e 3 x  2 )(4 x  1) 2 Take out 3, e 3 x  2 and (4 x  1) 2 as a


4 x  16 Common factor

as

3(e 3 x  2 )(4 x  1) 2 4 x  1  4 Cancel (4 x  1) 2


4 x  16 and (4 x  1) 6

3(e 3 x  2 )4 x  5

4 x  14

16
Example 4

d
Find tan x
dx

d d  sin x 
Using trig identities tan x can be written as  
dx dx  cos x 

d  f ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)
 
dx  g ( x) 
Using the quotient rule
g ( x) 2

d d
(sin x)  (cos x)  (sin x)  (cos x)
dx dx
cos x 2

cos x  (cos x)  (sin x)  ( sin x)


cos 2 x

cos 2 x  sin 2 x Remember


cos 2 x cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1

1

cos 2 x

d 1
This is an important result and proves the trig identity tan x  2
 sec 2 x
dx cos x

17
Example 5

x3
Find the rate of change of the function f ( x)  2 at x  1
x 2

d  f ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)
 
dx  g ( x) 
Using the product rule
g ( x) 2

d 3 d
x  ( x 2  2)  x 3  ( x 2  2)
f ( x)  dx dx
x  2 
2 2

3 x 2  ( x 2  2)  x 3  2 x
f ( x) 
x 2  22

3x 4  6 x 2  2 x 4
f ( x) 
x 2  22

x4  6x2
f ( x) 
x 2  22

(1) 4  6(1) 2
f (1) 
(1) 2  22

1 6
f (1) 
 12

f (1)  5

18
 Outcome 1 Worksheet 2 Quotient Rule

Use the quotient rule to find derivatives for each of the following:

d  4x5  d  (3 x  2) 4 
(1)   (2)  
dx  x 3  1  dx  4 x 5  1 

d  x7  d  e4x 
(3)   (4)  
dx  ln x  dx  x 7 

d  x3  d  2x3 
(5)   (6)  
dx  sin 5 x  dx  ln 4 x 

 
d  e 
5 x 1 
d (2 x  5 x  3)
2 4 

(7)  2  (8)  
dx  sin x  
dx  cos 2 (2 x  ) 
 
 3 

x 1
(9) Find the stationary point on the graph of y and determine its nature
x2

(10) Determine the stationary points and their corresponding nature:

x( x  1)
y
x2

19
(11) Determine the stationary points and their corresponding nature:

x 1
y
ex

 x  1
2

(12) For the curve described by y determine the stationary points and
x2
their corresponding natures.

20
 Implicit Differentiation

Not all functions can be expressed explicitly with y as a function of x .i.e. in the form
y  f (x)

For example the general equation of a circle is given as x 2  y 2  2 gx  2 fy  C  0 . It

would be difficult to express this equation in the form y  f (x)
Equations which are expressed in this form are called implicit functions

Differentiation of implicit functions

Consider the function z  y

2

to differentiate this function with respect to x we could use the chain rule.

dz dz dy
 
dx dy dx

dz
If z  y2 then  2y
dy

dz dy
hence  2y
dx dx

This example illustrates an important result.

d dy
f ( y )  f ( y ) 
dx dx

21
i.e. to differentiate a function f ( y) with respect to x we differentiate f ( y) with respect to y
dy
and multiply by
dx

d dy d dy d dy
for example, 4y  4 3y2  6 y sin y  cos y etc
dx dx dx dx dx dx

Example 1

Differentiate the function x 2  y 2  25

Differentiate each term individually

d 2 d 2 d
x  y  25 On both sides of the equation
dx dx dx

dy dy
2x  2 y 0 Rearrange the equation to make
dx dx
the subject

dy
2y  2 x
dx

dy  2 x

dx 2y

dy x

dx y

22
Example 2

Differentiate the function x4  2 y2  8

Differentiate each term individually

d 4 d d
x  2y2  8 On both sides of the equation
dx dx dx

dy dy
4x3  4 y 0 Rearrange the equation to make
dx dx
the subject

dy
4y  4 x 3
dx

dy  4 x 3

dx 4y

dy x3

dx y

23
Example 3

Differentiate the function x2  y 2  6x  4 y  8

Differentiate each term individually

d 2 d 2 d d d
x  y  6x  4 y  8 On both sides of the equation
dx dx dx dx dx

dy dy
2x  2 y 64 0
dx dx
dy
collect all terms involving
dx
dy dy
2y  4  0  6  2x
dx dx
dy
Take out as a common factor
dx
dy
(2 y  4)  6  2 x
dx
dy
Rearrange the equation to make
dx
dy 6  2 x the subject

dx 2 y  4

dy 2(3  x)

dx 2( y  2)

dy 3  x

dx y  2

24
Example 4

Differentiate the function y 4  xy  6 x  2

Differentiate each term individually

d 4 d d d
y  xy  6 x  2 On both sides of the equation
dx dx dx dx

Need to use the product rule to

differentiate xy
dy dy
4 y3  y x 60 d d d
xy  x  y  x  y
dx dx dx dx dx

dy
3 dyall terms
Collect dy involving
4y x   y  6 dx
dx dx

dy dy
Take out
(4 y 3  x)   y  6 dx
as a common factor
dx

dy  y  6
 Rearrange the equation to make
dy
dx 4 y 3  x dx
the subject
dy y6

dx x  4 y3

25
Example 5

y2
Differentiate the function y  sin y 
3
0
x
Differentiate each term individually
d 3 d d y  d 2

