ror Pwpogahon

Coluahes
Codulaho)
ound-o* em Prp-aee o a
10 COam
Cminene hos
15e eceuut yalues
a accumalak, Suppde X aud
Se rpr
ad 3.
vls u 1

wo Yeal numbn w h atpimek

C0

Se t obEOlwe
emy
6e
rpbr
ane o 9e

ansl y , r p a t y
.i'e
roymal'2r

do twincod by
eror
velne

PPNimae
-
eNah )
ahveemr
e x a t valkee.

Y Ye Se
Xe
begin by elam'ni
T a our bost ai moht operahonm). we

e bjeive
in
h1
Sum Y
Ylaiveevo So h a
in ferma d md s o ha
md

Cae t eprh amd

Si2e dh eem'ss
the Tdah've
S Cam dtermins eror migh go.
Condihows under wht'th
fdnid
sin ) honne

+ - (1e te)
Y Ie+e
e
I-Xe
e +e

4
u)
2 e
 19
To mulok (4) in fe Y a d 17, t ia udetw o

inhoduce a pora m d, wit eprSo-s he

rah'o 4 Ye

e e
ell duhiud os ong #0-
Mote hell
() a) . C3)
4ake
AX+AY

ete

e+e

Te+Y e Y

3ey+Yy) he
eCt4)

be
Can be enpre4 in foms
the Sum
Te nlah've emor aollous.

oprad
emor e
otae Telahive

C)
Ltumulodes vund-db

thrSilef
e
eean&tn(6)
Si2s o t
tc elohe
em oa Sum deponds en

, then L a ) ano Yz+

two oprauss S
PPmekly
 ourAavel i 1 2 el, the Omd
ama
z Si milar , it 1sel >>|Te l, hm
Sum
e wund off emr d-t
w
h da
shole
the Opiand
dm'nctd by s
ond- dE emoT

magni kde t Jorga See

wkith Corépo
Occur whm
ca
mm inhenehir 1dankal
numb%
nwmo
thoo e nearly
nds b Sub rad-ig4
s Cam ehws in aV
md drem (6)
-1 & as
In tul ,
Hw rmed
TS i Aee Signi a m
cam-
uaive emY Signi
une ncsulh
C
9nesult in
in a

Comiellah
'on be cauhe
cause

Caa upC s

(ops acuraty.

Caa strophic
Camtelahion

Nhwork

on tc e ethitd
eethicel.
on te
a
havwned
o vnd
measuyeman
vwltage resistor
resrstor
Some
Suppe e
exhh
nan
naa

R lo -ohm ( )
(n)
H R s a

ukwone SAn in h3. CuwUn

u r w druwn
5e amoun
amoun oo
s dutermie
rted in oYr
inj measuemardi , wing
s nort. Suppoc voltuge
vol.
and =
5. 04
= 5. 09 v o l
muhinr pdd
dgiA ,

an z= 5.01,a
Vaables
valus dr th
h e exn rolative Ero r au
the
5. 05, Tpetvey,

OdY -o.201
| = 5 . 0 4 - 5 - 0 J

= O.391 5 0 h - 5 . 0 7 S-oS
S.0
=ô.001
0 . 003o 31
 21
make he Curon Howina nug te
T ojechve 1>

esisor wite Yolg drop acmA the Tests to ad

ehmed Cumondi amd he exat urenk te

Obm's law, e

olouwd
5.01-5.o 0-005

5nmk
e 5 . 0 1 - S . o S

- - 0-020
- 2
= 20 m A

omn in tte cporand u s am

Snce te nlahive
e m r Irn
the
to the Telohi ve
mr (casuatly) en pe
ls adbo on t h e
Cwrt eme Yy

he case.
Clearly not
os- 15
be
0.00S-o .020
0 . 75
O.020

(clohrt
(coCA

Sashauk wo neaulg
ner
Case
wn
th1a a catachophhe
casasbro phre

ihes Cauuyo a
nUmaor
nmeey in t 5
nagnaude.
osaen
almut -

ree
s
t BLCuran
 and
dud thaiy Computatfon, 22
loak Poin rtmh
J pwmad boc au hmere oporei ouy Sums
Cornpud
amd dL'v sion.
Sub rah'on, muth'p k Cah'on
adih on, numb US.

