EX.

NO:

DATE:
NUMERICAL APERTURE DETERMINATION FOR FIBERS
AIM
To calculate the numerical aperture and acceptance angle for the given optical
fiber.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
1. VOFT-02-A1
2. 1m plastic fiber cable
3. Numerical Aperture setup

THEORY
For light rays to be propagated along a fiber they must fall within the fibers
acceptance angle. The numerical aperture of a fiber is an indication of how much lighta
fiber can accept to propagate through it.The light transmitted inside a fiber account
the total internal reflection, light travel not only along fiber’s central axis but also
various angles to centerline. The light rays fallen out of acceptance angle deviates
from total internal reflection, they gets refracted from core-cladding boundary,
provides losses to the information.

Acceptance Angle Theory

From the above figure, at the air-fiber interface, the beam at an angle θais the

incident beam and the beam at an angle θc is the launched one which is the refracted beam
with respect to air-core interface and reflected beam with respect to the core- cladding
interface respectively. Hence launched beam(critical angle) makes internal reflection
whenever the incident beam(θa)achieves an angle called acceptance angle.
[Type here][Type here][Type here]

PROCEDURE
Numerical Aperture and Acceptance Angle
1. Connect a 1m fiber cable between optical transmitter and NA setup as
shown in figure .
2. Insert the fiber cable in numerical aperture setup as follows,
a. Unscrew the topside screw of NA setup.
b. Insert the fiber through topside hole.
c. Make the fiber cable end to 0.2 cm above from the base of NA setup.
3. Now a circular red color spot is shown in graph attached with the base of
NA setup. Measure the circle in horizontally & vertically and find out
mean radius of circle spot as,
r = (DE + BC)/4
4. Find out the numerical aperture for a distance as,
r
NA =
√r2 + d 2
where, d is distance in cm, r is mean radius of circle spot.
5. Measure the NA for other distances of 0.4 cm, 0.6cm, 0.8cm and 2cm,
finally take an average for all readings of NA which is the Numerical
Aperture for the given plastic fiber. Typical fiber’s NA is 0.5 to 0.6.
6. Find-out the acceptance angle as follows,

θa = sin –1(NA)

Numerical aperture set up

.. .
.
[Type here][Type here][Type here]

TABULATION

Distance(d) Mean radius Numerical

S.NO.
in cm (r) in cm Aperture

7. The refractive index of cladding(n2) for given fiber is 1.402, now

find out the refractive index of the core(n1) using following

formula , NA = √n12 + n22

Where n1 is refractive index of core, n2 is refractive index ofCladding
,& NA is Numerical Aperture of fiber.

RESULT

Thus the numerical aperture and the acceptance angle for the given optical fiberis
calculated.
Numerical aperture
Acceptance angle

.. .
.
[Type here][Type here][Type here]

Ex.No.: DC CHARACTERISTICS OF LED AND PIN PHOTO DIODE

AIM:

To obtain the DC characteristics of LED and PIN photo diode

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.No Name of the Equipment Quantity

1. LED module kit 1

2. PIN photo diode kit 1

3. Power supply Unit 1

4. Fiber Optic cable 1 metre

5. Power meter 1

6. Multimeter 1

7. Probe Required

1. .
THEORY:

LED :
The transmitter of an optical fiber communication system consists of an optical source, optical
interconnects and associated electronics necessary for modulation of the light output in accordance with
the information or intelligence signal. An optical source is the key component of the optical transmitter
unit. The purpose of an optical source is to convert an electrical signal reliably into optical radiation

(E/O conversion). There are a variety of optical sources that convert electrical energy to an
optical signal (light). However, in view of the compatibility with the dimensions of an optical fiber,
semiconductor optical sources are generally used in fiber optic communication system. There are two types of
semiconductor optical source e.g. LightEmitting Diode (LED) and Injection Laser Diode (ILD) often referred
to as Laser Diode (LD).