y  sin y     0 On both sides of the equation

dx dx dx  x  dx

dy
2y x  y2 Need to use the quotient rule
dy dy dx
3y 2
 cos y  0 d 2 d
y  x  y2  x
dx dx x2 d  y  dx
2
dx
 
dx  x  x 2

dy dy dy
3x 2 y 2  x 2 cos y  2 y x  y 2  0 Multiply all thru by x2
dx dx dx

dy dy dy dy
2
3x y 2
 x 2 cos y  2 y x  y 2 Collect all terms involving
dx dx dx dx

dy
Take out as a common factor
3x y  x 2 cos y  2 xy   y 2
dy 2 2 dx
dx

dy y2
 dy
dx 3x 2 y 2  x 2 cos y  2 xy  Rearrange the equation to make
dx
the subject

26
 Outcome 1 Worksheet 3 Implicit Differentiation

1 Differentiate each of the following functions with respect to x

3
(a) 5y (b) 12 y (c) e3 y (d) sin 2 y

e3 y
(e) 3x  5 y
2 2
(f)
2
x y 3
(g) (h) sin( 4 y  x)
sin x

dy
2 Differentiate each of the following and find
dx

(a) x 2  y 2  100 (b) x2  4 y 2  6x  4 y  3

(c) y  sin( 4 x  5 y ) (d) e sin x  e cos y  5

(e) cos 2 x  cos 2 y  cos(2 x  2 y ) (f) xy 3  x 2 y 2  3x 2  7

2x  3y
(g) 1
x2  y2

27
 Second Derivative of Implicit Functions

We can also find higher order derivatives of functions defined implicitly.

Example 1

d2y
Find for the function 4x2  y 2  4
dx 2

d d 2 d
First derivative: 4x2  y  4
dx dx dx

dy
8x  2 y 0
dx

dy
2y  8 x
dx

dy  8 x

dx 2 y

dy  4 x

dx y

28
 dy  4 x
Second derivative : differentiate first derivative 
dx y

d  dy  d   4 x 
   
dx  dx  dx  y  Use quotient rule to differentiate
d   4x 
 
dx  y 
d d 
d y  dx
2  4 x   y   4 x  y
 dx

dx 2  y2 
 

dy
2  4 y  4x dy  4 x
d y dx 
 But
dx 2 y2 dx y

  4x 
 4 y  4 x  
d2y  y 

dx 2 y2

16 x 2
 4y  Write the top part as a single
d2y

y  4y  y
fraction using  4 y 
dx 2 y2 y

 4 y 2  16 x 2
d2y y
2

dx y2

d 2 y  4 y 2  16 x 2

dx 2 y3
29
 But from given function
d 2 y  4(4 x 2  y 2 )
 4x2  y 2  4
dx 2 y3

d2y  4 4
So 
dx 2 y3

d 2 y  16
 3
dx 2 y

Example 2

d2y
Find for the function x 2  4 xy  8
dx 2

d 2 d d
First derivative : x  4 xy  8
dx dx dx

d d  Using the product rule for

2x   4x  y  4x  y  0 d
 dx dx  dx
4 xy

dy
2x  4 y  4x 0
dx
Dividing all thru by 2

dy
x  2 y  2x 0
dx

dy
2x  x  2 y
dx

30
 dy x  2y

dx 2x

Second derivative : simply differentiate the first derivative –note that it`s quicker to differentiate
dy
the first derivative in the form x  2 y  2x 0
dx

d  dy 
 x  2 y  2x  0
dx  dx 

Using the product rule for

dy  d dy d  dy 
1  2   2x   2 x     0 d  dy 
dx  dx dx dx  dx   2x 
dx  dx 

dy dy d2y
1 2  2  2x 2  0
dx dx dx

dy d2y
1 4  2x 2  0
dx dx

d2y dy
2 x 2  4  1 dy x  2y
But 
dx dx dx 2x

31
 d2y  x  2y 
2 x 2  4   1
dx  2x 

d2y  x  2y 
2x  2   1
 x 
2
dx

d 2 y 2x  4 y
2x  1
dx 2 x

d 2 y 2x  4 y x
2x  
dx 2 x x

d 2 y 2x  4 y  x
2x 
dx 2 x

d 2 y x  4y

dx 2 2x2

32
Example 3

Find the stationary points on x 2  4 xy  y 2  20 and use the second derivative to

determine their nature.

dy
Stationary points occur when 0
dx

d 2
x  4 xy  y 2  20
dx

d 2 d d 2 d
x  4 ( xy )  y  20
dx dx dx dx

d d  dy
2 x  4 x  y  x  y   2 y
 dx dx  dx

 dy  dy
2 x  4 y  x   2 y
 dx  dx

dy dy
2x  4 y  4x  2y
dx dx

dy dy
2x  4 y  4x  2y
dx dx

dy
2 x  4 y  4 x  2 y 
dx

33
 dy 2 x  4 y

dx 4 x  2 y

dy 2( x  2 y )

dx 2(2 x  y )

dy x  2 y

dx 2 x  y

x  2y
For stationary points 0
2x  y
So x  2y  0
i.e. x  2y

now substitute x  2 y into the original equation x 2  4 xy  y 2  20

(2 y ) 2  4(2 y ) y  y 2  20

4 y 2  8 y 2  y 2  20

 4 y 2  y 2  20

20  y 2  4 y 2

20  5 y 2

4  y2

y  2

34
Substitute y  2 into x  2 y

at y  2 x  2y so x  2  (2) i.e. x  4
at y2 x  2y so x  2 2 i.e. x4

Stationary points at at (  4,  2) and ( 4 , 2)