Th deu mel numo ru Convnk s woi n e

0 and|
The mathi ns numb v Comsish) onls 1 d
Com Puhi. 14te
te
uw a base. LS base dpnd n m

na mb Sys,
Codlad e binay
bou in wo numb a
a

OCtd numhorn A item

i ulla
a ti Called hutadeum numbr

base SiYleen
Sylon ho
h e hae lo
T h deümal nub
S tm rpeuhvely.
dtouhmT
thone c e mai n
manly two gps
n u mu td comp wwwn ,

Araenk in t4e Sys tom.

Opoahon OpeandA au!
dea uuih intg
whs (h
Ca) Tntgr ar#omec, w h duay
dau
i*
whilh
mat,
or FLoh- Point ariHh
C Red
Operamed.
numk
atkene part oa
Calulthien
C alulhon
in
in Ho
Hoaaka
famhrc
Cueo ou
no Compauy

Nod %e d:i qalty kapi ev

h mhc
Prin a
Compurahn
duving
.

mani
tude
humben lod ham 1 in
h r e e Paa-
i
chanatuuud by
A Hoa Poi wms
amel dhe
mey h e 6ale b, 5 numhen t dzit A

opon T ama (m, M).

-Poin numben
uith haie b
An
n n-digit dHoa a
has e ovm

amd saklhy osd6

wkas d,d3., dn ane mteger)
AO
S u h tnas mE e < M,
e
Omd t5 e e xpo nen-
Calleoihe manissa
(0, ddd^ ..-dn)6 i> a b-rahon
 13
and buwen Ind - T wmbu

as +0.000 0 x6
s Ge no/ mals Led
1y Satd
T Hoair -

poin nwmb en

itd,+o or else d - d . = d , =0.

d tw hane n n signih
#o te u m b en Natd
c,dh
Cnt dgiks. wwed Say rnslae any
rnylak any
wo Comonl
a
aas
L
T oah'rgPotntnumben
numbn d înv am N -c:i
ivn eal

hpCx)Yound:
a hepping in
t lo, d d o d . d , ) L 7
nuwben z =
touhr m 1E (E S ormali2e d nd
mantisSa
s+awndand
h-dit numbu
ahumsr
C manti sSa Consrsh ecay n-drgik. t

X Cam rtpråentd b z-l0.4,d dp

(FiE
te hoahrg-poin umbor Ca be ih choe Piq m an
than the
Ca wmttn a p x) (0.d,d,d 4)
in Youndia cotm.
Hoah rg Point Ywrvbe

C wtn o
(x) =
(o. ddd..4,
toahvg -Point
a ued to wntc a
whn hrt n dizis numbo.

ampl
Di n mo (meliLeo a m
o

Sni pC (3)= 0.66666666

o.6666667: estattA oudiq

0.6666666 . reguten chdps

)=
Cd wbYd n memorYs ts yos
Computa eath (o cos en

asume Compwh
a ne mbn d: gi e

In 0cah ao abbo Store

mmo &
memo 6 dgih ean
 n ormore Sm thn t rerent reed mmb e,
cuvhumed e h'xed bosihen dr t e ded'mal Poi
Cenputh
Cd all n
umb ev a Stred otter otbrpr ale shitia

ahumed deu'm Point Fur s manimum Ponble numbe

dd he m jni mu m Polsibla numb r s

a sttd o 3399.9
a Storcd a TLan a n i 'mum ano minimum r m i
o000.o

ale in magnituda . r this Pur poe, Proke

h nunmb
a scol nwmben
t5emaximum umbo 4 Sgnik canl- digiK in

te increas the a values hor t a A Teal umbet.