.. .
.
[Type here][Type here][Type here]

VI Characteristics:

PI Characteristics:

PIN Photo diode:

The function of a photodetector is to convert the received optical signal into its electrical
counterpart. A photodetector is a key component of an optical receiver in an optical fiber communication
system where the optical signal is converted to an electrical signal and subsequently processed by
associated electronic circuits. The photodetector receives the transmitted optical pulses containing
information (such as voice, video or computer data) impressed on it and converts it into an electrical
signal that is supposed to be a replica of the original information signal. However, in practice the signal
received by the receiver is generally weak and distorted depending on the nature of the channel (optical
fiber in this case). The weak mutilated electrical signal extracted by the detector is further amplified and
refined by subsequent stages of the receiver before being delivered at the output. From this application
point of view, a photodetector is basically a transducer that converts a signal from optical domain to

.
. .
[Type here][Type here][Type here]

electrical domain. This process is known as Optical-to-Electrical (O/E) conversion. A reverse conversion
from Electrical-to-Optical (E/O) domain is generally achieved in an optical fiber communication system
by an optical source (e.g. light emitting diode or injection laser diode) at the transmitter end.
PROCEDURE for DC Characteristics of LED:

1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.

2. Ensure that R2 should be minimum and then switch ON the power supply.
3. Measure resistance value between R1 & R2 which is RS, find the voltage acreoss the terminals
V S.
4. Measure the LED voltage V LED across the diode.
5. Note down the power meter reading P which is dBm. Calculate P O using the formula PO=10^
(P/10) in mW.
6. Vary the R2 value and repeat the step 4 to step 6 for different readings.
7. Plot the graph for the obtained readings.

Reverse bias (Photo diode)

S.No

.
. .
[Type here][Type here][Type here]

PIN photo diode

Circuit Diagram:

VI Characteristics:

OBSERVATION:

Forward bias(LED)

S.No VL (V) If=VL/RL (mA) PO (dBm) PO (µW)

.
. .
[Type here][Type here][Type here]

PROCEDURE for DC Characteristics of PIN photo diode:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Ensure the minimum bias voltage and then switch ON the power supply.
3. Change the switch selection mode to forward bias condition.
4. Vary the input voltage V and note down the power meter readings for dBm. PO = 10^(P/10) in
mW.
5. Compute IL using Ohms law.
6. Change the switch selection mode to reverse bias condition.
7. Repeat step 5 and step 6 and note down the readings.
8. Plot the graph for the obtained readings.

RESULT:

Thus the DC characteristics of LED and PIN photo diode was noted and the graph was plotted for the same.

.
. .
[Type here][Type here][Type here]

EX.NO:

DATE:
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
AIM

To construct a microwave bench set up using a Multi hole Directional coupler

and measure the performance parameters (i) Directivity (ii) Coupling factor (iii) Isolation
(iv) Insertion loss and find its S-matrix.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED

1. Klystron power supply

2. Klystron Tube
3. Klystron Mount
4. Isolator
5. Frequency Meter
6. Variable Attenuator
7. Slotted section
8. Detector Mount
9. Wave guide Stands
10. VSWR Meter
11. BNC Cable
12. CRO
13. Directional Coupler

THEORY

❖ It is a passive four – port devices.

❖ It is a reciprocal device.
❖ It consists of a primary guide with port1 and port 2 and a secondary guide with
port 3 and 4.
❖ A typical directional coupler shown in fig .

Port 3
Port 4

Port 1 Port 2

. .
.
[Type here][Type here][Type here]

❖ It is made of two connected wave guides one of the wave guides curves away .
❖ The wave guides are coupled through holes between them.
❖ The directional coupler is said to be consisting of main arm and au auxiliary
arm shown in fig.
❖ The amount of power coupled to the auxiliary arm depends on the number of
holes and their size.
❖ The matched termination absorbs the power reaching it with out reflection.
❖ The coupler is used to find the power reflection coefficient in a wave guide and
find out incident and reflected power values.
❖ The power at port 4 and port 2 have phase difference of 900. Similarly the power
at port 3 and 1 have phase difference of 900 when the propagation is in reverse
direction.
❖ The guides 1-2 and 3-4 are identical. Any one of them can be used as primary and
the other acts the auxiliary guide.
❖ The directional couplers are described by coupling factor directivity and VSWR.