Nature of Turning points

d2y
To determine the nature of the turning points we need to find
dx 2
dy x  2 y
i.e we need to differentiate 
dx 2 x  y

Before differentiating again we could rearrange the equation to make things easier

dy
(2 x  y )  x  2y
dx

Differentiating (using product rule on left hand side)gives

d dy d  dy  dy
(2 x  y )   (2 x  y )     1  2
dx dx dx  dx  dx

 dy  dy d2y dy
 2    (2 x  y ) 2  1  2
 dx  dx dx dx

d2y
we are trying to find the value of at the stationary points but at stationary points the
dx 2
dy
derivative is always equal to zero i.e. we can substitute  0 into this equation
dx

35
 dy d2y
Replacing with 0 gives (2 x  y ) 2  1
dx dx

d2y 1
i.e. 
dx 2
(2 x  y )

d2y 1
at the stationary point (  4,  2) 
dx 2 (2(4)  (2))

d2y 1 1 d2y
   i.e. 0 so maximum turning point
dx 2  10 10 dx 2

d2y 1
and at the stationary point ( 4, 2) 
dx 2 (2(4)  2)

d2y 1 d2y
 i.e. 0 so minimum turning point
dx 2 10 dx 2

i.e. We have a maximum turning point at (  4 ,  2 ) and a minimum turning point

at ( 4, 2)

36
Outcome 1 Worksheet 4 Implicit Differentiation: 2nd Derivative

1 Find the second derivative for each of the following

9x  y 2  9 x3  y3  8 4 x 2  9 y 2  17
2
(a) (b) (c)

(d) x 2  xy  2 (e) y 2  xy  8 (f) x2  4 y2  1

(g) y  sin y  x (h) x  5  ey (i) x 2  ln y

d2y
2 For x  xy  8
2
evaluate at the point ( 3 , 4 )
dx 2

3 Find stationary points on the graph of 2 x 2  xy  3 y 2  46 and determine

their nature.

4 Prove that (1,2) is a stationary point on the curve x 2  xy  y 3  7

and determine its nature.

5 Prove that (-1,3) and (0,0) are stationary points on the curve
3x 2  2 xy  5 y 2  16 y  0 and determine their natures.

37
 Parametric Functions

Sometimes a relationship between two variables, x and y, cannot be defined explicitly and can
only be described by introducing a third quantity t (called a parameter) where x and y are related
to each other through their dependence on the parameter t

For example consider the diagram below

The x and y coordinates on the graph shown are described by the parametric equations

x  t2 and y  t 2  4t

x and y coordinates are found by substituting values for t into each equation

t x  t2 y  t 2  4t
-3 9 21

-2 4 12

-1 1 5

0 0 0

1 1 -3

2 4 -4

3 9 -3

38
 Differentiation of a function defined parametrically

In the previous example we can easily calculate the rate of change of the function by finding the
dy
derivative using the chain rule
dx

If x  t2 and y  t 2  4t

dx dy
then  2t and  2t  4
dt dt

dy dy dx
by the chain rule:  
dt dx dt

dy
dy dt
rearranging gives 
dx dx
dt

dy 2t  4
i.e. 
dx 2t

dy
dy dt
In general if x  x(t ) and y  y (t ) then 
dx dx
dt

dx
Provided  0
dt

39
Example 1

dy
If the parametric equations of a curve are x  t2 1 and y  t 3  1find the derivative
dx
x  t2 1 y  t3 1

dx dy
 2t and  3t 2
dt dt

dy
dy dt

dx dx
dt

dy 3t 2
i.e. 
dx 2t

dy 3t

dx 2

40
Example 2

If the parametric equations of a curve are x  3t and y  t 2  4t  1

dy
find the derivative
dx

x  3t y  t 2  4t  1

dx dy
3 and  2t  4
dt dt

dy
dy dt

dx dx
dt

dy 2t  4
i.e. 
dx 3

41
Example 3

If the parametric equations of a curve are x  3 cos t and y  3sin t

dy
find the derivative
dx

x  3 cos t y  3sin t

dx dy
 3sin t and  3 cos t
dt dt

dy
dy dt

dx dx
dt

dy 3 cos t
i.e. 
dx  3 sin t

dy
  cot t
dx

42
Example 4

Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve defined parametrically by x  t2 1
And y  t3  2 at the point where t2

dy
To find gradient of tangent we must first find
dx

x  t2 1 y  t3  2

dx dy
 2t  3t 2
dt dt

dy
dy dt

dx dx
dt

dy 3t 2
i.e. 
dx 2t

dy 3t

dx 2

dy 3  2 dy
at t2  i.e. 3
dx 2 dx

so gradient of tangent at t2 is 3

43
To find coordinates of point where tangent touches curve:

x  t2 1 so at t2 x  22  1 i.e. x3

y  t3  2 so at t2 y  23  2 i.e. y  10

The tangent has gradient 3 and passes through the point ( 3,10 )