Ths bype rep rdentui e n t calledtae

nor malized flo ah'rg-
mo de
Point

55tTOPA
number
a
0.S812 xo
s572 yo
rebr&wel
p u 2. The
b n Ss.12 xlu 6.S872e1

e
ty o. 5812
Hne
manhJS
a m*
1K
to the let+
4 2 mantis s a
Ao su r a mormaleki on.
A calld
digit,14 o n 24o,

S n i hcan
d 0.5433e7.
e 3
Poi n numbeh O. 4 5 46
,c hoak r
OAdd
hho
nequa to adel
krslon eCpone ale
9n Jhi lagay-enponcs
kyee otpeaud) uw h
hwahng po numo
0.5h33e1
0.o000ej
as 54 33
e1+

.
haney
in e Sam b0064
T46e7
45 46 e3
o.

O.
Be tau o.0000e7)
=o.o600 eT

a
Gpnard
Add e ftoa - Poim wmlb n s o. 6443 4 C3 ma 0- 4tSe3

eponun Ove eud

0.64 34 e 3
cdd
0. 4 84 S e3

I 2 7 9 e3 eh e i , manhAsa ho

ad ts
rear 1 , hhai yhy i Su ted
S dg
value value 0.I127e4
* one pluc

and O. e & 4 s e s 9
mumb us O. 6434 e99
Add Houka- Point

39
0.64 34 e

Se 59
0.h Sh

9e s9
1. 127
a
ad
inCYeoled byl,
mcrealed bg!,
one blae
SWed Yigk
m a n h SSa cauw
tse eapon emt Le
Vane b lo0

ceeds yi) thiA Condihon

wm o mant iS . 1 2 7 e t o o

e came empo nen+ Camh

Condihon
Callee Bn ovontoww
Store mor e
tham thwo deg.
and wvte t e
456e 2
ane o.

nd te
u m otF 0.123e 3
Form.
mantSSa
YeSulk in hree di zit
O. J23 e3 ou6 ej

0.123e3
.456 e2 0.0SE3
Chp oose3
e3
168
0. ye o.o6e3
a H n Chopprs)
o12-3e 3
0 . O46 e 3

O.169e3/ata Yaud 9
Cocample. Sub hrut howr- poinmunb 0. 3613 2 346 xo'

rom O. 36 1 34 41 x to
&un o-364
036434 ) *"
34)
3613 23u6 xto Yu
Sn The nunmbd o.

1
O.361 4-3 441 x(0
O.36 3 23 4 G x lo

0 . 00 0 oxo
d e l e t r e hae
tmee places
par-
t
ah'oned
Shlh oovtous RouwigTi
0 . O xlo w
numker b u
a t o a g -oi
Mo
O 0001o( xtol
dofm.
rmeLized
i n ho
nu nben
point
se ollouug kouhg
Subrau -99
-99
rom 54 52
O. 54
0. S2 ee
O. 54 94 e - 9 9 : 9 6 82 e -1

2. O. 3&6 2 e - 7

2e -9
0. SLS
0.S4 2 e 9
dtoah9toin*
AA g nn h
thu
ir
i
C-99

0. 002 8
Comveltt n
>oYm. To
movmarea
in he
bu n
nub Jet+ by
by .
1.
tc nanthisa Jo e JeH
nor molud oim, Shi
t
Ued
Cmcion

Tne hire egu O.0 2 &e - toD. 7

Und A u w coneon.

O. 6 8 - e -1
. 38 62e 7

0.5 8 20e-7
 1
dol(owi toui poin numb.
multib te

ane 0. 22000 e80

O- I)e4
ano 0.t e - S 4
e O. 123e -+9

0.01222eis4

O. e14 x 0.2000e 80
= O.2.2 22 e IS
o 2212e 153

normal 2ecl Hoa -Poi nt hum

Cndihon
d h o w oviltow

-us x0.J e -54

O.1234 e

O0l131091 e -lo3
shows te
shse
O.1310e-lo4,
Poínumbol.
touh
Canden ow Condh
r
xChe (dJ Sum han loahg bo
4Shee
O s433 e 1
.

ao 0. Su 33 e5
o.ur46 e s

frn 0.54 S223

o-54 24e3

tohna Poi hunbs

e: toltowi (nde hs)
S33he9 x
0 I1 3e-2S
.

* 0.1234e 5
I U e (o
0
O.4&e-5 6.|00oess endanbtos)
(ndntos)

sd o du)
lmdoo)
( O 11 e s x 0 . 4 44h e

(oo0
es* 0.4 q4ae3
.