The parameters of Directional couplers.

i P
1. Coupling Factor(C) C = 10 log10 ( ) , dB
Pa

Pi = input power to the primary guide

Pa = output power at auxiliary guide

Paf
2. Directivity (D) D = 10 log10 ( ), Db
Par

Paf = power of the auxiliary arm due to power in forward direction

Par = power of the auxiliary arm due to power in reverse direction

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

TERMINATION

MICRO
VARIABLE DIRECTIONAL
WAVE ISOLATOR ATTENUATOR
SOURCE

. .
.
[Type here][Type here][Type here]

3 Pa

4
MATCHED
TERMINATOR
Pi P0

Main Arm

PROCEDURE

1. Connect the components and equipment as shown in fig.

2. Keep the control knob of klystron power supply as below:
a. Modulation selection : AM
b. Beam voltage knob : Fully anti-clockwise
c. Reflector voltage knob : Fully clockwise
d. Selector switch : Beam voltage
3. Keep the AM modulation control knob of amplitude &frequency at mid
position.
4. Switch on the klystron power supply.
5. Now vary the Beam voltage knob to 295V or 200v and a reflection voltage of 150
V . Next change the selector knob to Beam Current. Observe the BEAM
CURRENT. [The beam current should not be more than 30 m amps].
6. Now observe the square wave form in CRO by varying either reflector
voltage or adjusting the amplitude knob of AM.
7. Connect the slotted section output to detector mount, now measure the input
Power (P1).
8. Disconnect to setup as shown in fig 2.
9. Now connect the slotted section output to directional coupler input (port1),
connect the detector mount at port2, Terminate the port4 with matched
termination.
10. Now measure the Power (P2) at port 2. Then remove detector mount from port2
and connect to port 4 terminate port 2 with matched termination
11. Now measure the power (P3) at port 3.
12. Now remove the directional coupler from slotted section. And connect the slotted
section output to directional coupler port2, connect the detector mount at Port1,
terminate the port4, with matched termination
13. Now measure the power (P4) at port 1 and tabulate readings.

. .
.
 .
TABULATION:
Beam Voltage = -- V
Beam current = -- ma
Replier Voltage =
P1
Coupling Factor(C) C = 10 log10 ( ) , dB
P3ƒ

V1
C = 20 log10 ( ) , dB
V3ƒ
P1 = input power to the primary guide
P3f = output power at auxiliary guide
P 3f
Directivity (D) D = 10 log 10 ( ), dB
VP3f
3r
D = 20 log ), dB

10 (
V3r
P3f = power of the auxiliary arm due to power in forward directionP3r
= power of the auxiliary arm due to power in reverse direction
1 P
Transmission loss T = 10 log 10 ( P ) , dB
2

V1
T = 20 log 10 ( ) , dB
V2

P
Isolation loss = 10 log 10 ( 4) , dB
P 1
V4
= 20 log 10 ( ) , dB
V1

Tabulate the readings and calculate the s-parameters from :

S21 = V2/V1 ; S31 = V3/V1 ; S41 = V4/V1

..
.
 .

Power of Power of Power of Power of Coupling Transmission

S.No Directivity
(P1) (P2) (P3) (P4) Loss Loss

RESULT
Thus the characteristic of directional coupler was studied and the following
parameters are found below:
S21 = ; S31 = ; S41 =
Coupling Factor(C) =
Directivity (D) =
Transmission loss =

..
.
 .

EX.NO:
DATE: S - MATRIX CHARACTERIZATION OF E-PLANE TEE,
H-PLANE TEE AND MAGIC TEE.

AIM

To determine the isolation, coupling coefficient and input VSWR for E and H
plane waveguide Tee and Magic Tee junctions.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED

1. Klystron power supply,

2. Klystron with mount,
3. isolator,
4. variable attenuator,
5. slotted section,
6. Magic Tee,
7. Matched termination,
8. detector mount,
9. CRO.

THEORY

H Plane Tee
Fig 1(a) shows the sketch of an H plane tee. It is clear from the sketch that an auxiliary
waveguide arm is fastened perpendicular to the narrow wall of a main guide, thus it is a
three port device in which axis of the auxiliary or side arm is parallel to the planes of the
magnetic field of the main of the main guide and the coupling from the main guide to the
branch guide is by means of magnetic fields. Therefore, it is also known as H plane tee.
The perpendicular arm is generally taken as input and other two arms are in shunt
to the input and hence it is also called as shunt t ee. Because of symmetry of the tee;
equivalent circuit of H plane, when power enters the aux iliary arm, and the two main arms
1 and 2 are terminated in identical loads, the power supplied to e ach load is equal a nd in
phase with one another.