So equation of tangent given by y  b  m( x  a )

i.e. y  10  3( x  3)
y  10  3x  9
y  3x  9  10

y  3x  1

44
 Outcome 1 Worksheet 5 Parametric Differentiation

dy
(1) Find for each of the following parametric equations
dx

(a) x  t2 1 y  t4  3

(b) x  e 2t y  2t 2  3

(c) x  t3 y  cos t

(d) x  3t 2  1 y  t 3 sin t

(e) x  te  t y  t2 1

(f) x  3sin  y  4 cos

(2) Find the equation of the tangent to the following curves defined parametrically at the given
value

5
(a) x  5t y at t2
t

(b) x  cos 3t y  sin 2t at t
6

45
 Second Derivative of Parametric Functions

The second derivative of a function defined parametrically can be found by applying the chain
d2y
rule a second time to find
dx 2

d 2 y d  dy  d  dy  dt
i.e if x  x(t ) and y  y (t ) then      
dx 2 dx  dx  dt  dx  dx

d  dy 
 
d 2 y dt  dx 
i.e. 
dx 2 dx
dt

d  dy 
so to find the second derivative we use  
d y dt  dx 
2


dx 2 dx
dt

46
Example 1

Find the first and second derivatives for the function defined by the parametric equations
x  2t 2 and y  t 4  2t 2

First derivative: x  2t 2 y  t 4  2t 2

dx dy
 4t  4t 3  4t
dt dt

dy
dy dt 4t 3  4t 4t (t 2  1)
    t2 1
dx dx 4t 4t
dt

Second Derivative:

d  dy 
 
d y dt  dx 
2
dy 2 dx
 where  t 1 and  4t
dx 2 dx dx dt
dt

2
d y dt
t  1
d 2
i.e. 
dx 2 4t

d 2 y 2t

dx 2 4t
d2y 1

dx 2 2

47
Example 2

Find the first and second derivatives for the function defined by the parametric equations
x  e t and y  t 3  t  1

First derivative: x  et y  t3  t 1

dx dy
 et  3t 2  1
dt dt

dy
dy dt 3t 2  1
 
dx dx et
dt

Second Derivative:

d  dy 
 
d 2 y dt  dx  dy 3t 2  1 dx
 where  and  et
dx 2 dx dx et dt
dt


d 2
d  dy  dt
3t  1e t  3t 2  1 e t
d
  dt
dt  dx  e 
t 2

6te t  3t 2  1e t


e 2t

48
 e t 6t  3t 2  1

e 2t

et 1
since 2 t  t
d  dx  6t  3t 2  1
  e e
dt  dt  et

d  dy  6t  3t 2  1
 
d y dt  dx 
2
et
 =
dx 2 dx et
dt

d 2 y 6t  3t 2  1

dx 2 e 2t

Example 3

Find the stationary point on the curve defined by the parametric equations x  t3 and
y t t
2
and use the second derivative to determine its nature

x  t3 y  t2  t

dx dy
 3t 2  2t  1
dt dt

dy
dy dt 2t  1
 
dx dx 3t 2
dt

49
 dy
Stationary points occur when 0
dx

2t  1
0
3t 2

2t  1 0

1
t
2

3
1 1
Since xt 3
then x  i.e. x
2 8
2
1 1 1 1 1
and y t t
2
y    y  y
2 2 4 2 4

1 1
so we have a turning point at  ,  
8 4

d2y
To determine the nature of the turning point we find
dx 2

d  dy 
 
d y dt  dx 
2


dx 2 dx
dt

d  dy  d  2t  1 
    
dt  dx  dt  3t 2 

50
 (2t  1)  3t 2  2t  1  3t 2 
d d
d  dy  dt dt
  
dt  dx  3t 
2 2

d  dy  2  3t 2  6t 2t  1
  
dt  dx  9t 4

d  dy  6t 2  12t 2  6t
  
dt  dx  9t 4

d  dy   6t 2  6t
  
dt  dx  9t 4

d  dy  6t (1  t )
  
dt  dx  9t 4

d  dy  2(1  t )
  
dt  dx  3t 3

d  dy 
 
d 2 y dt  dx  d  dy  2(1  t ) dx
 where    and  3t 2
dx 2 dx dt  dx  3t 3 dt
dt

2(1  t )
2
d y 3t 3

dx 2 3t 2

51
d 2 y 2(1  t )

dx 2 9t 5

1
2 2(1  )
1 d y 2 1 1 32
at t  5
=  =
1 1 9
2
2 dx 9 9
9 
2 32 32

d2y 1 1
i.e. is positive so minimum turning point at  ,  
dx 2 8 4

52
 Outcome 1 Worksheet 6 Second Derivative of Parametric Equations

d2y
(1) Find for each of the following functions defined by parametric equations:
dx 2

1
(a) x  3t 2 y  t3 1 (b) x  t2 y
t
(c) xt y  ln t (d) x  sin t y  1  cos t

(e) x  t  cos t y  sin t (f) x  e 2 t y  3t 3  t

1
(g) x  3t 3  t y  sin 2t (h) x  t2 1 y  t2 
t

2 Find turning point(s) on each of the following curves defined parametrically and determine
their nature

(a) x  3t y  12t  t 3

(b) x  t 1 y  t 4  2t 3

2 2
(c) x  t2  y  t2 
t t

53
 Differentiation of Inverse Functions

The inverse of a function y  f (x) is a function which “undoes” f (x)

For example consider the function f ( x)  x 3

the inverse function of f ( x)  x 3 is denoted f 1 ( x) where f 1 ( x)  3 x

eg if we substitute 2 into f (x) then f (2)  2 3  8

The inverse function is the function which “undoes” this i.e. we take 8, substitute into the inverse
function and we get back to 2

i.e. if we substitute 8 into f 1 ( x) then f 1 (8)  3 8  2

Since f (x) and f 1 ( x) undo one another then we can write:

f  f 1 ( x)   x and f 1  f ( x)   x

54
 Graph of the Inverse Function

Consider the function f ( x)  2 x  4

1
The inverse of this function is given as f 1 ( x)  x2
2
1
We could choose some values of x to help draw the graphs of y  f (x) and y  f ( x)

x y  f (x) x y  f 1 ( x)
-4 -4 -4 -4
-2 0 0 -2
0 4 4 0
2 8 8 2
4 12 12 4
6 16 16 6

55
The values which we put into the function are called the domain and the corresponding values
given out from the function are called the range.

Notice that the range for f (x) becomes the domain for f 1 ( x) and that the range for f 1 ( x)
is equal to the domain for f (x)

i.e. the graph of the inverse is obtained by swapping the x and y values from the original
function hence the graph of f 1 ( x) is the mirror image of the graph of f (x) across the line
yx

if f ( x)  y then f 1 ( y )  x

For later work it is worth highlighting that the y coordinate on the inverse
1
function f ( x) is equal to the x coordinate on the original function f (x)

56
 Finding the inverse of a function

In the previous example the inverse of the function f ( x)  2 x  4 can be found as follows:

Step 1 let y  f (x)

y  2x  4

Step 2 swap x `s and y `s

x  2y  4

Step 3 transpose the formula to make y the subject

x  2y  4
x  4  2y

1
( x  4)  y
2
1
y x2
2

Step 4 replace y with f 1 ( x)

1
f 1 ( x)  x  2
2

57
Example 1

Find the inverse of f ( x)  3 x 3  1

let y  f (x)

y  3x 3  1
swap x `s and y `s
x  3y3  1

x  1  3y3 transpose the formula to make y the subject

x 1
 y3
3

x 1
3 y
3

x 1
y3
3

x 1 replace y with f 1 ( x)
f ( x) 
1
3
3

58
Example 2

2x  1
Find the inverse of f ( x) 
5x  3

let y  f (x)

2x  1
y
5x  3
2y 1
x swap x `s and y `s
5y  3
x(5 y  3)  2 y  1 transpose the formula to make y the subject
5 xy  3x  2 y  1

5 xy  2 y  3x  1
y (5 x  2)  3x  1

3x  1
y
5x  2
3x  1 replace y with f 1 ( x)
f 1 ( x) 
5x  2

59
 Differentiation of Inverse Functions

We have already seen that for a function and it`s inverse f  f 1 ( x)   x

Differentiating both sides of this equation (using the chain rule on the LHS) gives:

d
 f  f 1 ( x)  d x
dx dx

f  f 1 ( x)  
d 1
f ( x)  1
dx

d 1
f ( x) 
1 Divide both sides by f  f 1 ( x) 
dx f  f 1 ( x) 

Hence the derivative of an inverse function can be found using the formula:

d 1 1
f ( x) 
dx f  f 1 ( x) 

Notes

A function will only exist on an interval if every member of the domain on the interval is mapped
onto exactly one element in the range and every element in the range is mapped onto exactly
one element in the domain. i.e. a one to one correspondence exists.

A quick way of testing this is to first find the derivative of the function. If the function is always
increasing on the interval (i.e. f ( x)  0 ) or if the function is always decreasing on the interval
( f ( x)  0 ) then a one to one correspondence exists and so the inverse of the function exists.

60
Example 1

Find a formula for the derivative of the inverse of the function f ( x)  3 x 3  1

First check to make sure an inverse exists

f ( x)  3 x 3  1

f ( x)  9 x 2

Since x values are being squared then f (x) can never be negative i.e. function always
increasing so one to one correspondence exists so the function has an inverse for all values of x

To find the inverse: let y  3x 3  1

x  3y3  1

x  1  3y3

x 1
 y3
3

x 1
3 y
3

x 1
y3
3

x 1
f 1 ( x)  3
3

The formula for the derivative of an inverse is given as

d 1 1
f ( x) 
dx f  f 1 ( x)  Where f 1 ( x)  3
x 1
3

61
 d 1 1
f ( x) 
dx  x 1 
f  3 
 3 
f ( x)  9 x 2

d 1 1
f ( x)  2
dx  x 1 
9 3 
 3 

Notice that in this example we could have gained the same result by differentiating the inverse
function directly

x 1
f 1 ( x)  3
3
1

 x  13
f 1 ( x)   
 3 

2

d 1 1 1  x  1 3
f ( x)    
dx 3 3 3 

d 1 1
f ( x)  2
dx
 x 1 3
9 
 3 
d 1 1
i.e f ( x)  2
as found previously
dx   x  1 
9 3   
  3 