If two signals of equal amplitude and in same phase are fed into two main arms1 and
2, they will be added together in the side arm. Thus H plane tee is an `adder’.

E Plane Tee
..
.
 .
It is clear from the sketch of the E plane tee that an auxiliary waveguide arm is
fastened to the broader wall of the main guide. Thus it is also a three port device in which
the auxiliary arm axis in parallel to the plane of the electric fields of the main guide, and
the coupling from the main guide to the auxiliary guide is by means of electric fields.
Therefore, it is also known as E plane tee. It is clear that it causes load connected to its
branches to appear in series. So it is often referred to as a series tee.

As indicated in fig, the two main guide arms are symmetrical with respect to the
auxiliary guide arm. As such if power is fed from the auxiliary arm, it is equally distributed
in the two arms 1 and 2 when they are terminated in equal loads. However as depicted in the
field configuration, the power flowing out in arm 1 is 180 out of phase to the one in arm 2.
As such its tee is known as `subtracter’ or `differencer’.

H-PLANE Tee:

MAGIC Tee

An interesting type of T junction is th e hybrid tee, commonly known as `magic

tee’ which is shown in fig. The device as can be seen from fig is a combination of the E arm
and H plane tees. Arm3, the H arm forms an H plane tee and arm 4, the E arm, formsan E
plane tee in combination with arms 1 and 2. The centr al lines of the two tees coincide and
define the plane of symmetry, that is, if arms 1 and 2 are of equal length, the part of
structure on one side of the symmetry plane shown by shaded ar ea is the mirror image of
that on the other .Arms1 and 2 are sometimes called as the side or collinear arms.

Magic of the MAGIC Tee

The name `magic Tee’ is derived from the manner in which power divides among
various arms. If power is fed into arm3, the electric field divides equally between arms 1 and
2 and the fields are in phase. Because of symmetry of the T junction, no net electric field
parallel to the narrow dimension of the waveguide is excited in arm 4. Thus no power is
coupled in port 4. Reciprocity demands no coupling in port 3 if power is fed in4.

..
.
 .
Another property that results from the symmetry of the junction is, if power is fed
in E or H arm, it is equally divided between arms 1 and 2. Further, magic tee being
combination of E and H plane tees, if power is fed from arms 1 and 2, it is added in H
arm (3) while is subtracted in E arm (4).

A simple E-H tee has disadvantage of not being matched when seen from E and H
arms when side arms are terminated in matched loads. The VSWR being > 2 the most
commonly used method to reduce VSWR is to introduce discontinuity such as port iris in or
near T junction to cancel out reflections occurring there in.

E Plane, H Plane Tee Parameter

Isolation

The isolation of a T junction is the ratio of power supplied from a matched generator
to one of the arms, to the power coupled to a matched detect or in any other arm when the
remaining arm is terminated in a matched load.

Isolation between port 1 and 2 is

P V
I12 = 10 log10 ( 1/P ) dB, I12 = 20 log10 ( 1/V ) dB,
2 2

And when matched load and detector are interchanged

P V
I13 = 10 log10 ( 1/P ) dB, I13 = 20 log10 ( 1/V ) dB,
3 3

Similarly

P V
I31 = 10 log10 ( 3/P ) dB, I31 = 20 log10 ( 3/V ) dB,
1 1

And when matched load and detector are interchanged,

P V
I32 = 10 log10 ( 3/P ) dB, I32 = 20 log10 ( 3/V ) dB,
2 2

When arm 2 becomes the input, we will have other two values of isolation, I21 and I23. Due
to reciprocity Property, I21 will be the same as I12. Therefore, we shall measure onlythe
first four isolation coefficients.

..
.
 .
b) Coupling coefficient

Corresponding to the values of isolation, we can compute The coupling

coefficient by the formula
C = 10–∝/20
Where

α is the attenuation in db be tween the input and detector arm when the third arm is
terminated in a matched load. For example, th e attenuation measured between arms 1 and
2 is 3 db when arm 3 terminated in matched load, that is, the coupling coefficient between
arms 1 and 2,
C = 10–∝/20=10–3/20 = 0.708dB
c) Input VSWR

The are three values of input VSWR associated with a tee, one for each arm. The
VSWR of any arm of a tee is the voltage standing wave ratio existing on a transmission line
terminated by that arm of the tee when the other two arm of the tee are terminated in matched
loads.