62
Example 2

If f ( x)  x 3  e x find the value of f  f 1 ( x)  at x 1 given that the point (1 , 0 ) lies on

1
the graph of f ( x )

f ( x)  x 3  e x

f ( x)  3x 2  e x

Since 3x is always same or greater than zero and e is always greater than zero then f (x)
2 x

will always be greater than zero i.e. function always increasing so a one to one correspondence
is present meaning that inverse exists for all values of x

d 1 1
f ( x) 
dx f  f 1 ( x) 

d 1 1
f (1) 
dx f  f 1 (1) 

Notice that in examples like this we don`t have to find an explicit formula for f 1 ( x) as we can
easily find the value of f 1 (1)

f 1 (1) is the y coordinate on the inverse function at the point where x  1

Since the inverse function passes through (1 , 0 ) then f 1 (1)  0

d 1 1
f (1) 
dx f  f 1 (1) 

63
 d 1 1 f ( x)  3x 2  e x
f (1)  we previously found that
dx f (0)

d 1 1
f (1) 
dx 3  02  e0

d 1 1
f (1) 
dx 0 1

d 1
so f (1)  1
dx

64
Example 3

Given that f ( x)  1  4 x 3 find the value of  f  (5)

1

f ( x)  1  4 x 3

f ( x)  12 x 2

Since x is always same or greater than zero then  12x is always less than or equal to zero
2 2

so f (x) will always be less than or equal to zero i.e. function always decreasing so a one to one
correspondence is present meaning that inverse exists for all values of x

 f  ( x) 
1 1
f  f 1 ( x) 

 f  (5) 
1 1
f  f 1 (5) 

again we don`t have to find an explicit formula for f 1 ( x) as we can find the value of f 1 (5)

f 1 (5) is the y coordinate on the inverse function at the point where x  5

If x5 on the inverse function then at the equivalent point on the original function y 5
(remember – x and y coordinates are interchanged)

For the original function f ( x)  1  4 x 3

i.e. y  1  4x3 we can find the value for x at y 5

5  1  4x3
4x3  1  5

65
 4 x 3  4

x 3  1

x  3 1

x  1

i.e. the original function pases through the point (1 , 5 )

so the inverse function passes through the point (5 ,  1 )

i.e. f 1 (5)  1

 f  (5) 
1 1
f  f 1 (5) 
hence

can be written as  f  (5) 

1 1
we previously found that f ( x)  12 x 2
f  1

so  f  (5) 
1 1
 12  (1) 2

 f  (5)   1
1

12

66
Example 4

Given that f ( x) 
x4
find the value of  f  (3)
1

x2

x4
f ( x) 
x2

1  ( x  2)  ( x  4)  1 Using the quotient rule

f ( x) 
( x  2) 2

x2 x4
f ( x) 
( x  2) 2

6
f ( x) 
( x  2) 2

6
Since x  2 is always same or greater than zero then
2
is always less than or equal
( x  2) 2
to zero so f (x) will always be less than or equal to zero i.e. function always decreasing so a
one to one correspondence is present meaning that inverse exists for all values of x

 f  ( x) 
1 1
f  f 1 ( x) 

 f  (3) 
1 1
f  f 1 (3) 

67
again we don`t have to find an explicit formula for f 1 ( x) as we can find the value of f 1 (3)

f 1 (3) is the y coordinate on the inverse function at the point where x  3

If x3 on the inverse function then at the equivalent point on the original function y 3
(remember – x and y coordinates are interchanged)

x4
For the original function f ( x) 
x2

x4
i.e. y we can find the value for x at y 3
x2

x4
3
x2

3( x  2)  x  4

3x  6  x  4

3x  x  4  6

2 x  10

x5

i.e. the original function passes through the point (5 , 3 )

so the inverse function passes through the point (3 , 5 )

68
 i.e. f 1 (3)  5

 f  (3) 
1 1
f  f 1 (3) 
hence

can be written as  f  (3) 

1 1
6
f 5 we previously found that f ( x) 
( x  2) 2

so  f  (3) 
1 1
6
(5  2) 2

 (5  2) 2
 f  (3)  
1


 f  (3)  
1 (3) 2
6

 f  (3)   9
1

 f  (3)   3
1

69
Outcome 1 Worksheet 7 Differentiation of Inverse Functions

(1) If f ( x)  x  4 find a formula for  f ( x)

1
for x  0 and evaluate  f  (1)
1

(2) If f ( x)  2 x  3 find a formula for  f ( x) for x  0

1
and evaluate  f  (3)
1


(3) If f ( x)  x 3  4 x  1 find  f 1  (6) given that the point 6 ,1  lies on the graph of
the inverse

 3  
(4) If f ( x)  cos x  3x find the rate of change of  f  ( x)
1
at the point  , 
 2 2

(5) If f ( x)  7 x  sin 2 x find the rate of change of  f  ( x)

1
at the point 0 , 0 

(6) If f ( x)  (3x  7) 3 find the rate of change of  f  ( x)

1
at x 8

(7) If f ( x)  5 x 3  ln x 
3
find the rate of change of  f ( x) at the point ( 5 ,1)
1

70
 Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

 
Given that f ( x)  sin x and  x we can find an expression for  f  ( x) the
1

2 2
derivative of the inverse sine function as follows:

 
For  x a function exists since a one to one correspondence between x and f (x)
2 2
exists (see graph below)

f ( x)  sin x then f ( x)  cos x

d 1 1
f ( x) 
f  f 1 ( x) 
Since
dx

d 1 1
f ( x) 
cos sin 1 x 
Then
dx

If we let sin 1 x  a then x  sin a

71
 x Opp
In other words sin a  where sin a 
1 Hyp
We can represent this on a right angled triangle as follows:

Adj 1  x2
Hence cos a  
Hyp 1

i.e. cos a  1  x 2

we now have sin 1 x  a and cos a  1  x 2

d 1 1
f ( x) 
cos sin 1 x 
so
dx

d 1 1
f ( x) 
dx cos a 

72
 d 1 1
Hence f ( x) 
dx 1  x2

d 1
So sin 1 x 
dx 1  x2

d 1 d 1
Similarly we can show that cos 1 x  and tan 1 x 
dx 1  x2 dx 1  x2

i.e. derivatives of the inverse trig functions are given as:

d 1 d 1 d 1
sin 1 x  cos 1 x  tan 1 x 
dx 1  x2 dx 1  x2 dx 1  x2

73
Example1

Differentiate cos 1 ( x 3 )

Using the chain rule: let y  cos 1 (u ) where u  x3

dy 1 du
  3x 2
du 1 u2 dx

dy dy du
 
dx du dx

dy 1
  3x 2
dx 1 u 2

dy 1
  3x 2
dx 1  x 3 
2

dy  3x 2

dx 1  x6

74
Example 2

Differentiate ln(1  sin 1 x)

Using the chain rule: let y  ln u where u  1  sin 1 x

dy 1 du 1
 0
du u dx (1  x 2 )

dy dy du
 
dx du dx

dy 1 1
 
dx u (1  x) 2

dy 1 1
 
dx (1  sin x)
1
(1  x 2 )

dy 1

dx (1  sin 1 x) (1  x 2 )

75
Example 3

Find the derivative of x 2 tan 1 x

Using the product rule:

d
 f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)
dx

d 2 d d
x tan 1 x  x 2  tan 1 x  x 2  tan 1 x
dx dx dx

1
 2 x tan 1 x  x 2 
1  x2
x2
 2 x tan 1 x 
1  x2

76
Example 4

 2x  1  1
Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve y  cos 1   at x
 3x  2  2

2x  1
Using the chain rule: let y  cos 1 u where u
3x  2

d
dy 1 du dx
 d
2 x  1  (3x  2)  (2 x  1)  (3x  2)
  dx
du 1 u2 dx 3x  2 2

du 2(3x  2)  (2 x  1)  3

dx 3x  22

du 6 x  4  (6 x  3)

dx 3x  22

du 1

dx 3 x  2
2

dy dy du
 
dx du dx

dy 1 1
 
1  u (3 x  2)
2
dx 2

77
 dy 1

dx (3x  2) 2 1  u 2

dy 1

dx  2x  1 
2

(3x  2) 2
1  
 3x  2 

1 dy 1
So at x gradient of tangent 
2 dx  1 
2

 2  1 
1
(3   2) 2 1   2 
2  3  2 
1
 
 2 

1
 2
 
2  
 1
1  
0
 
 2   1
   
  2

1

1
1 0
4

1

1
4

1
i.e gradient of tangent at x is 4
2

78
Outcome 1 Worksheet 8 Differentiation of Inverse Trig Functions

Differentiate the following:

1
(1) sin 1 ( x 3 ) (2) cos 1 ( x ) (3) sin 1  
 x

(4) cos 1 (e t ) (5) tan 1 (4 x  1) 3 (6) sin 1 (ln 3x)

lnsin 1 x 
1
(7) (8) e tan x
(9) ln(cos 1 x )

(10) x 3 sin 1 x (11) x tan 1 x (12) e 3 x cos 1 x

sin 1 x cos 1 x
(13) lnx sin 1 x (14) (15)
x2 x

e3x ln x cos 1 3 x
(16) (17) (18)
sin 1 2 x  cos 1 3 x  ln 2 x 

 2x  1
(19) Calculate the gradient of the tangent to the curve y  sin 1   at x 1
 x3 

(20) Show that the curve with equation y  cos 1 x 2  has a maximum stationary point at
x0

79
 Answers to Exercises
Exercise 1

(1) ( x  3) 3 (7 x 3  9 x 2  4)

(2) (3x 2  2) 5 (45 x 4  72 x 2  108 x  4)

(3) x 4 (5 ln x  1)

(4) 3( x 2 cos 3x  x 3 sin 3x  2 sin 3x)

(5) (3x  5) 6 sin x(21sin x  6 x cos x  10 cos x)

(6) 5 x 3 (4 ln 3x  1)

(7) e 3 x  2 3 cos(2 x  5)  2 sin( 2 x  5) 

3 sinh 4 x
(8) 4 cosh 4 x ln(3x  7) 
3x  7

(9) Rate of change = 1

(10) Max (  2 , 0.541) Min ( 0, 0)