Magic Tee Parameter:

The basic properties and associated quantities to be measured for a magic tee are
defined as follows:

a) Input VSWR
Corresponding to each port of a magic tee as load to the line, there is a value
of VSWR. Thus there are four values of VSWR. VSWR is defined as the ratio
of maximum voltage to minimum voltage of the standing waves existing on
the line when one port of the tee terminates the line while other three ports are
terminated in matched loads.

b) Isolations
The isolation between E-and H-arms is defined as the ratio of the power
supplied by the matched generator connected to E-arms (port-4), to the power
detected in H- arm (port-3) by a matched detector when collineararms
(1&2) are terminated in matched loads. It is expressed in db.
I34 = 10 log10 P4/P3, I34 = 20 log 10 (V4 / V3)
P4 : power incident in port4(E-arm)
P3 : power detected in port3 (H-arm)

Similarly isolation between other ports may also be defined and measured.

c) Coupling Coefficient:
The voltage coupling coefficient from arm I to arm j is defined as Cij = 10-
α/20

..
.
 .

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP H-PLANE TEE: Detector VSWR meter

/ CRO

FREQUEN VARIABLE Matched

Slotted line
ATTENUA PLANE Load
ISOLAT CY METER TOR section

Reflex
Klystron
Matched load

Klystron
Power

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP E-PLANE TEE: Detector VSWR meter

meter
Detector VSWR
// CRO
CRO

FREQUEN
FREQUEN VARIABLE Slotted
Slotted line
line E- Matched
Matched
ATTENUA
ATTENUA
section PLANE
PLANE Load
ISOLAT CY
CY METER
METER TOR
TOR
TEE

Reflex
Klystron
Klystron
Matched load
Matched load

Klystron

.
 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP E-PLANE TEE: Detector VSWR meter
/ CRO

FREQUEN Slotted line Matched

ATTENUA
CY METER TOR section

Klystron
Matched load

Klystron

Procedure:

1. Setup the components as shown, with port 1 of tee(E-plane/H-plane/Magic Tee)

towards slotted line and matched termination to other ports.
2. Energize the microwave source and set mode 3.
3. Calculate VSWR by measuring Vmax and Vmin by adjusting the slotted line carriage.
4. Similarly connect other arms and calculated VSWR as above.
Isolation and Coupling Coefficient
1. Remove the slotted line and Magic Tee/ E/H Tee and connect the detector mount.
2. Energize the microwave source and set mode 3.
3. Note down the input voltage as Vi(mv) (should not alter the setting)
4. Now connect the magic tee/E-Plane/H-Plane Tee.
5. Determine the corresponding voltages Vj(mv) for each pair of ports by connecting
one
port to the source and measuring the ou tput at other port while the remaining ports are
connected to matched termination. Determine the isolation and coupling coefficients
for
the given Tee
ISOLATION AND COUPLING COEFFICIENTS
Generator to port i
Detector mount to port j (Vj)
All other ports terminated using matched termination Iij= 20 log (Vi / Vj)
Cij = 10- Iij/20
Where α is the attenuation in db
when I is the input and j the output arm.
Thus α(db) = 10 log Pi / Pj
where Pi is the power delivered to I arm by a matched generator and Pj is the power detected
by a matched detector in arm j.
In the case of magic tee, there are 12 coupling co nstants, one for each of the arms
as an input to each of the other three arms as an output. However, if we have a perfectly
matched detector and generator, Cij = Cji and also the reciprocity desires C12 = C21, C32
= C31 and C41 = C42
 .ISOLATION AND COUPLING COEFFICIENTS

Coupling
Nature of Tee Voltage (mv) Isolation
SL.NO Coefficient

Iij/20
I/P O/P (Iij) dB Cij = 10
nd
2 arm
st C12 =
I arm rd
3 arm
C13 =
nd
E-Plane 2 =
52
rd C32 =
3 arm st
1 arm
= 48 C31 =

nd
2 arm
C12
st
I arm rd
3 arm
C13
H = Plane nd
2
C32
rd st
3 arm 1 arm
C31

MAGIC TEE:

SL.NO Load Vmax(mv) Vmin(mv) VSWR

1 PORT 1

2 PORT 2

3 PORT 3

4 PORT 4
OBSERVATIONS:

Beam voltage =

Repeller voltage =

Input power at port 3 =

Power at port 4 =

Power at port 1 =

Power at port 2 =

Input power at port 4 =

Power at port 3 =

Power at port 1 =

Power at port 2 =

Input power at port 1 =

Power at port 2 =

Power at port 3 =

Power at port 4 =

Input power at port 2 =

Power at port 1 =

Power at port 3 =

Power at port 4 =

Result :

Thus the isolation, coupling coefficient and input VSWR for E, H plane
waveguide Tee and Magic Tee junctions are measured and also the S parameters are
determined.
EX.NO:
DATE:
MODE CHARACTERISTICS OF REFLEX KLYSTRON
AIM

To construct a microwave bench set up using Reflex Klystron as source and

perform the mode characteristics.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED

1. Klystron Power Supply,

2. Klystron with mount,
3. Isolator,
4. Frequency meter
5. Variable Attenuator
6. Slotted section with Probe carriage
7. CRO
8. Movable Short.

THEORY
Klystron is a microwave vacuum tube employing velocity modulation. These
electrons move towards the repeller(ie) the electrons leaving the cavity during thepositive
half cycle are accelerated while those during negative half cycle are decelerated. The
faster ones penetrate further while slower ones penetrate lesser in the field of repeller
voltage. But, faster electrons leaving the cavity take longer time to return and hence catch
up with slower ones. In the cavity the electrons bunch and interact with the voltage
between the cavity grids. It consists of an electron gun producing a collimated electron
beam.
It bunches pass through grids at time the grid potentials is such that electrons
are decelerated they give by energy. The electrons are then collected by positive cavity
wall near cathode.
PROCEDURE
i) Assemble the components as shown in fig.
ii) After following the necessary precautions, the Klystron Power Supply is
switched ON.
iii) To obtain peak voltage, the attenuator is positioned at it’s minimum
attenuation.
iv) Vary the repeller voltage from it’s maximum negative value and increase
it in steps on N and record output power and frequency.
v) The frequency is measured by tuning the basic frequency meter to have a
dip in the output voltage each time.
vi) The frequency meter is detuned before measuring the output power each
time.
vii) The mode characteristics of Reflex Klystron is plotted. (i.e. Output
Voltage Vs Repeller voltage and Frequency Vs Repeller voltage)

MODE CHARACTERISTICS OF REFLEX KLYSTRON

KLYSTRO
N POWER CRO
SUPPLY

KLYSTRON FREQUEN VARIABLE DETECTO

WITH ISOLATO CY METER ATTENUATO R MOUNT
MOUNT R
R
MODEL GRAPH :

TABULATION

Frequency Repeller voltage Output Voltage

Mode
GHz V (mV)
1

3
 .

BASIC PRECAUTIONS

1. During operation of Klystron, repeller does not carry any

current and assuch it may severely be damaged by electron
bombardment. To protect repeller from such damage, the
repeller negative voltage is always applied before anode
voltage.
2. The repeller voltage should be varied in one direction to avoid
hysteres is in klystrons

3. The heater voltage should be applied first and cooling should be

provided simultaneously after some time other voltages should
be applied taking precaution(i).

4. While measuring power, the frequency meter should be

detained each time because there is a dip in the output power
when the frequency is tuned.

5. To avoid loading of the klystron an isolator/attenuation should

invariably be used between klystron and the rest of the set-up.

RESULT
Thus the mode characteristics of Reflex Klystron are plotted in graph.
 .

BLOCK DIAGRAM: Detector VSWR meter

/ CRO

FREQUEN Slotted line Matched

ATTENUA PLANE
CY METER TOR section

Klystron
Matched load

Klystron

FROM SLOTTED SECTION MICROMETER READINGS

MSR VSC OBR= Total
PSR HSC HSR= PSR+ Readin
Trial VSR= Total
No VSCx.01 Reading HSCx.01 HSR ( OBR
ZC)

1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.

4. 4.

5. 5.