32
(11) i) Proof ii)
27

80
(12) i) Proof ii) (0.5535,0.514) max

 
(13) Inflexion at  , 0.3224 
4 

Exercise 2

4 x 4 (2 x 3  5) 4(3x  2) 3 (3x 5  10 x 4  3)
(1) (2)
( x 3  1) 2 (4 x 5  1) 2

x 6 (7 ln x  1) e 4 x ( 4 x  7)
(3) (4)
(ln x) 2 x8

x 2 (3 sin 5 x  5 x cos 5 x) 2 x 2 (3 ln 4 x  1)
(5) (6)
sin 2 5 x (ln 4 x) 2

e 5 x1 (5 sin x  2 cos x)

(7)
sin 3 x

   
4(2 x 2  5 x  3) 3 (4 x  5) cos(2 x  )  (2 x 2  5 x  3)(sin( 2 x  )
(8)
 3 3 

cos 3 (2 x  )
3

81
  1
(9) Maximum turning point at 2 , 
 4

(10) 2  2,3  2 2  maximum

2  2,3  2 2  minimum

 1
(11)  2, 2  maximum
 e 

(12) 1, 0  maximum

 3, 4  minimum

Exercise 3

dy dy dy
1 (a) 5 (b) 36 y 2 (c) 3e 3 y
dx dx dx

dy dy dy
(d) 2 cos 2 y (e) 6 x  10 y (f) 2 xy 3  3x 2 y 2
dx dx dx

dy
3e 3 y sin x  e 3 y cos x
dx dy
(g) (h) cos(4 y  x)(4  1)
sin 2 x dx

82
 dy x dy x3
2 (a)  (b) 
dx y dx 2(1  2 y )

dy 4 cos(4 x  5 y ) dy cos xe sin x

(c)  (d) 
dx 1  5 cos(4 x  5 y ) dx sin ye cos y

𝑑𝑦 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥−sin⁡(2𝑥+2𝑦)

(e) =
𝑑𝑥 sin(2𝑥+2𝑦)−sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦

dy 6 x  y 3  2 xy 2
(f) 
dx 3xy 2  2 x 2 y

dy 2 x  2
(g) 
dx 3  2 y

Exercise 4

81 16 x  68
1 (a)  (b)  (c)
y3 y5 81 y 3

2x  2 y 16 1
(d) (e) (f) 
x2 2 y  x 3 16 y 3

sin y 1
(g)  (h)  (i) 2 y  4x2 y
(1  cos y)3 e2 y

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 2
2
9

3 max (1, 4 ) min (  1,  4 )

4 Maximum stationary point

5 (0,0) Maximum, (-1,3) Minimum

Exercise 5

dy dy 2t
1 (a)  2t 2 (b) 
dx dx e 2 t

dy sin t dy t (3 sin t  t cos t )

(c)  2 (d) 
dx 3t dx 6

dy 2t dy  4 tan 
(e)  t (f) 
dx e (1  t ) dx 3

2 (a) x  4 y  20 (b) 2x  6 y  3 3

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Exercise 6

1 3 1
1 (a) (b) (c) 
12t 4t 5 t2

1 1 1 4t 2
(d)  (e) (f) e (9t  9t  1)
cos 3 t (1  sin t ) 2 2

 4(9t 2 sin 2t  sin 2t  9t cos 2t ) 3

(g) (h)
(9t 2  1) 3 4t 5

2 (a) MAX ( 6 ,16 ) MIN (  6 ,16 )

 1 27 
(b) POI (  1, 0 ) MIN  , 
 2 16 

(c) MIN (  1,3 )

Exercise 7

(1)  f  (1)  2
1
(2)  f  (3)  3
1

(3)  f  (6)  1
1
(4) Rate of change =  f  ( 3 )  1
1

7 2 2

(5) Rate of change =  f  (0)  1

1
(6)  f  (8) 
1 1
9 36

(7)  f  (5) 
1 1
15

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Exercise 8

3x 2 1 1
 
1  x 6  x  x  x x 2  1
(1) (2) (3)
2
2

 et 124 x  1
2
1
1  e 2t 
(4) (5) (6)
1  (4 x  1) 6 x 1  ln 3x 
2

1
1 e tan x 1

1  x  sin
(7) (8) (9)
2 1
x 1  x2 2( x  x 2 ) cos 1 x

x3 (1  x 2 ) tan 1 x  2 x
3x 2 sin 1 x 
1  x 2 
(10) (11)
2 x (1  x 2 )

 1  1  x 2 sin 1 x  x ln x
e  3 cos 1 x 
3x

1  x 2   x 1  x 2 
(12) (13)



x  2 1  x 2 sin 1 x  2x  1  x 2
cos 1 x
x 3 1  x 2 
(14) (15)
2 x x(1  x 2 )


e 3 x 3 1  4 x 2  sin 1 2 x   2  1  9 x  cos 3x   3x ln x
2 1

1  4 x sin 2 x  x 1  9 x cos 3x 

(16) (17)
2 1 2 2 1 2

 3x ln 2 x   1  9 x  cos 3x 
2 1
7 15
1  9 x ln2 x 
(18) 2
(19)
2
x 60

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